PHONG THUY TRONG TO CHU'C MOI TRU-aNG CU" TRU TRUYiN T H 6 N G
VUNG DdNG BANG BAC BO
TS.KTS Khuat Tdn Hung Tntemg Bgi hoc Kieu true Ho Npi
hii-n nha. mdi khang gian yin d, thanh binh
Trai vdi quan nipm phi biin rang: Nha & truyin thong vdng Dong bang Bac bp chu yiu quay vi huvng Nam va hu-dng Dong Nam di ddn gid mat, nghien cuv gin day cho thiy, cd tdi 50% so nha dan gian trong vung duvc xem la cd tiinh htf&ng xiu [6J. Diiu dd chdng td bin canh diiu kipn khi hpu, cdn cd nhung yiu tS khae cd tac dpng khdng nhd tdi thi lo^i kiin tmc nay. Mdt bvng nhOng yiu to dd la thuat phong thuy. Thdng qua cac vi du eu thi, bai viit phan tieh vd ddnh gid vai trd cua phong thuy trong vipc Ig^ chgn dia diim va ti chdc mdi truxmg cw trlJ truyin thong vdng Dong bang Bac bp.
Nhd thd ddng ho Dd, hien vi n nguyen kiin true cdch ddy 3 ihe ky
Cfl the khang djnh, cdc hpc thuylt phong thuj' anh hudng manh me Ifin ddi song vdn hod cOa ngudi Vigt. Nhung phong thuy khi du nhfip vdo Vlflt Nam da dwac Vigt hod vd diing vdi mpt ca c h l Idng leo, linh hogt, thoa man nhu d u tdm I'i han Id dja ly [7, tr. 78]. Dilu nay dupc bilu hifln rit rd rflt trong cdeh lua ehpn dja diem cu trO vd t l chdc mfli trudng eu trO cOa ngudi Viflt vting Ding bang Bdc bp.
Lya chpn dja d i l m c u tru
Theo doi su hinh thdnh vd phdn b l ede dja dilm cu tni cOa ngudi Vifit d thdi Phung Nguyen - Dflng San, ehung ta thiy ve mgt khdng gian cfl sy md rdng vd tap trung xuong cac viing ddng bdng cdc sdng Idn mien Bic Vigt Nam. Hau h i t ede dilm eu tru do vua thugn Ipi cho ngudi ddn di lai lam an, vua an toan cho cupc song. Chung thudng duac phdn bo g i n nguon nudc - tren cdc ddi d i t cao dpc hai bfin nhu'ng eon sflng hoac quanh dam h i , cOng nhu cac d n edt cao ven bien, va thudng d d l i gd ehe ehd. Vi du nhu d Lang Cd, Ldng Vgc, Co Loa... vdn Id cdc trung tdm cu tru quan trpng thdi Ddng San [10, b. 57,159, 800]. Nhd nghifin eu Trinh Cao Tudng, sau khi khao sdt mpt so Idng Vigt d vung Dflng bang B l c bp, da phdt hign edc t h i dat md dan gian gpi Id "thfi Ifi ludi
Cau true mgng lum 58 Tgp
tral chdng ai chinh nd, khum khum gpng vfl ehang n6 thi ai*, dfiu Id d e bai boi d a cdc dflng sdng, sulj d [12, tr. 74]. Nhin t u gflc dp an todn, viflc lya c^pn flja
^ e m eu tni nhu vdy dam bao sy dn djnh Idu dai do trdnh dupc nguy ca sat Id.
Nhd nghifin cuu dflc lgp Ta Dire cho biet Mpt s l Idng Vigt (vung Dflng bang Bie bp) ducrc dyng bfin mpt qud d l i hay mot doi d i t ven s ^ g , dupc d o Id mang hinh nja vdi dinh, d i n d bfin lung nja. Ddy rS rang la mpt quan nifim phong thuj [2, tr. 232-233]. Tuang ty, ldng Ngpc Tnjc, Dgi Mo, Tu Lifim, Hd Nfli bude day dupc coi la nim bfin "sing trau". Ldng phdt trien chay dai theo hudng Tdy Bie - Dflng Nam, va dupc d i a ttianh 2 nira, mflt nua nhin ve hudng Tdy Nam - hudng tilp c|n chinh cOa Idng hifln nay, mot nua nhin v l hudng Dong Bdc - hudng sdng Nhug (cd the la hudng tiep egn chinh cua lang trudc ddy, khi giao ttiflng thu$' ddng vai bd chu dgo'). Cdn ngudi ddn Idng Da Nguu, Tdn Tim, ChSu Giang, Hung Yfin Igi tin ring t h i d i t d a ldng hp Id tt)l ait hinh bdu ndm, bong dd thdn Da Nguu nam d chlnh vting byng bdu nfin hpp vdi nghl ttiule Bac [8, b. 62].
