InGHIEN ccru KHOA HOC _
PHE BINH PHAN TAM HOC d VIET NAM - NHIN Tir PHirONG DIEN THU^C HA
nH
■ Nguyen Th^nh*
TOM tAT
Bai bdo khao sat vd dank gid mot cdch tong quan v i t'mh h'lnh nghien cw4, p h i binh van hoc tirgoc do phdn tdm hoc d Viet Nam tuddu th i ky 20 den nay tir phucmg dien thuc hank Trong do, ngif&i viit chu trong cdc giai doqn 1930-1945 (phdn tdm hoc b h ddu hien dien trong sdng tdc vd p h i binh van hoc d Viet Nam), 1945-1975 (Phdn tdm hoc c6 vi tri nhdt dinh trong sdng tdc vd p h i binh van hoc dmiinNam), 1986 den nay (sutdi hien cua phdn tdm hqc trong sdng tdc vd phi binh van hoc vdi suggn loc vd chuyen sdu han)
ABSTRACT
Critical psuchoanalysis in Vietnam - seen from a practical perspective This paper surveys and assess an overview situation o f research and literary criticism from the perspective o f psychoanalysis in Vietnam from the early 20th century to now, from practical aspects. In uhich, the author focus on the period:
1930-1945 (psychoanalysis begins presence in the writing and literary criticism in Vietnam), 1945-1975 (Psychoanalysis occupies a certain position in writing and literary criticism in the South o f Vietnam), after 1986 (the representations o f psychoanalysis in writing and literary criticism with more depth and refinement) 1. Phan tarn hoc lau nay da dugc van dung
trong nhieu ITnh vuc, trong do c6 nghien cuu, phe binh van hoc. O Viet Nam su hien dien cua phe binh phan tarn hoc da dtrgc ghi nhan tu nhung nam ba muoi cua the ky 20 qua mot so cong trinh nghien cuu van hoc dudi dang don nhat hoac ket hop voi cac ly thuyet khac. Tuy nhi6n, phe binh ph2n tarn hoc cung nhu kha nhieu phuong phap phe binh khac tung hien dien trong khoa nghien cuu van hoc truoc thang 8 nSm 1945 khong con dugc van dung trong nghien cuu van hoc sau each mang thang Tam d miSn Bac. Ly do cua viec nay la do su th6ng ngg doc ton trong mot thdi gian dai cua phe binh xa hoi hoc mac xi't. The nhung, ngay ca d mien Nam giai doan 1955-1975, nai ma cac phuong phap sang tac va phe binh van hoc dugc sii dung kha rgng rai, thi phe binh phan tarn hoc cung khong chiem mot vi tri quan trong. Digu do, c6 the vi mot so ly do sau day:
- Van hda Viet Nam chodin thdi di6m 1975 va CO the keo dai hon mot thap nien nua v6 sau khdng phu hgp va cung khong c6 xuy cho viec
* PGS.TS, IVirdTig Dai hpc Khoa h9c Hue
26
SO 07 - THANG 05/2015“khoe” cai phSn ban nang cua mdi con ngudi. Vi the, trong khau sang tac, nha van thudng khang cu vdi ban nang va v6 thiic. Trong khau phe binh, ngudi ta thudng khong chap nhan cac chi tiet ban nang va phuong each loai tni ban nang liic nay la quy nd vao pham tru chu nghia tunhien [1].
- Thuy to cua phan tam hoc la S. Freud. Trude nam 1991, Tir dien triet hoc chinh thong ciia Lien X6 van coi hoc thuyet S. Freud la phan dong.
Quan diem nay true tiep chi phoi d6n cac nha ly luan va phe binh van hoc d Viet Nam. Nhung quan diem tuong tu nhu thd it nhieu dugc thi hien trong cac sach bao d Viet Nam trude 1986, vi the, phan tam hgc da nSm ngoai y thuc tim kiem va van dung cua cac nha phe binh van hoc.
- Ban than nha van cung khong “m^n ma” vdi cac cong trinh phe binh tac pham cua minh td kieu phdn tich co che “thang hoa v6 thde / ban nang”, mot phan c6 the bi suy dien, nhung neu dung thi dilu do cung chang hay ho gi.
- D6i tugng khao sat va nghien cuu ciia phe binh phan tdm hgc la nhdng tac pham cd ddu hieu ciia CO chi sang tac - v6 thuc, bilu hien bdng bieu
NGHIEN CtfU KHOA HQ'
tuoTig, hinh tucmg, ngon ngG... Nhttng tac pham nhu the thuong khong chiem so lirong Ion trong su nghiep sMg tac ciia nha van, bai vi, trong nhieu tnrang hgp, nha van chu y8u sang tac bang ca chS y thurc. Do vay, chon each tiep can tac pham tir phan tarn hoc la mot thu thach ddi voi nha phS binh.
