Tfp chf Nghiin cnn Nirfrc ngoii, Tfp 36, So 2 (2020) 45-5" 4 3
PHU'O'NG AN BAO TON KHONG GIAN L A N G TRONG LONG DO THI TRUNG TAM T I N H BAC NINH
(THAM KHAO MO HINH B A O TON L A N G HAHOE CUA H A N QUOC)
Cao Thi Hai Bic"
Tru&ng Dgi hge Ngogi ngit, Dgi hgc Qudc gia Hd Ndi Phgm Vdn Ddng. Cdu Gidy, Hd Ngi, Viet Nam
Nh?n bai ngay 02 thing 10 n5m 2019
Chinh sira ngiy 19 thing 12 n i m 2019; C h i p nhiin dang ngay 30 thing 03 n i m 2020
Tdm t i t : Sit dyng mpt phan diJ li?u ciia de tai "Bao ton khong gian ling trong long do thj I6i B3c Ninh"
do Vi?n Quy ho^ch, Kien tnic B i c Ninh th\rc hi?n va cic nguon dil li|u co sin khic tir sich, bio, t^p chi, inlemel, ket hgp phuong p h i p phan tich ty 1? %, phuong phap so sinh, bii viet niy t^p trung tim hifiu 3 van ik: (1) Thyc tr^ng c i c ling thupc khu vyc do thi tnmg tam tinh BSc Ninh hi?n nay, (2) Cac npi dung can ditgc bao ton 6 cic ling trong khu vyc do thi tnmg tam tinh Bic Ninh, (3) Cac phuong ihilc b i o ton lang Hahoe ciia Hin Qu6c c6 the ap dyng cho khong gian ling trong I6ng do thj B i c Ninh. Mpt so kel qui chinh thu dugc tir nghien cinj nay nhu sau. Thii nhat, \ e thyc t r ^ g , da so cic lang trong long do thi B i c Ninh c6n gii} dupc hinh thai ling rdr^t. Thir hai, cac npi dung chinh can dupc bao ton tai cic lang gom c6: Cinh quan thicn nhien. die tnmg van h6a, cong trinh cong cpng v i cong trinh kien tnic co. Thii ba, co the i p dyng linh hofit cic mo hinh bao t6n cua Han Quoc nhu luu giit v i phuc dyng nguyen trang canh quan kien tnic nha a truyen th6ng cung nhu khong gian sinh hoat cpng dong, day manh thiet ke cac chuong trinh trii nghidm thyc t^ thu hiit sy tham gia cua ca n g u ^ dan dia phuorng va khich du ljch, phat huy toi da quyen ty chu ciia Hpi bio tfin ling dan tpc do chinh nhihig nguoi dan dja phuong thinh lap va quan ]•}.
Tic khda: Bao t6n khong gian ling, do thi trung tam B i c Ninh, lang dan tpc Hahoe
1. Dfit v i n d e V e n i 3 t t i c h CIJTC, c o n g n g h i e p h 6 a - d d thj h o a vira l a m g i a m b o t t i n h k h e p kin va BSc Ninh noi tieng la que hucmg ciia l a m t a n g t i n h m a c u a c p n g d o n g lang t r u y d n nhieu goc tich v2n h6a v u n g d o n g b i n g B a c t h d n g , v u a cai thien diri s o n g k i n h te c h o Bp. Mpt trong n h i m g goc tich ay chinh la s y ngucri d a n t r o n g l a n g . V e m 3 t t i e u c y c , q u a truong t6n cua h e t h d n g lang m a c c h a n g chit. t r i n h c o n g n g h i e p h o a - d o thi h o a k h i can 0 Bac Ninh, lang k h o n g chi hien hijru a n o n g t h i e p a miic d p s a u r p n g d a p h a v 5 c a n h thon ma con dan x e n n g a y trong long d o thi. q u a n , k i e n t n i c v a d a i s o n g sinh h o a t , kinh Qua trinh d o thi h o a n h a n h va m a n h da tac te ciia n h i e u l a n g . V e c a n h q u a n , k i e n t r i i c , dpng khong n h o d e n hinh thai ciing n h u c a c s u x e n cai giira c a c n h a a n o n g t h o n v d i gia trj truydn t h o n g ciia lang a ca p h u a n g dien c a c n h a h a n g m a n g d a n g d a p d o thj n h u n g lich cyc va tieu c u e k h o n g d u a c qui h o a c h c h i n h t r a n g d 3 t ? o r a sir Ign x p n , lai c a n g b a t h g p ly. N h i e u c o n g
• OT-84 38 983 9576 ^ ' " ^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^° ^^ ^ ' " ^ ^ ' ^ ' ^^^° ' ' ' ^ " ^^*^
^ . h i e n d a i . N h i e u d i n h chiia bi h u h a i , n h i e u Email: [email protected] " '
•. H. Bic / Tf p chi Nghien cihi NB*C ngoii. T*p 36. sA 2 (-^-
cong lang, cdng xom dS bj thao do va nhieu con duang lang g^ch do da dupc thay the bai duang be tong hien dai. Ben canh yeu to canh quan. kJ^n triic, dai song sinh hoat, kinh te ciia nguai dan trong lang cung chju nhi^u lac dpng tieu cyc. Cac khu cong nghi?p (KCNl nhu KCN Yen Phong, KCN Que V6, KCN Tir San v.v... tran v l cac lang tao nen lan song "ly nong", "Iy huong"
ngay cang manh me. Dac biet, dang chii y tai cic lang trong do thi, phan Ian nguoi dan di khong con lam nong nghiep ma chuyen sang buon ban hoic lam cong nhan trong cic khu cong nghi?p hoic cai tao dat vuan dfi xay nha cho thue phuc vu nhu cau nha o cho cac khu cong nghiep. Ben canh do, tinh lang nghTa xom di khong con man ma va cac le hpi iru>en thong hay cac cac sinh ho^t vin hoa dan gian d i mat nhieu than thai xua (Pham Dinh NghTa, 2014).
NhCrng lac dgng tieu cue na\ da dit ra yeu cau cap thiet vc \ icc bao ton khong gian ling trong do thj trung tam Bic Ninh. Dac biet, can c6 nhihig nghien ciiu hpc thuat khao sat va danh gia Hen nganh ve hi^n tr^ng cac lang can bao ton de tir do nim rfl npi dung can bao ton cung nhu de xuat cac giai phap bao t6n mang tinh thiet thuc nhat. Tuy nhien, vin de bao ton khong gian lang moi chi dupc de C9p nhieu tren thong tin ngon luan ma chua dupc phan tich nhieu trong cac nghien cuu hpc thuat. Co the ke den mpt so nghien cuu trong va ngoai nuoc tieu bieu dS de cap den van de bao ton lang truyen thong nhu Le Thj Minh L> (2003). Ngu\en Qu6c Himg (2007), Ding van Bai (2007), Dao Ngoc Canh va Huynh VSn Da (2013), HuyTih Ngpc Phucmg (2014). Phiin Khanh Linh (2015), Dong Jin Kang (1999), Hedi Dumreicher (2008), Joem Fischer (2012) \ \ .. Tuy nhien, phan Ion cac nghien ciru nay chi t|p trung tim hieu va de xult cac phuong an bao ton dya tren nhihig mieu ta va danh gid chii quan. Cic nghien
cmi di sfiu \i giai ph6p bao tdn ciing moi dimg I9J 6 \iec d^ xuit cac phuang an bao tdn mpt hay mpt vai gii trj cy the ciia lang, vi du gid tri lang nghfi, gia trj ll hpi, g'a trj du Iich v.v... Cac phuang dn bao i6n canh quan^.
kifin tnic va cac gid trj van hoa phi vat the khac con it dupc dfi c^p dfin. DSc bi?t, cdc nghien ciru vfi bao t6n khong gian lang trong do thi con kha h^n chfi.
Vi?t Nam va Han Qu6c la hai qu6c gia CO nhifiu net van hoa tuong dong, trong do c6 vin hoa lang xa. Cung gi6ng nhu Viet Nam, qua trinh cong nghi?p hoa, hien dai hoa da mai mon nhifiu gia tri truyfin thong cua Idng a Hdn Qu6c. Do vay, chinh phii Han Quoc ciing dang thyc hien nhifiu chi'nh sdch tich cyc nhdm bao ton lang truyfin thong. Trong do, mo hinh bdo ton lang Hahoe thuOc tinh Andong o Han Quoc co thfi dua ra nhieu gpi y qui bdu cho van dfi bao ton khong gian ldng trong long do thi Bac Ninh. Andong la thanh pho nam 6 phia Bic ciia tinh Kyeongsangbuk-do. Noi day t^p trung rat nhieu di san van hoa giong dSc trung ciia ihdnh pho Bac Ninh. Ben canh do, ciing gidng nhu Bdc Ninh, ngay nay, Andong con luu gili kha nhieu ngoi lang truyfin thdng trong long do thi. DSu tich qua khu vd nhjp song hien dai vin song hanh theo thoi gian.
