PHO CAP GI.AO DTC TIEU HOC 6 AI CAP
VaThiTltiinl''
TOM TAT
Gido due tiiu hgc a A i Cgp dat dugc nhieu ihdnh tuu trong viec md rgng quy md ddo tgo. nang cao chdt lugng gidng day vd hgc ldp. Tuy nhien. he thdng gido due tiiu hgc dang chira dung nhieu yiu Id bdt cap. chgm dugc khdc phuc ddn den linh trgng hoc sinh bo hoc vd luu ban. Bdi viet phan tich thuc trgng phd cap gido due tieu hgc a At Cdp thdng qua cdc khia cgnh: M Ihdng truong tirp, ty 14 nhdp hgc vd chdi lugng gido due, lim hieu nhiing hgn chi vd nguyen nhdn trong phdt trien va pho cgp gido due lieu hoc.
Tir khod: Phd cdp gido due lieu hgc. Ai Cdp
Nhdn bdi: I' 10 2019: Phan bien vd sira chira: 21/10/2019; Duyet ddng: 5/11/2019 I. He thong giao due tieu hpc .Ai Cap - Cap do 3- Giao due sau trung hpc: tir 17 He thine giao due cua Ai Cap (Hinh 1) '"™,'™ '^"' ^ao gdm dao tao trung cip, day dupc chia ra lam 3 cip dp co ban gdm: "S^e, dy bj dai hpc, cao dang, dgt hpc va sau
dai hpc {bac dao tao thac sT va tien si).
- Cdp dg 1\ Giao due co ban (giao due bat bupc) keo dai 9 nam. ue em phai theo hpc tir chucmg trinh mau giao khi len 4 tudi den hit ehuong trinh giao due chuan bj (tuong duong giao due trung hpc co sd) khi len 14 tudi. 6 cap hpc nay lai dupc chia ra lam 2 giai doan.
Giai dogn giao due tieu hpc (primarv) tir ldp mdt den het ldp 6. Giai dogn giao due chuin hi (tuong duong giao due trung hpc co sd) tii ldp 7 den hit Idp 9 (tir 11 den 14 tudi).
- Cdp do 2 Giao dye trung hpc (luong duang giao due trung hpc Phd thdng) keo dai 3 nam. bit diu tir ldp 10 den ldp 12 (tir 14 din 17 tuoi).
He thong truimg Al-Azharite (trudng ton giao): chi nhanh ciia trudng Al-Azharite cd tren khap ca nudc, thdi luong cac mdn hpc d trudng nay gidng md hinh d cac trudng trung hpc phd thdng. Tuy nhien, tnrdng nay thudng dua cac giao trinh tdn giao vao giang day.
Quy md dao tao giao due tieu hpc cita he thing trudng Al-Azharite ldn hon so vdi gijo due bac cao.
He thing giao due tiiu hpc cua Ai Cap \(^
nhit d khu vyc Bic Phi - Trung Ddng vj 14 mdt trong nhirng he thing giao due tihu hpc ldn nhit tren thi gidi. Vdi hon 18 triSu hoc sinh va khoang 21.000 midng hpc (cdng ^j
" Tll^c si. NCS. Vien Nghten cihi Chau Phi \ a Tnjng Dotig
22 Tap chi nghien ciru cn u PHI * TBUNO DONG s i 11(171) thang 1,,^^^^
Pho cap giao due Beu hpc... Vu Thl Tlianh
tu) he thing giao due tieu hpc duac ky vpng va ddng \ ai trd thiit xiu trong \ iec tang se ddng gdp dang ke cho nen kinh te Ai Cap cudng thu nhap qude gia'.
Hinh 1: So do he thong giao due .Ai Cap Lirp
MNI MN2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Trung cap, cao dani;, dai hoc, sau dai hgc
Cap hoc Mam non
Tieu hpc
Trung hpc ca sd
Giao dye ca ban/bat bupc
Trung hpc pho thong Sau THPT
Tuoi 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Niim Z
6
3
3 2-5 Ngudn: Tac gid lu tdng hg'p ttr ngudn- Egypt Education System, https.//www. google, com/url?
Theo Hien phap Ai Cap nam 1923, giao due ca ban la quyen cua moi cong dan va giao due tieu hoc tra thanh giao due bat bupe tu nSm 1930. Tir nam 1988 dSn nam 1999, chucmg trinh giao due tieu hpe keo dai 5 nam, duac chia thanh hai giai doan. Giai doan 1 (tu lap 1 den lap 3), hpc sinh chii yeu hoc cac ky nSng ca ban ve doc, viet va toan hpc. Giai doan 2 (tir lap 4 den lop 5), la giai doan dao tao nang cao kha nSng doc, viet, toan hpc ciia hgc sinh va doi hoi cac em phai six dung thanh thao eac ky nang nay. Ky thi kiem tra toan hpc va tieng Arab thirong dien ra vao cuoi nam lop 3 va ldp 5. Co tai 70% chircmg trinh giang day bang tieng Arab, mac dii cae chuang trinh giang day bang tieng Anh (a lop 4) da duac trien khai vao nam 1994, cung nhu cac chucmg trinh tieng Phap dupc trien khai vao nam 1995. Tu nhimg nam 1990, tmong ngon ngO thuc nghiem da duac thanh lap de day tieng Phap, dong thai cac cau lac bp khoa hpc.
cac lap hpc dSc biet danh eho nguoi khuyet tat cung dupc ma ra.