- Nghien cmi tac phim van hoc tii goc do phan tarn hoc la di tim nhflng manh vo v6 thuc cua nha van an giau duai lop v6 ngon tu ma hinh thuc edt giau nay a moi nha van thuong khong giong nhau. Do vSy, nha phe binh buoc phai noi dai nhung kien giai va suy l u ^ cua cac nha phan tarn hoc, dieu ma nha phe binh phan tarn hoc Phap J. Lacan timg quan niem “Nha phan tarn hoc khdng phai chi ly giai mpt van ban ciia v6 thirc d3 c6 san, ma anh ta vua ly giai, vua san sinh ra no” [2], Va dly cung la mot tro ngai, neu nha phe binh khong am hieu sau xa v8 phan tIm hoc.
2. Ngay nay a Viet Nam, khi ma nhung rao can chi phoi d6n sang tac va phe binh van hoc dugc go bo, thi phe binh phan tarn hoc c6 ch6 dung tro lai trong khoa nghi6n cuu van hoc.
Phe binh phan tarn hoc hien nay o Viet Nam ton tai dudi hai dang; 1) Nha phe binh gia dinh tac pham cua nha van la su phong chieu nhung ham muon v6 thuc va nhung mac cam cua hp. Vi vay, nha phe binh mot mat phai chung minh su phong chieu nay qua he thong bieu tugng, hinh tupng, ngon tCr, mau sac,... Mat khac, phai di tim nhiJng cu lieu hen quan d6n tieu su, cac chi ti6t ddi tu cua tac gia de ly giai di6u dupe gia dinh; 2) Nha phe binh phan tich mot s6 binh dien nghe thuat trong tac pham (tinh each, tarn ly, ngon ngd, hanh dpng cua nhan vat,...) de chi ra kha nang phan tich tarn ly phan tarn cua nha van. Trong hai dang tren thi dang thii nh4t la “chinh danh”
cua phe binh phan t3m hoc; con dang thii hai chi la “thii danh”. Theo Charles Mauron - nha phe binh phan tarn hoc ngudi Phap - thi dang thu nhat dupe ong goi 13 nha phe binh phan tarn hoc, vi anh ta phai g3n mot khoa hoc vao mot nghe thuat va phai su dung phuong phap xep chong van ban de “lam xuat hien nhung mang ludi lien k6t, nhumg nhdm hinh anh am anh va khong chu y” [3, tr.149-150]. Di^u nay cung phu hpp vdi
quan niem cua Freud khi ong coi tac pham v5n hoc cung nhu la mot giac mo, trong do, cd nhieu hinh anh - ky hieu Ipn xon, ngau nhien, bu6c nha phe binh phan tam hoc phai sSp x6p chung lai theo mot trat tu nao do de tim ra y nghTa. Con dang thu hai, Mauron gpi la nha phan tam hpc - la ngudi chu y8u su dung tac pham van hpc nhu la mot tai lieu de phan tich va chi ra nhung mac cam v6 thuc.
Vay phe binh phan tam hpc quan tam d6n cai gi?
Trude het, ph6 binh phan tam hpc quan tam den tieu su cua nha van. Tuy nhien tieu su ciia nha v3n la doi tupng quan tam cua it nhat ba ly thuyet phe binh: tieu su hpc, xa hpi hpc va phan tam hpc. Moi ly thuyet quan tam mot gdc dp khac nhau. Phe binh tieu su di tim nhung chi dau cupc ddi nha van dupe bieu hien qua tac pham, ede chi tiet tieu sii c6 chiic nang cung cap thdng tin v6 tac gia hon la de giai ma cac thong diep nghe thuat ciia tac phSm. Phe binh xa hpi hpc mac-xit chii trpng con ngudi cong dan ciia nha van gan vdi phan ddi khi trudng thanh, bdi vi, day chinh la yeu to gdp phan cat nghia tu tudng/
tinh cam cua nha van qua cai dupe phan anh/the hien trong tac pham. Con phe binh phan tam hpc thudng Ian theo dau vet thdi tho au cua nha van, di tim nhixng “chan thuong tinh than” ma nha van trai qua. Nha phe binh tin rang nhung chan thuong tinh than nay c6 kha ndng dupe tai hien trong tac pham cua nha van qua v6 thuc nhu la mot su giai thoat cac mac cam thdi tho au (mac cam Oedipe, mac cam hoan, mac cam bi ruong bo..,)cua nha v3n,
Thu hai, phe binh phan tam hpc quan tam v6 su lien he giua the gidi hinh tupng, bieu tupng, ngon tu trong tac pham vdi co che thang hoa ban nang, v6 thuc cua nha van. T3t nhien, nha phe binh chi dat ra gia thiet khi the gidi hinh tupng, bieu tupng, ngon tijr cua nha van dam dac nhOng yeu to tupng trung cho cac bieu tupng va hanh vi tinh giao, ude mu6n hoa hpp the xac cudng nhiet, hoac tham chi nhung y mu6n tham kin 3n chua su pha phach, phan no cua ca nhan... Vdi nhung trang thai tam ly “tieu cue” nhu the, nha van khong the diln dat mot each hien ngon, 16 lilu, do vay, no phai an gidu trong cac hinh thuc
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chuyen nghia, da nghia cua ngon tu. Nha phe binh phai 1^ ngudd tinh te mai boc tach dugc cai v6 boc nguy trang cua ngon tu. Tuy nhien, de tranh ho do, nha phe binh phm tien hanh mot cong viec khac cung khong d l dang gi, do la chiing minh cho dugc nha van \k nguoi c6 “cSn t ^ g ” cua ke niip bong ngon tCr dd giai thoat nhung an uc bi d6n nen.