Theo sdeh Bia ly tipn Idm, Idng Dflng Nggc (Tu Lifim, Hd Nfli) d vj tai phong thuy ly tudng: Xa xa v l phia dong cd nui Nung dn ngu-, phia Tay cd nui Tan Vifin (Ba VI); bdy ho nudc phia bic con dfi tao thanh "nfli minh dudng", cdn sdng Hong chdy qua ben cgnh, tgo thanh "ngogi minh dudng" d a lang; ve phia Nam, d e tho son ciia cac lang Cao Dinh, C l Nhul vd Thuy Phuang tgo ttianh
"hgu cham" eOa Idng [11, tr. 104]. Tai Idng Mflng Pl^i (Dudng Lam), khflng gian eu tni tuy d dfl eao chenh nhau khflng ddng k l , nhung hudng nhd vin tuan ttii) theo nguyfin t i c "diu goi son, chan dgp ttiu9", nghTa \t dya lung vdo eho cao vd hudng ra d o thip [11, b. 102]
Dfl Id nguyen nhan Idm ctio cdc ngfli nhd trong lang cfi hudng nhin rit phong phO.
To chijc dja diem c u tru
Trong khflng gian cu tnJ thi quan bpng nhit la viflc lya ehpn dja diem xdy dung dinh, vi dinh duoe coi Id nguyfin khi d a d lang.
Mac du dinh ra ddi mufln han dOa, nhung sau khi xuit hifln vd trong qud binh phdt tiiln, phin Idn dinh Idng da thay chOa dam nhifim vai ti^ tnjng tam vdn hod, tin ngudng Idng xd. Chinh vi ly do do, dinh lang thu'dng cd vi bi quan bpng nhit bong ldng. Trong d c
Idng ven sflng, dinh lang thudng quay mdt ra bd Iflm cOa mdt khue sflng cong - ben b&i cua ddng d d y [12. tr. 74]. Dilu dang chO ^ Id khflng phai dinh lang ndo eQng cd vj tri eao rdo nhit trong ldng nhu quan nigm cOa nhilu ngudi. Trjnh Cao Tudng eho bilt. Dinh Phu Luu, dinh Hli Quan (Blc Ninh), dinh Tho Hd (Bic Giang), dinh Thuy Phuang (Ha Nfli) nim d vj tri thip nhit Idng [12, tr. 41-42]. Trfln ea sd dd, dng nhgn djnh:
"Vj tri dung dinh (ldng vung Bong bdng Bdc bp) dwi?c chgn theo mpt tinh thin rieng. nhung khoa phong thuy ndi rpng ra Id mpt yeu ti y thOc he dwi?c tlip thu tip phwang Bic da gidi thieh mpt hipn twcmg Vipt ci theo tinh thin cua nd" [12, tr, 75],
Dilu d l thiy la cfl nhilu ngdi dinh dupc to chuc dua theo md hinh phong thuy ly tudng. Vi dy d c dinh Phu Hifu, Chu Quyen, Tdy Dang, Vifin Chdu, Mflng Phy (Hd Tay) d i u cfl hudng trflng v l nui Ba Vi. Chic hin ngon nOi ndy ddng vai trd Id tien dn cua cac dinh ndi trfin.