Day cung la ly do tac gia lua chpn so sdnh lang Hahoe 6 Andong vdi lang ft-ong thdnh phd Bic Ninh
Chil de bao tdn lang truyfin thdng da duac nghien eim nhifiu a cd Viet Nam vd tren thfi gim. Cdc nghien cihi tieu bifiu trfin th^ gidi CO thfi ke^ nhu Dong Jin Kang (1999), Hedi Dumreicher (2008), Joem Fischer (2012).
Trtmg tarn nghifin cuu bao tdn va phdt trifin lang ^ y e n thong o Tmng Qu6c (2014) v.v...
T , . V i , t N a m c a c n g h i e n c ^ tieu bifiu vfi chu
ae nay co the ke den nhi, H„- '
(.999),UTOMi„hLy o S n " ^ ^ " ^ H < u , g , 2 0 0 7 ) , D ^ g V . „ B a ? f e » ^ - = C i n h v . H u ^ V ^ O . , , 0 , 3 , ; ^ ' ^ : ^ ^ -
Tfp chi NghUn cun Nirirc ngoJu, T | p 36, So 2 (2020) 43-57 45 Phirong (2014), Ph^m Dinh Viet (2014), Phiin
Khdnh Linh (2015) v.v... Diem chung ciia cac nghien ciiu tren tiie giai la tap tnmg tim hifiu cac npi dimg ciing nhu phuang pha^ bdo ton ling truyen thdng. Tuy nhien, hau hfit cac nghien curu nay mdi chi dimg pham vi nghien Cliu d khu vuc ndng thon md chua dfi cap den cac khdng gian lang trong cdc dd thi, vdn dang la mpt hien thuc khd phd bifin lai Viet Nam.
Bfin canh do, cdc nghien ciiu tieu bieu ciia cic tdc gia ngudi Vi?t Nam neu tren dd phan rich vd bdn luan den nhifiu khi'a canh da dang ciia vdn dfi bdo tdn ldng truyen thdng trong Idng dd thj hi?n d^i. Vi du, Hoang Dinh Tuan (1999) dd dfi c^p den bao ton kifin tnic ciia cic Idng ngo^i thanh Hd Npi, Lfi Thi Minh Ly (2003) l?i chii trpng dfin bdo tdn gia tri van hda phi vat thfi ciia Idng, hay Nguyfin Qudc Hiing (2007) bdn cy thfi han dfin bi^n phdp bdo tdn gid tri di sdn ciia ldng truyfin thong d khu vyc ddng bdng Bic Bp vd Phun Khdnh Linh (2015) lai tap trung nghien ciiu vfi cdc giai phap bao tdn vd phat trien lang nghe truyfin thdng v.v... Tuy nhien, h ^ che chung ciia cdc nghien ciiu ndy la chua dya trfin ket qua khdo sat hay md hinh bdo tdn Idng ciia nudc ngoai.
Nam dupc nhimg han che trong lich sti nghien ciiu lifin quan dfin bao tdn lang, de tdi djit ra ba cau hdi nghien ciiu chinh: (1) Thuc trgng cdc ldng thugc khu vuc do thi trung tdm linh Bde Ninh hi4n nay nhu the ndo? (2) Cdc Idng trong khu vuc do Ihi Irung ldm linh Bdc Ninh hien nay cdn dugc bdo tdn a nhOng ngi dung ndo? (3) Hdn Qude dang bdo tdn ldng Hahoe theo nhitng phucmg thuc ndo? Tir do, cd the nit ra nhitng phuang dn bdo tdn ndo hifu qud cho khdng gian ldng trong long dd thf Bde Ninh?
2. Phinmg phdp nghien cihi
Nghien cihi ndy da sii dung nhieu phucmg phdp thu thap dU lieu. Trudc het la phuang
p h ^ tdng hpp cac ngudn tai lieu cd sdn nhu do dn quy ho^ch hay cac tai li^u vfi dja ly hanh chinh ciia tinh Bac Ninh, cac sach, bao chuyfin ngdnh v.v... Khdng chi khai thac cdc nguon tdi lieu tifing Viet, bai vifit con tham khao cac nghien cuu tieng Han, tieng Anh nhSm tim hifiu vfi kinh nghi?m bao tdn lang truyfin thong trfin thfi gidi.
Y tudng ve bdo tdn khdng gian ldng trong Idng dd thi trung tam Bac Ninh dS dupc thai nghen trong qud trinh l$p nhi^m vu Quy hoach do thj Bdc Ninh dfin ndm 2030, tdm nhin dfin nim 2050 dupc Thu tudng Chinh phii phe duy?t tai Quyfit djnh sd 1560/QD-TTg ngay 10/9/2015 va dupc lap bdi Lifin danh tu vdn Nikken Sekkei Civil Engineering Ltd (Nhat Bdn) ciing Vien Quy hoach, Kien tnic Bdc Ninh. Nam 2017, tinh Bdc Ninh chinh thiic phfi duy?t trien khai dfi tdi "Bao tdn khdng gian ldng trong long dd thi loi Bdc Ninh" do dng Cao Van Hd lam chii nhi?m dfi tdi. Khach thfi nghifin ciiu ciia dfi tdi chinh Id cac Idng trong dd thi trung tdm tinh Bdc Ninh va nhihig ngudi dan dang sinh sdng tai cac ldng nay ndi chimg vd dai dien 720 ngudi dan tham gia tra ldi phieu khao sdt ve van dfi bdo tdn khdng gian lang ndi rifing. Trong so 720 ngudi dan tham gia khdo sat, cd 220 ngudi Id can bp edp thdn, xd va 500 ngudi la dan thudng. Dupc su ddng y cua chii nhi?m dfi tai, tac gia bdi vifit nay sii dung mpt phdn dfl lieu khdo sat tir dfi tai dfi lien he vdi vdn dfi bao tdn lang d Han Qudc. Tdc gid bai vifit ndy cung chinh Id thanh vifin tryc tifip tham gia dfi tai. Do vay, mpi y tudng ciing nhu phuang phap trien khai bai vifit dfiu cd su phdt trifin logic md khdng phai la su sao chep y tudng cua ngudi khdc.
Ngodi phucmg phap tdng hop vd phdn tich cd phe phdn, danh gia cac nghien cuu di tnrdc, bai viet cdn sir dung phuang phdp so sdnh nhu so sdnh cac \ an de cdc van de bdo tdn lang d
C T. H. Bic / T»p chf Nghien ciru NB*e ngoii. T*p 36. So 2 ^020) *
V1?t Nam \di cac qudc gia khac v.\.. nhfim jAan d'ch van dfi dcd chifiu rpng \a chieu sau.
3. Hi?n tr?ng cdc ling cin dirgrc bao tdn
nay d trung tam do thj Bic Ninh' cd 187 lang cdn dupc bao tdn. Khu \-uc \a sd lumig cac Idng phdn theo hinh thai dja 1> du^c Ii?t ke trong Bdng 1 dudi dfiy.
3.} Phdn loai cdc ldng cdn bdo tdn Theo khao sat ciia de tai "Bdo tdn khdng gian ldng trong Idng dd thj Idi Bdc Xinh", hien
Bang 1. Sd lupng lang can bdo tdn theo hinh thai dia Iy'
Dan vr ldng
^ ^ N h 6 m ling Khu v\fZ ,
TP. BSc Ninh H. Tien Du TX Til SOT H. Que V6
Ling ven song 15/69(21,7%)
13/62(21%) 19/41(46,3%) 10/15 (66.7%)
L i n g ven nui 15/69(21,7%) 17/62(27,4%)
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L i n g dSng b i n g 11/69(15,9%) 25/62 (40,3%) 28/41 (68,3%) 05/15 (33,3%)
L i n g ven tbj 18/69(26,0%) 59/63 (95,2%) 22/41(53,6%)
15/15(100%) L i n g n^i thj 48/69(69,5%)
03/62 (4,8%) 19/41(46,3%)
0
Bang 1 cho thay rd khu v\rc Thdnh phd Bfic Ninh cdn t^p trung nhieu nhdt vao viec bao tdn nhdm lang npi thj (48/69 lang). Trai l?i, huy?n Tien Du cd sd lupng lang ven thi cin dupc bdo tdn nhifiu hon cd (59/63 ldng).