Thu ba, con nguai khong chi luu giu ky uc ciia ca nhan ma con c6 kha nang luu giu ky uc cua tap the. Do la phat hien cua G. Jung - nha phSn tam hpc the he hau S. Freud. Theo nhung ki6n giai cua ong thi mgt trong nhung noi ma con nguoi cat giau ky 6c tap the, do la bieu tugng. Bieu tugng / c6 mlu c6 lien he sau xa voi cac tap tuc, tin ngudng, ban sac vin hoa cua mgt tgc nguoi, mgt cgng dong dan cu. Chung dugc luu giu tu the he nay ddn thd he khac qua sach VO, hien vSt, di vat va qua tam thuc cua con nguoi. Nghg sT la nguoi nhay cam va vi the hg c6 kha nang luu gift v6 thuc tap the mgt each h§ thdng. Chinh G. Jung da giup phe binh phan tam hgc mo r6ng pham vi khao sat va thoat khoi nhftng truong hop bi ep bugc, thiSu tinh thuyet phuc do gan vdi an ftc ca nhan.
Thu tu, phe binh phan tam hgc con chu y den tam ly phan tSm cua con nguoi. Trang thai phan tam nay c6 the gan voi cac boi canh khac nhau, tuy nhien trong tinh yeu la ph6 bien. Nha phan tam hgc cung danh mgt phan dang ke de phan tich tam ly tinh yeu. Va E. Fromm da c6 nhung kien giai dang luu y khi ong cho r ^ g tinh yeu c6 the khong dong nhat voi tinh due, nhung mgt tinh yeu manh me nhSt dinh phai din den tinh due. Khat vgng tinh due la nguyen nhan sau xa dan con nguoi den ude muon chiem doat (khi hai nguoi thSn thiet, gan gui), cac trang thai nho nhung, tuong tu (khi xa each), ghen (khi c6 diu hieu nguoi thu ba xen vao), tra thu (khi m it so hftu dot nggt)...Nhftng kien giai cua cac nha phan tSm hgc ve tinh yeu va tinh due ciia con nguoi da tro thanh tri thuc ung dung c6 gia tri:
trong quan he tinh cam, sang tac van hgc, dilu tra hinh su... Do vay, nha phe binh phan tSm hgc CO the dua vao sir hieu biet ve phan tam hgc cua minh de danh gia su sang tao cua nha van hoac nam bat nhimg In so ma nha van cit gilu.
2 8 SO 07 - THANG 05/2015
Thu nam, con nguoi - trong mgt so truong hgp - dang song nhung van bi am anh ve cai chit. Trang th^i phan tam nay, niu roi vao nha van, thi c6 kha nSng tao ra mgt the gidi nghe thuat dSc thu v^ am anh. Trong truong hgp do, nha phe binh phin tam hgc chi c6 thi di tim can nguyen dich thuc va dung phan tam hgc mdi CO th i giai ma cac hinh tugng triing l?p, phi ly, khd hilu trong tac phim cua nha van.
Freud da tumg ddi lap ban nSng s6ng (cung la ban nang tinh due) va ban ndng chet trong cong trinh 6 ben Ida cua nguyen 1^ khoai lac (1920).
Tuy CO nhilu binh dien nhu the, nhung tuu trung trgng tam cua phan tam hgc la co che v6 thuc cua con nguoi. Neu y thuc la cai hien ngon, logic, hien diSn cong khai, thi v6 thuc la cai ham ngon, phi logic, la viing md va luon bi/dugc che gilu. Nha phe binh phan tam hgc la nguoi lam sang to nhftng vung md ay bang kinh nghiem va sg tung trai cua chinh minh.
3. Ph6 binh van hgc Viet Nam hien dai, ngay tu budi khai sinh da chung kien nhftng nd luc cua gidi nghien eftu trong viec tiep thu va van dung cac phuong phap phe binh phuong Tay hien dai, trong do c6 phd binh phan tam hgc.
