86 Tap chi Nghi&n cilu vd Phdt triln, sd' 1 (90). 2012
VE Si; SUY GIAM SlfC MANH THUY QUAN TRIEU NGUYEN VA HE QUA CUA NO TRONG CUQC DOI DAU
V 6 l PHlJCfNG TAY
Bui Gia Khanh
Trieu Nguyen tQ khi dagc thid't ldp thi mOt nhiOm vu quan trgng dagc ddt ra Id phdi td chQc qudn ly vung bien rOng ldn taong daong vdi vung biln Viet Nam ngdy nay. Cdc vua Nguyen trong thdi ky dgc lap deu y thQc dagc tam quan trgng ciia bien vd chu y de'n van d l k h I n g dinh chu quyin cung nha td chac qudn ly mOt cdch tdt nhd't trong khd ndng cua minh. Thgc hien cdng viOc khd khdn ndy ddi hdi sg lien ddi tdi nhilu co quan cung nha cdc lgc lagng tham gia, trong dd thiiy qudn giQ sQ mang then chd't.
Vdo giai doan diu trieu Nguyen, cd the ndi thuy qudn nQdc ta dat de'n mQc phdt trien cao nhd't cua binh chung ndy dadi thdi phong kien. Dilu d6 the hiOn qua vigc xdy dOng mOt lgc lagng thuy qudn hadng bien. Sg phdt trien cua thuy quan dadi trieu Nguyen nha Id sg tich hgp bdi nhQng yeu td' truyen thd'ng vd nhu cau xdy dOng sQc manh mOt qud'c gia tren nhieu phaong dien. Dd Id nhu clu phdt tridn cua mOt dd't nadc thdng nhd't, cd vung bien rOng ldn, nhieu hdi ddo, lai d vdo vi tri dia-chien lage het sQc quan trgng trong khu vQc vd tren the' gidi.
Trilu Nguyin dd tan dung nhQng lgi the' cua minh de xdy dgng nen mOt lgc lagng thuy qudn xQng t i m vdi vi the cua nQdc Dai Nam hung manh hdng diu khu vgc Ddng Nam A trong nhQng thdp nien diu the ky XIX. Tren nhilu mdt, thuy qudn trieu Nguydn dd cd sg tid'n bO vagt bdc so vdi cdc thdi ky trade. Dd Id tinh chdt che, quy md vd he thd'ng trong td chQc lgc lagng thuy qudn tQ trung Qong cho de'n cdc dia phaong.
NhQng vd'n d l ldn trong td chQc lgc lagng thuy qudn da hinh thdnh ttr thdi Nguydn Anh Gia Long, vd dagc dinh hinh mOt cdch dn dinh dadi thdi Minh MOnh. NhQng yeu td ky thudt phaong Tdy vd'n dagc dp dung khd sdm trade trieu Nguyen, de'n ddy van dagc duy tri vd ndng len d mOt mQc dO nhd't dinh. Ddng chu y hon cd Id ky thudt ddng tdu vd che tao vu khi. Dilu nay the hien dly du nhd't dadi thdi Gia Long vd Minh Menh."^ (1)
Sg cap nhdt mOt each cd dung y nhQng ky thudt cua phaong Tdy vao thdi Gia Long vd Minh Menh, da ldm cho thuy qudn t r i l u Nguyin trd thdnh mOt lgc lagng hung manh trong khu vgc Ddng Nam A vdi mOt trinh d6 khdng qua each xa dd'i vdi the gidi.
Trade ndm 1802, mOt sd tdu chien dagc Nguyen Anh mua lai cua nadc ngodi, ddng thdi dng cung thid't lap cdc xadng ddng t h u y i n de phuc vu cho
* Khoa Xa hdi, Tradng Cao dang Tuyen Quang.
