Phi bao ve mdi tru'dng do! vdi nipdc thai:
Kinh nghiem quoc te va bai hpc cho Viet Nam
T S . L £ HA THANH"
TS. DINH DUC TRU'dNG"
Phi bdo ve moi truang ddi v&i nu&c thai (hay cdn goi la phi d nhiim. phi nu&e thdi). Id mdi trong nhiing cdng cu qudn ly quan irong nhdm hgn chi d nhiim mdi Irudng. Cdng cu ndy duac dp dung nhdm dieu chinh hdnh vi cua ngudi gdy nhiim. khuyin khich cdc doanh nghiip lap dgi. su dung cdc he thdng xu ly nu&c thdi dai lieu chudn cho phep vd Igo ngudn ihu cho hogt dgng bdo ve mdi Irudng. Tren thi giai. loai phi ndy dd duac dp dung lit nhung ndm 1970 dgc biit la cdc nu&c chdu Au O Viel Nam. phi nu&c thai bdl ddu duac ihuc hiin tir nam 2004 sau khi Chinh phu han hdnh Nghi djnh 67/2003ND- CP ngdy 13/06/2003.
Tii khoa: Phi bdo ve mdi tru&ng. nuac thdi. d nhiem moi tru&ng
A
^ p dung phi bao ve m6i trudng doi vdi nude thdi (sau day gpi tdt la phi nudc^Ihdi) Id cdch liep can diing dan nhdm han che 6 nhicm moi trudng tai Viet Nam.
Ciing vdi viec thuc thi phi nudc thdi va cac cong cu kinh te khac nhu quy moi irudng, ky quy m6i trudng... Chinh phii the hien nd lyc vd quyet tam cao trong viec edi ihien chat lugng moi Irudng vd ban che 6 nhiem. Tuy nhien, ben canh nhuTig kit qua khd tich eye, viec trien khai thyc hien phi nudc thdi co mpt so kho khan, bdt cap, lam gidm tinh hieu qud eua cong cu. Vi
\a\. nghien cuu bai hpc kinh nghiem irong viec thilt kl va trien khai phi nudc thdi ciia cac nudc tren thl gidi c6 y nghia quan trpng, la ca sd de ehinh sua va thyc thi hieu qua phi nudc thdi tai Vipt Nam trong thdi gian tdi.
•TrirfrnR D^i hpc Kinh Ic Qu6c dan
1. Thuc/phi bao ve moi trudng
Cong cu kinh ie trong quan ly moi trir&ng Ngay tir dau nhimg nam 1970, nhieu quoc gia tren the gidi da da bat dau sir dung cdc cong cu kinh le trong quan ly moi trudng. Den nay, cac loai eong cu nay da dugc su dung rpng rdi d cac cap dp khac nhau lir quoc gia den dia phuang nhdm kiem soat 6 nhiem vd su dung ben vimg cdc nguon tai nguyen.
Cong cu kinh te hay cdc cong cu dya vdo thi trudng dugc hieu la cac cong cu chinh sdeh sir dung nhdm tac dpng tdi chi phi vd lgi ich irong cdc hoat dpng ciia cac ca nhan \'a to chiic kinh le de tao ra cac tac dpng anh hudng den hdnh vi cita cdc lac nhan kinh te theo hudng co lgi cho moi trudng (Nguyen The Chinh, 2003).
Cac cong cu kinh te dugc sir dung nhdm ddm bao 2 muc dich chinh:
NhOng vin di KINH T^ VA CHlNH TR] TH^ Gldl So 4(204) 2013 - 25
Phi bao ve moi trudng doi vdi nu'de thai. Le Ha T h a n h - Dinh Dire Tru-cng
Mdt Id. dieu chinh hdnh vi ciia ngudi tieu dimg va cac nha san xudt. Cde cong cu dugc dp dung trong irudng hgp ndy thudng dugc gpi la cac cong cu khuyen khich. Muc dich nay thudng dat dugc thong qua vice thay doi gia ca do ngudi lieu dimg va ngudi san xuat giao dich tren thi Irudng thong qua viec dp dung cac he thong ihue va phi moi trudng.
Hai Id. tim ra cac ngu6n tai chinh cho sdn xual hdng hoa hay dich vu cong cpng. Muc dich nay con dugc gpi Id muc dich boi hodn chi phi.
Cac cong cu kinh te dp dung de dat duge muc dich nay la ihue hay phi danh vao ngudi su dung dich vu. Ddy Id loai phi ma cac hp gia dinh hay cae doanh nghiep phdi ehi tra khi su dung mpt loai hang hod hay mpt loai dich vu cu the. Cac ioai thue/phi lien quan den moi trudng neu dugc dp dung se cho phep tang nguon thu cho ngan sach d muc dp nhat dinh vdi nhiing chi phi thap.
1.2. Cdc logi thui/philien quan den moi tru&ng Vice sir dung cac cong cu thue/phi lien quan den moi irudng co xu hudng ngdy cdng gia tdng d cac nudc tren the gidi. Co kha nhieu loai thuc/phi lien quan den moi trudng, luy nhien d day chi de cap den 4 loai hinh ca ban.
Thue/phi ddnh vdo nguon phal thdi (Thui/phi Pigou)
Thue/phi Pigou la loai thue/phi danh vdo nguon phat thai do mpt hoat dpng cu the gdy nen. Ve ly thuyet, miic thue/phi nay doi vdi moi dan \'i duge xdc dinh tai diem ma ehi phi xd hpi can bien eiia mpt hoat dpng bdng vdi (=) Igi ich xa hp! can bien thu dugc tir boat dpng do. Do do. mue thue/phi (thue/phi suat) dugc quy dinh bdng mpt so lien cu the, khong tinh theo ty le phan trdm tren gia cd hang hod. So vdi cong cu
\c ehinh sdch the che. thue/phi Pigou co nhieu uu diem hon \'e dinh hudng giam thieu 6 nhiem thong qua viec dieu chinh ca cau tieu diing, thay doi eau true vd quy mo ciia boat dpng, thay d6i c6ng nghe. su dung cac nguyen
lieu thay thl. Tuy nhien, thuc tl cho thdy. co rat nhieu kho khan khi dp dung cong eu thue/phi Pigou nhu xdc dinh miic thul. kiem tra, gidm sdt vd to chiic thyc hien. Phi nudc thdi Id mpt dang phi Pigou.