Trong khi dd, cac Idng thupc Thi xa TiJ San
Bang 2. Sd lupng lang cdn bdo tdn theo dac trung van hda
chii yfiu la lang ddng bang va d huyen Qud Vo, 100% sd lang ven thi can dugc bdo tdn.
Ben canh do, khu vuc va sd luang cac Idng cdn dupc phan theo dac tnmg vdn hda nhu Bang 2 dudi day.
Dan v/; ldng
Nhin vao Bdng 2, ta cd thfi thdy khu vuc dd thj Idi Bdc Ninh Id vimg ddt cd n h i ^ lang di tidl ljch sti duprc xep hang cac c ^ . Trong do, Thanh phd Bdc Ninh va huy?n Tien Du tap trung cdc lang cd di tich lich sii, Idng quan hp va lang cd tdng hpp nhifiu ddc trung vdn hda cdn dupc bao tOT nhifiu han so vdi 2 khu vuc cdn lai. Tuy nhifin, khu vyc Thj xd Tii San l^i cd sd lupng Idng n ^ truyfin thdng cdn dupc bdo tdn nhifiu
nhdt (19 ldng) so vdi 3 khu w c cdn lai.
-rjeo ddnh gia tdng quan cua dfi tdi "Bdo
^on khong gian lang trong long do thi ldi Bdc Ninh, trong pham VI do thi trung tam Bdc
Theo Qui h09ch do thi cua tinh Bic Ninh uu thi uung tam Bic Ninh bao g 6 r r T ^ t ' ^ ' ' - . S a . H . . n T . . O u r , ; : t v r " ^ Mgt lang c6,h^,hu$c 2 nhdm hinh tii^i '
a li lang vcn song vita Uiang lpi thj.
<lla ly, v i d y
Tf p chi N ^ i i n c n i fitr&c ngoii, T^p 36, So 2 (2020) 43-57 47
Ninh, cd 141 trfin tdng sd 187 lang cdn giii dupc hinh thdi ldng rd ret nhdt. Ddc biet, mdt sd ldng can bdo tdn khdn cap nhu Idng Tra Xuyen (TP. Bdc Ninh), lang Due Ddng (H.
Tifin Du), Idng Tieu Son, Cdm Giang...(Thi xa Tir Son), lang Nga Hodng...(H. Qufi V6).
3.2. Muc dg luu giir gid trj truyen thdng cda cdc Idng edn dugc bdo tdn
Nhdm khdo sdt ciia de tai "Bdo tdn khdng gian lang trong ldng dd thi I5i Bdc Ninh" ciing dd ddnh gid vfi mirc dp nguyfin ven ciia cac gia trj truyen thdng cua mdi lang. Ve hinh thai Idng, ndi chung, hinh thai ldng cdn giii duac nhihig nfit ca bdn ciia cac ldng qufi truyen thong ciia khu vyc ddng bdng Bac Bp nhu ni§t dp nhd d thap, khudn vien ddt d rpng, cd san, cd vudn, chifim khoang 80-90%. Ve canh quan, ranh gidi lang cdn rd, mat dp cay xanh cao, nhieu cdnh quan dep, nhat la cdc Idng ven niii Dam thudc Thanh phd Bdc Ninh; cdc lang quanh cdc ddy niii Tifin Du thudc huyen Tifin Du; cdc Idng ven sdng Cau nhu Qud Cdm, Viem Xd, thudc Thdnh phd Bdc Ninh v.v.,. Ve kiln true, ddi vdi cdc cdng trinh cdng cdng, da sd cac lang dfiu cd nai sinh hoat cdng ddng Id Nhd vdn hda thdn, dupc xdy dung khoang 10 ndm trd lai day. Ddi vdi cdng trinh nha d, cd ba hinh thiic nha d phd bifin nhdt nhu sau.
Thii nhdt la nha d kifiu truyen thdng: 1 ting, mdi ngdi, cd san trudc vudn sau, sd lucmg cdn l?i tuang ddi it, chi chiem khoang 20%, chu yfiu d cdc lang thudn ndng ho^c cdc lang ven ddi, niii cd m$t dp dan cu thua. Thii hai Id nhd d hi?n d^i (tir th^p nifin 80 thfi ky trudc dfin nay): chiem dai da sd d cac thdn lang hien nay.
Thu ba Id hinh thdi nha cd (xay dung trfin 70 nfim). Hdu nhu cac Idng van cdn dang nha cd ndy nhung ty Ie rat it, mdi lang chi cdn khodng tir 1-5 cai, dupc sir dung Iam nha d hodc nha thd hp. V^ khdng gian, hau hfit cac Idng cdn gili dupc khdng gian cdng cgng, hd nudc
quanh cdc khu vuc dinh, chiia, dfin, khdng gian Ifi hdi, khu w c nha vdn hda thdn. \'e thuc trang cic cong trinh ha ting, he thdng dudng giao thdng d cdc lang hi?n nay da sd duoc be tdng hda sau khi thuc hien chuong trinh Ndng thdn mdi tir nam 2011 dfin nay.
Mdt sd ldng cdn giir dupc mpt sd lu^ng nhd dudng dd cd (Phii Luu, Dinh Bdng - Tir Son).
Nhirng doan dudng lat gach cu ciing chi cdn rat it lai mpt sd ngd xdm. Ve cic cdng trinh tam linh, hdu hfit cac ldng dfiu cd cdc cdng trinh Dinh, Chiia, mpt sd ldng cd Den, Ngh6, Mifiu, trong dd cd nhifiu cdng trinh dupc xfip hang di tich edp qudc gia, edp tinh. V^ cdc gid trj vdn hda, lich su phi v|it th^, hdu hfit cac Idng cdn liru giii' nhieu yeu td truyfin thdng nhu dan ca quan hp (ldng Dp, Idng Difim...), am thuc (banh khiic ldng Difim, bdnh phu thfi Dinh Bang...), trd chai ddn gian (keo co Hda Long, ddnh du Tir San...). Ve nghe truyen thong, mpt sd Idng nghfi ndi tifing ca nudc nhu lang go Ddng Ky, ldng sdt thfip Chau Khe, lang det to lua Tam Tdo - Npi Due...
3.3. Muc do ddng thudn cua ngu&i ddn dja phuang ve bdo Idn khdng gian ldng
Y tudng qui hoach dd thi Bdc Ninh den nam 2030, tdm nhin dfin ndm 2050, trong dd cd y tudng bao tdn khdng gian Idng ciia dng Cao Van Ha dd nhan duac su ddng tinh iing hd cao ciia cac cap lanh dao tinh, thdnh phd.
Tuy nhifin, nhan thdy rd rdng mpi chu truang, chinh sdch cdn phai bdt ngudn tir nguyfin vpng cua nhan dan vd dupc nhan ddn iing hd nfin dfi tai nghien ciiu khoa hpc "Bao tdn khdng gian lang trong ldng dd thj Idi Bac Ninh" da dupc thuc hifin nham khdo sat miic dp ddng thudn cua ngudi ddn dia phuong ddi vdi chifin Iupc bao tdn nay.
Theo kfit qua khdo sat nay, 98,9% ngudi dupc hdi trd ldi rang "bdo tdn khdng gian
C. T. H. Bic / Tfp chi Nghifn cihi Nirtr ngoii. T#p 36. So 2 (2®^®'
lang trong khu vyc dd thj Idi Bdc Ninh Id can thifit" Chi cd 1.1 "'o dua ra >'kifin "khong cdn thifit". Khi dupc hdi cy thfi han \e khdng gian lang, noi ngudi tra Idi dang sinh sdng thi cd 9".6'*i) trd Idi rdng "khong gian ldng cua minh can dupc bao ton" T\ le tra Idi ndy dd phan anh miic dp ddng thuan cao ciia ngudi dan vdi de dn bao tdn khdng gian lang trong khu v\rc dd thj ldi Bac Ninh. Ddng thdi, kfit qud khao sat ciing cho thdy nguy?n vpng chinh dang ciia ngudi dan cung nhu tinh edp thifit cdn bdo ldn cdc khdng gian ldng dfi gin giu vd phdt trifin khdng gian sinh hoat van hda truyen thdng trong ddng chay ciia cac dd thi hi?n dpi.