Tap chi Nghi&n cilu va Phdt trien, sd' 1 (90). 2012 87
muc dich quan sg. Nguydn Anh td ra ddc biet quan tdm tdi ky thudt ddng thuyin. Ky thudt ddng thuyen thdi ky ndy da cd tien bO vdi vide du nhdp thdm nhQng yd'u td ky thudt mdi cua phaong Tdy. Nha J. Barrow nhdn xdt:
"Ky nghi ddc biit md ngdy nay cd thi ndi Id ngudi xd Nam Hd ndi trgi han cdld ky thugt ddng tdu biin cua hg: chdng thiiu logi kich cd ndo cung nhU cd du cdc logi chdt lugng gd dung di ddng"P^
Vdo cud'i thdi Gia Long ky thudt ddng thuyin dd dat den trinh do khd cao. J. White, mOt ngadi My dd de'n Sdi Gdn vdo ndm 1819, vd dieu ldm cho dng thd'y khdm phuc nhd't chinh Id co sd ddng thuyen tai day. Ong dd viet trong hdi ky cua minh: "Riing ca xUdng ndy ddng ldm cho ngudi Viet Nam tu hdo han bdt cd cdi gi khdc d trong nUdc. ThUcra thi xudng ndy cd thi vi vdi bdt cd mdt ca xUdng ddng tdu ndo bin chdu Au" '^'
NhQng khdo sdt cua Li Tana cho thd'y, ky thudt ddng thuyen cua ngQdi tho Viet Nam vdo nQa diu the ky XIX thudc vdo loai td't nhd't d khu vQc Ddng Nam A. Tdc gid cho biet: "thdnh phdn tham gia phdt triin cdng nghiip ddng thuyen d Chanthaburi (trung tdm ddng thuyen chu chd't cua Xiem La diu the ky XIX) Id ngudi Ddng Trong vd ngUdi Hoa vUa trdn khdi sU khung bd cua Minh Minh.^"^^ Cd td ndm din sdu nghin ngudi d Chanthaburi ndm 1835, da sd Id ngudi Ddng Trong mdi din" ^^^ Cung theo Li Tana thi: "Cdng nghiip ddng thuyen d Chanthaburi, xUdng ddng thuyen chu chdt di trieu dinh Xiim xdy dUng lUc luang hdi qudn cua minh trong nhdng ndm 1830, dugc xdy dUng hodn todn dUa trin kiin thdc ky thudt vd sdc ngUdi cda cdc thg ddng thuyen ngudi Ddng Trong, ngUdi Hoa vd ngUdi Chdm, nhdng ngudi dd di cU td lanh dia cua nhd Nguyin" *^'
Rey - mOt chi huy tdu budn ngadi Phdp cho bie't: "Ndm 1820 (mOt ndm sau khi vua Gia Long md't), qudn ddi nhd Nguyin cd 160.000 ngUdi vd cd thi tdng gdp ddi trong thdi chiin, trong dd cd khodng 30.000 thuy binh"
Ddng thdi, "dai bd phdn qudn linh dUgc trang bi vd hudn luyen theo kiiu chduAu"^'^
The nhung, sQc manh thuy qudn trieu Nguyen da khdng dagc duy tri mOt cdch cd hiOu qua dadi thdi ThiOu Tri md rd nhd't Id thdi^Tg DQc. Sg tut hdu ndy trade he't the hien d chd trilu Nguyen da khdng the b i t kip vdi sg phdt trien ky thudt nhanh chdng cua thd gidi. Qua dd khdng the ndo cai tid'n trang hi va ddi mdi tU duy trong nghO thudt tdc chidn cho lgc lagng thuy quan.
d chdu Au, tdu may hoi nadc diu tidn dagc thQ nghiOm Id tdu tren sdng (tdu thuy Pyroscaphe do Bd tadc Jouffroy d'Abbans chd tao ndm 1783). De'n ndm 1815 ngadi ta bat dau che tao tdu hoi nUdc di bien, tdu Elise vagt bien Manche ndm 1816, vd tdu Savannah vUgt Dai Tdy Daong nam 1819. Bay gid tdu hoi nadc vdn ddng bang vd gd, ddng thdi sQ dung budm trong p h l n ldn thdi gian hai hdnh. Luc nay d ViOt Nam, du ky thudt ddng tdu d trinh do khd cao, vd cd hgc tap ky thudt cua phaong Tay, nhang vdn Id ddng tau budm vdi cdc mai cheo theo kieu truyin thd'ng.
