Phien dich va tiep nhan Kinh Thi if Viet Nam thoi trung dai
Nguyin Tuan Cuomg'.Nguyen Thi Tu Mai^
' Vien Nghien ciiu Han Nom, Vi^n Hkn lam Khoa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam.
Email: [email protected]
^ Trucmg Dai hpc Su pham Ha Npi.
Email: tumaisp@ yahoo.com.vn
Nhan ngay 17 thang 7 nam 2018. Chip nhan dang ngay 20 thang 8 nam 2018.
Tom tat: Bai viit phac hpa mot cai nhin v6 vin di phien djch va tiep nhan Kinh Thi a Viet Nam didi tmng dai. Vac Uidi niy, Kinh Thi da dupe djch sang chii Ndm. Diiu dd phii hop vdi moi tnrdng giao di^c song ngu (tiing Han c i , tiing Viet) va song tu (chii Han, chii Nom) ciia nen gifio due khoa cu tmyin thong Viet Nam. Kinh Thi vi can ban da dugc dich sang chii Nom theo huiing ton ttpng nguyen ban. Nhung ciing co xu hudng ban dia hoa trong viec dich Kinh Thi de phu hpp vdi sir tiip nhan ciia ngudi Viet. Cac ban dich Ndm kha da dang ve the loai, ttong do cac ban dich van xuoi thien vi tiep nhan Kinh Thi theo truyen thing giao due khoa cu. Con cic ban djch tha da chuyin hudng din sang tiep nhan Kinh Thi vdi tu each l i mpt tac pham van hoc.
Tii khoa: Kinh Thi, phien dich, tiep nhan, van hpc, thdi trung dai.
Phan loai nganh: Ngon ngii hpc
Abstract: The paper provides a glimpse on the translation and reception of ancient China's Shijmg, or The Classic of Poetry, in medieval Vietnam, after the book had been translated into Nom, or Vietnam's demotic scripts, which is appropriate to the educational environment of bilingualism (literary Chinese and Vietnamese language) using two types of characters (Sinograph and N6m script) under Vietnam's ttaditional education of civil service examinations. Shijing was fundamentally ttanslated into Nom script following the original. Yet, there was a ttend of locahsation in its ttanslation to suit the reception by the Vietnamese people. The ttanslated versions are rather diverse in terms of their genres, among which are those in prose, receiving Shijing in line with the ttadition of civil service examinations. Meanwhile, those in the form of poems were the reception of the book as a literary work.
Keywords: Shijing (The Classic of Poetry), translation, reception, literature, die medieval times.
Subject classification: Linguistics
Nguyin Tuin Cudng, Nguyin Thi Tii Mai 1. Sat van de
Nim ttong khu vuc vin hoa ehii Hin, Viet Nam ngay tu thdi ttung dai da tiep nhan nen ting tu tudng hpc thuat chu dao eiia Tmng Qude, the hien qua he thdng sach giio khoa nho hpc nhu Tu thu va NgU kinh. Trong qua tnnh tiep nhan kinh dien Nho giio, ngudi Viet xua da phien djch toan bp he thdng kinh dien nay ra chir Ndm [3]. Viec dich Nom the hien ehu trucmg eua ngudi Viet ttong viee ban dia hoi Han vin vi tu tudng Nho giao. Trong thuc te, cac bin dich Ndm nay chii yeu nhim phuc vu cho giao diic nho hpc cip tieu hpc. Nhieu tii lieu dich la sach giio khoa diing trong day va hpc d Viet Nam thdi xua [4]. Trong chi'n bp kinh diin nho hoc, chi duy nhit Kinh Thi dupe viet theo the tha, khic han vdi tam bp kinh dien cdn lai viet bang van xudi. Thue te khio sit tu lieu Hin Ndm cho thiy, Kinh Thi chinh la bd kinh dien duae ngudi Viet phien djch nhieu nhat ttong Tic thu, NgU kinh [3]. Bai viit nay nghien eiiu each thiic ngudi Viet xua phien djch va tiep nhan tie pham Kinh Thi.
2. Phien dich Kinh Thi & Viet Nam thdi trung dai
2.1. Boi cdnhphien dich
Trong lieh sir phien djch the gidi den dau the ki XVI, d phucmg Tay mdi xuit hien nhiing nha nghien ciiu If thuyet phien djch thue thu, tieu biiu trong dd la nhi nhan van hpc ngudi Phap Etienne Dolet (1509-1546), ngudi da di xuit 5 nguyen tac cho djch gii ttong tac phim Ldm sao de dich cho tot tic mpt ngon ngic ndy sang mot ngon ngic khdc [8, tir.58].
Din eudi thi ki XX, phien djch hpc da xac dinh dupe mdt vj tri khdng the phu nhan eua mdt nginh khoa hpc, vdi su ra ddi lien tiep cua hai bd bach khoa thu: Bdch khoa todn thu phien dich hpc va Bdch khoa todn thu phien dich van chuang sang Anh ngic [8, tt.I5]. Ve mat Ii thuyet phien djch hpc, theo Nguyen Hong Cdn [1], cho den nay, hoat dpng djch thuat duae cic nhi nghien ciiu dien giai theo ba hudng: (1) dich thuat Ii mdt boat ddng nghe thuat; (2) djch thuat la mpt boat ddng ngdn ngu, ddi chieu vi xac lap cic tuang ling, thay the tin hieu hoac vin bin; (3) djch thuat la mdt hoat ddng giao tiep lien ngii hoac lien vin hoa.