Theo Luat so 23 nam 1999, giao due tieu hpc CO mpt chut thay doi boi chucmg trinh giao due co ban bat bupc (tir ldp 1 den lop 9) keo dai 9 nam, do do giao due tieu hpe k^o dai 6 nam va giao due pho thong co so la 3 nam (Hinh 1). Hpc sinh vuot qua ky thi cuoi cip tieu hpc se nhan chiing chi hoan thanh giao due tieu hpc va tiep tuc hpc len giao due trung hpc ca sd. Vao cuoi chuong trinh giao due trung hpc co sd, hoc sinh se tham du k>
thi t6t nghiep va neu thanh eong se dupc nhan ehiing chi hoan thanh giao due eo ban va tiep tuc hpc len giao due trung hpe pho thong.
Nhung hpc sinh khong the hoan thanh giao due trung hpc co ban co the lua chpn vao cae tmdng day nghe va sau khi hgc xong se nhan chiing chi tmng hpc day nghe.
Vao nam 1990, Ai Cap eo ba loai tmdng ti6u hpc: tmdng cong lap, tmdng tu nhan c6
7"(i/Jt:/»'rt^/r/c/icir« CHAU PHI & TRING DONG s6 n(171)thang 11/2019 -
Pho cap Qiao dpc tieuj
trp cap va trudng tu nhan khdng cd trp cap.
Cac trudng cdng lap va trudng tu nhan dupc trp cip khdng thu bit ky khoan hpc phi nao, va ca hai trudng na\ deu theo cimg mdt chuong uinh giang day tap trung. T> le tuyen sinh d cac uvdng tu nhan (khdng cd yp cap) chi vao khoang 5% va chu > eu lap trung d khu vyc thanh thi.
Trudng tu bao gdm cae trudng ngdn ngQ, cac Idp hpc djch vu (service classes) hpac cac trudng tu cd thu phi (private schools «ith fee). Cac u^dng ngdn ngir thudng la tan du ctia cac trudng truyen giao va trudng nudc ngoai. Cae Uudng nay chju su kiem soat ctia Bp Giap due Ai Cap. mac dii hp ed hpgt ddng dpc lap d mpt sd linh vyc. Cac trudng nay dao tgo ngogi ngii, ehu yeu la tieng Anh va tiing Phap, bit diu tir ldp 1. "Cac ldp dich vu" la cac ldp hpc danh chp hpc sinh khdng vupt qua ky thi tot nghiep tieu hpc. \ao nam 1968.
chinh sach giao dye diay ddi khdng cho phep thanh lap cac ky thi len ldp va tdn tai tinh trgng hpc sinh luu ban, ddng thdi dieu kien du>' nhit de len Idp la hpc sinh phai ed 75%
thdi gian hpc tap tren Idp/nam hpc. Tuy nhien sau dd chinh sach nay lai thay dpi cho phep hpc sinh km ban d Idp 4 \a len thang Idp 5.
Nam 1972. ehinh sach nay dupc ap dyng cho ca hpc sinh ldp 2. Trong giai dogn nay, cac trudng tieu hpc d ndng thdn thuimg xa\ ra tinh trang hpc sinh bd hpc va sy chenh lech vi gidi tinh trpng tuyen sinh la rit cap. De giai quyit nhimg van de na>, ba md hinh uudng hpc theo truyen thdng cua cpng ddng dia phucmg da dupc md rdng d ndng thdn dd la trudng day nghe, trudng cdng ddng va trudng hpc mdt ldp danh cho hpc sinh nit^.
Cac uudng dgy nghe dupc \a\ dyng danh cho hpc sinh hpan thanh chucmg trinh tieu hpc (5 nam) nhung khdng mudn ghi danh vao cac
tnrdng tnmg hoc co sd. Hpc sinh hoan thanh chucmg trinh dgy nghe se nhgn chime chi =•
due CO ban nghe va cho phep dang k.v vao '•' trudng tnmg hpc day nghe.
cac trudng cpng ddng d Thupng •^' •/
dupc phat trien thdng qua quan he ddi I'l'- &
Quy nhi ddng Lien hpp qudc (I'N'K'-_••' , Td chirc phi chinh phu dja phuang va Bp dye. Vao nam 1995, khoang 34ro nit sinh theo hpe tai eac trudng cdng ding, 23% the° P^
tgi cac trudng ehinh phit va 43''o khdng di hpc. Cd khoang 112 trudng tieu hoc dupc xay dung vap cudi nam 1996 va 40 tnrdng vao nam 1997. Nii sinh chiim 70% sd lupng tuyen sinh nam 1997^.
Cac tnrdng hpc mdt Idp danh cho nu sinh phat triin tir cac trudng tdn giao (Quranic Kunab) tniyin thing d Ai Cap. Viec thieu trudng hpc d ndng thdn, thiiu giao vien nu, khdng cd cac bien phap xir phat ddi vdi cac gia dinh khdng cho con di hpc tieu hpc, sir dung lao ddng tre em, khoang each den trudng la nguyen nhan dan den ty le bd hpc cao cua hpc sinh d cac khu vyc ndng thon.