Tuy nhifin, do vung Dong bang Bac bo co dja hlnh tuang d l i bang phing nen khfing phai bao gid cung d t h i lai dyng d n h quan t y nhifin d l lam nhdng tifin dn, hfiu ehim hay ta thanh long, hdu bach ho. Do vay, nhilu dinh lang da su dyng cdc tieu phim phong thu^ nhdn tgo mang ;^ nghTa tupng trung nhu gid san, h i nudc, ciu, thdp, cdy d i . . . de ly tudng hod k i t clu phong thuj ty nhifin. Cl nhieu dinh Idng, ngudi ta xay dyng binh phong lam tien an. Binh phong cd vai trd lam chdm lai su chuyen dong cua dong khi, vi theo phong thuy gio mgnh Id ta phong. Mgt trudc dinh thodng dang, soi bdng xuIng mat nudc {sflng, h i . . . ty nhifin hay nhan tao) hoac nhin ra canh dong rong thodng. Theo thugt phong thuj khi gdp nudc thi tu Igi. Nudc d thap nen mang yeu t l dm, dinh d cao nen mang yeu t l duang. Cd hai hpp lai tao thdnh cfip dm duang hoan chinh. Phia trudc dinh ldng thudng cd cdy phong thu;}' (thudng Id cdy da).
Y nghTa phong thuy b l mgt cua nd Id ty khi, I n gid. V nghTa sinh thai thyc te cua no Id bao vfl ngudn nudc, trdnh gid trdnh ndng. Nhung y nghTa sdu han Id nd cd tdc dyng giong nhu vat
ddnh d i u khong gian trong nhgn thde cua cu dan va hifiu dng che chin khdng gian cua no.
Chinh vi Ie dd, hinh anh " d y da, bin nudc. sdn dinh" da trd nfin h i t sue than quen trong tam tri ciia nhtrng ngudi Viet xa qufi.
Cdc ngfli nha dan gian trong mflt Idng thudng khdng dupe b l tri d phia trudc eua dinh md ehii y l u d phia sau vd trfin nhdng khu d i t d hai bfin dau hoi dinh keo ddi ra. Hudng cua chOng cung ttiudng bj qui djnh bdi hudng dinh. Chinh vi vdy md nhieu khi cae ngfli nhd khflng dupe quay ra hudng tit. VI dy trudc ddy mdt nira s l nhd
khde phu hpp han. Nhung Idng ven sudn d l i Igi ed nguyfin t i e to d i r e rifing: Dau g i i son, chdn dgp thuy (dua lung vdo d l i va hudng ra khoang khflng). Dieu ndy cung hoan todn phu hpp vdi edc nguyfin t i c phong thuj.
Vige djnh hudng ngfli nhd chinh ttieo hudng d a dinh Idng chae han din tdi mflt kifing kj pho biln la kifing Idm nhd mdi d dau hli dTa ttiing vao mat nhd hdng xdm [9, b. 41]. Mflt kifing kj khae dupe dan gian due kit bong cdu nfli 'gflc ao dao dinh", tire Id b^nh lam nhd d gdc ao hay bj dau dao cua dinh chTa ttiing vdo nha. Nhieu hpc gia
Sdn irudc ciia mgt nhd & Ddng bang Bdc BQ trong lang Ngpc Tnjc, Dgl Mo, Tu Lifim, Hd Npi nhin v l hudng Tdy Nam, cung la hudng ciia chua ldng, nua con lgi eOng vdi dinh Idng quay ve hudng Ddng Bde - nhin ra sflng Nhufi. Cach djnh hudng ndy Idm cho phan Idn cac ngfli nha bj ndng vdo miia he vd lgnh ve miia dfing. Anh hudng cua phong thuy trong lang nay hien nay vdn cdn manh den ndi cdc ngoi nha dan gian cfln Igi van giif nguyen hudng cu mac dti chiing hodn toan cd t h i dupc xoay theo cac hudng
da tim each gidi ma cau ndi trfin, trong dd each giai thich cua nha nghien cuu Ta Due la d ve hap ly han d khi cho ring: Tyc klflng bfln vua bat nguon tu quan nifim kj nhijng td gd xiu, vua tu mflt quan niflm phong ttiuj - Ly do Id, mdt khi hudng dinh Id hudng dep thi duang nhifin cac hudng khdc dam cheo vdo dinh (ta>c la hudng cOa gdc ao dinh va dao dinh) la xlu. Mdt khdc, dao dinh cong vut dupc coi la mflt sin phim bit mat gpi cam d a dinh, dupc vl nhu mdi dinh nd 59
hoa, nhung dao Id tfin mflt logi vu khi sac, tu gflc cung gpi mflt vflt nhpn - gpi su nguy hilm nen luflng ttil de hudng vdo nhd [2, b. 82].