Ddi vdi Viet Nam, cd mdt sd ghi chep mang tfnh huyen sir ve viec phiSn djch trong xa hpi xua. Nam Man Tdy Man di liet truyen trong sich Hdu Ban thu cua Trung Qude cd chep: "Phia nam Giao Chi cd nude Viet Thudng. Chu Cdng nhiep ehi'nh sau nam, ehe le tic nhac, thien ha thii binh, nudc Viet Thudng sai sir gia cuoi ba thdt voi qua may Ian phien djch de den trieu cong chim tri trang, ndi: "Dudng xa van dam, each trd mii sdng, tin sii khdng thdng, nen phai qua may lan phien djch de den ehiu""^ [14, tt.l713]. Theo nha phien djch hpc ngudi Trung Qudc Ma Td Nghi [10, tt.4], day ciing chfnh la mpt ttong nhung ghi chep sdm nhat trong ljch su phien djch ciia Trung Qudc. Ndi dung tuang tu cung dupe chep trong Linh Nam chich qudi nhu sau: "Vao thdi Chu Thanh Vuong, vua Hiing Vuang sai be tdi xung la hp Viet Thudng dem trf trang sang dang bieu nha Chu. Vi ngdn ngir bat ddng, Chu Cdng phii sai ngudi qua may Ian dich rdi mdi biit" [10, tr.665-666].
Tu Ueu ding tin cay ve phien djch (dich viet) sdm nhat d Viet Nam cd le la nhiing 87
Khoa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam, sd 10 - 2018 thdng tin tii Thien uyen tap anh. Cu the d dd Thdng Bien Quoe Su trich Idi Dim Thien Phip Su dip Tiiy Cao Td nhu sau: "Mpt phuang Giao Chau, dudng thdng Thien Tnie, Phat phip Idc mdi tdi, thi Giang Ddng ehua cd, mi Luy Lau lai dung chCia ban 20 ngdi, dp tang hon 5(30 ngudi, djch kinh 15 quyin, vi nd cd trudc vay" [II, tt.226].
Vipc phien dich duae nhac den d diy chfnh la hoat dpng dich tii tiing Phan sang tieng Han, bdi khi iy Viet Nam chua ed mdt vin tu rieng thinh thuc. Phong trio djch kinh Phat van tiip tye dien ra d Viet Nam, vi chic hin da chuyin din tu djch Phan-Han sang djch Han-Viet (qua chu Ndm) khi chii Ndm dat din dp thanh thue vdi nghia dii de ghi lai toin bd he thing ngdn ngii.
2.2. Nhimg dich phdm Kinh Thi a Viet Nam th&i trung dai
Mpt Id, dich phim Kinh Thi theo truyin tung. Trong bdi cinh phien dich nhu vay, viee djch Kinh Thi tii tiing Han sang tiing Viet (qua chii Ndm) da dupe dit ra tu rit sdm tren lanh thd Vipt Nam. Sach Chi nam ngoc dm gidi nghia eho ring: "Din thdi SI vuang ddi xe den nude ta, [cai Ui] ban bdn muai nim, ban khip giao hda, giai nghia bang Idi thdng tue nudc Nam di thdng hiiu chuang cu, hgfp thanh thi ca qudc ngii di ghi ten gpi, theo via mi lim sach Chi nam phdm vi^ng gim hai quyin thugng vi ha"'*
Vin Da Cu Si Nguyin Vin San (khoang nua sau thi ki XIX) cd Ie da cin cii vao nhiing ghi ehep nay di neu ra thuyit ST Nhiep, ed thuyit gpi la ST Tiip, (187-226) djch Kinh Thi ra chir Ndm. Nguyin Van San viet: 'Tiing ndi cila cic nudc khdng gidng nhau, mdi nudc cd mdt tiing ndi
rieng ciia nude ay. Nudc ta tu khi SI vuang djch tir tieng Bac [sang tieng Nam], trong do nhieu vat cdn chua td tudng, nhu thic cuu khdng biet la chim gi, duang ddo khdng biet la cay p., loai nay nhieu lim"^.
Nguyen Vin San neu ra thuyet niy chi nham chiing minh luan diem eiia dng cho ring, chir Ndm da cd tu thdi ST vuang ma thdi. SI vuang hoin toin ed thi timg nghT den ehuyen dich Kinh Thi sang tieng Viet, nhung viec ST vuong ghi lai Idi dich cua minh bang thii chu viet nio thi vdi nhiing su lieu hien biet, chiing ta khd ed thi xac dinh dugc gi han. Vi viy, s\r kien "ST Nhiip djch Kinh Thi sang chii Ndm" ehi nen coi la huyen sir tten ca hai binh dien dich Kinh Thi vi d&ng chii Ndm.
Ve thdi nhi Hd, Dai Viet sic ki todn thu chep: "Thing 11 [nim Quang Thai thii 9 (1396)], [Hd] Quy Ly lim sach Quoc ngU Thi nghia vi bii tua, sai nii su day hiu phi vi cung nhan hpc tap. Bii tua phin nhiiu theo y minh, khong theo tip truyen eiia Chu Tii" [5, tr.I90]. Theo ghi chd cua ngudi djch bp sii kf nay, day ed le li mdt ban "giai thfch Kinh Thi bang qudc ngii hay djch Kinh Thi ra qudc ngir (ehii Ndm)". Dii ttr lieu niy hien khong edn giii dugc, nhung ghi chep vi nd eho thiy Kinh Thi da duoc dich lim tai Keu de giio due nhung phu nii cd dja vj cao trong xa hdi, mpt dpng dial chiing td nha d m quyin duang thdi da cd y thiie md rpng ddi tugng giao due sang pham vi nu gidi, chii khdng chi bd hep trong pham vi nam gidi theo quan diim giio due ciia Nho giio truyin thing niia.