Trude thang 8 nSm 1945, it nhit cd ba nha phe binh Nguyin Van Hanh, Truong Tuu, Vu Nggc Phan da van dung phan tam hgc de phan tich tac pham cua nha van, tuy mftc do va higu qua c6 khac nhau. Nguyen Van Hanh, trong cudn Hd Xuan Huong - tac pham than thi va v3n tai (1936) da phan tich co che sang tac cua “Ba chua tho Ndm” (Xuan Dieu) tft co che vd thuc. Ong cho rang Hd Xuan Huong la mdt phu nft m^nh me, c6 tai van chuong nhung nhan sac xau xi (?), lai khdng may m5n trong dudng chdng con. Ba phai hai Ian lam le. Than phan le mgn nay dS dugc ba nhlc din nhieu Ian trong sdng tac (Chem cha c^ii kiep lay chdng chung hoac Nam thi mudi hga hay chang chd/ Mdt thang ddi Ian cd cung khdng).
Nha phe binh suy luan, do vay, ba thieu thdn v l tinh cam, d ^ phai giai thoat nhung khat vgng ban nang qua thi ca. Cach ly giai nhu the la van dung thao tac so gian nhat cua phe binh phSn tSm hgc theo quan diem cua Freud. Tuy
nhien, nha phS binh khong chung minh duac nhung dieu thupc ve phan g6c cua vSn d6, do la Ho Xuan Huong c6 dung la ngubi dan ba manh me sinh luc va c6 nhan sac xau xi? Khong c6 tai lieu nao cho biet dieu nay. (3 Gon truoc nam 1975, hoc gia Nguyin Van Trung con dat ra nghi van tho H6 Xuan Huong, nhu chung ta biet, lipu c6 phai t4t ca d6u do Xuan Huong sang tac? [4]. Nha ph6 binh Truong Turu (but danh Nguyen Bach Khoa), trong cu6n Nguyin Du va Truyen Kieu (1942) da su dung ly thuyet cua H.
Taine (Truong phai van hoa - lich sii) d l nghien cuu Truy$n Kieu, trong do ong cung k it hop vm d\mg ca phan tarn hpc d l phan tich co che sang tac cua nha tho Nguyin Du va tinh each cua nhan vat Kieu. Theo do, Truong Tim cho rang Nguyin Du la ngubi c6 “can tang thin kinh” nen 6ng hay so hai, din den viec thubng hay mieu ta nhung hinh anh v6 coi am rung rgn nhu hon ma D?m Tien, lu c6 hon trong Van chieu hon.
Truong Tuu con suy diln Kieu bi can benh uy hoang (mot dang be chi sinh ly) do viy, nang vua c6 can tang giong Nguyen Du la hay lo sg (am anh mo Dam Tien), vua dbi hoi, khat khao ve sinh ly nen khi khbng c6 Kim Trpng trong tay thi d l roi vao vbng luu lac h it ngubi nay d8n ngubi khac. Cach ly giai cua Truong Tuu ve Nguyen Du va Kieu hoan toan khdng c6 co so khoa hpc va qua xa vbi chu de ciia tac pham, do vay, 6ng da bi phii nhan mot each d l dang.
Vu Ngpc Phan, trong Nha van hien dai (1942), khi viet ve Vu Trong Phung, ong co ban su dung 16i binh pham kieu In tupng chu nghTa, nhung thinh thoang nha phe binh su dung kieu kien giai cua phSn t&n hpc. Khi ly giai nhung chi tilt dam su thubng hay xuat hien trong tac pham cua Vu Trpng Phung, nha ph6 binh Vu Ngpc Phan cho ring nhiJng ngubi ngpc ylu (am chi Vu Trpng Phung bi b|nh lao) thubng thich nbi din chuyen ai an nhu la mot sg giai thoat ham muon cua minh. Cach ly giai nay cung khong co co so khoa hpc va chiing td nh4 phe binh hp Vu chua cam hilu dly dii y thuc 14t tly su tha hoa trong xa hpi liic bly gib ciia nha van hp Vu.
Nhu v|y, nhung no luc ciia gibi phe binh giai doM 1930-1945 khi vSn dung phe binh phan tarn hpc de nghien cuu van hpc Viet Nam, mac dii
N G H IEN e b u KH O A HO C M
day thibn y, nhung van thilu cu lieu hoac co so khoa hpc, do v(iy, nhung lu(in diem ciia hp rat de dang bi phii dinh.
6 mien Nam (1955-1975), mac du, gibi hpc gia c6 chii y djeh mbt s6 trubc tac v l phan t3m hpc cua S. Freud, E. Fromm v^i G. Jung, va gibi phe binh cung kha nhanh nhay trong viec van dung phuong phap phe binh phan tarn hpc de nghien cuu vSn hpc. D ilu do thI hien trong dien mao phe binh van hpc miln Nam giai doan nay vbi hang chuc c6ng trinh (bao gbm sach va bai bao) dubi dang phe binh phan tarn hpc [5, tr.