Chuang trinh giang day dupc gidi han trong pham vi tdn giap, tiing Arab, sd hpc, nghien ctiu xa hdi, khoa hpc va tieng Anh ma khdng cd giao due the chat, nghe thugt, hoac am nhac. Mdt giao vien thudng dam nhiem giang day tir 2 din 3 nam hpc (tir ldp 1 den hit ldp 3 hoac tir ldp 4 din hit ldp 5 hogc chuyen day thyc hanh nghi). Moi budi hpc keo dai 3,5 gid/ngay va hpc 5 ngay/tuin. Ke hoach ciia Bd Giao due la thanh lap 3.000 tnrdng hoc d cae thdn, lang va nhumg nai biet lap. Den nam 1996-1997, ting cpng cd 1.594 trudng hpc phuc vu 24.144 nQ sinh dang dieo hpc^
Theo bao cao cita Bd Giao due (MOE) ^ ^ 1996, cd khoang 25% hpc sinh khdng hoJn thanh chuong trinh tieu hpc. Tinh trang i^^
24 • Tgp chi nghien ciru CII ^t P„, * TRUNG DONG si 11(171) thing i „ j j , ^
Pho cap giao due tieu hoc..
ban dien ra p h i biin nen mdt hpc sinh trung binh phai mit ni 6 - 8 nam de hoan thanh chucmg trinh tiiu hpc. Cd khoang 2 0 % hpc sinh luu ban chii y i u d ldp 4 va ldp 5. Phan ldn tre em khdng di hpc chii yeu tap trung d khu vyc ndng thdn, noi dieu kien kinh te cdn khd khan. Nhiing hpc sinh di hpc rdi bd hpc thudng xay ra vao nam hpc ldp 4. Nhtjng tre em bd hpc nay thudng khdng tham gia \ ao thi irudng lao dpng ma chu yeu lam \ iec tgi nha hpac tgi eac trang trai ciia gia dtnh. Theo cac kit qua nghien ciiu ciia Ai Cap, nhimg tre em hpc kem thudng bd hpc sdm \ a nhiing trudng hpe kem chat lupng thudng cd ti le hpc sinh bd hpc cap. Tuy nhien, ke tir nam 2000, nhieu chinh sach cai each giao due duoc ban hanh, nhimg chinh sach nay chu yeu tap trung vao viec md rpng giap due tieu hpc. Dac biet, sau cuoc each mang Miia xuan Arab nam 2011, Tdng thdng Ai Cap ban hanh mdt sd bien phap cai each giao due tieu hpc nham muc tieu bao dam tinh cdng bang xa hdi, tgo nen tang vthig chic cho giao due phd thdng va giao due dai hpc. Ai Cap da huy ddng mpi ngudn lyc trong nudc va qudc te, de eao vai trd giao dye tu nhan, xay dyng chuong trinh H i n h 1: T y le n h a p hoc
cung cap giao due chi tiet phii hpp \ d i nhiiu ddi tupng hpc sinh nham khic phuc v i n d i ban che neu yen. Ai Cap ciing cam kit vdi cdng ddng qude te se tao mpi co hdi d i tat ca tre em deu dupe di hpc tieu hpc dung dp tudi va duy ui si sd hpc sinh chp d i n khi hoan thanh chuang uinh giao due co ban (14 tudi) vao giai doan 2015 - 2020 va thyc hien chiin lupc Tam nhin giao due d i n nam 2030 (dupc thdng qua vao nam 2016). He t h i n g giao dye tieu hpe eiia Ai Cap da cd nhiiu thay ddi khac biet vdi nhiing ket qua dgt dupe nhu:
- Ve ly le nhgp hgc
Bat dau tir nam 2000, ty le tiip can giao due tieu hpc d Ai Cap da tang len nhanh chdng. Cy the vao nam 2000, ty le nhgp hpc tiiu hpc thyc t i la 9 1 % ; nam 2005 - 2006, tdng ty le hpc sinh tieu hpc d ca trudng cdng lap, trudng tu nhan va trudng Al Azhanri (trudng tdn giap) la 113,8% va khoang each gidi tinh trong eae trudng tieu hpc da dan khep lai. Sang giai doan 2 0 0 8 - 2 0 1 2 , do tinh hinh bat dn xa hdi cua Ai Cap nen tdng ty le nhap hpc tieu hpc cd giam xudng nhung van d m i r e 100,6%. (Hinh 1).
tieu hoc t h u c te 6" Ai C a p 115%-
110%- 105%- 100%- 95%- 85%- B0%- 7 5 V 70%- 65%.
111,3%
103.3% 102.8%
-^•= -»
100 6%94.4% 94.6.% 34 «% 94 9% 95?% _95JS_ 95 3%
08/09 09/10 10/11 05/06 06/07 07/08
- • — Dang ky —»— Thirc ti
Ngudn: The Strategic Plan of Pre-Unh-ersily Education 2014 -2030. hllps://nww.google.com/url?
Tgp chi nghien ciru CHAU PHI & T R I N G DONG so 11(171) t h a n g 11/2019 •
Pho cap giao d u c ^ i i i i ^
T> I? hpc sinh tilu hpc d nong thon ( 9 ^ 0 ) cung gan ngang bang \ oi d thanh thi (93" o).