Tii sau thdi Hd, phong trio phien dich b Viet Nam ngay cing nd rd, vi quan ttpng hon ci, san phim eiia hoat dpng phien djch ay van cdn hien hihi trude mat chung ta ngiy nay. Tu thi ki XVU, tai Viet Nam tuy
Nguyin Tuan Cudng, Nguyin Thj Tii Mai chii "Qudc ngii", (ttic chii cai Latin ghi
tieng Viet), da dugc sii dung d miic khdng rpng rai, nhung vdi nhiing tu heu hien cd thi thinh qua phien djch giai doan niy ndi bat la viee dich tit tiing Han (dting chir Hin) sang tiing Viet (diing chii Ndm). Mot ttong nhiing tie pham Hin vin rit dugc chu y djch la Kinh Thi. Vi nhung tu Ueu djch da mit, tii thdi Hd ttd di, cd viee Nguyin Quy Kinh (Nguyin Quy Cinh) (1693-1766) thfch nghTa Tic Thu. Ngu Kinh [13], lue do hin phii ed Kinh Thi, co viec Thng Thien vuong Nguyin Mien Thim (18I9-I870) viit mpt quyen Thi kinh quoc dm ca [9,tt.l05].
Hai Id, djch phim Kinh Thi hien cdn.
Bit ki la cd hay khdng cd su mit mit tten, thi chung ta van hoin toan cd thi lac quan vi, theo nhiing tu lieu mi chiing tdi da khao sat, hien vin con luu giii dupe ft nhdt 8 tic phim, 20 vin bin, 32 kf hieu sach, vdi tdng sd 5.384 ttang tu lieu vi Kinh Thi ehii Ndm.
Cic djch pham niy dugc thi hien d ca hai the loai van xudi vi van van, ve quy md cd ci toin dich va luge djch. Nien dai ciia cie djch pham trii dii tii diu thi ki XVIII din cudi thi ki XIX - dau thi ki XX.
Djch pham vin xudi sdm nhit Ii tic pham Thi kinh gidi dm (chua ro djch gii).
Mdi phat hien dugc mpt van bin djch phim nay in theo vin khae ciia nha ting bin Ki Thien Dudng, khie nim VTnh Thjnh thii 10 (I7I4), hien luu tai Thu vien Vien Vin hpe, kf hieu sich HN.527-530. Tac phim nay da duge Siing Chfnh vien cho khac lai vao nam Quang Trung thu 5 (1792), theo chiiu chi ciia vua Quang Trung yen eiu djeh gip mgt sd bd kinh diin Nho giio. Bin khic lai dd hien luu tai Vien Nghien ciiu Han Ndm (VNCHN) vdi kf hieu sich AB.I44/1-5 [9].
Budc sang the ki XIX, xuit hien dich phim Thi kinh dai todn tiet yeu dien nghia gdm hai ban khic, mdt ban khic nim Minh Menh thii 17 (1836) cua nhi tang ban Nguyin Dudng (VNv.I07, VNCHN); va ngay mdt nam sau dd, nam Minh Menh thii 18 (1837), mgt ban khic dugc Da Vin Dudng khic lai, hien con 3 bp gidng nhau lin lugt tuang ling vdi eac kf hieu sach AB.168/1-2, AB.539/I-3 vi VNv.I6I-163 luu tai VNCHN. Ngoai ra, cdn mot djch phim tira de Thi kinh dien dm, kf hieu AB.137 (VNCHN). Theo khio sit cua chung tdi, diy chi la mpt van ban ehep tay da trich rieng phan djch Ndm ttong cic ban thupe he Thi kinh dgi todn tiet yeu dien nghia ra de sao lai. Djch phim Thi kinh dgi todn tiet yeu dien nghia nay dua tren ea sd bin ehii Hin Thi kinh dgi todn tiet yiu (AC.422/3-4) cua Bili Huy Bfeh (1744- 1818), nhung ehua ro ngudi dich cd phii la chi'nh hp Bili hay khdng [2]. Trong mdt thdi gian khdng dai (cic nam 1714, 1792, 1836, 1837), die biet li trong dieu kien khac van vi in an khd khin, cac djch phim da dugc
"tai bin" lien tue nhu vay, diiu do chiing td nhu ciu tiep nhan Kinh Thi d Viet Nam la tuang ddi cap thiit.
Ben eanh nhirng dich phim vin xudi tren con mpt sd djch phim bang tho ma vin ban dieh phan Idn tdn tai d dang chep tay, chua ro nien dai chihh xic, udc doin xuit hien trong khoang tir eudi thi Id XVIII din diu flii ki XX. Ding
^ nhan nhit li hai tac phim Thdp ngii Quoc Phong dien dm (AB.169) va Thi kinh thap ngU Quoc Phong dien dm ca khue (A.I122), hai tie phim nay diu diln ea ttpn ven 160 tfxien thupc phan ^4dc Phong ciia Kinh Thi (mdi thien dich thanh mdt bii tha rieng), vdi tong sd eiu cOia mdi ban diln ea lin lugt li 1.617 vi 1.499.
Khoa hpc xa hdi Viet Nam, s6 10-2018 Cung can nhac den tic phim Thi kinh quoc ngic ca (cd the Ii tic phim ciia Nguyen B i Lan, 1700-1785) vdi thi lue bat d i i 700 eau (ddng) tho, dien ca tdm luge mdi thien gpn vao khoing 2 ciu tho. Tac phim nay con 1 b i n khic in ki hieu VNv.125, va 5 truyin ban chep tay khac ttong cie kf hieu saeh AB.I51, AB.314, AB.360, AB.523, VNv.533. Ngoii ra, cdn mpt sd bin diln ea le te tirng thien eiia Kinh Thi, nhu thien Thdt nguyet. thien Tieu nhung ma Pham Dinh Toai vao giiia t h i ki XIX eGng tham gia diln ca. Ngudi Viet xua dudng nhu d i e biet chu y din thien Thdt nguyet (thudc Mdn Phong) gdm 88 can, den nay ehi rieng thien nay van cdn 2 bin djch vin xudi^ va 4 bin djeh tha' bang ehii Ndm.