185]. Hpc gia Nguyen Van Trung (da nbi b tren), mbt mat phii dinh each gi^i thich tho H6 Xuan Huong cua Nguyin Van Hanh theo 16 trinh: don nen - an uc - th5ng hoa, mat khac, ong to ra hoai nghi tinh thuylt phuc ciia phe binh phan tarn hpc.
Tuy nhien, Uyen Thao, Huynh Phan Anh thi kha thuyet phuc khi kien giai su sdng tao ciia mpt so nha van hien dai b mien Nam tu ky uc thbi tho lu ciia hp. Tam Ich, Nguyin Dinh Tuyen dubng nhu chii yeu dua vao thuyet an uc ciia Freud, con Thanh Lang vira dung phan tSm hpc, viia ket hpp vbi hien sinh.
Thbi ky dbi mbi ghi nhan su biing no ciia cac khuynh hubng phe binh b V i|t Nam. Tren co so tilp nhan cac ly thuylt phb binh van hpc phuong Tay hibn dai, cac nha ly luan, phe binh da nhanh chbng to chiic bien dich, bibn soan thanh sach lam cbng cu, giiip ngubi dpc nim bat nhung nguybn tic eSn ban ciia ly thuyet, tii do van dung vao viec nghien cuu van hpc Vibt Nam. Cung vbi phe binh mac xit vbn rat quen thupc vbi cac luan dibm trong cac cbng trinh ly luan van hpc b nubc ta, vM thap nien gan day, dS cb su gbp mat ciia nhilu cbng trinh chuyen khao vb ly thuylt phb binh c6 gia tri. Tran Dinh Su vbi thi phap hpc. Do Lai Thiiy vbi phan tarn hpc, Lpe Phuong Thiiy, Nguyen Phuong Ngpc va Phiing Ngpc Kien vbi xS hpi hpc vSn hpc, Truong Dang Dung vbi tiep nhan van hpc, Phuong Lim vbi cac trubng phai ly luan, phe binh van hpc phuong Tay hien dai.
Nbi ribng vb phan tarn hpc, trubc day b mien Nam, Freud va nhung nha phan tarn hpc khde da dupe dich, gibi thibu kha rpng rai, tuy nhibn vin chua day du. Tb sau 1986 den nay, viec bien soan va gibi diieu ve phan tarn hpc cb phan khbi sac.
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Ben canh mot s6 sach tai ban lai ban djch ciia Sai Goo tnioc 1975, c6 nhieu sach do cac hoc gia trong va ngoai nude dich, tuyen chon, bien scan.
Danh muc cac cong trinh ve phan tarn hoc cac ngay cang nhihu hem, chSng han: Phan tarn hoc va van hoa nghe thugt (Do Lai Thuy bien soan vdi su phdi hop cua nhieu dich gia, NXB V5n hoa - Thong tin, 2000), Ngudn gdc cua van hoa va ton gido (S. Freud, Luong V5n Ke dich, NXB Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi, 2000), Jung da thirc su noi gi? (E. A Bennet, Bui Lim Phi Khanh dich, NXB Van hoa - Thong tin, 2002), Phan tdm hoc va tdm link (Do Lai Thiiy bien soan, NXB Van hoa - Thong tin, 2002), Phan tdm hoc vd tinh yeu (Do Lai Thiiy va cac dich gia, NXB Van hoa - Thdng tin, 2003), Freud va phdn tdm hoc (Pham Minh Lang, NXB V3n hoa - Thong tin, 2004), Cac bdi viet ve gidc ma vd gidi thich gidc ma (S. Freud, NXB The gidi, 2005), Phdn tdm hoc vd tinh edeh ddn toe (Do Lai Thiiy bien SOM, NXB Tri thde, 2007)...
Khau thirc hanh cung gay duac sir chii y. Kha nhieu luan van, luan an da nghien cuu viec phan tich tarn ly tren nen tang phan tarn hoc trong tac pham cua nhieu nha van hien dai va duomg dai trade 1975 d Sai Gdn va sau 1986 tren pham vi ca nude.
Dang chii y la hai cong trinh cua Do Lai Thiiy:
Ho Xudn Huang - hodi niem phdn thuc (1999) va But phdp cua ham muon (2009). Do Lai Thiiy la mot trong nhumg nha phe binh chuyen nghiep then doi mdi c6 y thiic chiem ITnh cac ly thuyet phS binh mdi, la va ong cung la ngudi c6 kha nang van dung cac ly thuyet nay vao viec nghien cuu, giai ma cac tac gia, tac pham “c6 dien”
trong van hoc Viet Nam. Sau khi van dung thi phap hoc vao nghien ciiu Tha Mdi (vdi Con mdt tha), ong da c6 bade di tao bao, do la dung phan tarn hoc de quay trd lai tudng giai trudng hop H6 Xuan Huemg (vdi Ho Xudn Huang - hodi mem phdn thuc) va tim kiem nhung gdc khuSt trong buc tranh tho ciia mot so thi nhan can - hien dai Viet Nam (vdi But phdp cua ham mudn). Viec diing ly thuygt c6 mlu ciia G. Jung d§ nghien cuu tha Ho Xuan Huong la mot su lua chon diy thach do ciia Do Lai Thiiy, bdi vi trade ong, han mot ngudi da diing ly thuydt ciia S. Freud dd
30
SO 07 - THAnG 05/2015nghien ciiu tha ciia tac gia Thi6u nu: ngii ngky, Danh du, Del ciri va cung khong it nh&ng c6ng trinh da tidp can tha ba tu gdc dp xa hpi hoc mac xit, phong each hoc, thi phap hpe, nu quyen.