Thue/phi mdi truang gidn tiip
Thue/phi mdi trudng gian tiep la loai thue/phi dugc ddnh mpt cdch gidn liep thong qua vat lu, nguyen lieu ddu vdo hoac san phdm lieu diing md nhirng thir dugc sir dung co lien quan den viec phdt thai hoac gay ion hai tdi moi Irudng. Loai thue/phi nay lam thay doi gia ca nhung khong ddnh true tiep vao viec phal thai cung nhu hanh vi gay t6n hai tdi m6i trudng.
Tinh hieu qud ciia ihue/phi moi trudng gidn tiep phu thupc vao ban chat m6i quan he lien ket giiia CO sd danh thue/phi vd thiel hai ve moi trudng. Dieu d6 eo nghTa la quan he lien kel giiia nguyen Ueu ddu vao hoae san pham cuoi ciing vdi ton hai ve m6i trudng phai dugc xae dinh ro.
Mpt khi khong xdc dinh diing moi quan be ndy, viec dp dung cong cu se kh6ng eo hieu qua.
Cdc logi thue/phi khdc co tdc ddng tai mdi Iru&ng
Mpl so sac thue/phi dugc thiet ke vdi mue tieu ehinh Id tao nguon thu ldn, khong eo muc tieu bao ve moi trudng nhung thuc te co lien quan den moi trudng d mirc dp nhat djnh.
Thue/phi tieu ihu dac biel danh vdo viec sir dung cae nguon ndng lugng duge xem la co lac dpng lieh eye den bao ve m6i trudng do han che cde hoat dpng gay 6 nhiem.
Mpt so chinh sach thue/phi luy khong co muc dich gay tac hai cho moi trudng nhung tbuc le CO phdt sinh tac dpng tieu cyc gay thiet hai den moi trudng. Vi dy, thue/phi sir dung dat nong nghiep vdi mue thue/phi c6 dinh ddnh theo hang dat, khong phu thudc vdo sdn lugng thu hoach (hodc thu nhdp tir viec sir dung ddt) c6 the khuyen khich su dung rpng rdi phan bon hod hpc, thudc trir sdu. Dieu ndy co the gay tdc dpng lieu cyc tdi m6i trudng.
26- -NhOng vin di KINH T ^ vA CHINH TR! T H t G l d l So 4 ( 2 0 4 ) ;
Ld Ha Thanh - Dinh Dt>c T r u i n g Phi bao ve moi trudng dli vdi nudc thai:...
Cdc sdc thue/phi quen goi Id thui/phi mdi truang
Mpt vdi sdc thui/phi thudng duge gpi Id thue/phi mdi trudng nhung thuc chdt duge sii dyng de tao ngudn thu ddnh rieng eho cdc muc dich bao ve moi trudng hon la tde dpng tdi gid ea eua viec sir dung cac thdnh phan mdi trucmg.
Thue/phi nguyen Heu d My ddnh rieng eho "quy ddc biet" 6k xu ly chdl thdi dde biet nguy hilm khong the tdi su dung Id vi du diln hinb vl loai thue nay.
2. Kinh nghiem quoc tc trong viec ap dung phf bao v^ moi trvdng
Thue/phi bdo ve moi Irudng noi ehung vd phi nudc thai noi rieng Id mpt trong nhdng cong eu kinh tl dugc dp dung pho bien d nhieu nudc
tren the gidi nhdm ban chl tinh trang 6 nhiem moi trudng. Giong nhu cac loai thue/phi moi trudng khac, phi nude thdi boat dpng theo nguyen tdc ngudi gay 6 nhiem phdi tra tien (Polutter Pays Principle), qua do lao dpng luc de cac doanh ngbiep gidm 6 nhiem, dong thdi tao ngu6n thu de chi tra eho cac hoat dpng bdo ve m6i trudng.
2.1. Phi bdo ve moi trtr&ng doi v&i nu&c thdi tgi cdc nu&c phdt trien
Thue/phi nudc ihdi dd dugc dp dung tir khd lau d nhieu nudc phal trien, tir nam 1961 d Phdn Lan, tir nam 1970 d Thuy Dien, tir nam 1980 d Due... (OECD, 1999) va da mang lai nhimg kit qua dang ghi nhan trong vice qudn ly 6 nhiem do nudc thai gay ra.
Bdng I: Phi nudc thai tai cac nudc OECD
Quoc gia
Australia
Bi (Flanders)
Canada (Quebec)
Cpng hoa Phdp
CHLB Due
C a s d ddnh phi 1
Khoi lugng, dp mdn, 1 miic dp 6 nhiem vd 1 vung anh hudng
S6 lugng vd mue
; dp 6 nhiem
Khoi lugng phdt thai mpt sd chat 6 nhiem hang ndm Tong khoi lugng phdt thdi ciia cdc hp gia dinh Tdng khoi iugng phdt thai ciia cdc doanh nghipp
T6ng mirc 6 nhiem (dpc hai)
Mdc phi AUS$ 0 - i
.