Diiu dd chiing td rang trong thdi trung dai d Viet Nam, nhu ciu doe thien Thdt nguyet l i kha cip thiit, do thien nay cd ndi dung ndi v i nhiing edng viec gin bd thiet than tdi ngudi ndng din ttong trgn nam, nhu viec thdi tiet, ndng vu, trdng ttpt, an mac, trdng dau nudi tim, xe ta det lua, san bin, dang le vat len vua...
Kinh Thi l i mdt ttong nhiing tam diem trong thu tich truyen thdng Trung Qudc de hpc gii cac ddi dien giai theo nhieu khuynh hudng khae nhau. Tuu trung cd hai khuynh hudng chfnh, hen quan den hai tu each tdn tai cua Kinh Thi: mdt la tic p h i m van hgc, va mpt l i kinh dien cua Nho giio. Vdi tu cich la tie pham vin hpc, nd ndi ttpi d thdi diem ra ddi rat sdm ttong lich su van hpc Trung Quoc (khoing tu trudc thi ki VI TCN). Vdi tu cich tie pham kinh diin Nho giao, nd ndi trdi d the loai van van duy nhat ttong sd Tl} Thu, Ngii Kinh. D i n thdi Ho thi ve CO ban, Nho giao d i tao dugc nhiing i n h hudng lan it dan Phit giao v i Dao giio ti-ong x i hdi Viet Nam, de trd thanh true
tiling tim ttong he tu tudng d i n tde, dac biet la ttong chfnh tti v i giio due khoa eu.
Vdi tt'nh "sung cd", "siing kinh" va "sung van" eiia nho sT ndi chung v i Idp tri thiic Nho hpc Dai Viet ndi rieng, thi viec tu rit sdm ngudi Viet d i chgn mgt tie pham van hpc - kinh hpc eo ngudn goc xa xua nhu Kinh Thi d i djch ra ban ngu la dieu cd till c i t nghTa duge.
Mpt nguyen nhin niia I i ban tfnh yeu tha eua ngudi Viet. Ngudi Viet vdn yeu chuong tha ca. Phin Idn c i c the loai van hpc dan gian deu theo van vin. C i c tie gia cd tmng dai thudng cd thi tap rieng. Ban tfnh yeu chuong tha ca i y b i n cung thdi thdc ngudi Viet xua quan t i m tim hieu v i phiSn dich Kinh Thi.
3 . T i i p n h i n K i n h T h i d ViSt Nam thoi t r u n g dai q u a phien dich H a n - Nom 3.1. Boi cdnh tiip nhgn
Kinh Thi vdn la mdt tic phim vin hpc bang tha, nhung e i c nha nho sau nay da "kinh hgc hda", "huyen thoai hda" thi phim ay.
Trao luu nay vdn xuit hien ngay tii thdi Han vdi cae ban chii giii Kinh Thi nhu Mao truyen, Trinh tien, v i tieu bieu I i bin Thi kinh tap truyen ciia Chu Hi ddi Tdng.
Nhung trio luu "kinh hpe hda", "huyen thoai hda" ay sau do da bj phin ddi. Tu thdi Minh d i xuit hien ttao luu nghien ciiu Kinh Thi "phan truyen thdng", coi trpng thi y va tinh eim m i coi nhe huin hd v i If tinh. Luu Due Khinh [ I I ] ttong chuyen luan ciia minh ciing da chiing minh xu hudng chuyen tu tiip nhan kinh hgc sang vin hpc trong tiip nhan Kinh Thi thdi Minh. Xu hudng nay dupe ke tuc trong thdi Thanh.
90
Nguyen Tuan Cudng, Nguyen Thj Tii Mai Theo Vuang H i i u Binh [14], d Trung
Qudc, Phuong Ngpe Nhuan (1811-1883) ngudi ddi Thanh ed viit cuon Thi kinh nguyen thuy vdi phuang cham theo chii dk xet nghTa, t i m nguyen y gdc eua thi nhin.
Phuong Ngpe Nhuan eho rang tha trong Kinh Thi khdng bj cau ne bdi Thi tu va Mao truyan. Vdi thien Phii di, dng gat bo cic thuyet "chiia i e t i t " va "chira khd de". Vdi thien Manh, dng cho day khdng phii l i sang tic ve viec rudng bd vg. Ong ndi: "Dai de la cic n h i nghien ciiu v i Kinh Thi trudc het deu hi mpt cai mii viia to vua rdng chup vao diu, roi sau mdi tu minh trinh bay ^ kien rieng". Ong phin doi viee ap dat mdt each khien cuong nhiing "nghiep vuong hau", "dao trj qude", "giio hda cua thinh hiin" vao each hiiu cac y tha. d Nhit Ban, cac hpc gia tii thdi Edo (1601-1867) da k i thira xu hudng "phin truyin thing". Hai cha con Ito Jinsai (1627-1705) va Ito Togai (1670-1738), Yanagawa Seigan (1789-1858) thdi Edo, va Ono Kozan (1814-1910) thdi Meiji (1868-I9I2) d i u ehu ttarang dpc Kinh Thi vdi tu each l i mpt tie p h i m van hpc.
Ono Kozan ed ndi den nhiing dieu sd d i e
"ngoii Tien chu" ciia Trinh Huyin. Ching han nhu, dng cho r i n g thien Phii di l i t i canh cac thieu nii tu tip di choi hdi Dap Thanh ngay xuan, chii khdng phai l i ndi den nhirng vj thudc nhu trong chu giii eiia Trjnh Huyen.
