D((?Ml'<lHipCsO5-2011
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Phirorng phap day hoc cau Gf THCS
ThS. LE HOANG GIANG
Vien Nglnien cufu Giao duo - TrUdng DH SU ptiam TP. Ho Chi Minti
V
an de day cau 6 tracing pho thong dUdc bat dau ngay d bac tieu hoc nhUng chi 6 dang sd giSn, mifc dp ap dung phUdng phap ddn gian, hoc sinh bat dau nSm bat cac khai niem ve cac loai cau mpt each cd ban nhat de van dung trong Idi no! d dang ban dau cua tre. De'n bac trung hpc cd sd, vipc day cau cho hpc sinh bat dau dUdc chu trpng dung mCfc, tap trung d Idp 7 va Idp 8 va dac biet la da di sau vao tim hieu quan hp ve nghTa glQa cac ve cau, cua cSu - doi vdi cau dupc phan chia theo tieu chi cau tao. ThUc te, van de ve cau chi dUdc day trong 5 ti§i nhUng dung lUdng kien thilc dUdc Ida chpn la qua Idn. Ben canh d6, nhOng cSu trong he thong bai tap d phan luyen tap, nhOng ngO lieu dung cho viec hinh thanh khai niem mang cau true phdc tap, hpc sinh trung hpc cd sd khd cd the tiep nhan. V"§ phia ngUdi day, neu giao vien vSn con lung tung khi phan tich, hudng dSn cho hpc sinh, khi lua chpn phuong phap day hpc, tham chi sii dung phUdng phap day hpc sai Ipch, khong hieu dupc vai trd dinh hddng cua SGK thi nhiJng han che tren se d&n den hieu qua cua qua trinh day hpc, su tiep nhan cua hpc sinh. Sach giao khoa thay doi 6 cap dp cao, giao vien van trong tinh trang day hpc theo mSu c6 sSn.Gi^m tai dung lUdng kien thdc d SGK la khong the nen van de d$t ra cap thiei cho giao vien la phai tU nang cao trinh dp chuyen mon, nhanh chdng thay doi phUdng phap day hpc cho phij hdp vdi cau true mdi cIJa bai giang, chay kip vdi sU thay doi, phat trien. Ban thSn toi rat ai ngai cho thuc te tren, dac biet, khi giao vien trung hpc cd sd de xuat la ph&i cd each ly giai mau cho hp d tdng each len Idp, tiing bai tap va ea phan ngCf lieu cho phan hinh thanh khai niem, cho tdng ddn vi kien thdc trpng mdi bai hpc. Cho n§n bai viei phUdng phap day hpc cau d trung hpc cd sd se giup hp giai thoat hp khoi tinh trang tren.
I.Van de cau & trung hpc cof sof.
ChUdng trinh NgO van trung hpc cd sd trai dai td Idp 6 de'n Idp 9 nhdng ddn vi cau dddc Ida chpn vao giang day eho hpc sinh lai qua it trong sd tddng quan vdi cac ddn vi kien thdc khac. 0 kieu cau ddn, ngudi lam chddng trinh ehi chpn loai cau dae bipt, eon d eau rut gpn, khai niem nay dUdc nhin nhan qua phUdng thdc riit gpn, chd khdng xay ddng khai nipm. Doi vdi cau gh6p, ChUdng trinh danh cho hai ti&i nhdng Iddng kien thdc lai d'ay dij ve cSu ghep.
I.I.Cau ddn dU^c d^y d trung hpc cd sd.