4. Npi dung bao ton
Cd khd nhieu quan diem khac nhau ve bao ton cac gia trj truyfin thdng. Neu nhu kien triic su ndi tieng ngudi Phap Viollet Le Due cho rdng vi?c phuc hdi cac tda nha, cdc cdng trinh kien tnic cd nen cd si^ thay ddi vd sang tpo, d$c bi?t Id npi that thi John Ruskin va William Morris lpi phan ddi quan difim ndy va nhan mpnh bao tdn la khdi phyc nhu vdn cd. khdng nfin cd tai tpo cai da timg d dd. Hai nhd phfi binh ngh? thupt ndi tifing nay timg de lpi cau noi bat hu: "Gid vd va md phdng Id khdng thfi chap nhpn dupc" (din theo Peter Horward, 2003, tr. 206-208).
Ben cpnh dd, the hi?n quan difim khach quan vd toan di?n hon ve bao ton, G. J.
Ashworth, giao su ciia trucmg Dpi hpc Groningen. Hd Lan dd dua ra 3 md htnh ly thuyfit \e bdo tdn: Bdo tdn nguyfin trang, Bdo tdn ke thira vd Bdo tdn phat trifin. Bdo ton nguyfin trpng hudng dfin bdo tdn tinh nguyen gdc ciia cdc vpt the, bdo tdn kfi thira Id khdi phyc \9t thfi ndo dd gan dpt nhu nguyen gdc vd bdo tdn phat trifin Id vira giQ lai phan ndo net nguyen gdc \'ira sang tpo cho phii hpp vdi xu hudng thdi dpi. Cdc di san vpt the vd phi
\dt thfi vdn rdt phong phii \a da dpng- o vpy, khd cd thfi dp dyng mpt md hinh bdo ton cho tat ca cac di san. Mdt khac. mpt di san phi vpt thfi cd thfi cd nhifiu phuang dn bao ton khac nhau. Vi dy, ddi vdi nghfi thupt tmyen thdng, mpt mdt bao tdn nguyfin trpng nhiing gi cdn lai, ddng thdi m|t khdc cd the phdt trifin, thay ddi d nhihig miic dp sang tpo khdc nhau (Biii Quang Thdng vd cdng sv, 2012, tr. 51-55).
Nhu vay, tac gid bai viet nay cung ung hp quan difim ve bao ton cua G. J- Ashworth.
Can dp dyng cd 3 md hinh iy thuyet vfi bdo tdn nfiu trfin d nhiJTig hoan canh va ddi vdi timg di san cy the. Tire Id, can phan bi?t "Bdo tdn khdng gian lang" vdi "Bao tdn di sdn",
"Bao tdn cai lang". Bao ton khdng gian lang khdng dan thudn chi la giiJ gin nguyen ven cdc di san va khdng gian dfi d hay chinh Id the xac ciia cdi lang ma cdn la giu gin ca tam hdn cua nd, hay chinh Id cac dac trung ti'ch cue ve van hda, tinh thin nhdm tpo nen s\r khac biet nhal dinh vdi do thi. Mat khac, bao tdn khdng gian lang trong Idng dd thi la m^t nhi?m vu ldng hop bao gdm bdo tdn khdng gian lang song song vdi phdt trifin dd thi. Tir quan diem neu tren, ngay tir khi xay dyng bang hoi cho dfi tai "Bao tdn khdng gian lang trong Idng do thi loi Bdc Ninh", tac gid bdi Viet da xdc djnh 10 npi dung cin bdo tdn cd the ap dung chung cho hdu hfit cdc lang nhu Nhd d tmyfin thdng; Cdng trinh ki^n - c e o (Dinh, chiia, Cdng lang v.v...); Cdng
r:vr.^^"^^^'^'^^°"ggianiihpi
C n h ' p u a T h ' ^ ^ ' " ' ^ - ^ ^ " ^ ^ - " h i e n ;
>-anti quan nhan tao- Van i, • „ , l 5 h O i , i „ , , h . c v . v , ' . r D ' ° " « * ' ° ' " ' a n g , (quan hp v.v...); N g h e ' ; ™ ; ^ ^ ' * ' ; ' " ' ' *
"6c. Ke, qua khao sat C h ™ . ' : " ™ * Bang 3 sau day. "^ '»?n trong
Tfp eU Nghiin cnn Nnvc ngnii, T|p 36, So 2 (2020) 43-57
Bdng 3. Cdc ndi dung can dugc bao tdn trong ichdng gian lang STT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
N9i dung can bao ton Nha a truyen thong
Cflng trinh kien triic co (Dinh, chua, cong lang v.v...) Cong trinh cong c§ng (Nha van hoa, chg, khong gian le hpi v.v...) E}u6ng lang
Canh quan thien nhien Canh quan nhan tao
Vdn h6a (Khoa bang, le hgi, hn th\rc v.v...) Di san phi vat the (quan ho, mlja v.v...) Nghe truyen thong
Huong u6c
T y l f / . 30 86,4 61,4 45,1 50,4 19,2 50,6 45,6 31,7 48,5 Nhin vdo bang 3 cd thfi thay rd cdc ndi
dung can bdo tdn cd ty I? I^ra chpn tir 50% trd Ifin bao gdm: Canh quan thifin nhien (50,4%), Vdn hda (50,6%), Cdng trinh cdng cdng (61,4%) vd cdng trinh kien tciic cd (86,4%).
Difiu nay phdn dnh rd quan tam nhifiu nhit ciia ngudi dan dang dupc ddnh cho vi?c bdo tdn cdc cdng trinh kifin tnic cd nhu dinh, chua, dfin, mieu, cdng lang v.v.. Day khdng chi Id nhiing tuyet tdc ve kien tnic ma cdn la nhiing minh chiing quan trpng, phdn dnh trinh dp thim mi ndi rifing vd trinh dp phat trifin ndi chung ciia mdl giai doan ljch sii ciia lang ciing nhu cua ca vimg Kinh Bdc xua.
Quan lam thii hai ciia ngudi dan la viec bao ton cdc cdng trinh cdng cdng ciia lang nhu nha vdn hda, chp lang, khdng gian Ifi hpi, v.v... Cd the ndi, he thdng cdc chp truyfin thong cung nhu cac khdng gian le hpi la net ddc tnmg khdng the thifiu ciia moi Idng d Bdc Ninh. Cac khdng gian chp cd thfi la cac khu vuc ven dfi hay ven ao ldng. Trong khi dd, khdng gian Ifi hpi thudng la san dinh, ddi cdy (Ddi Lim). Cdc cdng trinh cdng cdng nay vira la khdng gian sinh hopt kinh tfi, van hda chung cua ca ldng viia la khdng gian giao luu giila cdc Idng. Cd thfi ndi cdc cdng trinh cdng c$ng nhu khdng gian chp qufi, khdng gian le hpi Id noi dpng lai rd nfit nhat cac gia tri truyen thdng ciia Idng nhu ddc sdn ciia lang, vdn hda ciia lang, tinh ngudi trong ldng, v.v...
Ket qua khdo sat vdi phan Idn ngudi trd Idi lya chpn can bao tdn cac cdng trinh cdng cpng tai lang minh (61,4%) da phan anh tuong ddi rd nguy?n vpng ciia ngudi dan mudn dupc luu gid cac gid tri truyfin thdng ngay trong Idng nhip sdng dd thi hifin dai.
Cdc npi dung nhu cdnh quan thien nhifin, gid tri van hda nhu khoa bdng, am thyc, Ifi hpi, v.v... Cling la nhirng thfi mpnh ciia nhieu khdng gian ldng trong Idng dd thi irung tdm Bdc Ninh. Day cung Id nhihig npi dung bdo tdn dupc phan Idn ngudi dan lira chpn. Dd la ggi y cho cdc nhd hoach dinh chinh sdch can cd chifin lugc cu the hon trong vi?c bao tdn cdc npi dung nay trong nhifiu khdng gian lang lai dd thi trung tam Bdc Ninh.