Tuy nhien, diing trude mot loi tha be ngoai thi
“thanh” nhung khi dpc thi ngudi ta nhanh chdng lien tudng ddn chuyen “tuc”, D6 Lai Thiiy dudng nhu mudn vupl qua cac each ly giai quen thupc la do Ho Xuan Huang t i ^ nhan tu duy dan gian, theo kidu do thanh, giMg tuc. Ong cung nhan thdy su bSt on trong vide ly giai theo cong thiic ciia Freud; ddn nen - in lie - thing hoa. Vi vay, Dd Lai Thiiy tu di tim mot “he hinh” mdi dira tren ndn tang ciia vd thiic tap thd: tha Hd Xuan Huang - van hda dam tuc - Id hpi ndng nghipp - tuc thd Cling sinh thuc khi - tin ngudng phdn thuc. Tuy bac c4u qua nhidu bade nhu the, nhung cai dich thi d3 dupe djnh ro. Thuc chat cua Hd Xuan Huang - hoai niem phdn thuc la di tim su an giau dang sau cai vd ngdn tu thi ca dpc dao chinh la tin ngudng phdn thuc ciia ngudi Viet va cung la “mlu sd chung” cua van hda nhan loai.
D6 la ude mudn vd su phdn thuc, phdn sinh, sinh sdi nay cua nd van vat, khdng ngoai muc dich duy tri noi gidng va dam bao ddi sdng no dii.
Nha phe binh bang cac thao tac thdng ke, phdn loai, so sanh da chiing minh khat vpng phdn thuc nay hda than mdt each sinh dong vao cac bieu tupng trong tha Hd Xuan Huong. Chiing tupng trung cho am vat (hang, dong, gidng, khe, ham), duong vat (chay, sung) va cac hanh ddng tinh giao (gia gao, danh du). Dd Id cac bidu tupng gdc. Han nda, dng con phat hien va chi ra cac
“bieu tupng phai sinh” nhu la nhung sang tao rieng cua Xuan Huang nu: sT [6]. Nha phe binh da thuc su thuydt phuc ngudi dpc ve nhung kien giai, lap luan ciia minh bang su xau chudi the gidi bieu tupng trong tha Hd Xuan Huang va bude ngudi dpc tin rang cd mdt vd thuc tap the dupe luu gia qua tarn thiic nha tha dly nu tinh va cung rlt ca tinh nay. Tren nen tang phan tarn nay, nha phd binh da ly giai hien tupng ngdn tir dpc dao ciia Hd Xuan Huang vdi cac ddng tu, tinh tu, trang tu, tu lay day siic gpi ta va cac kieu chai chu dly ham nghia, tao sir lap lihig hai mat va tinh lidn tudng. Khdng dung lai d viec phan tich he thdng bieu tupng, thd gidi ngdn td, Dd Lai
NfiHlEN c i r u KHOA HOC I
Thiiy con chiing minh d H6 Xuan Hircmg gan voi triet ly phon thuc la tieng ciroi cua niem vui song, nhu la mot ban tmh ty: nhiln a ngirai dan ba cong khai phan utig lai nhixng cim ky ti'nh due trong xa hoi luc bSy gio.
Nhin chung, each trien khai, ket noi cac binh di6n khac nhau trong cau true tho H6 Xuan Huong cua D6 Lai Thiiy chung to mot cai nhin toan dien va tinh te tren co sd mot nhan quan v5n hoa sau rong ciia mot nha phe binh tarn huyet.
Trude khi viSt Ho Xuan Huemg - hoai niem phon thuc. Do Lai Thiiy d2 tung van dung phong each hoc va thi phap hoc de phe hinh Tho Mdi.
Tuy nhien, dng c6 ve tam dac vdi phe binh phan tarn hoc. Hon nua, dng muon chung minh tinh hieu nSng cua phuong phap phe binh ma nhidu ngudi thudng e ngai nay. Blit phap cua ham mudn la mot cong trinh phd binh khac ciia D6 Lai Thiiy viet ve mot so tac gia tho Viet tu cai nhin phan tam hoc. Ngoai phin viet ve tho Ho Xuan Huong (phan Idn da in trong Ho Xuan Huxmg - hoai niem phon thuc).