C6 le cSu ddn binh thudng la mpt trong nhiJng ddn vi kien
thdc ddn gian nhat doi vdi ngudi ban ngd nen hpe sinh trung hpc cd sd khong dUde tie'p lue nghien cdu nd ma chi dupe tie'p nhan nd qua nhdng bie'n the. Cau rut gpn dddc nh^n biet qua each rut gpn eau d bai hpe Rut Gpn Cau, NgO van Idp7, tap2, tr16 -18. Chij y ciJa ngddi lam ehUdng trinh ve bai hpc nay la dda ra hddng tao cau rut gpn, each sd dung loai eau thieu thanh phan ma ngUdi nghe, ngddi dpe khong hieu sai ma hieu day dij ve cau ndi, ngddi sd dung khong bie'n cSu ndi ciJa minh thanh mpt eau epe loe, khiem nha. Mpt mue dich nOa ciia ngddi lam chddng trinh d bai hpc nay la giup hpe sinh nhan thdc ve ngO eanh tao ra Idi ndi, nhan vat trong hpi thoai. Kien thdc cua bai hpe nay se lam nen cho hpe sinh ti^p thu bai Hpi Thoai d chddng trinh NgO van Idp 8 - NgO van 8, tap 2, tr.92...tr.102. NhU vay, bai hpe nay khdng ehu y xay dUng Sdn vi ngO phap cho hpe sinh, ma day eho hpc sinh each tao ra khai niem, ddn vi ngon ngO, sd dung hieu qua khai niem ngO phap dd trong giao tie'p. Npi dung chddng trinh sgk hien nay hddng ngddi tie'p nhan ly thuyet, khai nipm va dae biet la each sii dung khai niem, ly thuyet dd. Cach xay ddng chddng trinh, bai gi&ng da bupc ngudi day phai tim ra hudng truyen dat phu hdp, hieu qua. PhUdng phap day hpc luc bay gid la mue dieh nghien cdu cua giao vien, ngddi trdc tie'p ddng Idp, Mpt bie'n the thd hai eua cau ddn dddc dda vao chddng trinh NgO van trung hpc cd s6 la cau dae biet. Cau true bai hpe nay tuan theo khuon mlu thong thudng, dd la hinh thanh khai niem, n§u tac dung eua khai niem, d phan luyen tap thi gbm hai dang bai tap, bai tap nhan dien va bai tap van dung. Cau true bai hpe nay da yeu eau each truyen tai nd la sd dung phddng phap phan tich ngdn ngd, phddng phap giao tie'p. Nhdng thdc te ciJa viee sd dung cac phddng phap dien hinh, tich cdc nay b giao vien trung hpc cd sd van cdn lung tung, tham ehi cdn md ho, nen quy trinh day hpc thieu sd logic khoa hpe khie'n khai niem khdng dddc khSe sau d hpc sinh. Nhd vay khai niem ngon ngO khong the dupe van dung nhuan nhuyin, sang tao trong qua trinh tao lap van ban eua hpe sinh.
l.2.Cau ghep dUdc giang day 6 trung hoc cd sti.
So vdi chddng trinh tie'ng Viet d SGK eu, cau ghep dupe dua vao giang trong chddng trinh Ngfl vSn trung hpc cd sd hipn nay vda theo hddng nhan dien, vda theo hddng tim ra ban chat ciJa khai niem va v^n dung khai nipm. Cd sd nhan bi^t cSu ghep la hai cum C - V trd len, khong bao h^m nhau, la dau cau d gOa hai v6' cau cua cau ghep, la sd cd mat ciJa quan h6 td.
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Dinh hddng nay tie'p noi kien thdc hoc sinh tO cap tieu hpc, khie'n cho hpc sinh d l dang trong qua trinh tie'p nhan. Nhdng de'n tiet thd hai cua bai Cau Ghep, van de khong con ddn gian nOa, phdc tap da bat dau nay sinh td quan he td. NhOng kieu quan he cua Cau Ghep: quan he nguyen nhan, quan he dieu kien (gia thie't), quan he tUdng phan, quan he tang tien, quan he iLla chgn, quan he bo sung, quan he noi tiep, quan he dong thdi, quan he giai thieh deu phai dddc giao vien lam sang ro trong hpc sinh. Tat nhien, dung lUdng kien thdc eua tiei 2 khong phai dOng lai d chdng a'y ma con mpt phan nOa, va ca mpt he tho'ng bai tap d phan luyen tap. Chdng ay kien thdc, giao vien khong the chuyen tai de'n hpc sinh trong thdi Iddng 45 phut. Van de hieu qua gid day da bat dau dat ra!