88 Tap chi Nghi&n cilu vd Phdt triln, sd 1 (90). 2012
Dd'n cud'i thdi Minh MOnh, d phaong Tdy da dat dugc nhQng thdnh tgu ddn dap tren linh vgc ddng tdu bidn. Ndm 1837, tdu Sirus vUgt Dai Tdy Daong hodn todn b l n g mdy hoi nadc. Ndm 1838 chiec tdu vUgt Dai Tdy Daong hodn todn bdng vd s i t Id tdu Ironside. Ndm 1839, tdu Queen of the East (NQ hodng phaong Ddng) 2.618 td'n vdi mdy hoi nadc 600 ma lgc da di lai giQa London vd Calcutta.'^*
Vua Minh Mgnh dd sdm nhdn thd'y nhQng Qu diem trong ky thudt cua ngadi phaong Tdy, ddc biOt trong linh vgc tdu thuyin di bien. VI thd dng da cd nhieu cd gIng trong vigc hgc hdi nhQng ky thudt ndy. NhQng chiec tdu hoi nadc dagc dng cho ddng trong thdi gian tri vi, du td'n kdm. Id mOt minh chQng. Nhang chung ta khdng the coi ddy Id mOt cuOc tie'p thu trinh dO ky thudt tien tien mOt cdch cdn co, cd hg thdng. Md dd chi Id sg b i t chudc hodn hdo nhd't cd the, nd chQng td sQ khdo ldo cua ngudi thg Vigt Nam, nhang khdng giup ich gi nhieu cho vigc tdng cUdng sQc manh cua thuy qudn trilu Nguyen trong bd'i cdnh ky thudt hdng hdi thd gidi da cd nhQng bade phdt trien nhdy vgt.
Trong khi dd, vigc theo dudi nhQng thdnh tOu ky thudt phuong Tdy dudi thdi Thigu Tri vd Tu DQc dd khdng t h l tidp tuc n h a trade. Mdc du trilu dinh cung cd nhiJng cd gIng nhd't dinh trong viOc ndng cao trang bi cho lgc lugng thuy qudn b l n g cdch mua mOt sd tdu cua nudc ngodi de sQ dung.
NhQng vigc khdng the ldm chu hodn todn cdng nghO nen phdi thud ngUdi dilu khien cung nhQ bdp tri dd tieu td'n khdng it chi phi. Dilu ndy cho thd'y trilu Nguyen da td ra "hut hoi" trong viOc tie'p cdn ky thudt phuong Tdy.
Khodng cdch v l trinh dO phdt trien ky thudt, cdng thuong nghigp ngdy cdng trd nen ldn hon vd nhanh chdng hon khi cdc nUdc chdu Au b i t diu Id Anh, Phdp vd cdc nude khdc I l n lugt hodn thdnh cuOc cdch mang cdng nghigp de vuon len phdt t r i l n manh me tren con dudng tu bdn chu nghia. Cung tQ ddy, cdc nUdc ndy dly manh viOc xdm lugc thuOc dia d cdc nudc cd trinh dO phdt tridn chdm han hg, vd ViOt Nam khdng phdi Id ngoai 10.