5. Md hinh bao ton ldng cua Hdn Qu6c vd phirong an bdo ton khong gian lang trong Idng dd th| trung tam Bdc Ninh J. 1. Md hinh bdo ton ldng cua Hdn Qudc
5.1.1. Danh sdch cdc ldng bdo Idn tieu bieu cua Hdn Quoe
Nam 1973, Ludt bdo tdn di sdn van hda ciia Han Qudc ban hanh can cii phdp ly de xac dinh cac khu vuc vdn hda dan gian. Dia phuang tir khao sdt va lua chpn cdc khu vyc cin dugc bdo tdn. Sau ndm 1984, nhieu khdo sat dugc lien hanh de xac dinh thuc trang cac lang can dugc bdo ton vd ke tir nam
50
2(X)1, Han Qu6c tnin khai chinh sach duy tri nguyen tr?ng lang dan tpc, ^ a tu sau 2010 trien khai chinh sach khai thac va bao ton cac lang dan tpc mpt each bin lilng.
\ i m 2001, Cyc di san van hoa Han (Juoc da xay dung ki hoach trung, dii han bao ton quan ly di san v5n hoa \a ki hoach 5 nSiti chinh trang t6ng thi lang dan tpc. Nam 2003, Han Qu6c t6 chtic cupc mmg cau > dan "Bao tdn lang dan tpc va nang cao chat lupng cupc sing cua nguoi dan". Can cii kit qua khao sat, thang 5 nSm 2004, "Ki ho?ch chinh trang ting thi ling dan tpc" chinh thiic dupc Iriin khai cv thi. NSm 2011, chinh phti Han Quoc ban hanh qui dinh chinh thiic \ i tieu chuin lip djt CO so ha ting sinh hoat tai cic lang vin hoa dan tpc ttpng diim. Tiip d6, nim 2012, chinh phti xay dtmg ki hoach 5 nim bao ton, khai thic va quan ly di san vin Bang 4 Danh myc ciclang bao t6n
C. T. H. Bic / T#p chf Nghien cum N inrc ngoiu. T*p H. So 2 (2
h6a giai d o ^ 2012-2016.'
Trong cuin "Tim din ling truyin * « n g a H a n Q u 6 c " ( ? V ^ ^ ? i * ' ' > - & * * ° ' - ^ ^ >
xuit ban nim 2011, tic gia Han Phil Won^di lira chpn 12 lang dan tpc la lang truyen thong ticu biiu ctia Han Qu6c cin dupc bao ton bao gira: lang Otgol, lang Hangacl, ling Nakan, ling Seongcup, lang Hahoe, lang Ganggol, ling Yangdong, ling Dorae, ling Taksil, lirig Wontho, ling Weam, ling Wanggok. Day deu li cic ling co d5c tnmg nSi bat v i canh quan thien nhien, gia tri vin hoa v.v...
Ben canh dd, Vien Kiin triic truyin thSng Chau A (ATA) ciing dua ra danh sach cac ling truyin thing tieu biiu da v i dang dupc bio t6n cua Hin Quic. Cac ling niy dupc li?t ke chi tiit hon theo timg vimg miin nhu bang 4 ducri day.
tieu biiu ciia Han Quic theo khu vuc Seoul
ChunKchconR do Kycongsang do
Jeolla do
Cangwon do Jeiu do
Bukcfaeon (Gahoe dong) Sanesa maeul Samsa maeul Muscom maeul Yangdong maeul Hahoe maeul Ganggol maeul
[><wae maeul Wanggok maeul Scongeup maeul
Weam maeul
Baraemi maeul Otgol maeul Hangael maeul Geumgok maeul Banschon maeul
Taksil maeul Bosam maeul Wontho maeul Hwangcheon
maeul Nakgan maeul Hyodong maeul
ldng dugc bdo ton kha nguyen vpi nhu Andong Hahoe, Seongup Minsok. Kyeon^u Yangdong, Goseong Wanggok, Asan Oeam, Scongu Hangae, Yeongju Museom, Sucheon Nakanupseong Trong dd, bai vifit na> chi tap trung tim hifiu md hinh bdo tdn aia ldng dan tpc Hahoe. Bdi khac vdi nhicu ldng dan tpc khdc. Hahoe khdng chi Id khdng gian ljch sii - vdn hda ciia mpt thdi dd qua ma cdn Id khdng gian sdng hifin tai ciia ngudi dan khu
•?!•%, http.//ata.hannam.ac kr/korea/kor-set-khlm vuc Andong, ddng thdi Id mdl Irong nhung dja diem lang du lich ndi tifing nhdl Han Qudc.
S-i-2. Md hinh bdo tdn ldng Hahoe Hahoe la mpt trong nhimg ngdi ldng miyen thong lau ddi d Han Q u d c - n o i ddng
^J^TT . !i' '''' ^°"S -^t 600
ndmketudauthoiChoseon(1392).Dodugc ' ^ ! ^ f f (20161, - - f c l i i a „ ^
Tfp cU fi^iia c n Nvrirc ngoU, T|p 36, So 2 (2020) 43-57 51 CHiinh phii vd ngudi dan sdm cd chinh sach
bdo tdn nfin den nay lang Hahoe ndi tieng la noi cdn lim giiJ khodng hon 100 nha truyen th6ng Hanok va nhifiu bao vat khac. Ndm 1984, Hahoe dupc cdng nhpn Id Di san van
hda dan gian qudc gia sd 122 vd ndm 2010 dugc UNESCO cdng nhdn la Di sdn thfi gidi'.
Kfi tir dd Hahoe dugc Nhd nudc thuc hi^n chinh sdch bdo tdn rpng rdi.
Hinh I. Todn cdnh lang Hahoe
Tpi Han Quoc, mdi lang dan tgc cd nhirng Tuy nhien, tat ca cdc ldng phai tuan thii 6 nguyfin md hinh bao tdn khdng hoan todn gidng nhau. tac bao ldn chung nhu Bang 7 dudi day^.
Bdng 7. Nguyen tdc chung bao tdn lang dan tpc ciia Hdn Qudc
STT Nguyen tdc
Uu tien bao ton va phyc dung lpi nguyen trang
Tpo thu nhpp cho ngudi dan va khuyen khich gicri ire quay \c lang xay dyng que hucmg. Xay dyng thfi che cy thfi de khuyen khich ngirai dan lang tir quan ly, duy tri lang
Tdng cudng cdc chucmg trinh trai nghi?m van hoa Iruyen thong chat lupng cao phii hpp vdi d$c tnmg tirng lang
Phan chia ro rang: bp phan to chuc, bp phan phu trach co sd ha lang, bp phan phat trien dy an Khai thac hifiu qua, tich cue ngudn tai nguyen co the ke thira
Mpt phan tien lai thu dugc tir cac dich vu phai trich vao quT bao tdn Idng Ddng chii y Id nguyfin tdc khai thac hifiu
qua, tich cue ngudn tdi nguyen ciia Idng. Dd chinh la vi?c xay d\mg cac chuang trinh da dpng dfi khach thdm quan cd the lira chpn Hch trinh phu hop thdng qua hinh ihiic ddng tin trfin trang web vd tifip nhpn ddt lich online tiudc. Ve cdc chuang trinh tham quan, chinh phii Han Qudc im tien thifit kfi 3 chuong trinh chinh bao gdm Trai nghipm, Tham quan di tich vd Tham gia cdc su kifin van hda. Vfi nOi dung Trdi nghiem, nhifiu chuang trinh thu hiit dupc ca gia dinh tham gia nhu ldm mdn dn truyen thdng, trdi nghiem cupc sdng
ndng thdn nhu trdng cay trai, rau cii, tai hi?n nghi Ifi cudi xin, tang ma truyfin thdng, nghe gidng vfi van hda truyfin thdng tai cac khu hpc dudng, phdng sinh hoat cpng ddng. Vdi npi dimg Thdm di Iieh, chinh phii Hdn Qudc dd thifit ke cac tour tham quan di san van hda, tu lieu dan gian trong phpm vi khdng gian npi bp Tir di^n bach khoa tryc tuyen Han Quoc https://
term s.naver. com/entry. nhn?docId=5 751660 &c id=6 2 874&calegoryld-63813
^ ^ f l - (2016). '':^!l267j- ^^"}i-^2;(6) -
C. T. H- BJc Tf p chi Nghtgn c m N irorc ngoii. T i p 36. >o 2 (202"*
ciia timg idng. Ddi vdi cac di tich \dn hda d khu \-irc ldn can Idng thJ thifit kfi cac tour tham quan rifing theo timg dja diem di tich \-a theo timg chii dfi. Tdt ca cac tour phai co hudng dan vicn du lich di ciing doan dfi ihuyet minh cdc gia tri vdn hda - Ijch sir Ddc biet, cd thfi tham quan mpt sd nha truyen thdng lau ddi ma ngudi ddn van dang sinh song. Ben cpnh dd, cac sv kj?n vdn hda chung thu hiit sir tham gia ciia du khach ciing dugc chii trpng. Dd la cdc SV ki?n nhfim duy tri, phat huy cac nghi le truyfin thong, ie hpi, trd chai ddn gian ciia timg lang. Vi dy, hang ndm, lang Hahoe td chuc cdc SV ki?n chung nhu tfi lfi cpng ddng ngdy rdm thdng gifing, le hpi trdng ndng sdn...