Ty le nhap hpc tieu hpc diing dp tuoi cung rat cao. vao nSm 2008. hau het tre em Ai Cap d^u nhap hpc tieu hpc diing dp tuoi. i> 1? nhap hpc cua nam la 9 2 % \ a l> le nhap hpc ciia nO- la 9 1 % . Ty le nhap hpc lieu hpc cua niJ trong dp tudi tir 5 -11 tudi la 93.5"© va hpc sinh nam trong ciing dp tudi la 91.3°'o. Trong giao due trung hpc ca so tuyen sinh tir 12 den 14 tudi.
cd 86,4% la hpc sinh nu va 80.6% la hpc sinh nam^ Khong eo sir ehenh lenh dang k e \ e gidi trong cac tmdng tieu hpc d ca thanh thi va nong thon. iu\ nhien. co su chenh lech \-ira phai giiia cac khu vuc. Ty 1^ tre em hgc tieu hpc diing dp tuoi d khu vyc Ha Ai Cap la 94%, trong khi do ty le nay d khu \ u c thupe cac tinh phia ta\ va dong cua song Nile (Frontier Govemorate) la 85" o. Ty le tre em klidng di hpc tieu hpc diing dp tuoi d tal ca
Bang 1: Ty le n h a p hoc tieu hpc d Ai C a p giai d o a n 2012-2016 cac khu vyc chi vao khoang 1 > ^'^^S ^'•
sinh ti^u hgc. Sir chenh l?nh \ t- gidi tinh tron^
cac tmdng tieu hpc thap nhat la d K • Ihupc cac tinh phia tay va ddng cua song cao nhat ia d khu vuc Thupng .\i ^^P '
Sang giai doan 2 0 1 2 - 2 0 1 6 , !}l^:i'^^P,^^^
• 7012 ty tiiu hpc van tiep luc tang len. NJi" ^" '
\c nhap hpc tiiu hpc chung la 95.3/»•
2013, ty le nhap hpc tiiu hpc dat mtrc cap nha uong giai doan nay la 99,7%. Den nam 2016, i> le nhap hpe tiiu hpe vin tang len so voi nam 2012, tuy nhien cd giam xuing mdt chut SP vdi nam tnrdc dp (2015) d rotic 98,94%
(Bang 1). Ddi vdi nhtmg tre em bd hpc va o dp tuii tren tiiu hpe cdn cd co hpi tham gia cac chucmg trinh hpc tap mpt nam tgi cac mrdng cdng d i n g . Day la co hdi thii hai ddi vdi tre em d i nhan dupc chiing chi tdt nghiep giao due co ban.
Nim 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Tv le nhap hoc (%) 95,3 99,07 97,89 99.21 98.94
Tv le tans (%) 0.41,5%
0.47 % -1,19%
1,35%
-0,27 % Nguon: Tde gid Idng hop lir ngudn: Egypt Primary
Tit nam 2016 den nay, sd lupng hpc sinh nhap hpc tieu hpe la 11,6 trieu hpc sinh chiem 2/3 tdng s i hpe sinh eac e i p . Sd lupng hpc sinh trang hpc co sd la 4,8 trieu hpe sinh, chiem khoang 1,7% t i n g s i lupng hpc sinh cac cap. Ty le nhgp hoc tieu hpe thyc te diing dp tudi tren ea nude la 9 7 % ' . Ty le hpc sinh nii ypng cac uudng tiiu hpc giai dpan 2 tupng duong vdi tS le hoc sinh nam. Tux nhien, yong cac uudng tieu hpc Azhanri, ty le hpc sinh nii lgi cao hem i\ le hpe sinh nam*.
Enromenl. 1979-2018.ht[ps://www.sooele.com/url?
Tucmg ty, ty le biet chir ciing cho ket qua cyc ky an tuong. T r u d c nam 1976, tdng ty le hiit chir cita thanh nien trong dp tudi tir 15-24 mdi la 5 1 % . Theo bao cao quoc gia Ai Cap, nam 2005, con sd da nhay vpt len g i n 85%».
Giai doan 2012 - 2016, ty le b i i t chir da tang tit 9 2 % - 9 7 % va tdng ty le biit chu: trong dan sd tir 15 t u i i Ud len tang tir 38,2% |gjj 75,06%'°.
Tuy nhien ben canh iihihig k i t quj ^j^^
dupc, he t h i n g giao dye tieu hpe Ai Cgp i^^^^
Tgp chi nghien ciru CHkl pm i T R i NG DONG so 11(171) t h i n g n / j ^ ^ ^
Pho cap giao due tieu hoc.
nay van gap phai nhieu khd khan nhu tinh y-ang hpc sinh bd hpc va lim ban, hpc sinh ngheo khdng tiip can dupc vdi giaa dye co ban... Thep thdng tin tir Bd Giao due Ai Cap, nam 2015 cd din 55.000 tre em khdng dupc tdi trudng chu yeu do ngheo ddi da dan den nhieu thay ddi trong chinh sach giao due. Tdng sd hpc sinh tieu hpc bd hpc la 6% chii yeu tap dimg d ldp 3". Ben canh dd, ty le hpc sinh khdng biet dpc, biet viet len tdi gan mdt yieu hpc sinh. Tuy nhien tren thyc te cac chinh phu tien nhiem cQng nhu cac bd trudng tien nhiem Ai Cap deu khang djnh rang, tinh trang giao due ciia Ai Cap van dn la do chinh ban than hp cQng khdng biet phai lam gi vdi tinh trang \ eu k^m nay. Vdi mpt ty le 33,8%o hpc sinh tieu hpc khdng qua duac cac bai kiem tra la con si rat ldn, tuong duong han 900.000 hpc sinh va chi cd 66,62% hpc sinh Idp 3 cd the dpe va viet dung chinh ta, trpng khi ty le nay d Idp 4 chi
eha Uong dp mdi tir 15 - 35 tudi la 17 yieu ngudi. chiem 28% dan s i Ai Cap \a ty le mil chu yong dp mdi 15 tuii la 34 trieu ngudi, chiem 40% dan sd Ai Cap".