Do Lai Thiiy tiep cm the gidi tho ciia nam vudn tho con nhieu an ngu: Nguyen Gia Thieu, Ba Huyen Thanh Quan, Chd Lan Vien, Hoang Cam, Xuan Di6u. iTng vdi mdi tidu the gidi tho ciia hg, nha phe binh dung mot chia khda rieng/
mot binh dien phan tam tuong thich de giai ma nhung bi an vd thiic dang sau cac con chu’. Vdi Nguyen Gia Thieu (qua Cung oan ngam khiic), nha phe binh cam nhSn hinh tuong ngudi cung nu chang qua chi la cai bong ciia nha tho. Cai bong nay do nha tho tudng tuemg ra de tu ddi thoai vdi cai tdi cd don ciia minh. Do Lai Thiiy phat hien ra “mot the gidi trap trung bdng” trong khuc ngam day ai oan ciia Nguyin Gia Thieu. Va d day ciing the hien cai nhin hu vd ciia thi nhan:
“TrSm nam con c6 gi dau/ Chang qua mdt nam cd khau xanh ri”. Vdi Ba Huyen Thanh Quan (qua nhung bai tho dich thuc cua ba), Dd Lai Thiiy chi ra ndi niem hoai cd ciia nu thi sT, Ung vdi cai tinh hoai cd nay la mdt th6 gidi dd nat, tan ta ca hai cap dd khdng gian va thdi gian, tiic la, mac dii mang tam trMg hoai Le, nhung tu trong vd thuc Thanh Quan an chiia mdt ximg nSng ma phan tam hoc ggi la ban nSng chdt (thanatos).
Vdi HoMg Cam (qua tap tho Ve Kinh Bac),
Dd Lai Thuy d l xSu chudi nhung cau tho, bm tho cd nhieu tu mo nghia, nhde nghia cung vdi hinh anh ngudi chi thudng xuSt hien nhu mdt ddi tuong tru tinh trong tap tho cua ngudi tho da tinh de tim mdt kdt ndi. Va cai chia khda ma nha phe binh tim dugc de giai m3 an ngd tho Hoang Cam la mac cam Oedipe. Dd Lai Thuy ly giai cd su chuyen vi tir tinh yeu ngudi me (bj bd bd roi) ddn tinh yeu ngudi chi ten Vinh cung que va cung cd nhung dac diem gidng me (ngudi phu nu viing quan hg hat hay, duyen ddng va xinh xan), nhung do khdng the 13y ngudi ta lam vg dugc nen cau be Hoang Cam ludn “roi vao tinh trang nude ddi, vira yeu vda ghet, vda thuong men vda hdn giln, vua mudn quen vira mong nhd”. Do vay, Ve Kinh Bac chi la mdt giac mo cua thi nhan. Vdi Che Lan Vidn (qua Dieu tan, Anh sang va phu sa, Hoa ngay thudng - chim bao bao va Di cao), tac gia But phap cua ham mudn da nhin thay nhung mau thuan, ddi lap trong tu duy nha tho. Bang du lieu Che Lan Vien
“tu chinh huan” minh rat manh thdi xay dung chu nghia xa hdi, nha phe binh cam nhan trong tho dng c6 mdt “mac cam tdi Idi”. Anh sang va phu sa la “day nhung nhieu khe, ban khoan, giang xe”. Dd Lai Thiiy cho r3ng, trudng hgp Che Lan Vien cung gidng nhu thap Bayon bon mat, nha tho c6 liic phai “nguy trang”. Tho la mdt hinh thiic nguy trang. Tuy nhien, lay Che Lan Vien lam ddi tuong nghien ciiu su ph3n t3m cd the la qua khd khan ddi vdi nha phe binh, vi nhin ben ngoai, nha tho nay hien dien d phan huu thiic qua rd ret, bdi vay, Dd Lai Thiiy danh thiic thii bang su tu thii ve gidi han ciia ngudi ngoai cude: “Ai dam doan chac la minh da hieu het dugc nhung sau kin ciia nghe thuat, ciia tam hdn con ngudi, nhat la nghe sT’ [7, tr. 224]. Vdi trudng hgp Xuan Dieu, each tiep cm phan tam hgc the gidi nghe thuat ciia “dng hoang tho tinh”
cung day mao hiem. Dd Lai Thiiy da tung viet kha thuydt phuc ve Xuan Dieu trong Mat tho tu each tiep can phong each hgc. Duong nhu, vdi vudn tho rdng rinh nhu Xuan Dieu, mdt phuong phap tiep c mnao dd cung deu nhd hep. Va Dd Lai Thiiy tiep tuc dung chia khda phan tam de md tiep canh ciia tam hdn bi 3n ciia tac gia Tho tho, Giii huong cho gid... Di tim tinh yeu dich
sd
07-THANG 05/201531
I N GH llN CtfU KHOA HOC
thuc trong tha Xuan Dieu, nha phe binh phai van dung k6t hop nhung cii lieu ngoai dai (hoan canh ca nhan, than phan doi tu, quan he ban be) vdi thi lieu trong tha d6 phan doan, nhan dien. Cuoi cung, nha phe binh noi ket cac menh de; Xuan Di6u la nguai dong tinh (nhieu cur lieu duoc dan giai) - tinh yeu trong tha Xuan Dieu la tlnh y6u cua ngucri dong gidi, mot ki8u Tinh trai, duac dien ta day tha thiet, binh thudng kho phSn biet la tinh yeu cua ngudi d6ng gidi hoac di gidi. Con ngudi thi nhan roi vao canh ngo nhu Xuan Dieu luon mang tarn tr ^ g c6 don, vua la tarn trang cua nghf sT lang man, vua la tarn the cua ca nhan, d Xuan Dieu c6 ca su c6 doc. Vi the, tac gia Tha tha, Phan thong vang... rat “khat khao giao cam vdi ddi” (Nguy6n Dang Manh) va muon hda hop the xac. Do la nhung logic dugc ket noi trong phan viet ve Xuan Dieu tu goc nhin phan tarn hoc ciia D6 Lai Thuy. Chac chan, dung vdi mot phan tha cua Xuan Dieu d nhung bm dugc trich dSn. Tuy nhien, d nhidu bai tha khdc thi sao?