Su thua thiOt v l mdt trang hi cua thuy qudn trilu Nguyen trUdc sQc manh mdi tQ phaong Tdy da the hien rd ndt vdo ndm 1858 khi Phdp tan cdng Viet Nam. Nhung tQ trade dd, khi sQc manh qudn sU tren bien cd sg suy gidm, trilu Nguyen dd b i t diu cd sU dilu chinh trong chinh sdch ddi ngoai. ViOc ddn trdi sQc manh qudn sg tren mOt diOn rOng, vd'n di cd thl dugc bao qudt dudi thdi Minh Mgnh, nhung dd khdng t h l tie'p tuc duy tri vdo thdi ThiOu Tri. Su kiOn ThiOu Tri cho rut qudn khdi Cao Mien sau khi ldn ngdi Id mOt biOn phdp Qng xQ phu hgp vdi thgc lgc cua vUOng trilu, cung nhu d l tap trung sQc manh chuan bi dd'i phd vdi nhQng tinh hud'ng bd't ngd xay ra. Khi ma d cdc nQdc ldng gieng, tieng sung xam luoc cua ngudi phUOng Tdy dd b i t diu vang len.<9)
Su kiOn thdng 3 ndm Dinh Mui (1847), khi tdu chien Phap bd't ngd nd sung ddnh d i m 5 chiec thuyin bgc ddng, gie't chd't mOt so' chi huy cung vdi nhieu binh linh d cQa Dd Nlng<i°) cd the xem Id vidn thud'c thQ dd'i vdi sQc
Tap chi Nghi&n cilu vd Phdt triln, sd' 1 (90). 2012 89
manh thuy quan thdi Thieu Tri. Ldi than thd cua nhd vua ngay sau dd cho ta thd'y didn mao cua cdng tdc binh hi luc bd'y gid: "Ndm chiic thuydn ddng lgi bi gidc Tdy duang bdn, khdng ngd quan qudn hen yiu din nhu thi, ddng tiic ldm, bgn Cdng Ngdn khdng nghiim qudn ludt di din tiit Id qudn ca, la mgt tgi; sau khi dd la viic, khdng ddc thdc quan qudn hit sdc md ddnh, dung cdc sdng to d thdnh ddi, ddnh dd giit gidc di gidi long cdng phdn, thi la hai tgi; thuyen gigc trdn di rdi md hai phdo ddi Phdng Hdi, Dinh Hdi ldng yin, khdng bdn mdt phdt ndo di chdn dddng di cua gidc, thi Id
ba tgi!"-^'^^
MOt sd quan lai cua trilu dinh Hue cung nhd sg kiOn dd mdi "gidt minh" vd cdng nhdn thgc te Id thuy qudn trieu dinh da qud ydu kdm so vdi thgc ddn Phdp. ChIng han ldi tdu cua Nguyen Bd Nghi theo yeu clu
"cho tdu t h i n g " cua Tu DQc ndm 1861: "Tdi vdn nghe ngudi nhd binh ndi:
ngudi Tdy duang tdu thi chd di nhu bay, sdng thi bdn sudt dUgc thdnh dd vdi nhdn,^^^^ bdn xa han 10 ddm. Cd dugc vdi thd binh khi dy, mudn ddnh khd long ddnh duac hg, mudn gid cung khd ldng gid dugc hg. NhUng long tdivdn chUa tin. Mua xudn ndm Thiiu Tri thd 7, thuyen Tdy dUang din Dd Ndng bdn phd 5 chiic thuyen bgc dong ldn cua ta md khdng ddy vdi khdc.