Mflt bong nhC^ng nguyen t i c pho bien khdc cOa phong thuy Id trdnh lam nhd dli dien vd'i tryc dudng. Ddy Id mflt trong nhdng ly do d l Idng xd tnjyIn thing vung Ding bdng Bie bp lufln lufln cd bo cyc md. Dudng Idng ngd xom it khi bj eh$n bdi mflt cdng binh kiln tmc, do vfiy efl t h i d l ddng phdt triln theo hudng tiep tyc kdo ddi nlu kha ndng dat dai cho phep (Hinh 1).
Trong trudng hpp bit khd khang, ngudi ta chfln 60 Tgpc
ehfl da d cuoi dudng/ngfl d l ngan edn luong td phong thoi vdo ben bong khufln vifin cua ngdi nha [3, b. 286], [1, b. 212], [4, tr. 232-233].
Ben trong khuon vifin ede ngoi nha, nhit la nhd cua edc gia dtnh khd gid, phin nao eOng bj qui djnh bdi thudt phong thuy. Nhin ehung, mgt tnjdc nha thudng cd khodng khflng bdng phing rpng rai (san trudc). Cing it khi dupc bo tri doi dign vdi ngfli nhd chinh, vua tang su kin dao, vua tranh bj lulng ta phong thii thing vdo trong nha. Theo dilu tra hli d , tOPdc day mflt so nha dan gian vOng Dong bang Bdc bfl co d n g nha
ndm trfln tryc doi xung cua nha chlnh. Hinh ve cua P. Gourou v l xdm Chudt, ldng Phupng Vy (L My Xd, h. Thanh Lifim, Ha Nam) cung cho thay 2/60 nha (3,33%) bong xflm cd d n g nim d l i dign vdi nha chlnh. Trong tardng hpp ndy, nhit thilt phai efl mflt t i m binh phong d n bd hudng nhin tu bfln ngodi vdo bfin bong, dong thdi ngan chan luong ta phong. Phia budc binh phong thudng la be nudc mua, hirng nudc tir trfin d c edy cau trong cgnh dd. Cdch bo cyc nay lam ehung ta lien tudng tdi b l eye pho biln cua d e ngfli nhd vudn d Hul, dgc biet la nhd
cOa d e gia dinh quyen qui. Nhieu khd ndng, nhd vudn H u l Id nai luu giif mflt dgc diem bo eye cQ da md nhgt cOa khu vye tnjng tam la vOng Dong bang B i c bfl. C i n noi thflm Id tu gflc nhin cflng nang, vj trI be nude mua cung nhu d e h hung nude mua nhu trfin Id hodn todn khflng hap 1;^. Do vay, chac ehin nd phai mang mdt y nghTa tdm linh nao dfl.
Trcing mdt so nhd dan gian, ngodi buc binh phong ngudi ta cfln b l trt eae tam gigi bing tre dan d phia budc hien {Hinh 2). dli dign cae gian i^inh. Dfli khi t i m gigi cdn dupc bo bi d d phia bud'c gian phy neu nha d hifin chay suit chieu ddi nhd, Nhgn xfit ve nhung tam gigi ndy, Pierre Gourou cho ring ehung d n eho sy yfin tTnh cua to ttfin han la eho tifin nghi cua ngudi song, do chOng dupc bo tri budc gian d bdn tiid t l tifin [3, b. 261].
Quan nifim phong thuy cung d i n tdi mflt kifing kj pho biln khdc la khflng ddo gilng khai bfin trong khufin vifin nhd, sp ring cd t h i d g m long mgeh Idm phuang hgi den su thdnh datva phon thjnh cua lang [11, b. 130].
Nguon nudc sgch chO yeu dupc Ily tu gieng Idng (nhilu khi Id nguin nude dn duy nhat).
Dilu dfl ndng cao vj thfi cua gilng Idng trong ddi sing epng dong vd bien nd trd thdnh mflt dja diem giao tilp quan trpng. Tuy nhifin. tral qua thdi gian, dilu kifing ky nay da bj logi bd, chu y l u do sy b i t tign trong sinh hogt. Khdo sdt hifln nay cho thiy d rat nhilu ngoi nhd ddn gian da ddo gilng ngay trong khuon vien nhd minh.