Nhan biei ve eau ghep, ai eung deu ndi dddc rang, "eiu ghep la loai cau cd tU hai cum C-V trd len, khong bao chiia nhau". Nhdng di vao thdc te ndi nang eiJa ngddi Viet, bie'n the eua eau ghep rat phong phu, da dang. Chung ta eung can td hao rang, phai cd mpt tam hbn phong phu, mpt tri tue tinh thong, ngddi Viet mdi ed kha nang d i l n dat dang ca ngdi nhd vay. Dieu ma SGK "gay khd khan" cho giao vien trong qua trinh soan giang la va'n de Ida chpn va trich d i n ngO lieu, dac biet la ngd lieu cua phan hinh thanh khai niem. NhOng ddn vi ngon ngO dddc Ida chpn lam ngO lieu khong phai la nhOng eau phu hdp ma la nhOng doan, bai cua cac tac gia noi tieng ma d hp cai sd diln dat mpt kieu cau nao dd la muon mau muon ve.
Viee chpn san pham eua cac tac gia noi tieng, cd uy tin v l ngon ngO, cd nhOng dinh cao cua sd thanh cong la rai can thiet.
Nhung trong nhOng san pham dang ne dd, nhOng bien the cua cae loai eau da gay khd khan cho hpc sinh trong qua trinh tie'p nhan ban dau. Cho nen day cung la mpt van de dat ra trong qua trinh soan giang cua giao vien. Thdc te, tac gia SGK v i n chua that sd day cong eho edng trinh cua minh!
II. Day hpc cau of trung hpc ccT scf.
II. 1. SiJ' dung long ghep phddng phap so sanh - dd'i chieu va phUdng phap phan tich ngon ngO khi xay dUng khai niem cau.
Phddng phap so sanh - doi chieu la each thdc day hpc tie'ng Viet the hien 6 viec Ida chpn ngO lieu cho viec hinh thanh khai niem hddng ve moi quan he giOa ddn vj kien thdc cu va ddn vi kien thdc mdi nham khac sau kien thdc cu trong hpc sinh, tao nen tang cho viec hinh thanh kien thdc mdi cho hpc sinh. Phddng phap so sanh - dd'i chieu khong sddung dpe lap ma sddung ket hdp vdi cae phddng phap day hpc khac, vi neu sd dung doc lap thi phddng phap so sanh - doi chieu chi ed chdc nang gdi ra, khac sau van de eu. Chang han, khi day bai "Cau dac bief, Chung ta chi sd dung phddng phap so sanh - doi chieu, nghla la ehung ta ehi sd dung hai ngO lieu:
(1). Me di, horn nay con dddc diem 10.
Con ngoan qua! Bai nao dddc diem 10 ha con?
Bai kiem tra Toan.
(2). _ di, em Thuy! (Tieng keu sting sot cua co giio lam tdi giat minh.) [Khanh Hda].
Dudi sd gdi y hudng d i n cua giao vien, hpc sinh se nhan ra ngay (1) chda cau rut gpn, mpt ddn vj kien thdc cu ma hpc sinh vda hpc. Nhd vay, doi tddng khao sat luc nay la "Oi, em Thuyl"
d (2). Nhdng neu dung mpt ngO lieu cho viec hinh thanh khai niem mdi thi nhdng dae diem, ban chat cua khai niem dddc rut ra td ngd lieu ay thieu tfnh thuyet phuc. Bdi mpt ddn vi ngon ngO luon cd ddi song ngon ngO cua nd trong thdc te nen viec
xay ddng khai niem phSi dda tren sd khao sat 6 nhieu hien tddng ngon ngO trong the gidi ddi song ngon ngO. Khai nipm mdi dddc hinh thanh se co tinh thuyet phuc, ngddi tiep nhan mdi tha'y dddc gia tri thdc t i i n cua khai niem. Chfnh vi vay, v&'n de dat ra la giao vien can sii dung ket hdp hai phddng phap, phUdng phap phan tich ngon ngO va phddng phap so sanh - doi chieu, khai niem mdi dddc xay ddng se khac sau 6 ngddi tie'p nhan. NghTa la, ngO lieu dddc Ida chon phai bao gbm, ngO lieu mang dac trdng, ban chat ciJa ddn vj kien thdc cO va cung mang dac trdng, ban chat ciJa khai nipm mdi.