va cdc sy ki?n ddc tnmg rifing nhu du thuyen ngdm phao hoa, mua mdt na...*
Theo dudng loi chi dao chung cua chinh phii, Idng Hahoe ciing thanh lap Hpi bdo tdn ldng dan ipc Hahoe vdo ndm 1984. Trang web chinh thuc ciia Hpi dd gidi thi?u da\ dii \ e ca ciu td chiic, npi dung dang dugc bdo ton va khai thdc tpi ldng Hahoe. Vc co cdu td chiic, Hpi bdo tdn ldng dan tpc Hahoe gdm cd 1 giam ddc dieu hdnh, 6 phd giam ddc phy trdch cdc mang vi?c khdc nhau, 2 thanh ira gidm sat, I trudng phdng phy trdch du ljch. 1 dpi trudng dpi trifin V.\u\ dy an va bfin dudi la dpi ngii nhdn \ ien.
\ e npi dung dugc bdo tdn vd khai thdc, Idng Hahoe la mpt trong sd it ldng cd ciia Han Qudc dugc phyc dyng Ichd nguyfin trpng. Ve canh quan kien trie, Idng van giit dugc hinh thai xua ciia cac nhd truyfin thdng, khu sinh hopt cpng ddng, khu hpc dudng, khu dfin chiia thd Cling, khu mifiu thd. khu rung ty nhifin, khu bao tdng. \'e di san vdn hda ciia ldng, dfin nay dd cd 19 di sdn ciia lang dugc Nhd nudc
?1V^ (2016). -m29^=> ^^"l-i-^fi^
cdng nh4n la di san vdn hda \?t thfi, P^i v&t thfi cdn dugc bao tdn. Vfi ddc tnmg ^ ' ^ ^°^
nhdc dfin Hahoe la nhdc dfin cac net ddc trung nhu trd chai ddn gian Idm \ a miia mdt np, trd chai dan gian du thuyen ngdm phdo hoa, cdc cuon sdch cd ghi chep Ijch sii nJ ngdn ddi, cdc tdi li?u ljch sir quan trpng ciia gia t^c hg Ryu ghi chep Ipi cdc dien bien lifin quan dfin cugc chifin Nham thin Ngyy lopn, cdc bao vat cd ciia ddng hp Ryu. Tdt cd nhimg ddc trung vdn hda nay dd va dang dugc ngudi ddn trong lang Irdn trpng vd bao ton qua nhifiu the h?.
MOt trong nhihig npi dung quan trpng khdc dang dugc bao tdn hi^u qua tai lang Hahoe la cdc chuang trinh trai nghi?m bao gdm: trdi nghi?m nghi le (lfi lang, lfi cudi), trai nghifim dan gian (phong tuc theo mua, thu cdng tre dan, ldi hi^n vdn hda sinh hoat truyen thong), trai nghifim giao due {bdi gidng ve di san vdn hda thfi gidi, ldp hpc Nho giao, giao dye le tiet, trai nghiem viel thu phap, bdi gidng ve Uch sii ldng Hahoe), trai nghiem vdn hda (kfi thira tinh hoa vdn hda dm thuc truyfin thdng).
Ben canh dd, difim dang hpc tpp trong chinh sdch bao tdn lang Hahoe Id vigc trang bi trung tam hudng din du Hch trong ldng va phdng tu lieu luu giii, chia se cac thdng tin, tai lieu ijch sii lifin quan dfin qud trinh hinh thanh va phat trifin ciia Idng^
Cac chinh sdch bdo tdn va khai thac cua Hdn Qudc ddi vdi cac lang dan tpc ndi chung vd lang dan tdc Hahoe ndi rieng khdng chi gdp phan gin gia cac gid trj truyfin thdng cho ddn
^ " " " , • " ' ^ " ^""8 '^^P nhimg bdi hoc qui ba^hoVi^iNamva nhifiu qudc gia khdcTuy
" ' r ; w t t . ' ^ » ' ^ ^ " tdn tpi nhirng hpn che nhat d,nh. Theo kfit ana n„i,- - if-i™ e 1 • ,^„ ^ ^ nghien cuu ciia Kim Soonki (2016 tr7\ „• 7 tin va .thai t M c t i , ^ : , ; ' ; ^ ^ * ' • * / - » bao
« U c dpng din lang d i ™ H 2 ' . ^ ' " ' " ' ^ 6 m J t U c h c u c „ „ a c l „ , . t , ? " ' * " S 0 W
wsm=>*iS3t,hiu,
"'^t.VeniJttich
Tf p dli Nghien cuu Nir^rc ugodi, T^p 36, So 2 (2020) 43-57 53
cyc, ban 50% sd ngudi dugc hdi tra ldi rdng CO hpi vi$c lam cua ngudi dan dugc tang len (61,9%). Tifip dd la cdc y kifin ddng y rdng cac chinh sach bao tdn va khai thdc ldng Hahoe dd gii^ nang cao chdt lugng phdng chdy chiia didy trong ldng (50%), lam tdng nhu cau trien ldm ljch sii vdn hda (50%), khuyfin khich ngudi ddn tham gia vao cac hopt dgng vdn hda (45%), lam sdng Ipi nhieu gid tri vdn hda da mdt (40%), khuyfin khich ngudi ddn tham gia vdo linh vyc cdng nghidp du ljch (38,1%), v.v... Vfi mat tifiu cyc, ngirdi dan ciing xdc ditih tac dpng ciia cac chinh sdch khai thac chua hgp ly nhu lam tdng sy xam phpm quyfin rifing tu ddi vdi nhihig cu ddn dang sinh sdng tai ldng (80,9%), lam tdng hifin tugng tdc nghfin giao thdng (65%), tdng lugng rdc thai (76,2%) va tdng d nhilm tifing dn (52,3%), v.v...
Nhiing m Jt lich cue va hpn che trong chinh sdch bdo ton, khai thdc Idng dan tpc Hahoe nfiu tren Id mpt md hinh thyc tfi dang dfi Vifit Nam nghien ciiu hpc hdi va nit kinh nghifim.
5.2. Phirang dn bdo tdn khdng gian ldng &
Ihdnh phd Bdc Ninh
Dya trfin md hinh bao ldn lang dan tpc Hahoe ciia Han Qudc cung nhu kfit qua khao sdt ciia Dfi tdi "Bdo tdn khdng gian ldng trong long dd thj ldi Bdc Ninh", bdi vifit nay mudn de xuat mpt so phuong dn bao tdn khdng gian ldng theo 3 tieu chi: dfi xuat theo timg npi dung bao tdn, de xuat vfi chinh sach va dfi xudt
\equi chfi qudn Ii.
5.2.1. De xudt cdc phuang dn theo titng nqi dung bdo ton
Theo ket qua khao sat ciia Dfi tdi "Bdo tdn khdng gian lang trong long do thi l5i Bdc Ninh", chifim ty lfi lya chpn cao nhat vdi 80,8% la phuang an bao tdn cdc di sdn vdn hda ljch sii. Tifip dfin Id 78,1% lua chpn phirong phdp gin giu cdc net vdn hda truyen thdng vd 76,8% lua chpn phucmg an xay dung dong bp h? thdng ha tdng kJ thuat nhu nudc
sach, thodt nudc vd \'e sinh mdi irudng, edp difin, chifiu sang. Mgt sd phuang an bdo tdn khdc cd t>' le lua chpn trfin 50% nhu kifin tpo khdng gian le hdi, khdi phyc cdc trd choi ddn gian (71,3%), giii gin khdng gian cdng trinh cdng cdng (68,1%), gift gin cdnh quan thifin nhifin (65,1%), quy hoach chi tifit Idng cdn bao tdn (62,5%), giir gin mpt phdn dien tich dat ndng nghi?p vd chuyen ddi md hinh ndng nghiep - do thi (51,7%), giit gin va phat huy nghfi truyen thdng (51,1%).