Cd t h i thiy ring, vao thdi Minh - Thanh d Trung Qudc va cac thdi Edo, Meiji d Nhat Bin, ngudi Trung Quoc va Nhat B i n da khdng chi hieu Kinh Thi vdi tu each mdt tie pham kinh hge nhu yeu ciu ttong khoa Cli, ma hp cdn hieu Kinh Thi vdi tu each mdt t i e pham v i n hoc thue thu. Trao luu
"giii kinh hpc", "giii huyen thoai" da anh hudng manh me den viec tiip nhan Kinh Thi. Vay ttong ciing tiidi ki do, ngudi Viet Nam d i tiep nhan tie pham nay nhu thi nao?
Nhu da dan tren, Hd Quy Ly lim saeh Quoc ngic Thi nghia, trong dd "Bai tua" phin nhieu theo y minh, khdng theo tip truyen cua Chu Tur. Mac dii ghi chep n i y khdng h i de cap den npi dung p h i n dien Ndm Kinh Thi m i chi noi ve tu tudng eua ngudi djeh trong bii tija, nhung nd cd thi Ii mdt bing chiing cho thay ring d Viet Nam ciing sdm xuit hien trao luu "giii kinh hpc", "giai huyin thoai", bdi c h i c h i n Hd Quy Ly d i cd nhiing nd lire de thoat khdi eai bong kinh hpc ciia Chu Hi.
3.2. Tiep nhgn & phuang dien kinh hpc Chung ta cd the can cii v i o ngdn ngii va tu tudng phien dieh eua nhiing djch phim Kinh Thi hien tdn de xem xet die trung tiip nhin la kinh hpe hay v i n hpe. Xet v i mat ngdn ngii phien djch, bieu hien ro ret nhit cho viec kinh hgc hoa Kinh Thi l i viec cac ban "truyen chu" bing chii Hin cd xu hudng "dae chi hda" cac tir phiem chi trong Kinh Thi, khi do eic nhan vit phiim chi trong tie p h i m da dugc "bit vft" vdi hang loat nhin vat lieh sii dac ehi, nhu Van vuong. Thai Tu, Trang Khucmg, Ve Trang cdng, D i i VT, cdng tir Ngoan, Tin Tuong edng, Trin Linh cdng, Tuyen Khuang, Triing NhT... Vdi nhiing dich phim Kinh Thi hien eon, neu chi tfnh rieng trong phin vin dich chii Ndm m i bd qua nhiing phan cudc chii Han vin, thi xu hudng nay d cac bin dien xuoi dam net han so vdi cac ban dien tha. Dudi day la mpt so vf du.
Khoa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam, so 10 - 2Q18 Stt
thien.
cau 28.9
28.10
30.1
49.3
49.7
57.1
116.4
130.3
134.1
144.1
Nguyen van/
va djch nghTa k.^ TBtii = Nguoi con gai ay ve nha chong J S T S l ^ i = Tiln dua nang mpt quang xa : ^ a - § . # = G i 6 t h 6 i suot ngay vk du dpi A 2 . J i i ^ = Nguoi i y v6luong A : t * fe = Nguoi i y vo lirong SIA^fiM = Nguoi dep de da tmong th&nh t S ? T - J ^ = T h e o n g a i 6 dat Oc
S T ^ l l : = Nguoi quan tir den
^Sk% K = Ta tien dua cau ta di
m^^'-W^ = Lam gi 6 dat Chu LSm?
Bon ban dich xuoi chu Nom Nang Ddi VT chung khi t r o v e
Ba Trane Khirone xa dua day
Tinh Trane cone nhu eio trpn ngky va kip Cong tii Ngoan kia chung chang l^nh Tuven Khuons kia chime chang iSnh
Nauoi ca \k Trana Khuons thua tot ngon ngpn Theo neuoi Hoan Thiic chung d i t (Khiic) 6 c
Tan Tuona cona den dav Ta la Tan Khane conp diia nha cau TriinH NhT Tran Linh c6ng lam sao vay mk di dit Chu Lam
Ban dich tho chii Nom AB.169
A kia ve nuoc xa dua theo [ciing]
Trpn ngay nhu gio dung diing
Nguoi kia chung net chang lanh
A kia nguoi 16n va dki
Theo cung ra 6 c , Hoc voi ngoi Nguoi quSn tu d i n not duoi ndi Dua ciiu thi tro ve T a n QUOC Lkm sao den dat Chu Lam
Ban djch tho chii Nom A. 1122 Dua nang Ddi VT ve khSng Xa xa trong ng6ng ngap ngimg long ta.
Trpn ngay gi6 dii l a m o i Tuven Khuonp.
cong tu la nguoi v6 Nguoi to t6t dep thung dung Theo nguoi Hodn Thuc toi vao 6 c do Vua ta kia da tcri nay Ta di hp cau len duong Lam sao vay ap Chu L3m Trong 10 trudng hgp cie ban diln xudi
da "die chi hda" cac dai tii phiim ehi nhu tten, thi ban djeh tha AB.169 ehi co 1 ttudng hgp, bin djch tha A. 1122 cung chi cd 3 trudng hpp.
3.3. Tiep nhdn & phuang dien vdn hpc Trong cac bin diin tho, dang ehu y la ban Thi kinh thap ngii Quoc Phong diin dm ca khue (A. 1122), bin nay dich tho trgn ven 160 thien phin Qudc Phong thing nhit theo the lue bat. Hai chii "ea khiic" duge diing de djnh danh tic phim niy. Diiu do cho
thay djch gia quan niem rang, mdi thiSn eiia Kinh Thi la cae bai tha de dung trong hoat dpng ea hat. Quan niem nhu viy k h i phii hgp vdi chu thuyit cho ring Kinh Thi von la phin Idi ttong c i c khue hit eiia Trung Qudc thdi xua.
Trong djch phim niy, ket thiie phan djeh ciia mdi thien la mpt eau Iuc, chii khdng phai ciu bit nhu thdng Ip. Npi dung eiia eie eau lue ket thiic i y thudng khdng nam ttong nguyen vin Kinh Thi, ma la y kiin cua djeh gii ve tdng ehi eiia thien do, hoae ndi ro thien ay cd lien he nhu the nao vdi nhung thien khie. Sau day Ii vf du 20 thien diu tien.