240.000 BEF 980 cbo 1 dan vi 6 nhiem
CANS 2/1 tan * trpng s6 tir 1-1.000 Thay doi theo cdc do thj
Tiiy thupc vdo Iuu vyc song, khu vyc thai vd loai chat 6 nhiem DM 70 cho 1 dan \ i chat dpc
Muc tieu Khuyen
khich j
:
•1-
+ 1 :hiiih
Tai chinh
^
•1-
+
+
-
+
+
i ... Ng Solugng
1"
^ BEF 9,5 ty
• (ciing vdi phi nudc thai)
: FF 6.021 trieu (1995)
.,
FF 1.018 trieu (1995)
. DM 655 trieu (1997)
non t h u Sir dung De bil ddp chi phi quan ly vd chi phi gidm sal Tdi trg eho cac chinh sdch moi trudng Chuyen vdo quy moi trudng quoc gia
Co quan qudn Iy nudc
___
Co quan qudn Iy nude
Diing cho cdc bien phap bao tri va ndng cao
Nhung vin di KINH T t VA CHlNH TRj THfi Gl6f| S6 4(204) 2013 -
27
Phi bao v^ moi truong a6i vai nu'de thai:... Le Ha Thanh - Dinh Di>c T i w n g
Hdn Quoc
Mexico
MJ
Kv hieu
Lugng 6 nhiem vugt tieu chuan cho phep Lugng nudc thai vugt qua tieu ehudn cho phep ve nong
; dp COD and TSS, vd khu vyc thai Miic phi dong nhdt eho moi loai ngu6n thai hay lugng nudc thdi + - C 6
Muc phi gidm nlu Doanh nghiep tudn thii quy ehe moi trudng Chi phi xu Iy kh6i lugng 6 nhiem vugt lieu ehudn
Thay doi
- ^ Khong +
= Kh6ng +
+
CO s6
US$ 8,5 trieu (1996) (eimg vdi phi khi thdi) M X N 5 2 trieu (1994)
ieu
chit lugng nguon nudc
Bp Moi trudng
Chinh phli
Chuong trinh quan ly tai nguyen nu6c cua quoc gia
Nguon: OECD (1999).
Theo bao cdo ciia OECD (1999), phi nudc thdi dugc ghi nhdn tai 10 qu6c gia. Phan Idn cac nudc ndy deu co muc phi khdc biet tiiy thupc vdo kh6i lugng vd chat lugng chat 6 nhiem. He thing phi 6 nhiem ciia cac nudc Bi, CHLB Diic vd Hdn Quoc deu ddt muc tieu tao khuyen khich vd ihay doi hdnh vi cua ngudi gay 6 nhiem, trong khi do d cac qu6e gia khdc mue tieu chinh Id lao nguon thu.
Sau day la long ket kinh nghiem cua mpt so viing vd quoc gia tren the gidi.
Quebec (Canada)
Phi nude thai da dugc de xuat tir thdng 5 ndm 1993 ket hgp vdi bien phap hanh chinh vd kiem sodt. Phi nay dp dung cho lat ca cac co sd gay d nhiem cdng nghiep co phdt thai. He thong phi eiia Canada Id he thong kep bao gom: i) Phi CO dinh hdng ndm la 2.000CAN$ va ii) muc phi kha bien Id ham sd eiia sd lugng 6 nhiem cu the ciia CO sd thai ra. Ngudi gay d nhiem khdng tra phi se phdi chiu mue phat la 500.000 CANS.
Phi duge thu hdng ndm theo cong thue:
Tong lugng phi hang nam = 2000$ +Li (T*Fi*2S/tan)
Trong do: Ti Id long khoi lugng ehdt gay 6 nhiem i; Fi Id trpng s6 dp dung vdi chal 6 nhiem i.
Bang 2: Trpng so phat thai vao moi trudng tai Quebec
Cac chat gay 6 nhiem Thdi vdo he thong Chat ran la liing BOD
Thai ra ngodi he thong Chat ran lo Iimg BOD
Thai vao cd trong vd ngoai h$ tftong Kim loai nang: Dong, chi, kem,nicken, nhom
Xyanua
Cac hgp chat halogen Polycyclic amoniac hydrccacbon
Cac trong so
0,2 0,4 1,0 2,0 50 100 1000 NguSn: OECD (1999).
28" -Nhirng vin ai KINH T 6 VA CHlNH TRj T H 6 Gltn S6 4(204) 2013
Le Hd Thanh - Dinh DiJc Tru'dng Phi bao ve moi trudng J6i vdi nudc thai:.
Nhdm ban che dnh hudng cua Iam phat, mirc phi nudc thai ciia Quebec dugc dieu chinh ty . dpng vdo ngdy I thdng 1 hang ndm theo chi so
i ^ phat ciia ndm trudc do.
Cgng hoa Phdp
Phi 6 nhiem nudc dugc dp dung tai Phdp khoang han 20 nam nay. Phap chia ra 6 luu vyc song. Tiiy Iheo moi luu vyc va cdc chat 6 nhiem, ca quan chirc nang quyet dinh muc phi va quan
ly chuang Irinh thu phi 6 nhiem eiing nhu sii dung tien ihu dugc tir cac phi ndy.
Khac vdi Quebec, viec thu phi tai Phdp dua tren cdc chal phdt thai, khong dua vao lugng phat thai thuc te. Khoan lien thu dugc su dung de dau tu eh6ng 6 nhiem ciia nganh, va xay dyng nha may xir Iy nudc thai do Ibi. Trong giai doan 1982 - 1991, cdc ca quan chiic nang dd dong gop khoang 6 ly US$ cho viec ddu tu nhu vdy.
Bang 3:
Lull virc song Adour-Garonne Aitois-Picardie Loire-Bretagne Rhin-Meuse Rhone Sein-Normandie
IVliJC phi niro^c thai tai Phap SIM
107,00 138,00 94,69 111,38 107,00 126,50
OM 321,00 274,00 145,67 222,75 321,00 282,35
NR 160,50 155,00 208,08 152,82 165,50 254,82
(FF/kg)
P 400,00 736,00 679,12 254,24 400,00
SS 400,00 2056,00
160,21 400,00 2642,00
MET 935,00
...