Luc dy tdi quyen Bd chinh Qudng Nam, chinh mdt dd trdng thdy, mdi tin la thdt" ^''^^
Luc bay gid mOt sd ngUdi Phdp cung ddnh gid thd'p sQc manh thuy qudn cua trilu Nguyen. Gidm muc Legrand de la Liraye trong mOt ban t r l n tinh gdi cho Hodng de' Napoleon III vdo thdng 12/1857 dd thuc giuc vua Phdp td'n cdng Viet Nam md dilm khdi diu Id Dd Nang. Ong ta cho ring:
"Hdi qudn cua An Nam cd thi ndi Id khdng cdn nda td vu Dd Ndng ndm 1847: dd cd linh khdng ddng thuyen theo kiiu Au Chdu nda, cdn ghe trong nudc thi thiiu vd trang vd thiit bi. Vdy khdng cdn sa vi mdt thuy chiin"S^*^
MOt ngudi Phdp khdc Id Gdraud nhdn dinh vl sU kign 2 tdu chien Phdp gay su d Dd N i n g vdo thdng 3 ndm Dinh Mui (1847) ring: "Khd cd thi tin rdng: mgt sd thuy thd vd linh trdng di trin nhdng chiic thuyen tdi tdn vdi khi gidi chdng ra gi lgi ddm tdn cdng hai chiin hgm ldn!.. Vd ngUdi ta (Phdp) dd phd huy 5 chiic ghe^^^^ cda ddi phuang (trilu Nguyin) vd tdn sdt 1.000 nhdn mgng, trong khi hg chi giit chit mgt thuy thu Phdp"^^^^
NhQng nhan xet tren tuy cd p h l n cudng digu, nhUng cung cho thd'y mOt thgc te Id lUc lugng thuy qudn trilu Nguyin dd td ra thua kem rd't nhilu so vdi dOi qudn xdm lugc dugc trang hi hiOn dai vd nhd nghi cua thUc ddn Phdp.
De'n thdi Tu DQc, nhQng hdnh dOng khieu khich taong tg cua Phdp diln ra 10 lidu hon. Ddc biOt Id sau khi tinh hinh trong nUdc dn dinh trd lai (cud'i ndm 1851) vd mdu thuan Phap-Anh tam thdi hda hodn (cud'i ndm 1856). Dd'i vdi trilu dinh Hud, viOc phdng thu d cac cQa bidn trong giai doan ndy cd nhieu phQc tap. Tuy trilu dinh rd't lo ling, nhOng sg chuan hi tQ thdi Tg DQc cd phan hi dOng. Khi hQu sQ thi dilu dOng binh ma tQ noi khdc ddn hd trg, cdn binh iQc tai cho thudng khdng du sQc Qng phd. Vdi dieu kiOn
90 Tap chi Nghi&n cilu vd Phdt triln, sd' 1 (90). 2012
giao thdng khd khdn thi rd't bd't lgi cho viOc tie'p Qng. Md viOc binh lai cdt d thdi CO. Trong khi dd, nhQng ngQdi dagc giao trgng trdeh chi huy phdng thu d noi hiem yeu lai khdng thd chu dOng dd'i phd, md thudng chd dgi sg chi dao cua trieu dinh.
Dieu ndy da hi vua Tu DQc n h l e nhd. Thdng Gieng ndm Dinh Ty (1857), Kham phdi t r a n daong qudn vu Id Ddo Tri tdu ndi: "Thuyin cda sd thdn Tdy dUang den xin phdi viin quan din hdi bdn viic hda hieu, tU xUng Id viin quan nhdt phdm cua Tdy dugng chi xin din kinh thdnh cung viin quan to nhdt phdm hdi hgp bdn dinh. Xin nin chgn phdi viin quan to cung din hdi bdn. Vua bdo rdng: Ldi xin cd phdn cdu ni cd chdp, b^ tU ngay cho viin dy hit long tru tinh ki hogch, cdt sao cho dung thdi ca, di xdng vdi dy nhiem, hd tdt phdi niUgn ngudi khdc ldm gi" ^^'^> Nhung viOc chu dOng ddi phd chi cd the dugc thuc hiOn khi n l m trong tay mOt lUc lugng vu trang khdng qud thua kdm vdi kd thu. Chinh vi the', viOc quan qudn phdi xin chi thi cua trieu dinh trong nhQng tradng hgp tUong tU nhu tren chu yeu xud't phdt tQ tinh trang lung tung khdng bie't phdi xQ ly n h a the ndo, khi dd'i dien vdi mOt sQc manh vagt trOi.