Ve ly le trudng Idp
Thep Bap cap cua Ngan hang The gidi (2015), tdng sd cae trudng tieu hpc cdng lap cita Ai Cap giai dogn 2012 - 2014 la 13.809 trudng, yong dd cd 9.154 trudng cdng lap vdi 95.698 ldp hpe; 1.454 trudng tu nhan; 3.142 trudng .Al Zharian cdng lap la va 59 Irudng AI Zharian tu nhan.
Sang giai doan 2015 - 2018, si lupng trudng tieu hpe d Ai Cap bap gdm ca trudng cdng lap va trudng tu nhan diu tang len rd ret la 20.913 tnrdng vdi 258.957 ldp hpc. Trong dd cd 15 587 la trudng cdng lap. 1.812 la trudng tu nhan, 3.439 la trudng tdn giao cdng lap va 75 trudng ldn giao tu nhan (Bang 2).
nhinli ban mdt chut la 69,4%'^. Sd ngudi mil
Bang 2: Tong so trttong hoc, lop hoc tieu hoe a Ai Cap nam 2012 • 2018 Ten tririrng
Tnrcmg cong Truimg Azhanri cong lap Trudng tu
Trucmg Azlianii tu nhan Tong so
2012 So trudng
9.154 3.142 1.454 59 13.809
-2014 So Idp hoc
95.698 14 629 9.379
232 119.938
2015 So trudng
15.587 3.439 1.812 75 20.913
2018 So ldp hoc
200.340 31 804 26813 1.413 258 957 Nguon: The Strategic Plan ofPre-University Education 2014 -2030, https://www.google.com/url?
Hien tai eo hai loai tmdng eong lap la tmdng Arab va tmdng thirc nghiem. Cac tmdng Arab day chuang trinh giang day quoc gia bang tieng Arab, trong khi cac tmdng thuc nghiem sir dung tieng Anh lam ngon ngii giang day va day ngoai ngu thir hai la tieng Phap hoac tieng Diic d giai doan giao due tmng hpc CO sd. Tuy nhien, sau do Bp Giao due da xoa bd eac tmdng thuc nghiem, cac mon toan hpc va khoa hpc duoc giang day bang tieng Anh tai tat ca cac tmdng cong lap
tir ldp bay, dong thdi ngoai ngir hai ciing dupc dua vao giang day.
Bp Giao due ciing co ke hoaeh thanh lap mpt so trudng quoc te cong lap giang day cac chucmg trinh quoc te eo thu hpc phi. Co khoang 100 tmdng hpe Nhat Ban tai Ai Cap ket hpp cac chucmg trinh giang day ciia Nhat Ban vdi eac chirong trinh giang day quoe gia Ai Cap. Theo MOE, hien co 750 tmdng thuc nghiem dua chuong trinh quoc te vao giang
Tgp chi nghien cuu CH\i PHIA TRING OONG so 11(171) thang 11/2019 -
Pho cap OBO due tieujg::^
dgy. Nam 2013. cd 3,439 trudng tieu hpc .Al- Azhanri cdng lap cd md hinh giang day theo chuan qudc te. Tuy nhien, chat lupng giao due d eac trudng tieu hpc cdng lap Ai Cap van cdn d mire thap'^.
Cho den giai doan hien nay. cd 7.000 trudng tu nhan. bao gdm cac trucmg tdn giao.
trudng ngogi ngii giang day bang tieng .Anh va khoang 100 trudng quoc te giang da> theo chuong trinh nudc ngoai (chu yeu la cac Uudng cua Anh. Trung Qudc. .M>. Diic \a Phap). Hpc phi tai cae tnrdng lu nhan rat dat dd, do dd ehii > cu hpc sinh hpc tap tai day den tir cac gia dinh giau cd. Cd khoang 35" b hpc sinh thupe nhdm eac gia dinh giau ed nhat Ai Cgp hpc tgi cac trudng tu trpng nam hpc 2014 - 2015. Hpc phi tai cae trudng tu thuc nay sap si 1.000 bang Ai Cap (112 USD). Sy mit gia manh cua dong bang Ai Cap trong nhimg nam gan da\ da khien mirc hpc phi tang \ pt I'upt khdi mire gidi han hpc phi cua ehinh phu quy djnh khien nhieu hpc sinh thupe cae gia dinh trung luu khdng the tiep tuc theo hpe lai eac trucmg hpe nay'-^
Rd rang, hpc phi d cac trudng tu nhan la mpt trpng nhung van de ma eac gia dinh thudng phai can nhac, nhung do ehat lupng giap dye d eac trudng tu nhan thudng tit hem so \ di cac trudng cdng lap nen giao due tu ngay cang trd nen phd bien. Mac dii \ a>. t\ le hpc sinh theo hpc tgi cac trudng tu vln cdn thap, t> li' ghi danh tgi cae td chirc giao due tu nhan tang tir 8° o len 9%i d bgc tieu hpc va tir 4.5°'o len 6,6% d bgc Uung hpe upng giai dpan 2004-2017".