642,50 935,00
Chu thich: SM' Chdl la lung: OM chdl co thi bi 6 xi hda; NR: Nito ngheo; P: Tong luang Pholpho; SS: cde mudi hoa lan; MET: Kim logi vd cdc chdt ddc.
My
Phi nudc thai dugc quy dinh trong luat "Ldm sgch nu&c" ciia Mj ndm 1972 vd trong Dao luat "Ngdn ngHa vd kiem scat d nhiim nuac ".
My thu phi nudc thdi doi vdi tat cd cdc thanh phan 6 nhiem vd quy dinh ngudng 6 nhiem cho cdc chat rieng biet. Phi 6 nhilm duge dp dung tren todn the cdc bang ciia My, tuy nhien each thu phi vd miic phi c6 sy khdc biel.
T^i Boston, cong thiic tinh phi vugl ngudng dugc thl hien nhu sau:
C= V[a(SS-DSS)+b(BOD-DBOD)]*k
Trong do: C. Luang phi phdi nop; V: The tich trung binh ciia nu&c thdi thdi ra. tinh bdng galoon hoge m^; SS: Chdt ran la liing. mg/l;
BOD: Nhu cdu oxy sinh hoc. mg/l; DSS:
Nguong ndng do chdl ran la lirng. 205mg/l;
DBOD: Ngudng ndng do nhu cdu 6 xy sinh hoc, 2J5mg/l; a: Gid trj udc dinh cho mdi pound cua chdt ran la lirng, (171$/lb/ngdy); b: Gid tri uac dinh cho mdi pound cua nhu cdu o xy sinh hoc, (}88$/lb/ngdy); k: 0.00304 (hdngsd).
Tai Bang Massachussetts, co quan quan ly tai nguyen nudc MWRA (Massachusetts Water Resources Authority) quy dinh muc phdt thdi theo lieu chuan la lugng nho han 95mVngay dem vd nong dp eua TSS vd BOD khong vugt NhOng vin di KINH T t VA CHINH TRI THt Gldl S6 4(204) 2013 -
Phi bao v0 m6i trudng doi vdi nudc thai.., Le Ha Thanh - Dinh Od-c Tru'dng qua 400mg/l. Mue dp xd thai ciia doanh nghiep
vugt qud muc nay dugc xem nhu vi pham tieu ehuan. Pbi nudc thai duge dp dung cho nudc thdi CO n6ng dp BOD va TSS vugt qua 400mg/l.
Ngudn thu tu phi nudc ihdi dugc phan b6 nhu sau: 75% so lien thu dugc diing de tu siia, xay mdi vd trang bi cac trang Ihiel bi de xu ly nudc thai, 15% long so phi nude thai thu duge dua ve Chinb phu, vd 10% con lai dugc de lai tai dia phuang.
2.2. Phi bdo ve moi trir&ng doi v&i nirdc thdi tgi cdc nen kinh te chuyen doi
Cac nen kinh te chuyen d6i, ddc biet tai khu vuc Trung vd D6ng Au, Lien X6 cu dp dung phi bao ve m6i trudng d6i vdi nudc thai nbu mpt c6ng cu nhdm cdi each he thong quan ly moi
trudng. He thing phi dugc dp dung tai Cong hoa Sec tu nhirng ndm 1960, CH Bulgary, Hungary va Ba Lan tir nhOng nam 1970 vd mpt so nude thude Lien X6 (cu) tu ndm 1980 (Vincent vd Farrow, 1997).
Cpng hda Ba Lan
Viec thu phi nudc thai d CH Ba Lan dd duge dp dung tu nhijng ndm 1970 tren co sd ket hgp cac quy dinh tieu chuan ve phat thdi vdi cde cong cu kinh le. Phi thdi bao gom phi thong thudng d6i vdi cdc don vi thai ndm trong lieu chudn vd phi phal doi vdi lugng thdi vugt qud tieu ehudn. Muc phi d Ba Lan thupc muc cao nhdl tren the gidi.
Ndm 1991, kinh phi dau tu cho bdo ve moi trudng d Ba Lan dat 1,3 ty USD. Khodng 40% trong so ndy dugc ibu lu phi nudc thdi,
Bdng 4: Phi doi vdi cac chat gay 6 nhiem nudc tai Ba Lan
Dan vi: USS/ldn
Cac nganh
Che bien nhien lieu. Hoa chat, luyen kim Giay va chat bgt
Thtrc pham Chit thai do thi
Chat gay 5 nhiem BOD
1489 617 3847
144 COD
1027 398 357 87
SS 64 64 64 64
C&S 5 5 5 5
HM 7047 7047 7047 7047
VP 2963 2963 2963 2963 Ngudn: OECD (1999).
Viee thu phi nudc thai tai Ba Lan luon luon gdp kho khdn do khong xdc dinh dugc lugng phat thdi thye te. Ben eanh do, ca cdu to chirc thu phi tuong doi phue tap, ehi phi qudn ly ton kem. Da phan cdc chat gay 6 nhiem thupc ddi tugng chiu phi vugt ra ngoai kha ndng kiem sodt ciia CO quan hiiu trdch. Ngodi ra, tinh hinh kinh te xa hpi tai Ba Lan dien bien khd phuc tap trong nhung ndm 1980 - 1990, lam phat tdng nhanh. Viec dieu ehinh mirc phi theo lam phdt da dan den nhirng cupc Iranh cai keo ddi.
Cpng hod Estonia
Cpng hda Estonia dp dung phi nude thai tir thang 1 nam 1991. Do Id mpt sy ph6i hgp dp dung cae tieu chudn ve phdt thdi vdi cdc cong cu kinh te. Phi dp dung cho cdc chat 6 nhiem trong ngudng va vugl ngudng tieu ehudn cho phep. Neu ngudi gay 6 nhiem vi pham tieu chuan, muc phi cao hon se duge dp dung cho mli tan chat thai vugt qud tieu chudn quy dinh.