Sau khi ddnh xong Qudng Chdu vd cung vdi Anh gdy sQc dp buOc nha Thanh ky Hiep Qdc Thien Tan (6/1858), qudn Phdp cung vdi Tay Ban Nha keo vdo hai phdn ViOt Nam. Ngdy 1/9/1858, lien qudn Phdp-Tdy Ban Nha nd sung tan cdng vdo Dd Ning. Tuy r i n g sau dd hg dd khdng thdnh cdng trong dm mUu ddnh nhanh t h i n g nhanh, vd chuyen muc tieu vdo Gia Dinh, nhung dd Id ket qua cua qud trinh td chQc phdng thu trdn dd't liin cua trieu dinh, cd sg phd'i hgp qudn dan. Cdn thuy qudn h i u n h a dd khdng t h l hien dugc gi ngay tQ khi chien sQ nd ra.
Thgc ddn Phdp khdi diu qud trinh xdm luge nUde ta b l n g dUdng biln, vd viec ddnh mat vai trd cua minh trong cuOc dd'i diu vdi phuong Tdy Ih he qua tQ chd sQc manh thuy qudn trieu Nguyen dd khdng the vagt ra ben ngodi khudn khd tQ duy trilu dai/thdi dai. Du r i n g bien vdn ludn dugc coi trgng. Dilu dd cho thd'y nhdn thQc dung vai trd cua bien thdi chaa du, md phai thgc sg ldm chu vung bien b l n g chinh sQc manh cua mOt luc lUc lugng thuy qudn manh, ludn ludn dugc trang hi mdi d mOt trinh dO nhat dinh, khdng qud cdch xa vdi trinh dO cua the gidi. Td't nhien, sQc manh d'y phai g i n vdi sQc manh tdng the cua qud'c gia.
Tuyen Quang, 2011 B G K
CHU THICH
(1) v l to chac, trang bj vd hogt ddng cua thuy qudn trilu Nguyin xin xem them: Bui Gia Khdnh,
"Thuy qudn thdi Gia Long va Minh Mdnh v<3i cdng tdc tuin tra va kilm sodt vung biln, dao", tgp chf Nghien cdu vi Phit trien, so 5 (82). 2010, tr. 36-49.
(2) J. Barrow, Mdt chuyen du hinh den xuf Nam Hi (1792-1793), Nguydn Thaa Hy dich Nxb Thl gidi, 2008, tr. 91.
(3) Patrick J. Honey, "Viet Nam vdo t h l ky 19 qua hoi ky ciia John White, John Crawfurd, George Gibson", TrUdng Ngpc Phu chu gili, Nghidn cdu Hue, tdp 1, 1999, tr. 215.
Tap chi Nghi&n cilu vd Phdt trien, sd' 1 (90). 2012 91
(4) Li Tana mud'n ndi tdi nhOng ngadi cd lien ddi vd chgy tron sau cudc noi logn ciJa Ld Vdn Khdi.
(5) Ll Tana, "Quan he Vidt Nam & Xiem trong vide ddng thuyin", Dac Hgnh djch, tgp chf Xda &
Nay, so 132 + 133, 2003, tr. 58.
(6) Li Tana, Bdd, tr. 58.
(7) Nguyin Phan Quang, Vidt Nam thiky XIX (1802-1884), Nxb TP HCM, 2002, tr. 24-25.
(8) NhQng md'c thdi gian v l sa phdt triln cua tdu mdy hdi nadc xin xem them: Hodng Dinh Phu, Uch sd ky thuat vi cich m^ng cdng nghd dddng d^i, Nxb Khoa hpc vd Ky thudt, 1997, tr. 75 vd Phgm Vdn Tuin, "Ljch sa tdu thCiy", http://vietsciences.free.fr/inventions/tauthuy.htm.
(9) Luc ndy, chiln tranh Nha phiin da n l ra d Trung Qud'c. Sa kidn dd Idm cho vua Thidu Tn rd't quan tdm, dng da cho ngadi di dd hdi tinh hlnh chiln sa d l d l phdng trade (Xem them:
Qud'c sa Qudn trilu Nguydn, D^i Nam thi/c luc, tdp 6, Nxb Gido due, 2007, tr. 129).