Ngoat ra, sd luong cac yudng tieu hpc cpng ddng danh cho nhflng hpe sinh bd hpc va qua tudi den trudng d khu \ yc ndng thdn da tang len, dac biet la d Thuang Ai Cap. Day
la nhung trudng cdng lgp hogt di>iic dudi sy bao Up ciia he thing giao dye phd thong UXICEF thdnh lap vao nhimg nam IW" """
sy hpp tac eua MOE \a cpng ding dia phuong dupe gpi la "uudng hpc co hpi thli hai danh cho tie em". Nhumg trudng nhu ^a^ thuoiig dupe md d eac khu vyc cd it dan so. vimg sau vung xa, nai ire em thudng khdng co c" hd' tiip can giao due tiiu hpe dung dp tudi. 0 cac trudng nay, mpt md hinh giao due Hnh hogt dupe ap dung di giang dgy. cu the trong mpt ldp hpc cd nhiiu dii tupng hpc sinh cimg hoc tap. Md hinh giao dye nay dupc tinh tiian phu hpp vdi nhu cau thiet thyc cua cpng ddng dia phucmg, dia vj xa hpi ciia hpe sinh hogc vj tri dia ly timg khu vyc. Cac tnrdng cdng ddng d khu vyc ndng thdn thudng gap khd khan trong viee dao tgo chuin giao due tieu hpc. Tai nhimg khu vyc nay cdn cd cae trudng giao due dac biet chu yiu danh cho nhimg tre em gai khdng cd ca hdi di hpe hogc khdng mudn dang ky vao giao dye tiiu hpc, nhimg tre em bd hpc trpng dp tudi tir 6 -14 tudi, va uu tien eho nhirng tre ldn. 0 day eung cho phep tuyen sinh hpc sinh nam nhung khdng qua 25%.
Dac diem ndi bat nhat ciia trudng cpng ddng la mang den cp hdi giap dye tieu hpc thti hai cho ngudi hpc, mang lai co hpi hpc tap phit hpp vdi tre em gai, mat dp khdng qua ddng, cung cap nhiing lpi ich tit nhit chp hpc sinh va gia dinh hpe sinh. Nhirng trudng nhu the nay la giai phap huu hieu nhat trong chinh sach phd cap giao due ciia Ai Cap di gjaj quyit tinh trang bd hpc, qua tudi hpc tiiu hpc va xoa ngn mu chii d Ai Cap.
Ve ly le gido vien
Khi ty le hpc sinh va tnrdng ldp tang ig^
thi ty le giao vien cung tang len. Giai dogn 2012 - 2014, tdng so giao vien tieu hpc 4 ^.
28 Tgp chi nghien ciru CIIM pm STRUNG DONG so 11(171) thang i | , j | | | ^
Phd cap giio due tieu hoc..
Cap la 284.079 ngucri, trong dd tdng sd giao nii; tgi cac trucmg tu la 14.400 giao xien:
vien d trudng cdng lap la 225. 993 ngudi vdi trudng tdn giao (cdng lap va dan lap) la 111. 626giao vien nam va 114.367 giao vien 43.716 giao vien (Bang 3).
Bang 3: So luong giao vien tieu hpc nam 2012-2018 oAi Cap Ten trinnig
Tnrdng cong Tnrdns Azhanri cong lap
Tnrdng tu Trudng Azhanri tu nhan
Tong so
2012-2014 Giao vien Nam
111.626 15 543 7.348
676 135.193
Nii 114.367 26.904
7.052 563 148.886
Tong so 225 993 42.447
14.400 1.239 284.079
2015-2018 (liao vien Nam
202 897 29.412 27.315 2 122 261.747
Na 153.362 36.862
7.175 982 198.381
Tong so 356.259 66 274 4.490 3.105 406.128 Ngudn: UNESCO 2018
Giai doan 2015 - 2018, so lupng giao vien trong cac tmdng tieu hpc d Ai Cap noi chung tang len nhanh ehdng. Tong sd giao vien trong cac tmdng tieu hpc len tdi 406.128 ngudi, trong dd ed 261.749 la giao vien nir va 198.381 giao vien nam. Tong sd giao vien cua cac tmdng cong lap la 356.295 ngudi, tmdng tu thuc la 34.490 ngudi, trudng ton giao cdng lap la 66.274 ngudi, va tmdng ton giao tu thuc la 3.105 ngudi (Bang 3).
Mac du ty 1? giao vien tang len nhanh chong nhung tren thuc te Ai Cap van thieu nhieu giao vien tieu hpc, dac biet la giao vien CO trinh dp chuyen mon cao. Dieu nay mpt phan cung do dan so Ai Cap trong nhimg nam gin day tang nhanh, ty le tuyen sinh tang deu dan gay ap luc len he thdng giao due tieu hpc.
Hon niJa, miic luong giao vien thap da dan den tinh Irang giao vien phai di day them ben ngoai va xa hem la d cac nudc viing Vinh.
Hien nay, nhieu sinh vien Ai Cap tham ehi khong muon thi tuyen vao cae tmdng su pham. do do nhieu Imdng su pham d Ai Cap luon trong tinh trang thieu chi tieu tuyen sinh.
2. Chat lirpng giao due tieu hoc Thirc trang giao due tiSu hpc d Ai Cap eho thay. quy md dao tao giao due tieu hpc ciia Ai
Cap trong nhung nam qua phat trien nhanh, nhung chat lupng giao due ehua phat trien kjp nen da anh hudng den chat lupng dao tao, dan den tinh trang luu ban va bd hpc eiia hpc sinh.