92
Nguyen Tuin Cudng, Nguyen Thi Tii Mai Stt
thien 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ten thien Quan thu Cat d i m Quyen nhT Nam huu cuu moc Chung tu Dao yeu Thorn PhiidT Han quang Nhu phan Lan chi chi Thuoc sao Thai phien Thao triing Thai tan Cam duong Hanh lo Cao duong An ki loi Phieu hihi mai
Cdu luc kit thuc moi thien trong bdn dich A. 1122
Ba tram chep de dau thien Kiem cSn hieu kinh kha quan Ta ngoi rot chen Jam loi Noi tuong phiic li n%ky them Due day con chau lam thay Cua nha thuan hop h6a vui Dong tam dong due chan chan Hoa binh vo syr cung vui Song dai chang kha vupt ngang Da ve chang bo xa ta Chan chan nhSn hau huu du Tho nay ung vdi ' T h u cuu"
Thi trung hpa xuat hien phi So ciing "Quyen nhr' nhu in Tam tong tii due gom no Cang lau tiic tham cang sau
Vai tro cua eau kit Gidi thi|u day la thien dau Danh gid ve tong chi cua thiSn Thu6c npi dung thi£n Nhu trfin Nhu tren Nhu tren Nhu tren
Danh gid ve tong chi ciia thien Thupc npi dung thien Nhu tren
Danh gia ve tong chi ciia thien Lien hp vdi thien khac Danh gi5 ve tong chi ciia thien Lien hp vdi thien khac Danh gia ve tong chi ciia thien Nhu tren
Long ngay nhu da kh6ng xieu i Nhu tren Trong trieu con lam ngudi hay Nhu tren Chan chan quan tu quy tai
Von tir li hang ca dao
Thuoc noi dung thien i Gidi thipu xuat xii ciia thien
Trong 20 can ket dau tien, chi cd 8 can cd npi dung lien quan den nguyen vin eiia thien, Khi dua cic Idi danh gia, binh luan ve tdng chi, dai y eua mdi thien vio phin van dich, djeh gii khdng chi thu ddng tiep nhan nguyen van chii Han eiia Kinh Thi, m i cdn dua them nhiing y kien ngoai nguyen van v i o mdi djch pham, mac dii nhiing y kien nay hau nhu deu lay lai tii Thi kinh tap truyen.
Dd la ndi ve cau cudi ciia mdi thien djch.
Npi dung ciia nhiing c i u cdn lai k h i ttan tru ve ngdn ngii. Djch gia ap dung tuong doi thanh thuc cae thii phap luge djch, toan djeh, phong djch, true djch, dieh gpp. Ngdn ngii tho thanh thoit, van dieu nhip nhang, chiing td mdt su dung edng vdi ban djch.
Mdt thien quen thupc vdi dpc gia Viet Nam l i Quan thu (Han van 20 cau, djeh thanh 11 can, tr.42b): "Tieng cuu riu rit cung chen/Ling nghe vang vang d mien H i ehiu/
Dju dang thuc nii kia dau/Hiing xem quan tii b i o ciu sanh doi/Kia rau hanh thai loi t h d i ^ d i ben t i hiiu thuin ngdi h i i diyA'^f ngudi thue nir diu thay/Tim day chang duoc dem ngay khdng yen/Nay tim da dugc da nen/Tieng chuong tieng trdng tieng dan hda em/Ba ttim chep de dau thien".
T i c phim Thdp ngd Quoc Phong dien dm (AB.169) la djch p h i m dien tha dam ehat van chuang ban ca. Dieu d i e biet d tac pham n i y l i the tha djch k h i da dang, nhung deu la nhiing the tha Viet, lue bat, song that Iuc bit, hoac mpt dang dan xen khdng deu d i n v i khdng thanh quy luat giiia cac cap luc bit vdi eae cap song that.
Vf du, v i the lue bit dugc diing d i djch Lan chi chi (Han v i n 9 ciu, djch 6 ciu). Cac eau tho dd nhu sau; "Con lan that tinh co nhan/Nen r i n g nhan ca d i n chin tran sung/Nha vua nhan hau la dudngA'ay nen
Khoa hoc xa hoi Viet Nam, so 10 - 2018 eon ehiu hp hang chin chin/Than di i y that do lan/Lp ring nguu vT khuin than mdi li".
Thi song thit luc bat dugc diing de djch thien Ddo yeu (Han vin 12 cau, dich thanh 4 cau):
"Cay dao non sic tuai muon mudt/Hoa thjnh nhieu q u i tdt l i ddng/A kia ve d nha chdng/Han ring hieu kinh nen trong ciia nhi". The dan xen dugc dung de djeh Quan thu (Han vin 20 ciu, dich thanh 10 eiu):
"Chim cuu keu bai sdng Ha/Gai linh quan tu that la tdt ddi/Trudc khi tim ehiia duge ai/So le rau hanh ngugc xudi thuin ddngAim chiia dugc m o mong cuu nhd/Dac die thay trin trd khdng yen/Rau da dupe tay lien hai nauATim dupe ngudi tinh dieu mimg sao/Sit cam ngu y than yeu/Lai dem chuong trdng dap dlu khua vui".
Cac ban Thi kinh quoc ngic ca ( m i dai dien l i bin khac in kf hieu VNv.215) dien ca tdm tat dai y mdi thien trong (khoang) mpt cap lue bat, nhin ehung la liy lai nhiing dinh gia cua b i n Thi kinh tap truyin, nghia la, cd hai hudng kinh hpc ban vin hpc. Vdi dac diem ay, tie phim nay mang dang dap mpt cuon "cam nang" trong thi cii, mpt kieu
"dan y" eho sT bi, hoac ra ddi vdi muc di'ch
"quang b i " Kinh Thi din ting Idp binh dan vdn khdng dii trinh dp Han hpc d i dpc hiiu nguyen van chii Han ciia Kinh Thi.