Phddng phap phan tich ngdn ngO.
Ve phddng phap phan tich ngon ngO, GS. Nguyin Quang Ninh da viet rat ky 6 cac giao trinh phddng phap day hpc cho nen day khong phai la van de mdi me doi vdi giao vien NgO van nOa, nhdng khi viei ve van de "phddng phap day cau d trung hpe ed sd", ehung toi cung can nhae lai doi net ve loai phddng phap nay.
Phddng phap phan tfch ngon ngO la each thdc day hpc tieng Viet, trong dd, giao vien Ida chpn ngO lipu, hddng d i n hpc sinh phan tich ngO lieu, tim ra dac diem, ban chai cua khai niem, roi td do hinh thanh khai niem.
Phddng phap phan tich ngon ngO cd quy trinh chat che, logic nhd vay nen phddng phap nay da dat ra nhOng yeu cau khat khe ve ngO lieu, ve thao tac.
Ve ngO lieu, sb Iddng p h i i td ba hien tddng ngon ngO trd len, va nhOng hien tddng ngon ngO nay phai la shn pham ciia nhOng tac gia noi tie'ng, cd uy tin ve ngon ngO, phai mang npi dung giao due ve dao dde, td tddng, pham chat, nhan thdc tham my cho hpc sinh, dac biet, ngOlieu phai mang dac trung, ban chai eua khai niem.
NhOng yeu cau tren cCia phddng phap phan tich ngon ngO se tao ra tinh thuyet phuc cho khai nipm mdi vda hinh thanh, giup hpc sinh nhin thay tinh khoa hpc 5 each truyen dat eua thay cd giao.
Sddung kei hdp phddng phap so sanh - doi chieu vdi phddng phap phan tieh ngdn ngO trong day hpc cau 6 trung hpc cd sd.
Va'n de ehung toi dda ra co the ap dung cho cac cap hpc khac nhau 6 pho thong. Tuy nhien, 6 m i l cap hpc, viec dng dung phai dddc xac dinh theo nhOng chdng mdc khac nhau, phu thupc vao tdng ddn vi kien thdc, dung Iddng kien thdc eu the. d day, ehung toi chi di sau hddng d i n each thdc sd dung phoi hdp hai phddng phap tren vao mpt ddn vj ngon ngO, cau 6 trung hpc cd s6.
6 phan trdde, [1.2], bai hpc Cau ghep, ehung ta can phai Ida chpn nhOng ngO lieu nhd sau:
(1) - Me di, hbm nay, con ddqJc mpt diem 10 Con ngoan qua! Bai nao dddc diem 10 the?
- Bai kiem tra toan.
(2) - Oi, em Thuy! (Tibng k§u sdng s6t cua c6 giao lam tdi giat minh). [Khanh Hoa]
(3) - Mua.
(4) - Mgt dem mua xuan. Tren ddng song em a, cai dd cu cua bie Tai Phin til tU troi. [Nguyen Hbng]
Vdi so Iddng ngO lipu tren cung nhd nhOng yeu cau khac da neu, giao vien ti§'n hanh cac thao tac xay ddng khai niem theo s'd kei hdp hai phddng phap, phddng phap so sanh - doi chieu va phddng phap phan tich ngon ngO. Sd Ida chpn ngO lipu tr§n da he md ra eai han che cua SGK, van de ma tac q\h sgk v6 tinh hay hOu y da lam cho giao vi&n lung tung khi soan gi&ng,
DmjvaHpc I
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thieu td tin trong viec tao ra hddng mdi, each gi& quyei mdi.
Nhdng cd le sd nhipt huyei, nang lde doi dap ciJa giao vien trudc cii v6 tinh cua ngddi lam chddng trinh da siin sinh ra mpt v ^ db rai y nghTa trong day hpe hipn nay: chiJ dpng, sang tao.