Muc phi cao hon ndy Id mpt hdm sd ve mire dp dpc hai eiia chat gdy 6 nhiem. Cd 4 muc dp dpc
-NhOng vin di KINH T 6 VA CHINH TR! THE Gldl S6 4(204) 2013
L6 Ha Thanh - Oinh DifC Trifdng Phi bao ve moi trudng d6i vdi nudc thai:.
Bdng S: MITC phi goc danh vao mpt so chat gay 6 nhiem nirdc tai LB Nga
Chat gay 6 nhiem Nhom
BOD SS Canxi Crom Dong Chi Diu
Mirc phi goc Rup/tan
44.350 730 2.950 10 110.875 2.217.500 22.175 44.350 Ngudn: OECD (1999).
Theo ddnh gid ciia cdc chuyen gia, he th6ng phi nudc thdi cua LB Nga dugc thiet ke rdt cbi liet nhung qud phde lap vdi rdt nhieu mue phi vd ch^t 6 nhiem khdc nhau. Dieu ndy da gay lrd ngai Idn eho qud trinh thyc thi trong boi canh thilu trdm trpng cdc thiet bi quan trac, nhan luc vd chuyen mon. Ngoai ra nhirng bat on ve kinh tl, xd hpi, chinh tri tai LB Nga vd ty le lam phat cao cung Id nhihig tdc nhan lam gidm hieu qud cua cong c\i.
2.3. Phi bdo ve moi trir&ng tgi cdc nic&c dang phdt trien
Trung Quoc
Dilu 18 Luat Bdo vc Moi trucmg Trung QuIc (1979) quy dinh: 'Trong truang hap phdt thdi cdc chdt gdy d nhiem viral qua giai han do nhd nu&c quy dinh. miic phi bdi thu&ng se duae dp diing tiiy theo ndng dg vd logi hlnh chdl gdy d nhiim'. Phi dugc dp dyng vdi nudc thai, tieng In vd chit thai phong xa Vice dp dung phi
nudc thdi ciia Trung Quoc co the chia thdnh 2 giai doan.
Glai dogn iru&c ndm 2003
Tat ca cac doanh nghiep co miic phdt thai vugt qua lieu chudn quy djnh deu pbdi nop phi.
Phi nudc thai ehi dp dung cho phdn thai vugt ngudng tieu chudn eho phep. Cac lieu chuan moi trudng dugc quy dinh cho timg ngdnh cong nghiep, muc phi duge quy djnh theo timg loai chal gdy 6 nhiem. Cde dja phucmg (cdc tinh, bat, d6 thi) CO the dua ra cae quy djnh ve lieu chuan moi trudng va muc phi dp dung. Tieu ehudn vd muc phi nay co the eao ban hoac thdp han tieu chuan quoc gia.
13 chat 6 nhiem la doi tugng chiu phi nudc thai, nhung viec thu phi chi dp dung d6i vdi chat 6 nhiem vugt tieu chudn cho phep ldn nhat.
Tuy nhien, viec tinh phi dya vdo nong dp chat 6 nhicm vugl qua lieu chudn eho phep dugc Trung Quoc dp dung trudc nam 2003 da bpc 16 mpl so bdl cap. Thd nhdl. viec tinh phi chi dua vao nong dp chat 6 nhiem co trong nudc thai da khien cae doanh nghiep doi pho bdng each pha loang nudc thai. Thii- hai. do chi linh phi dya tren phan nong dp vugt qua tieu chuan nen dan den tinh trang cac doanh nghiep doi pho sao cho nong dp chat 6 nhiem dat tieu chuan, chu kh6ng khuyen khich cac doanh nghiep dau tu xir ly 6 nhiem. Han nua, viee chi linb phi doi vdi ibong so 6 nhiem co muc vugl tieu chuan eao nhat khong lao dpng lue de doanh nghiep han che 6 nhiem d cac th6ng so khac.
De khac phuc bat cap ndy. ndm 2003 Trung Qu6c dd dieu ehinh he thong tinb phi.
Giai dogn sau ndm 2003
He thong tinh phi eua Trung Quoc dd co mpt so thay doi nhu sau:
• Phi duge tinh vdi til cac cdc dan vj 6 nhiem (cd dan vi tren va dudi tieu chudn cho phep).
NhOng vin di KINH TC V A CHINH TRf THE Gldl So 4(204) 2013 -
31
Phi bao v0 m6i trudng doi vdi nudc thai:.. Le Hd Thanh - Dinh Di>c Tripomg Phi dugc dp dung cho hem 100 thong sd
6 nhiem trong nudc thdi. Cdc tieu ehuan do Bp Moi trudng quy dinh thay d6i tiiy thupc vdo tung ngdnh eong ngbiep, vd muc phi Ibay doi tiiy theo loai chat gay 6 nhiem. Ngodi ra, ede dia phucmg eo the dua ra cac lieu chuan chdt ch5 hem tieu chuan quoc gia vd eo the dua ra mire phi eao bon miic phi do Bp Moi trudng quy dinh.
He thong tinh phi bao gdm 2 budc:
Bu&c 1: Quy ddi cde cdc chdl d nhiem theo COD thdng qua hi sd quy ddi. Cdc chat 6 nhiem cang dpc hai se cd he so quy d6i cang thap va muc COD phat thai tuang duang cdng cao. Vi du vdi he so goc quy doi ciia COD Id 1, Ihi mirc quy doi ciia BOD la 0,5, ciia Hg Id 0,0005.