3.4. Tiep nhdn & phuang dien gido due khoa cic nho hpc
Cd the nhin tihiy d Viet Nam ciing t i n tai ea hai cich tiep can ddi vdi Kinh Thi nhu d Trung Qudc va Nhat Bin, nhung- vi xu hudng chung nhung dich phim van xudi cd thien hudng tiip can theo hudng kinh hgc d i m net ban, cdn nhung dich phim tho thi lai nghieiig ve tiip can theo hudng van hpc.
Li giai the nao v i hien tupng nay?
Chiing tdi cho ring, c i c ban dien xudi deu theo thi thiic trinh b i y v i n b i n gdm ba phan lin lugt I i nguyen ban H i n v i n , djch bang ehu Ndm, chii giai bang Han van.
Phan chii giai hoac theo Thi kinh tap truyen eua Chu Hi (nhu e i e b i n ddi Vinh Thjnh va Quang Trung), hoae theo Thi kinh dgi todn tiit yiu eiia Bui Huy Bich (nhu eic ban ddi Minh Menh). C i c b i n dien xudi nay mang ding dap v i tfnh chat cua nhiing "sach giao khoa" dugc bien soan eho sT tii thdi trung dai d Viet Nam.
Bing ehiing rd rang nhat cho dieu nay li d chd, b i n Thi kinh gidi dm in theo vin khac nam 1792 ddi Quang Tmng la ban khac in eua Sung Chfnh vien (ea quan giao due trung uang thdi Tay San), theo tinh than cua td chieu va td truyen ciia dieh thin vua Quang Trung ra lien d i p vao ngay mdng mdt v i mdng b i n thing Sau (am ljch) nam 1792 [8, tr.1070-1073]. Tren td bia va Muc lue ciia ban Thi kinh gidi dm ddi Quang Trung nay con ghi ddng Quang Trung ngd nien thu nguyet cdc nhdt thuyin nghTa la bin khic v i o ngay lanh thing mua thu n i m thii 5 ddi Quang Trung (1792).
Miia thu theo i m Ijeh I i thdi gian tir thing 6 den het thing 9. Nhu vay, viee triing san chi dien ra ttong tdi da 4 thing, tinh tu diu thing 6 den cudi thing 9 am ljch. Trong 4 thing, Sung Chfnh vien da td chiie khic in mpt van b i n dai gan 1.000 trang, do l i mpt chiing Cli cho thay ca quan giio due cao nhat thai Tay San cd nhu cau e ^ thiet ddi vdi viec su dung mpt b i n djch Kinh Thi vio trong giao due khoa cu.
Them mdt bang chiing niia la, ^ u n g lin khae in Thi kinh dgi todn tiet yeu diin nghia trong ddi Minh Menh deu gan vdi ten tudi cua Biii Huy Bfeh (Biii thj nguyen ban).
94
Nguyin Tuin Cudng. Nguyin Thi Tii Mai ngudi ndi tieng vdi he sich "tiit yeu", he
sich nay vdn la mpt thii "cim nang" ttong hanh trang cua sT tii tir thdi L& trung hung trd di. Vi vay, viec djch sang van Ndm nhirng ndi dung Han vin di dugc "kinh hpe hda" qua cae phin truyen chii eiia cie nhi nho Ii dieu tit yeu phii cd, nhim thda min mue dich phuc vu khoa eu. Tuy nhien, neu so sinh phin dich Ndm vdi cac phan truyen chii bing Han vin d mdi bin dich xudi, thi mire dp "kinh hpe hda" the hien ttong phan van Ndm da giim nhieu. Nhu d thign Quan thu, trong khi cac phan truyan va chii cho ba chuong deu ndi rat nhieu den Vin vuang va ning Thii Tu, thi d vin Ndm eua ca bin ban diin xudi deu khong nhic den viec niy.
Vay la, ngay ei khi phii dip ling yeu ciu trung thanh vdi xu hudng "kinh hpc hda" de phue vu muc dich hpc tap ttong nen khoa cii Nho giao, thi eic bin djeh Ndm dien xudi van cd ging tim cich de tiep nhan Kinh Thi tii gdc dp mdt tie phim van hpc.
Vdi cac ban dien tha, ed the ip luc cua vin luat khdng cho phep cic djch gia cd dieu kien thudng xuyen sii dung thii phip djch
"dac chi hda" eic tii phiem ehi nhu ttong eie bin dien xudi. Vi duge dich tii tha sang tha, nSn cic djch gia cd dieu kien tiep nhan tir xu hudng vin chuang, giam bdt tfnh ehit kinh hpc ttong ban djch, de bin djch tho trd nen thanh thoit va trong sing ban.
4. Ket luan
Vdi nhiing tu lieu ke ei da mat va hien cdn, cd thi hinh dung ra mdt qui khii kha sinh dpng trong viec phien dich Kinh Thi ra ehii Ndm, bit dau tii nhiing huyen su vi viec SI Nhiip dich Kinh Thi vao khoing cudi thi ki thii II - diu thi ki thii III. Den cudi thi ki
XIV, rit CO the Kinh Thi da duge djch de day cho nhiing phu nir cd dja vj cao. Nhung phong trio phien djch Kinh Thi tir Han ra Ndm chi thue su biing ISn tir diu the ki XVIII, vdi ban djch sdm nhat hien biet la mpt bin djeh vin xuoi in theo vin khic nam 1714, dugc khac vin lai nim 1792.