(10) Cin lau y Dd Nang Id m^t ndi cd vj trf hit sac quan trpng trong vide b l trf phdng thu d l bdo vd cho kinh dd H u i . Chfnh vl vdy lae lapng thuy qudn trilu dinh tran ddng d ddy ludn dapc au tidn v l s6 lapng tau thuyin cung nha vu khf thudc logi td't nhd't.
(11) Qud'c sa Qudn trilu Nguyin, D^i Nam thdc ii^c, tdp 6, Nxb Gido due, Hd N^l, 2007, tr. 984.
" (12) Co thdi Id'y 8 thadc Id 1 nhdn (ehu cCia ngadi djch).
(13) Qud'c sa Quan trilu Nguyen, D$i Nam thdc li^c, tdp 7, Nxb Giao dgc. Ha Ndi, 2007. tr. 715.
(14) Cao Huy Thuan, Giio sTthda sai vi chinh sich thudc dia cCia Phip t^i Viet Nam (1857-1914), Nguyen Thudn djch, Nxb Tdn gido, 2003, tr. 56.
(15) Dung ra Id 5 chile thuyin bpc dong.
(16) Nguyen Phan Quang, Viet Nam the kyXiX (1802-1884), Sdd, tr. 312. V l sa kien nay, Philippe Devilless. trong tac pham Ngddi Phip vi Annam ban hay thu?, Nxb Tong hpp TP Ho Chf Minh, 2006 da dUa ra con so thadng vong v l phfa trilu dinh H u i Id Idn hdn nhilu (10.000 ngadi). Dong thdi Philippe Devilless cung nhdn djnh sa kien dd da ddt dd'u chd'm hit cho nhOng no lac hda gill giQa Nha thd Gia td giao vd trilu Nguydn. Ch? sau dd ft lau thi Thieu Tn mat vi mdt tai biln mgch mau nao, vd sau eai chit nay mdi thd'y bilu hien ra hit nhOng hdu q u i cua cudc td'n cdng ciia Phap (Philippe Devilless, Sdd, tr. 47-48).
(17) Qud'c Sd Qudn trilu Nguyen, D^i Nam thdc li^c, tdp 7. Sdd, tr. 485.
TOM TAT
Dadi trilu Nguyin, thuy qudn dUde chu y xdy dang trd thdnh mdt lac ladng cd to chac chdt che ta trung Udng dd'n dja phadng. Cdc vua dau trilu Nguyen da cd nhilu co gIng trong vide ndng eao sac mgnh cua lac lapng nay blng each tilp thu ky thudt phapng Tdy, dac biet la trong vide ddng tdu vd c h l tgo vu khf. Thuy qudn trilu Nguyen vi t h l da cd nhilu ddng gdp trong vide thac thi chu quyin vung biln dIo.
Tuy nhidn, ta thdi Thidu Trj trd dl, van d l trang bj cho thuy quan da ngdy cdng trd nen lgc hdu so vdi sa phdt triln cua t h l gidi. Dilu ndy da Idm eho sac mgnh cua thuy qudn trilu Nguydn glim sut di nhilu. Dd Id mdt trong nhOng nguydn nhdn lam cho thijy qudn danh mat vai trd ciia minh trong cudc dd'i d i u vdi phadng Tdy.
ABSTRACT
ON THE RECESSION OF NAVY FORCES OF THE NGUYEN DYNASTY AND ITS CONSEQUENCES IN THE CONFRONTATION WITH THE WEST
Under the Nguyin dynasty, navy forces was built into closely organized forces that from central to local levels. The first emperors of the Nguyen dynasty paid much effort to Improve the strength of this force by acquiring Western technology, especially that of shipbuilding and weapon manufacturing. Thus, navy forces of the Nguyen dynasty had so many contributions to the implementation of the high seas and Islands sovereignty.
However, from the reign of Emperor Thidu Tn, equipments for naval forces have become obsolete comparing to the development of the world. This led to the weakness of navy power of the Nguyin dynasty. It was one of the reasons that made the Vietnamese navy forces lose its role In the confrontation with the West.