Cung d n luu y ring, mdt s l nudc Ddng Nam A khdc cOng cd nhCrng quy djnh dan gian lifin quan d i n vigc ^ n h hudng ngfii nha Ching han d Java - Indonesia, phan Idn nha truyin thong dupc djnh vj theo tin ngudng ddn gian va nhung bilu tupng buu tupng ma khflng he quan tdm den dieu kifin khi hgu. 0 ddy, hudng Ddng (mgt trdi mpc) dupe coi Id lifin quan d i n su sing, d n hudng Tdy (mdt trdi lgn) lifin quan din d l chit. Ngudi ta tin ring nhung ngdi nhd quay ve hudng Dflng -
Phong thuy co Ihe duac coi Id mgt mon Idioa hoc co myc dich td chuc mdi trwang sdng cua con nguai. idm cho ci ehung sdng hdi hod vdi tu nhiin theo cdch ton dung nh&ng uu the vd han che nhiing bdl lai cua ngOQi cdnh
Tdy khi mat trdi mpc vd lgn se mang den eho gia dinh t i t d nhung dieu bat hanh, ngupc Igl chu nhan eua nhirng ngdi nhd quay ve hudng B i c - N a m se nhdn dupe nhilu may m i n [13, tr. 117,119].
Bo qua nhung yeu t l mfi tin dj doan, phong thuy cd the dupc coi Id mflt mdn khoa hpc cd mye dieh t l chdc mfli trudng sing cOa con ngudi, Idm eho eon ngudi ehung song hdi hod vdi ti/ nhlfln ttieo cdeh tan dyng nhung uu ttil vd hgn chl nhiJng bat Ipi cOa ngoai d n h . DO eho van cfln rit nhieu nhO'ng difiu bi i n chua dupc khdm pha, nhung chinh nhCrng quan nigm t i n tgi tu Idu ddi ve thudt phong thuy da gflp phin tgo dyng mot nfit bdn sac khd dflc ddo trong kiln buc vd quin eu eOa ngudi Vifit nfli Chung vd Vung Dong bdng Bie bfl noi rifing. O
TAI US;U THAM KHAO
I. Ddo Duy Anh (2002). Viit Nam vdn had su cuang Nhd Xual bdn Van hod Thong lin, Hd NQI.
2 Tg Due (1999), Nguon goc vd su phdt trien cila kien trie - bieu lupng vd ngon ngir Ddng San. Hdi Ddn tgc hpc Vift Nam, Hd Ngi 3. Gourou. P. (2002). Ngudi non^ ddn chdu tho Bac Ky (Bdn djch).
Nhd Xudt bdn Tre, Thdnh Phd Ho Chi Minh
4. Trdn Due Hgnh (2004), Kien true nhd a ddn gian tinh Hd Toy.
Lugn vdn Thgc sT. Truang Dgi hoc Kien true Ha npi 5. Nguyin Van Huyin (2005), Van minh Viit Nam Nhd Xudt bdn Hgi Nha vdn.
6. Khuat Tdn Hiaig (2007), Moi quan hi giQa vdn hoa vd hen trUc trong nhd d ddn gian vimg Dong bdng Bdc bg. Lugn dn Tien sf, Truang Dgi hgc Kien triic Hd ngi.
7. Nguyin Ludn (2001), Net qui lO-Bdc. Kien Iruc, l-2001.tr. 78.
8. Nguyin Quang Nggc (1986). Vi mgt s6 Idng buon a DBBB the ky XVIII. XIX- Lugn dn PTS Khoa hgc Lich su. tr 62 9. Ngo Huy Quynh (2000), Tim hiiu lich su kien tnic Viit Nam. Nhd Xual bdn Xdy dtmg. Hd Ngi.
10. Chif Vdn Tdn (2003), Vdn hda Dong San, vdn minh Viit co Nhd Xudi bdn Khoa hgc Xa hpi. Hd Ngi.
II. Nguyen Timg (2002), Ve khong gian ldng Ldng a vimg chdu tho SongHong: Vdn di cdn bd n^. Trung tdm Khoa hpc Xd hgi vd Nhdn vdn Qudc gia.
12. Trinh Cao Tu&ng (1994). Dinh ldng Phil Lao - Ha Bdc Irong nin long dinh long Bdc Bg. Luan dn PTS Khoa hgc Khdo cS. Viin Khdo Co hoc
13. Sanlosa, M., 1998. The relation between spatial formation and socio-cultural and physical phenomena. Environment-behaviour research on the Pacific rim (The 11* international coriference on people and physical environment research). University gf Sydney, Australia.
61