Hddng Ida chpn ngO lieu ph&i phu thupc vao cSu true bai hpc d SGK, nghTa la ddn vj kien thdc se quy djnh phddng phap day hpe. Cau true bai hpe Cau Ghep trong chddng trinh NgO van Idp 8, tap 1, tr.111- 114 khiln giao viSn khd djnh hddng, Ida chpn phddng phap day hpc dung dan. Ly giai vin de nay, toi xin trinh bay nhu sau:
Mue thd nhat cua ba hpe nay la dae diem cau ghep nhdng d phan ghi nhd 1^1 la khai nipm Cau ghep [Cau ghep li nhdng eiu cd til hai cum C-V trd len, khong bao chda nhau tao thanh, mdi cijm C-V la mgt ve cua cau]. Nhd v^y nhipm vu cua giao vien la xay dung khai niem Cau ghep eho hpe sinh theo quy trinh ket hdp hai phddng phap tren, mac du hpe sinh da dUdc tie'p xuc khai niem nay d cap Tieu hpc va da san sinh loai cau nay cho viee thdc hanh xay ddng van ban trong qua trinh hpc tap. NhUng thdc te giang day, giao vien da di theo loi dien djch.
Chfnh vi thi, van de can dddc djnh hddng:
- Khai nipm Cau ghep phai dddc xay ddng theo hddng kit hdp hai phddng phap, phddng phap so sanh - dd'i chieu va phddng phap phan tich ngon ngfl.
- Sd dyng Ida chpn ngO lieu trong doan van cua Thanh Tjnh da dddc chpn trich trong bai hpe.
Cu thi, giao vien chpn trong doan van ngO lipu nam eau khac nhau ve cau true, mpt eau ed cau true bang mpt cum C-V, mpt cau cd ai cum C-V trd len bao ham nhau, ba cau ed hai cym C-V trd l§n, khdng bao chda nhau. Nhdng niu trong doan van ngO lieu ay khdng du so Iddng eau dat ra thi giao vien ed the chpn trong bai giang van eua tiet trdde hay ngoai SGK.
Lam dddc dieu nay, giao vien da thdc hien van de tich hdp trong day hpc.
Sau dd, giao vien hddng d i n hpe sinh lam cac thao tac sau:
- Phan tich cau tao eae eau tren.
- xac djnh eau ddn.
- Phan tich, tim ra dac trdng ban chat cae cau eon lai.
- Khai quat thanh khai nipm Cau ghep.
ThUe hipn cae thao tac tren mpt each nhuan nhuyin, toi chae ehan cac ban se cd mpt phan giang hieu qua.
11.2. Sir dung phUdng phap giao tiep cho bai giang ve cau d THCS.
Phddng phap giao tiep la each thdc day hpc tieng Viet sap xep cac tai lipu hpc tap sao cho cac tai lieu ngon ngfl ay vda dim bio tinh chinh xac, chat ehe eua ehung trong he thong ngon ngO, vda ph^n anh dddc dae diem, chdc nang cda ehung trong hoat dpng giao tiep.
Phddng phap nay khong chi dung eho vipc hddng din hpc sinh van dung ly thuyet dddc hpc va thdc hien cac nhipm vu eua qua trinh giao tiep ma cdn dddc dung cho viec eung cap ly thuyet eho hpe sinh trong chinh qua trin/i giao tiep. Neu phddng phap phan tich ngdn ngO cd the manh la giup hpc sinh hiiu ngdn ngfl ddpc to chdc nhd thi nio thi phddng phap giao tiip lai c6 the manh trong viec giup hpc sinh bill each sd dung ngdn ngO trong ddi so'ng giao tiep. Ti^dc t l cho thay, cd nhflng trddng h(?p, ky nang, ky xSo ngdn ngO hinh thanh va tbn tai bipt Ipp vdi cac kiln thdc ly l u ^ ve ngin ngfl, tham chi khong can den nhflng kiln thdc Sy. Bdi vgy viec sd dung phddng phap giao
'ttgp se giup'ftijfl tiirin vtja iiijm'vdrig ca'u true ngpn nytr/Tiflu ky chdc nang sd dung, vda lam cho qua trinh tiip nhan ngdn ngfl trong gid hpc tling trd nen hap din, giup cac em vupt qua nhflng lde can tam ly khi hpc tieng mp d l .