Trong bep nuc ciia cac nha tha, khong phai bai tha tinh nao nha tha cung tu bieu hien minh, vi tha c6 khi la su nhap vai vao tarn trang cua ngudi khac dS vi6t ra. Thanh ra, phan tam hoc trong trudng hgp nan giai nay, chac cung chi md dugc mot 16i vao vudn tha Xuan Dieu ma thoi (?).
Tom lai, dii c6 ddi cho con ban khoan, nhung nhin chung, cac cdng trinh phe binh phan tam
hoc cua D6 Lai Thuy dS thd hi6n tinh hieu nang cua phuang phap vdi nhftng ddi tugng tuong thich, va quan trong han ntla, nd cho thay, dng la mgt nha phe binh mao hiem va c6 kha nang khai phd nhung nai tudng chung dS can kiSt.
4. Nhin lai, lich sir phe binh phan tam hoc d Viet Nam - mot cai nhin tdng quan - c6 the noi rang khdng phai su gidi h ^ nam d phuang phap ma la d nha phe binh. Phe binh phan tdm hoc CO th i khd thich hgp tren mot phd dien rong Idn nhim mot so phuang phap phe binh khac, nhung khdng cd cai nao thay thi dugc nd khi kham pha phan vd thuc trong sang tao cua nha van. Ngudi viet bai nay cung da tung nghien cuu anh hudng cua phan tam hoc trong sang tac Vu Trong Phung (Bai dang trdn Tap chi Vdn hoc, sd 4 nam 1997), tuy nhien, d d^ng “thii danh”.
Trong bai, chung tdi xem xet kha nang van dung phan tam hoc trong nghe thu|t phSn tich tSm ly nhan vat cua nha van va d3 khang dinh ddng gdp ciia Vu Trong Phung v l ITnh v\rc nay, cung la mot each phan bien lai nhung nhSn dinh khdng chinh xac trude dd ve dng. Mac du, hudng nghien cihi phan tam hoc “thu danh” nay hien nay kha phd bien, nhxmg neu xac dinh lua chon phuong phap phe binh phdn tam hoc, thi cac nha phe binh cung nen thii sue vdi d ^ g “chinh danh”, vi nd cd the lam hien Id nhung vung md nap sau nhung an ngu vd thiic cua nha van.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
[1] Trong sack Ban ve ede cude ddu Iranh tu tuang trong lich sit van hoc Viet Nam hien dai 1930- 1945, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hdi, Ha Ndi, 1971, Vu Due Phuc sau khi neu mdt sd chi tidt ban nang trong tac pham Vu Trong Phting da xep tac gia Giong to, So do /a “nha van tu nhien chii nghia tieu bieu”.
[2] Dd Lai Thuy (2009), But phap cua ham muon, NXB Tri thuc, Ha Ndi.
[3] Dd Lai Thuy (1999), "Phan tam hoc vdphe binh van hoc”, Tieulugn Tit edi nhin van hda,'NNB Van hda dantdc, 1999, tr.149-150.
[4] Nguyen Van Trung (1968), Luge khdo van hoc, tap 3, NXB Nam San, Gm Gdn.
[5] Tran Hoai Anh (2009), Ly ludn -p h e binh van hoc a do thi mien Nam 1954-1975, NXB Hdi nha van, Ha Ndi, tr.l85.
[6] Dd Lai Thuy da chiing minh cac bidu tugng phai sinh trong tha Hd Xuan Huong nhu: edi quat, mieng tui can khon (am vat), con suot, ddu su, edn edn, dao cdu (duang vdt), det cui, chdm, hue (hanh dong tinh giao).