Bu&c 2: Tinh phi T6ng khodn phi phdi nop Id long ciia 3 chdt 6 nhiem co muc dp COD quy doi ldn nhat. Muc phi tinh cho 1 dan vi COD quy doi, tuang duong vdi 0,7 nbdn dan tp (NDT. Ddi vdi lugng chat thdi trong lieu chudn muc phi dp dung la 0,7 NDT. Doi vdi lugng thai vugt qua lieu ehudn, miic phi dp dyng Id 1,4 NDT.
Philippines
Phi nudc thdi dugc dp dung dau tien d Philippines tai viing Ho Laguna ndm 1997. Sau d6 he thong ndy trd Ihanh mpt phan Chuang trinh qudn !y moi trudng viing h6 vd dugc dua vdo quy hoaeh phdt trien eiia viing ho Laguna.
Myc tieu ehinh eiia phi nay la khuyen khich cac doanh nghiep xdy dung vd van hanh he th6ng phdng ngira vd xu ly 6 nhiem tai doanh nghiep.
Hp thing phi tuan thu nguyen tdc, ngudi gdy 6 nhilm phdi trd tien, theo dd cde doanh nghiep phdi chiu trdch nhiem ve cac boat dpng gay 6 nhiem ciia minh. Vdi edng eu ndy, cde ed nhdn va doanh nghiep dugc khuyen khich tinh loan cdc dnh hudng mdi trudng vdo qud trinh ra quyet dinh.
Ndm 1997, phi nudc thdi dugc dp dung cho tdt cd cdc doanh nghiep thupc cdc ngdnh c6ng nghiep trpng diem co miic thdi trung binh bdng ndm khodng 4.000 kg BOD. Tir ndm 1998 din 1999, he thong pbi dugc md rpng vd bao gom cdc doanh nghiep, eo sd sdn xudl kinh doanh ciing nhu he th6ng nha hdng. Thdm chi cdc doanh nghiep co muc thai bdng 0 cung phai chiu phi. Han mue 4.000 kg BOD/nam bi xoa b6(LLDA2001).
Hien nay, phi danh vdo tat ed cde doanh nghiep co nudc thdi xd vdo moi Irudng. Cdc doanh nghiep ndy bao gdm cde doanh nghiep sdn xudt/thuong mai, cac doanh nghipp cong nong nghiep, cdc cum dan cu vd cdc hp gia dinh.
Phi gom 2 phan: i) Phi cd djnh vd ii) Phi bien doi,
Phi c6 dinh bao g6m nhihig chi phi qudn ly chuang Irinh vd phu thupc vdo khoi lugng phdt thdi. Muc phi co dinh nhdm trang trai cac chi phi qudn ly ciia Ban Qudn ly h6 Laguna vd phu thupc vdo lugng nudc thdi ciia co sd sdn xudt. Phi c6 dinh dua vdo so lugng mau cdn lay de quan trdc hien trang moi Irudng ciia doanh nghiep. Theo Ban Quan ly ho Laguna, cdc doanh nghiep cang thai nhieu nudc thdi thi so lugng mau cdn ldy de quan trac cang nhieu va muc phi CO dinh phdi nop cdng cao.
Phi bien d6i: Phi bien doi trong mpt quy ciia eo sd san xuat dugc tinh theo tong lugng 6 nhiem gay ra trong quy vd miic phi tinh iren mpt dem vj 6 nhiem gay ra.
VF - L n X R
T6ng lugng 6 nhiem gay ra trong quy (Ln) ciia cdc CO sd sdn xuat dugc tinh theo cong thuc sau:
Ln -CfxQrxNrxO.OOI
Trong do: Cf Id nong dp trung binh eua chit gay 6 nhiem co trong nudc thdi eua co sd sdn
32> -NhOng vin di KINH T t vA CHINH TR! THt Gidf S6 4(204) 2013
U Hd Thanh - Dinh Di>c T r u i n g Phi bao ve m6i trudng dli vdi nudc thai:.
xudl kinh doanh (mg/l hodc g/m^); Qf Id khoi lugng nudc thdi tmh binh quan trong 1 ngdy md doanh nghiep co thdi nudc thdi vdo m6i trudng (m''); Nf Id s6 ngdy ma doanh nghiep thai nudc thdi vdo moi trudng trong quy.
Miic phi bien doi R tuy thupc vao ning dp chdl thdi trong nudc thai. Neu nong dp chat 6 nhiem Cr< 50mg/l thi muc phi R ^ 5 Peso/kg; neu n6ng dp chdt 6 nhiem Cf >
50mg/l thi miic phi R = 30 Peso/kg chat 6 nhiem thdi ra.
Phi nude thai bien ddi ciia mpt co sd sdn xuat chi dugc tinh dya tren lugng phdt
tbdi eua mpt chat gdy 6 nhiem co trong nudc thai cua eo sd san xuat do theo quy dinh (hoac la BOD5, hodc Id TSS). Doi vdi cdc CO sd san xuat nude gidi khdt, cdc sdn pham sQ-a, thupc da, giet mo va che bien san pham chan nuoi, thuy sdn, che bien hoa qud, san xuat mia dudng, san xuat giay... chal gay 6 nhiem dugc lya chpn de tinh phi nudc thai Id BOD5 Doi vdi cac co sd san xual hoat dpng Irong ngdnb sdn xual xi mdng, phan hod hpe, sdn xual kim loai. khai khoang...
chat gay 6 nhiem dugc lya chpn de tinb pbi nude thai Id TSS.
Bang
Co" sff phdp ly
LLDA BR. 33
LLDA BR.
176 6:
N i m ban hanh
1996
2002
Cff cau phi 0 nhiem a Philippines qua cac
ThM diem c6 hifu lire
17/01/1997
16/04/2002
Khoi liroTig nu'de thai
<-30m3/ngay 30-150 m3/ngay
> 150 m3/ngay Cac chi tieu thuong
<=30m3/ngay 30-150 m3/npav
> 150 m3/ngay Co kim loai nang
<=150m3'ngay Phi siin xuat (Php)
Phi CO dinh (Php)
5.000 10.000 15.000
6.800 12.000 18.000
12.000 thoi ky
Phi bien doi (Php/kg BOD) Neu tuan
thu (<=50 mg/li)
5/kg BOD
,1
„
5/kg BOD
,.