Cd sd cua vipc db xuat sd dung phddng phap giao tiep vao vipc day cau 6 THCS la dda vao chdc nang giao tiep ciJa ngon ngfl va mue dich cija vipc day tieng trong nha trddng. Chinh vi vay phan hai cua mdi bai hpc ve cau deu phSi sddyng phddng phap giao tiep, nhflng van de thupc ban chat cua khai nipm se dddc hpc sinh khai thac, phait hipn.
Bang nhOng mlu eau cu the da Ida chpn, giao vi&n dung he thong eau hdi phat hien, hddng din hpc sinh khai thac mlu, tim ra ly thuyit can thilt. Cu thi:
Bang cau "Sdc leo kheo eua anh chang nghien chay khong kip vdi sdc xo day cua ngUdi dan ba IUc dien, han ngi chong queo ra tren mat dat, mieng van nham nhim thet troi vd chong ke thieu sUW [Ngd Tat To- Tit Den], giao vien se hddng din hpc sinh tim ra ly thuyit dac trdng ve each noi cau ghbp:
khdng dung tfl nd'i, giOa cac v l cau ghep phai ed diu phSy.
Hoac bang cau "Toi quen the nao dUdc nhdng cim giic trong sing ay nay nd trong Idng toi nhU may einh hoa tUdi min cUdi gida bau trdi quang dan^', giao vien hddng din hpc sinh rut ra dddc: cae ve eua cau ghep dddc nd'i bang quan h& td. Hay bang cau "Nhdng y tUdng ay toi chUa lan nio ghi nrin giSy, vi hoi ay, toi khong biet ghi, vi ngay nay, toi khong nhd hief,q\ko vien se hudng din hpc sinh tim ra mpt each nbl nfla ciJa cau ghep: noi bang cap quan hp td. Cd nhd v^y, giao vien thfle hipn cho din hit phan hpc. Rieng d tilt 2 cua bai Cau ghep, giao vien ein phai sd dung phddng phap giao tiip, hpc sinh se lan Idpt tim ra cac kilu qua hp cua cau ghep. Dieu bat bupc dbi vdi bdde tr6n la giao vien phai khai thac d hpc sinh vifec sd dung ngon ngfl tren ed sd giao vien vda hddng din hpe sinh tim hieu ban chat eua khai nipm. Thao tac nay se khlc sau kiln thdc vda tim trong hpe sinh.
Phddng phap day hpe ludn ebn thilt sy d6l mdi. Phddng phap d^y hpc hipn nay ed nhiiu sy hd trd td eae lo^i phddng tipn day hpc khac nhau tuy thupc vao tinh chat ciJa tdng mdn hpe, tdng bai hpc va tdng ddn vj kiln thfle. Nhdng vi§c sd dyng phoi hpp cae phddng phap dien hinh eho vi^c day cau d THCS la chua thuc hipn. Cho nen bai viet mong muon mang din cho ngudi doc mpt Iddng thong tin can thilt vb day hpc eau d THCS, giup cac ban cd dddc nhflng bai giang ve cau hip din, ly thu.
(1). Bai viet djnh hddng dddc each day mdt ddn vj ngdn ngfl, cau trong tiing Viet. Khdng dflng lai d dd, bai viet cdn hddng din each day cho tdng kieu, loai, cac bien thi cua cau, tham ehi giai quylt tflng phan, mue trong tflng bai giing cy the.
(2). Bai viit con chi ra nhflng ton t^i cua sgk, nhflng h ^ che ey thi trong tdng ba giang, giup dbng nghidp cd hudng day hpc dung dan vdi ban chat eua tdng ddn vj ngdn ngfl cy the, tdng bai hpc tiing Viet cy the.
TAI LIEU THAIVI KHAO
1. L& A, Nguyin Quang Ninh - PhUdng phap dgy hpc tiing Viet.
2. L§ A, Nguyin Xuan Soan - PhUdng phap dgy hpc tiing Viet.
3. Bp Giao dye va Dao tao - Dd an dao giao vifen THCS:
Doi mdi phddng phap day hpc Ngfl van 6 trUdng dgi hpc, cao dang.
4. Bp sach giao khoa NgO van td Idp 6 din Idp 9.