Phong trio iy da nd rd trong the ki XDC, vdi 1 bin djch van xudi dugc khac van hai lan lien tue vao cac nam 1836 vi 1837 vi nhieu ban djch tha khie. Neu ddng gdp eiia giai doan the ki XVIII la viec djch Kinh Thi ra van xudi vdi Idi vin dich pha chat kinh hpc, thi ddng gdp d the ki XIX chinh la viee dich Kinh Thi ra tha. Cac ban djch niy my ed ngdn ngir ma ngay nay ta dpc thiy khi tnic trie, nhung ve ca ban la da lot ta dugc cai tinh tuy ciia chat din gian (folklore) vdn cd trong Kinh Thi, nhat la trong phin Quoc Phong. Nhu vay, Kinh Thi da dugc tiep can tir gdc do mgt tie phim van hpc. Viee dich Ndm ciing chfnh la de phu hgp vdi mdi trudng giao due song ngii (tieng Hin cd, tieng Viet) vi song tu (chii Han, chii Ndm) ciia nen giio due khoa cir truyen thdng^.
Chii thich
^Nguygn van chii Han: "5EfiJl::tmW®^^. j^-&
mu7%^, umj^m. ^rrn'r-. mm\ix=^m.
'' Chi nam ngoc dm gidi nghia, ki hieu sach tai VNCHN AE.372, tr.2a. Nguyen van chii Han: "MM
±jizf^, ^mm, m-\-^/^, ±'^mit mm^
±T-^".
* NguySn Van San, Dgi Nam qudc ngic i^Z^Mia, ki hi?u sSch tai VNCHN AB.106, tr.3a. Nguyen van chu Han: "?iJl H PS^I^IMI, - | i W - | i p & . ^MB
K h o a hpc xa hpi Viet N a m , sd 10 - 2 0 1 8
^ Mpt ban dich van xuoi trong ban Vinh Thinh 1714 va Quang Trung 1792, tr.lV30a - IV35b, ban con lai trong hai ban Minh Menh 1836 va Minh Mpnh 1837, t r . n i 1 4 a - I I 1 1 9 b .
^Bfin ban dich tho xin xem tai: (1) Thdp ngu Qudc Phong diin dm. AB.169, tr.l85b-187b, dich th&nh 86 eSu; (2) Thdp ngu Qudc Phong dien dm ca khiic A.1122, tr. 73b-75a, dich thanh 91 cau; (3) Mdn Phong Thdt nguyet ca ^M.-tBWi trong ki hi?u sach VNv,215, tr 18a-21a, djch thanh 114 cau; (4) Mdn Phong Thdt nguyet thi diin ca S S M - t H o ^ J ^
^ trong kl hieu s^ch AB.595, tr. 21a-28b, dich thanh 84 cSu.
* Bai Viet nky duoc tJki trp bdi Quy Phdt trien khoa hpc vk c6ng nghp Quoe gia (NAFOSTED) trong de tai ma s6 602.02-2016.03. Bai viit dupe khdi thao tu nam 2(X)5 de tham du mpt hoi thao quoc te t^i Viet Nam nam 2006 (khong in ki y6u); duoc in tgi Trung Quoc bang Trung van [15]; nay dupe hai tac gia viet lai va bo sung, lan dau c6ng b6 ban tieng Viet.
Tai lieu tham khao
[11 Nguyan Hdng Cdn (2005), "Dieh thu^t, ban chat va mpt so m6 hinh li thuySt", Viit ngir hpe du&i dnh sdng cdc li thuyit hiin dgi, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hpi, HS Npi.
[2] Nguyin Tuan Cudng (2007), ' T u li^u Kinh Thi cha Nom - luoc quan v l tru lupng, dac diem va gia tri", Tgp chi Hdn Nom, s6 1.
[3] Nguyin Tuin Cudng (2016), "Djch Nom kinh dign Nho gia t^i Viet Nam nhin tir khia canh tu lieu, phien dich, va thong dien kmh diln", Tgp chi Hdn Nom, so 2.
[4] Nguyin TuSn Cudng, Nguyin Thi Tii Mai (2017), "Phien dich va giao due Han van tai Viet Nam: Muc dich phien dich kinh diin Nho
gia qua goc nhin trong cugc cua cac tac gia trung dai", Tgp chi Hdn Nom, s6 5.
[5] Dgi vm OT kiiodn thu, t.2, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi.
H?l Npi, 1993.
[6] Hoang Xuan Han (1998), "La Son phu ni", La Son Yen Ho Hodng Xuan Han, Nxb Giao dye, Ha Npi.
[7] Nguyin Quang Hdng, Nguyin T u i n Cudng (2005) ' T h i kinh giai am: Van ban sdm nhat hien cdn in theo van k h i c nam VTnh Thjnh 1714", Tap chi Hdn Ndm, s6 3.
[8] Nguyen Nam (2002), Phien dich hpc ljch su vdn hoa - Truong hgp Truyen ki man /yc, Nxb Dai hpc Quoc gia Tp. Ho Chf Minh, Tp. Ho Chf Minh.
[9] Quoc su quan trieu Nguyen (1997), Dgi Nam liet truyen, Nxb Thuan Hoa, Hue.
[10] Tha vdn Li Trdn, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi. Ha Npi, 1978.
[11] Le Manh That (khao cuu va dich chu) (2002),
"Thien uyen tap anh", Tdng lap vdn hpc Phdt gido Viet Nam, Nxb Tp. H6 Chi Minh, Tp. H6 Chf Minh.
[12] Y^n Trang (2000), "Ddng hp Nguyin Quy vdi su nghiep gido due, dao tao nhan t^i d the ki XVIII", Danh nhdn Nguyen Quy Due - Nhd ehinh tri vdn hod lan thi ki XVII • XVIII, Vien Sir hpc va Ban lien lac dbng hp Nguyen Quy xuat ban, Ha Npi.
[13] Bassnett Susan (2002), Translation Studies, London: Routledge.