„
5/kg BOD
Neu khong tuan thu (>S0 mg/li)
30/kg BOD vuot tieu chuan
..
..
30/kg BOD vuot tieu chuan
,.
"
30/kg BOD vuot tieu chuan Nhijng vin tf^ KINH TE VA CHiNH TRj THt Gldl So 4(204) 2013 - 33
Phi bao v# moi trudng doi vdi nudc thai: Le Ha Thanh - Dinh Du-c Trudng
LLDA BR.
251 2005 05/10/2005
> 150 m3/ngay Cac chi tieu thucmg
<=30m3/ngay 30-150 m3/ngay
> 150 m3/ngay Co kim loai nSng
<=150m3/ngay
> 150 m3/ngay 5.000 5.000 5.000
5.000 5.000
18.000
8.000 16.000 24.000
16.000 24.000
„
5/kg BOD
5/kg BOD
n
,1
30/kg BOD vuot tieu chuan
„
30/kg BOD vucft tieu chuan
1.
Nguon: Tdng hgp cita nhdm ldc gid.
LLDA: Laguna Lable Development Authority.
• Bdng 6 cho thay sy bien doi cdc hinh thdi phi nudc thdi tai khu vyc ho Laguna. Tu khi dp dung vdo ndm 1997 den nay co cau phi biln doi kh6ng thay doi: Pbp5/1 kg BOD neu thdi trong ban muc vd Php30/I kg BOD vugt tieu chudn, Phi co dinh tdng 60% trong giai doan tir ndm 1997 den nam 2005 va bo sung them phi sdn xuat la Php5.000.
Tir ndm 2003, tren ca sd kinh nghiem thu phi tu ho Laguna, Chinh phii Philippines dd dp dyng phi nudc thai tren pham vi todn quoc.
3. Bai hoc riit ra cho Viet Nam Kinh nghiem qu6c te cho thay, phi nudc thai gop phdn lam gidm 6 nhiem nudc va tao nguon thu eho cong tde bdo \c moi trudng. Tuy nhien, mirc dp thdnh c6ng tai ede quoe gia rat khde nhau. Tu thuc le dp dung phi nudc thai tren the gidi CO the nil ra mpt so bai hpc kinh nghiem cho Viel Nam.
Cdc chi tieu o nhiem can dp dung So lugng cde chi lieu 6 nhiem la mpt trong nhung npi dung quan trpng ciia he th6ng phi nudc thdi. Ve ly ihuyet, so lugng ehdt 6 nhiem chju phi cang nhieu Ihi cdng phan anh chinh xdc muc do 6 nhiem ciia viec xd ihdi ra m6i trudng. Nhieu quoc gia nhu LB Nga, Estonia, Ba Lan, Trung Quoc dd tien hanh thu phi vdi nhieu ehi tieu 6 nhiem khde nhau. Tuy nhien, dp dung qud nhieu chi tieu 6 nhiem ihudng gay kho khdn trong viec trien khai do linh phue lap trong cong tde do dac, xae dinh, quan trac cac thong s6 6 nhiem va ban ehe ve ndng lyc quan ly. Nhirng qu6e gia thanh eong Irong viec dp dung pbi nude Ihdi thudng co he lh6ng phi dugc thiet ke theo hudng ro rdng, dan gidn, it chi lieu 6 nhiem. Philippines Id mpt vi du dien hinh thdnh cong vdi he thong phi dp dung cho COD, TSS va sy ton tai ciia kim loai ndng trong nudc thdi.
34 -NhOng vin de KINH T t vA CHINH TRj TH^ Gldl S6 4(204) 2013
Le Hd Thanh • Oinh Due Trudng Phi bao ve moi trudng dli vdi nudc thai"
Xdc dinh miie phi
Mpt van de quan trpng khac can luu y khi dp dung phi nudc thdi Id xdc lap mirc phi. Ve ly thuyet, muc thue/phi m6i trudng noi ehung va phi nudc thdi noi rieng d6i vdi m6i dem vi dugc xdc dinh tai diem ma chi phi xa hpi bien ciia mpl hoat dpng bdng vdi (=) lgi ich bien ihu dugc tir hoat dpng dd. Do do, mue phi phai duge quy dinh bdng mgt s6 tien cu the cho mli mpt dan vi thai, khong tinh theo ty le pbdn tram tren gid cd hdng hod cung nhu khong phu thupc vdo mdc dp phat thai trong bay vugl ngudng eho phep.
Muc phi cao eo the tao dpng lyc manh cho cde doanh nghiep gidm thieu 6 nhiem nhung hieu qud vc nguon thu thudng kh6ng dat dugc.
Tuy nhien, ciing phdi thua nhdn viec dp dung muc phi cao ngay tu dau co the cho phep co dugc nhimg cai thien moi trudng nhanh hon. Mat khac.
miic phi thap co the it tao dp lyc ve chi phi cho cac doanh nghiep tai cac nude dang phdt trien trong do co Viet Nam nhung eo the thdt bai Irong
\ icc cdi thien chal lugng moi truong.
Kinh nghiem ciia mpl so nudc da dp dung thanh cong he di6ng phi 6 nhiem nhu CHLB Due hay Trung Quoc eho thdy, mirc phi trong nhimg ndm ddu lien co the dp dung d muc thdp. sau do dieu ehinh tdng dan d nhihig nam tiep theo.
Cdu true ciia he thdng phi
Muc tieu chinh cua viee dp dung phi nude Ihai nhdm: i) Dieu ehinh hdnh vi ciia cdc doi tugng gay 6 nhiem thong qua do han che 6 nhiem moi trudng tir nude thai va ii) tao nguon kinh phi eho hoai dpng bao ve moi trudng.