Dfi thuc hien thdnh cdng, dfi an bao tdn Ichdng gian Idng cdn tham khao va lang nghe y kien ddng gdp ciia ngudi dan dia phucmg.
Ndi each khac, cac y kifin ddng gdp ciia ngudi dan chinh la co sd thuc tifin quan trpng nhdt de trifin Ichai cdc cdng viec bdo tdn mpt cdch kha thi va hieu qud. Do vdy, trfin co sd tdng hpp y kifin ciia ngudi dan nfiu trfin, thifit nghT can im tifin trudc nhat cho nhdm giai phap bao tdn cdc di sdn vdn hda lich sii, gin giii cdc net vdn hda truyfin thdng, kien tao khdng gian tfi hpi, khdi phuc cac trd chai ddn gian, giu' gin khdng gian cdng trinh cdng cgng vd canh quan thien nhien song song vdi xay dyng ddng bp he Ihdng ha tang ky thudt trong lang.
Ddng chii y rdng phan Icm cdc nguyen vpng nay dang dupc tdi hifin trong md hinh bao ton ciia lang dan lpc Hahoe ciia Hdn Qudc. Do vay, linh Bdc Ninh ndi rifing vd cac tinh thanh tpi Viet Nam ndi chimg cd thfi tham khdo phuong thiic phat trien linh boat cac chuong trinh trai nghiem dac tnmg van hda vd trd choi dan gian ciing nhu phuong tiiiic phuc dung nguyen trang cdnh quan kifin true ciia lang dan tgc Hahoe vdo boi cdnh thuc tfi tpi Bac Ninh va
\^el Nam. Ndi mdt each cy the, tinh Bdc Ninh nen td chiic dinh Id cac lfi hdi vdn hda, chuang trinh trai nghiem, xay dung tour hudng dan du lich da dpng phii hgp vdi dpc tnmg rifing ciia timg ldng cung nhu phii hpp vdi nhifiu ddi tugng khach tham quan. Cd the hgc tap md hinh phdn chia ndi dung chuong Irinh trai
54 r . T H. Bic ' T»p nghipn thdnh 4 nhdm chinh r^u lang Hahoe bao gdm: chuong trinh tdi hi?n nghi ie truyfin thdng, chuong trinh lai hi?n vdn hda dan gian, chuong trinh gido due va chuang trinh tai hifn vdn hda am thyc truyfin thdng. Vdi ddc tnmg
\ dn hda ciia Bdc Ninh, thiet nghl cdn thifit kfi vd ddu tu kinh phi cho cac cdc chuang trinh trai nghi?m vfi vdn hda tam linh nhu thdm quan den, chua \a tim hifiu Ijch sir Nho giao, Phpt giao; cac chuong trinh trai nghiem vdn hda dan gian nhu tham quan vd tryc tiep trdi nghi?m tpi Idng tranh Ddng Ho hay cac Idng quan hg, cdc lang n ^ e , v.v...; cdc chuong trinh trdi nghifim dm thyc nhu thii lam banh phu the, banh le, bdnh da, v.v..
Nhu dd dfi cpp d trfin, Bdc Ninh la vung ddt cd nhieu di tich ljch sir, phong tyc, Ifi hgi vd am thyc da dang. Do vdy, vi^c dp dung tich cyc cdc npi dung bdo tdn nay ciia lang Hahoe st hira h?n mang lpi hi?u qua cao.
5 2 2 Di xudt ve chinh sdeh Moi chinh sdch, qui hopch nhdm bao tdn khdng gian lang trong long dd thj trung tam Bdc Ninh cung can tham khdo y kifin vd bdm sdt nguy?n vgng ciia ngudi dan. Tuc la, bdo tdn phai song song vdi viec tpo ti?n ich trong ddt song sinh boat cho ngudi dan. Van cdn do bai hgc kinh nghi?m tir viec qui hoach cdc phd cd Hd Npi. Bdo tdn kien triic cd, khdng gian cd nhung keo theo ngudi ddn ciing phdi sinh hopt gd bd kifiu cd truyfin trong ichi cugc sdng vdn minh dd thj dd hi?n dpi va u?n lgi hon rit nhieu. Hay nhu cdu chuy?n ngudi dan Dudng Lam xin trd lpi danh hi^u di sdn dfi mong cd difiu ki^n sdng tdt hern ciing la mpt bai hpc cdn rut kinh nghiem cho vi^c qui hopch lang uong dd thj tpi Bdc Ninh. Mat khac, ciing cd thfi nit icinh nghidm tir nhimg hpn chfi ciia md hinh bao tdn lang Hahoe de giam thifiu cdc tdc dpng tifiu cyc nhu xam phpm quyen rifing tu ddi vdi nhihig cu dan dang sinh sdng tai lang, tdc nghfin giao thdng, tdng lugng rdc thai vd
cbi Nghiin COTi > ii*c agodi, T*p 36, So 2 (JOJ*'
tdng 6 nhiem tieng dn. v.v... trong qu^
khai thac cac gid trj du ljch ciia ldng.
Nhu \dy. quan difim ciia bai \'iet ndy Id cdn thiet phai qui hopch cy thfi phpm vi, npi dung cdn bao ldn vd phuong phap tien hdnh bdo tdn. Ngudi dan vdn cd Uifi sirih song tpi cdc nhd cd dugc bao tdn nfiu hp mudn. Khi dd, cdc md hmh nhd d dugc bdo tdn can dam bao vira toat Ien net kifin tnic truyfin tiidng vira ddp img dugc cdng ndng sii dyng cho ngudi ddn.
Ngudi dan ciing cd thfi lua chgn phuang dn khdng sinh song trong cac khu nha d dugc bdo tdn. Trong trudng hpp nay, cd the qui hopch cdc khu ddt gidn ddn cho ngudi dan.
Song song vdi vi?c gin giQ: canh quan, kien tnic truyfin thdng, cdc nha qui hoach dd thi vd cac nhd hoach dinh chinh sdch can ddc bi?t luu y dfin viec bdo tdn cac khdng gian sinh hopt cpng ddng. Vi du, khdng gian td chiic Ifi hpi, khdng gian chg truyen thdng, khdng gian vdn nghfi tdp Uifi, khdng gian hdi hgp, v.v... bdi mgt trong nhimg ban sac cua "Ldng Viet" chinh la "tinh cdng ddng". Ddng thdi, dfi phdt huy tinh cpng ddng chat che cua lang, bfin cpnh cac dfi xuat ve bdo ldn khdng gian Idng, can dfi xuat cdc chuong trinh, hoal dpng tap thfi de mpi ngudi dan cd the cimg tham gia quan ly, giO gin, bdo v? khdng gian lang. Vi du nhu hoat dpng gay qui tiiudng nien dfi xay dung va bao tri cac cdng trinh kien Inic ciia ldng, hoat dpng vfi sinh mdi trudng cdnh quan Idng dinh id v.v...
Vfi van dfi gin giu vd phdt huy ddi song kinh te cho ngudi dan dfi hpn chfi tdi da hi^n tupng "ly ndng", "ly huong". thifit nghT bdo ton khdng gian lang trong thdi ki hpi nhpp va kinh te thi tnrdng ciing cdn phai di lifin vdi mpt so vi,c nhu: tpo dyng cac c a h g i phdt nen kinh techo ngudi danirong lang trfin CO o khai thac tiem ndng tir chinh khdng gian
TIP CU Nghite cnn Ninrc ngoki, T|p 36, So 2 (2020) 43-57 55 ndng nghiq> cdng ngh^ cao dfi khuyfin khich
mOt bd phpn ngudi dan giii rudng, giir nghe ciing la mOt phuong dn hl^u qud vira giiip bdo ton canh quan ty nhien ciia lang que Viet Nam vira giiip ich cho vi^c phdt trifin du lich Idng truyen thong. Mdt khdc, cdn tpo dung mdt sd nghfi mdi phu hgp vdi difiu ki^n tu nhien, xa hpi ciia timg lang dfi ngudi dan cd thfi sinh ton ngay trfin chinh mdnh ddt qufi hucmg. Bfin cpnh dd, mpt trong nhung co hdi phdt trifin kinh tfi vd md rpng von xa hgi cho ngudi dan chinh Id day mpnh phdt trifin du Ijch ldng truyfin thdng. Day chdc chdn se la xu hudng thjnh hdnh trong luang lai. Khi cupc sdng cdng nghidp hipn dpi ngdy cdng ban rpn vd cdng thdng, con ngudi sfi cdng mudn tim vfi nhihig khodng thdi gian va khdng gian binh yen ciia thua xua. Dd chinh Id cdc khdng gian lang truyfin thdng. Dfin thdm cac khdng gian lang truyen thdng, nhieu ngudi cd thfi gdp Iai tudi tho cua chinh minh thdng qua hinh dnh nh&ng cay da, gifing nudc, sdn dinh hay khung canh ngudi ndng dan cay liia, tre chdn trau, thd dieu. Tuy nhifin, dfi cd thfi dp dung vd ddy mpnh md hinh phdt trien du Ijch lang trong do thj, can tich cyc tuyfin truyfin va giai thich dfi moi ngudi dan trong Idng vira hieu rd dugc lgi ich kinh tfi tir lopi hinh dich vy nay vira y thiic rd dupc trdch nhi?m ciia bdn than phdi gin giir vd quang ba cdc gid trj vdn hda tmyfin thdng tot d?p cua Idng cho nhifiu the he di sau. Chi khi y thiic ciia ngudi ddn dugc ndng cao tdi miic ty giac thi cdng cugc bao tdn khdng gian ldng radi thu dugc nhftng ket qud bfin vihig.