He thdng giao due tieu hpe Ai Cap khong hoan toan dao tao kha nang chii dpng, sdng tao cho sinh vien. Phuong phap giang day ehu yeu trong eac tmdng tieu hpc van theo quy tae
"lay giao vien lam tmng tam". Hpc sinh phai hpe thuoc long mpt so kien thiie can ban ma khdng biet nhiing kien thiic nay se ung dung vao giai quyet van de gi. Hau qua ciia phuong phap day hpc nay lam cho ngudi hpe trd nen thu dpng, khong phat trien dupc ky nang thuc hanh, sang tao, tinh chii dpng va tu lap. De dat didm s6 cao, hpc sinh phai hpc vet, hpc tii va hpc them tmdc cae ky thi. Di6u nay chi co lpi cho nhirng hpe sinh nha giau cd du kha nang hpc them se dat dupe diem so cao trong cae ky thi dat chuan quoc gia va dupe chap nhan trong cac tmdng dai hpc hang dau d Ai Cap.
K6t qua la sau khi ra tmdng, nhimg sinh vien nay khong eo dii ky nang dap iing nhu cau thj tmdng viec lam, ho khong co kha nang sang tao va ky nang giai quyet van de trong qua trinh lam viee. Di^u nay khien ty le that nghiep trong gidi tre d Ai Cap len tdi 30%, cao nhal tren thl gidi. Nam 2012. chi phi eho
Tgp chi nghien cuu CHAI PHI & TRING DONG S6 11(171) thang 11/2019 • 29
Pho cap giao due neujiS^
gidi tre khdng di lam gdm ea nhiing thanh nien that nghiep. udc tinh Ien tdi 53 i< LSD.
chiim 17% GDP cua Ai Cap.
Nhung sd li?u thing ke \ e sd hpe sinh ciing nhu cac md hinh chi tieu tai cac trudng tieu hpc cung rat bihi ich chP viec xac djnh chat lupng giap due tieu hpc d .Ai Cap. Ty le hpc sinh nhgp hpc tieu hpc d .-\i Cap tang len nhanh chdng nhung sy gia tang ngan sach chp viee cai thien h? thdng giao due ndi chung \a tiiu hpc ndi rieng van d muc thap.
Nhin tir gdc dp khac thi chat lupng giao dye d Ai Cgp thap khdng chi la do thieu kinh phi ma cdn do viec quan ly khdng dung each cac nguon tai ehinh gianh cho cai thien giao dye. Ngan sach hang nam cho giao due tieu hpc chiem 1% GDP, chiem V* tdng ngan sach danh eho giao dye. Theo thdng tin tir ehinh phu Ai Cap. ngan sach danh cho giao dye dgi hpc nam 2011 la 11 ty bang Ai Cap (1,83 ty USD). Tren thyc te, chi phi danh eho giao dye mpt hpc sinh dgi hpc cao hon gan 10 lan so vdi mdt hpe sinh tieu hpc. Ben canh dd, dieu dang ndi la so lupng hpc sinh tang thi sd lupng giao vien eung tang, do dd, mdt phin Idn ngan sach danh de ua lucmg cho dpi ngu can bp giao vien. Ngan sach dau tu cho thiit bj giang da\ hpc tap, xay dyng cp sd vat chit da it di lgi dan yai. Nhieu uudng tieu hpc cdn khdng cd hoac khdng dti cac thiit hi cdng nghe eho hpc sinh hpc tap. Thye ti la \ ay nhung tien lucmg chi ya chp giap vien d Ai Cap van chi la ddng luong edng chire it di.
giao vien vln thudng xuyen phai di dgy them tgi cae Uudng hpc dan lap hoac xa hon la d cac nudc v-img Vinh. Hon the nira, van di luang Uiap da lam anh hudng den dao diic nghi nghiep ciia cac giao vien. 0 trudng, cac giap vien thuemg xuyen .vSu eau sinh vien hpc them va mua sach giap khoa ciia hp. Day la
he qua cua chinh sach giao dye thieu hieu qu^- Dudng nhu ehinh phu Ai Cap da quen di ch^' lupng giao due mdi la > iu td dien chdt de ph uien kinh ti dit nudc. Niu so sanh voi '•"'•
nude dang phat uiin thi chi sd hogt dpng g">°
due (EDI) cua hp hpan toan khac vdi Ai^ Cgp- Hp khac nhau vi each khai thae lpi the M: " ™ nang kinh ti di dem lgi Ipi ich cho ngudi dan cua nudc hp.
3, Mpt so nhan xel va kit luan Qua nhimg nghien ctiu tren day ve thyc trgng phi cap giao dye tiiu hpc d Ai Cap cho thay, trpng ba thgp ky qua, Ai Cap da dgt dupc nbOng tiin bd dang ki trong viee phd cap giao due tieu hpe va nang cap trinh dp hpc van.
Nhin chung, tre em ypng dp tudi din tnrdng deu dupe tiip can vdi giaa due tieu hpc, ty le hpc sinh nam va hpc sinh nii uong trudng hpc gan ngang bang nhau.
Cd thi thiy ring, ty le nhap hpc tiiu hpc la nhimg con so thyc sy in tupng, dae biet trong giai dogn 1950 - 2000, chuong trinh phd cap giao due tiiu hpc cua Ai Cap da mang lai thanh cdng rye ra. Nha lanh dap Ai Cap tgi thdi diem dd dupc ca ngai la nha "vd djch"
eai each giao due ca trong pham vi qudc gia, khu vyc va qudc te. Ai Cap da trd thanh tam guang cho eac nudc dang phat trien khac. Tir nam 2000 2005, thanh tyu duac hoan nghenh nhat cua Ai Cap trong cdng ddng toan ciu la md rdng tiip can giao due tieu hpc.