Trong 2 mue tieu tren, thay doi hanh \i eiia ngudi gay 6 nhiem Id muc tieu quan trpng nhat.
Tuy nhien thyc te cho thay. muc tieu tao nguon thu doi khi con ldn dt cac muc tieu khac.
He thong phi 2 nac se giup dat dugc 2 muc tieu Iren. Cd Philippines va Canada deu rat thdnh c6ng vdi viec ap dung he thong phi 2 nac.
Viel Nam nen dp m6 hinh nay. Nac 1 la phi eo dinh tuong ty phi hanh chinh, bat bupc cho mpi lugng nham lao nguon ihu cho cong lac qudn ly, Nac thii hai Id phi 6 nhicm dong nhat danh theo muc phat thai khong phu thupc vdo vice phal thai Irong hay vugt lieu chudn.
Sit dung ngudn thu tir phi bdo vi mdi tnrang Theo quan diem kinh te, nguon thu tu phi
"Ihu nhdp moi trudng' nen dugc su dung vao muc dich co ihe mang lai lgi ich xa hpi ldn nhat.
Tuy nhien, kinh nghiem ciia cdc nudc iren the gidi cho thay, cac khoan thu nay thudng dugc danh rieng dc dau lu lrd lai cho m6i Irudng nhu cho cac hoat dpng chong 6 nhicm ciia ban than cdc CO sd da nop phi, hay tdi trg cdc boat dpng cong Cpng khdc (vi du xay dyng nha may xu ly nudc thai) hay de ndng cao ndng luc eho eo quan qudn ly m6i Irudng.
Cdc vdn de khdc
Cac sac thue/phi lien quan den moi trudng noi chung va phi nudc thai noi rieng trd nen khong CO hieu qua neu thieu sy 6n dinh ciia kinh tc vT mo. Kinh nghiem eiia Ba Lan, Estonia, LB Nga cho thay, lam phdi cao da lam giam tac dpng cua he th6ng phi nudc thai dugc dp dung. Viec dieu ehinh lai muc phi theo miic lam phdt tucmg doi kho vd thudng gay anh hudng tieu cue ve mat ehinh sdch. Vi the. viec ehi si hoa s6 muc phi (vi du dya vao chi so tieu diing) edn dugc thyc hien trong chuang trinh thu phi nudc thai de tranh viec phai dieu ehinh mue phi thudng xuyen.
Ben eanh do, viec dp dung cdc che tai xir phal doi vdi cdc doanh nghiep khong tra phi bao ve m6i trudng la viee lam can thiet. Vdi muc NhOng vin di KINH TE VA CHJNH TR| THE Gldl So 4(204) 2013 - • 3 5
Phi bao vp moi trudng dli vdi nudc thai:. Le Ha Thanh - Dinh Due Trudng phat nghiem khdc 500.000 CANS doi vdi cac
doanh nghiep vi pham quy djnh ve nop phi, Quebec da ihdnh c6ng tao trong viec Ihay doi hanh vi va nang cao linh ludn ihii quy dinh ve bdo ve moi Irudng ciia cde doanh nghiep.
Mpt van de khdc can luu y Id xdy dung he thong quan ly moi trudng hieu qud. Thuc te trien khai thu phi d ede nude co nen kinh le chuyen doi nhu LB Nga, Ba Lan va Estonia cho ihdy, trong nhieu irudng hgp viec thu phi nude thdi Irien khai kh6ng hieu qua do thieu cdc dieu kien lien de de ihuc hien nhu thiel bi quan trdc, nhdn luc vd chuyen mon. He
thong qudn ly hieu qud se cung cap thong tin cho ca quan qudn ly moi trudng ve cdc hanh vi ciia ngudi gdy 6 nhiem vd khuyen khich ngucfi gay 6 nhiem kiem sodt chdl thdi ciia minh.
Ngodi ra he lh6ng ndy con giiip tao niem tin eiia e6ng ehiing ve ndng luc eiia co quan qudn ly uong ITnh vyc bao \'e moi Irudng.
Culi ciing dieu ddc biet quan trpng Id he thing phi Cling nhu lat cd cde ehinh sdeh m6i trudng phdi het sue minh bach vd cong bdng cho cdc doi tugng. Bat cu chinh sach nao neu bo qua yeu to ndy chdc hdn se kho Ihanh e6ng*
Tai lieu tham khao:
1 O'Cormor, D. (1995): Applying Economic Instruments in Developing Countries: From Theory to Implementation. OECD Development Center, May.
2. SEPA (Swedish Environmental Protection Agency) (2000): The Swedish Charge on Nitrogen Oxides. Report. Stockholm, Sweden: SEPA.
3. Sterner T (2003): Policy Inslrumenls for Environmental and Natural Resource Management.
4. US EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) (1998): Partner for the Environment- Collective Statement of Success. Washington, DC.
5. US EPA. (2004): International Experience with Economic Incentives for Protecting the Environment. Washington, DC.
6. Ban khoa gido Trung uong (2003): Bdo ve mdi trudng vd phdt trien hen viing a Viet Nam.
Nha xuat bdn Chinh tri quoc gia, Hd Npi.
7. Bp Ke hoach vd Ddu tu (1997): Du dn ihu nghiem VIE/97/007: Mdi tru&ng vd ki hoach hod ddu lit. Bdo cao npi bp. Ha Npi, Viet Nam.
8. Nguyen The Chinh (2003): Gido trinh kinh li vd qudn ly mdi truang, NXB. Thong ke, HdNpi.
9. Cdc vdn bdn phdp luat ve Bao ve moi trudng
36- -NhOng vin di KINH i t VA CHiNH TRj THE Gldl S6 4(204) 2013