Tuy nhien, ciing cdn cd nhiing quy chfi rd rang dfi gidi han qui md, miic dp, phuang thirc phdt trifin cdc dich vy du ljch khai thac tir khdng gian Idng dfi trdnh tnrdng hgp lang chi cd vd ngoai Id truyfin Ihdng nhung rupt thi hodn toan hifn dpi vd thuang mai.
5.2 3. De xudt ve qui che qudn ly Nhu dd de cap d trfin, bao tdn va khai thac ldng dan tgc xuat phdt tir nguyfin \ong chinh
dang \ a mang lai loi ich thiet thyc nhdt cho chinh ngudi ddn dang sinh sdng tpi cac Idng dd. Do \'ay, vi?c thdnh lap Hdi bdo tdn ldng dan tpc Hahoe ciia Han (Judc do chinh nhihig ngudi dan trong ldng true tifip qudn ly va \'an hdnh la mdl phucmg thiic thiet thyc giiip bao tdn \ a khai thdc ldng hi?u qud. Hpi sfi xa\
dung trang web rifing ic iing dyng cdc cdng ngh? thdng tin vao quan ly, bdo tdn lang theo hinh thiic di?n tii, sd hda. Do vdy, tinh Bdc Ninh can cd co chfi phat huy tdi da quyfin ldm chii ngudi ddn dja phuong trong viec thdnh lap Hi?p hdi bdo tdn, xdy dung va trifin khai cac chuong trinh trdi nghi?m vdn hda, xdy dyng va trifin khai cac chuong trinh phdt trifin du lich, xay dyng va dp dung cac chfi tdi xir phpl vi pham, v.v...
Ngoai hinh ihiic quan Iy tr^c tifip, tinh Bdc Ninh cdn td chiic cac Idp hpc dao tpo nang cao trinh dp cdng ngh? thdng tin cho cdc cdn bp phu trach bao tdn vd qudn Iy lang dfi cdng tdc bao tdn dugc h? thdng vd tifin Igi han. Theo dd, moi Idng cdn xdy dyng mgl trang web rifing dfi vijca cung edp cac thdng tin cap nhpt ve lang, vira chia se cdc tu lieu ljch sii vira tiep nhdn vd tra Idi cdc thdng tin kip thdi cap nhat lifin quan dfin bdo tdn vd khai thdc lang nhu md hinh lang ddn tdc Hahoe.
6. Ket luan
Nghifin Cliu nay da tra Idi dugc day dii cdc cau hdi nghifin cuu ddt ra Thii nhdt, vfi thyc trang cac lang thugc khu vuc dd thj trung tdm tinh Bdc Ninh hien nay, nhin chung da sd cdc Idng cdn giii' dupc hinh thdi lang rd ret nhdt.
Ve nhd d, cd ba hinh thiic nha d phd bifin: kifiu truyen thdng, kifiu hifin dpi va kifiu nhd cd (xay dung trfin 70 nam). Vfi khdng gian, hdu het cac lang cdn giii dugc khdng gian cdng cpng, hd nudc quanh cac khu vuc dinh, chiia, dfin, khdng gian Ifi hgi, khu vuc nhd vdn hda Ihdn. Vfi cac cdng trinh tdm Iinh, hau hfit cac lang dfiu cd cac cdng trinh Dinh, Chiia, Dfin,
C. T. H. Bic / Tfp chi Nghien can Nii*c ngoii. T^p 36. So 2 (2020)
Nghe. Mifiu. trong dd cd nhifiu cdng trinh dupc xfip hpng di tich cap qudc gia, cap tinh.
\ e cdc gia &i vdn hda, Ijch sii phi \ at thfi, hau het cac Idng cdn luu gi& nhifiu yeu td truyfin thdng nhu dan ca quan hg, am thuc, trd choi ddn gian... Vfi nghe truyfin thdng, nhifiu lang cdn luu giii \ a sdng dugc vdi nghfi nhu lang go Dong Ky, ldng sdt thep Chau Khfi, Idng d?t to iya Tam Tdo - Ndi Due...
Thir hai, cac ngi dung chinh can duoc bdo ton tpi cac ldng trong khu vuc dd thi tnmg lam linh Bdc Ninh gdm cd: Cdnh quan thifin nhifin, ddc mmg vdn hda, cdng trinh cdng cdng (nhd vdn hda, chp lang, khdng gian Ifi hgi) \'a cdng trinh kifin tnic cd (dinh. chiia, den, mieu, cdng lang).
Thii ba, ve md hinh bdo tdn ldng Hahoe ciia Hdn Qudc, chinh sach bao tdn ciia chinh phii Han Qudc dang tap trung chii yfiu vao ngi dung luu giir vd phyc dyng nguyen trpng cdnh quan kien tnic nhd d truyen thdng ciing nhu khdng gian smh hopt cpng ddng. Ben cpnh dd Id chinh sdch day manh thiet ke cdc chuong trinh trai nghi?m thyc tfi thu hiit sy tiiam gia cua cd ngudi dan dja phuang vd khach du Hch.
Cdc chinh sdch bao tdn dugc trien khai thyc hi^n tren nguyen tdc dam bao tdi da quyfin ty chii cua Hdi bdo tdn lang dan tdc Hahoe do chinh nhihig ngudi ddn dja phuang thdnh lap va quan 1\'. Ddy ciing chinh la md hinh bdi vifit nay mudn de xudt trong cdng tdc xa> dyng chinh sdch bdo tdn khdng gian ldng trong ldng dd ihi trung tdm tinh Bdc Ninh.
T d i ii^u (ham khao
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OPTIONS FOR PRESERVATION OF VILLAGE SPACE IN BAC NINH'S CENTRAL URBAN AREA
(WITH REFERENCE TO THE PRESERVATION MODEL OF HAHOE VILLAGE IN KOREA)
Cao Thi Hai Bac
VNU University of Languages and Inlernalional Sludies Pham Van Dong, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vielnam
Abstract: Using part of data of the sludy "Preserving village space in the Bac Ninh's central urban area"
conducted by Bac Ninh Institute of Planning and Architecture and other available data sources from books, newspapers, magazines, Internet, combined with many reseach methods such as the percentage analysis method, the comparative method, this article focuses on three issues: (1) Current situation of villages in ihe central urban area of Bac Ninh province today, (2) Contents to be preserved in villages in the central urban area of Bac Ninh provmce, (3) Conservation methods of Korea's Hahoe village and experience for Bac Ninh. Some of the main results obtained from this study are as follows. Firstly, most of the villages in the Bac Ninh's central urban area still retain clear traditional village forms. Secondly, the main contents that need to be preserved in villages include: natural landscape, cultural characteristics, public works and ancient architectural works. Thirdly, it is possible to flexibly apply Korea's village conservation models such as preserving and restonng the status quo of traditional residential architectural landscape as well as community living space, promoting the design of practical experience programs thai engage both local people and tourists, maximizing the autonomy of the Association for Conservation of Traditional Villages established and managed by the local people.
Keywords, preserve village space, Bac Ninh's central urban area, HaHoe traditional village