Hang tram ngdi trudng dupc xay dung, ty ij biit dpc biit viit duac cai thien rat nhieu, dac biet la dii vdi nil sinh. Ty le nhap hpc vao cac Uudng cdng lap tang len va Ai Cap tham chi dudng nhu dang di dung hudng de thyc hien Muc tieu Phat triin Thien nien ky cua LiSn hpp quic va dat dupc muc tieu tiep can phj cap giao due tiiu hpc, Tuy nhien, di sau vao
30 • Tgp chi nghien cuu CHiu PHI * TRLNG DONG so 11(171) thang u/j^j^
Pho cap giao due tieu hoc..
tim hilu nhtmg thanh cdng nay lai cho thay kit qua khdng hi an tupng den nhir vay. Tren thgc te, ty 1? mu chO- van cao d phu nir nong thdn va ca trong so nhiing ngudi durpc cho la bilt cho. Kit qua tuyen sinh tieu hpc dat gan 100% nhung thuc te hpc sinh di hpc lai it hon.
Mpt van de nghiem trpng khac la nhieu giao vien thudng xuyen vang mat trong cac gid giang tren ldp va mpt so luong ldn tre em khong hoan thanh bac tieu hpc.
Cho den giai doan hien nay, sau nhieu lan eai each va dieu chinh chinh sach phat trien giao dye, Ai Cap van chi diing d thii hang 133/137 quoe gia ve chat lupng giao due tieu hpe, dae biet ITnh vuc toan hpe va khoa hpc c6n d mde thap so vdi khu va the gidi. Tdng thong Al - Sisi mdi day da tuyen bo nam 2019 la nam giao due vdi hang loat cac du an eai each, tir tang ngan sach cho giao due, tang ty 1? nh^p hpc tieu hpc, den md rpng them he thong tmdng ldp, md rdng giao due va giao due tir xa, phat trien chuong trinh giang day phii hgp hon vdi nhu cau phat trien kinh te ciia dat nudc, dong thdi tang them so lupng giao vien cung nhu dao tao giao vien va cai thien chat lupng giang day. Tuy nhien, ket qua cuoi cimg van nam d tuong lai, bdi mpt qude gia CO dan so tang nhanh nhu Ai Cap thi phat trien giao due noi chung, pho cap giao due tieu hpe ndi rieng co le van la mpt thach thiie ddi vdi quoc gia nay.
Nhu vay ed the noi rang, giao due tieu hpc ciia Ai Cap da thanh cong ve mat sd lupng nhimg chua phat trien tdt ve mat ehat lupng.
Dieu nay ciing xuat phat tir nhieu nguyen nhan nhung mot trong nhiing nguyen nhan tmdc mat tac dpng true tiep den giao due tieu hpc la su qua tai ciia he thdng giao due. Khi dan sd Ai Cap tang nhanh thi ty le tiep can
giao due tieu hpc cung tang diu hang nam.
gay ap lire len he thdng giao due. Ben canh dd, he thdng giao due cong khdng co kha nang eung cap giao due chat lupng cho hpe sinh nhung ap lire thi cu la dieu ma cac em van phai ganh chiu. Cd khoang 50% hpc sinh tilu hpc phai tim den gia su va miic hpc phi phai tra cho loai hinh hpc tap nay la r^t cao khiln nhieu hpc sinh thupe tang ldp trung luu va nhat la hpc sinh ngheo khong du kha nang dl theo hpc. Hon nua, ngan sach danh cho giao due da it, ngan sach cho giao due tieu hpc con it hon va lai dupe chi tieu dan trai. Tu\ nhien.
van dl quan trpng nhat cd le vln nam d nhihig chinh sach cai each giao due ciia Ai Cap. Cac Bp tmdng Giao due tien nhiem cung nhu duong nhiem van hiia nhieu, lam it, chinh sach dupc ban hanh nhung thue hi?n lai chang dupc bao nhieu. Day la vi?c lam khdng hi?u qua ciia he thong giao due Ai Cap ca dudi thdi euu Tong thong Mubarak va hien nay. Van biet rang, nhimg yeu kem cua h? thdng giao due lieu hpe Ai Cap khdng the giai quyet trong mpt sdm mpt chieu, tuy nhien chinh phii Ai Cap can phai trii trpng dau tu nhieu hon nira cho phat trien giao due ngay tir bac tieu hpc - bac hpc nen mong tao budc khdi dau vimg chac cho cac em hpe sinh trong su nghiep hpc tap, dong thdi trd thanh ngudi edng dan eo ich cho gia dinh va xa hpi, gop phin phat trien xay dung dat nude, dap ung nhu cau cdng nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa dat nudc. Pho cap giao due tieu hpc la viec lam lien tuc ed tinh ke thira, khong phai viee lam mang tinh thdi vu, do do doi hoi nhimg ngudi lam cong tae giao due phai co tinh sang tao, khoa hpc thi mdi dat hieu qua cao. Nhu vay, phat triln giao due ndi chung va pho cap giao due tilu hpc noi rieng la doi hdi khach quan va cap thilt ciia su phat trien kinh te va tien bp xa hpi d Ai Cap.
Tgp chi nghien curu CHAV PHI &TRi:^G DOT^G s6 11(171) thang 11/2019
Vu Thl TTanh ^ Pho cap giao d u c J j e i J J ! 2 ^
Chii thich:
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in an Age of Privatization
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'"UNICEF 2018
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32 rapcA/'/lg/l/e« C.f« CHAU PHI*TBCNG DONG s 6 l l ( 1 7 1 ) t h a n g U / 2 Q j ^