The first step in this transaction is a reduction in the use of external chemical inputs (eg mineral fertilizers, synthetic pesticides). The use of such mulches adds to the above benefits and also reduces disposal costs for farmers, while preventing environmental problems in the long term.
Materials and Methods
The analysis contributes to the literature by providing data for discussion of the short- and long-term effects of the use of mulching materials. Salable peppers were harvested three times at the end of the season (during one month in all years).
Results
In addition, the percentage with respect to PE without waste management (baseline scenario) is calculated to present a comparative analysis of alternative materials. Regarding the final profitability, two biodegradable materials (Mater-Bi® and Sphere®) show higher profitability than PE (with and without subsidy), while Bioflex® and Ecovio® are the worse options with reductions of 1.6% and 6.9% compared to the benchmark achieved in the trials.
Discussion
Interestingly, two of the evaluated biodegradable films (Ecovio® and Sphere®) are good economic alternatives to PE under the current public payment system. It has been demonstrated that this effect on the soil's productive capacity increases with the concentration of plastic particles in the soil.
Conclusions
A recent study by [23] hypothesized the case where a farmer tills all of the biodegradable mulch into the soil at the end of the crop cycle. InProceedings of the International Symposium on Sustainability; International Society for Horticultural Science: Seoul, Korea, 2008; p.p.
Using Flaming as an Alternative Method to Vine Suckering
Introduction
Flaming is currently used to control weeds in heat-tolerant herb and horticultural crops [9–12], but to our knowledge, there has been no research using flaming to remove suckers from vines.
Materials and Methods 1. Experimental Set Up
The number of pistons before the first flame was the same between treatments in all years. The plants that were vacuumed by hand showed a significantly lower number of suckers compared to the other treatments.
Cover Crop Effectiveness Varies in Cover Crop-Based Rotational Tillage Organic Soybean Systems
Depending on Species and Environment
Materials and Methods 1. Site Description
Samples were replicated three times per plot or 12 times per cover crop species (cereal rye and triticale). Cover crop height, soybean height and yield met the assumptions for analysis of variance (ANOVA).
Results 1. Climate
Each cover type (rye and triticale) followed by the same letter is not significantly different. Thus, the environment (soil and climate) was identified as a factor explaining part of the observed variability in cover crop biomass.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Soil Cultivated with Vegetables in Crop Rotation under Integrated,
Organic and Organic Conservation Management in a Mediterranean Environment
The effect of the systems on average daily fluxes was analyzed in the two periods (P1 and P2) and for the two fields separately, through linear mixed effects models, one for each gas, using R "lme4". Consequently, the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to compare the relationship between the logarithm of CO2flux and the soil temperature in the three levels of the “system” factor. The ANOVA describing the relationship between the logarithm of CO2 and the soil temperature highlighted that the slope of the linear regression was not different according to the treatments (0.059), while the intercept of the regression was significantly lower in INT (1.249) than in INT (1.249) than in 4+(1) (1.8) (1.8) and
However, the effect of fertilizers on the soil's greenhouse gas emissions depends strictly on climate and soil-specific conditions as well as on the type of organic fertilizer itself. Furthermore, our results showed a different effect of the cropping systems on the daily flux of CO2, as the intercept of the linear regression describing the relationship between CO2flux and soil temperature was higher in ORG and ORG+ than in INT. The net GHG emission budget showed a tendency to be higher in ORG+ (in both fields and periods) and ORG (in P1 in F1 and F2) with respect to INT due to the effect of the cropping system on CO2 emissions, as the CO2 equivalents of non-CO2GHG did not differ between ORG and ORG.
Evaluation of the Agronomic Performance of Organic Processing Tomato as Affected by Different Cover
Materials and Methods 1. Field and Treatments Description
However, the proportion of discarded fruit of the entire fruit production in 2017 was not affected by tillage and cover crops. Number of tomato fruits obtained in each system as affected by tillage and cover crop management. In our case, the total phenolics and the antioxidant activity were not affected by different management of tillage and cover crop residues.
The lowest NO3 was found in the plastic mulch soil without cover crop (CT-NC-PM) and in the system where clover was incorporated (CT-CC), while no significant mineralization was seen in the dead mulch (NT-CC) (Figure 2). Soil nitrate concentration as affected by cover crop residue management in the 2016 (upper graphs) and 2017 (lower graphs) trials. The evolution of the plow over 10,000 years and the rationale for no-till farming. Earth up.
Leguminous Alley Cropping Improves the
Production, Nutrition, and Yield of Forage Sorghum
In the crop, the presence of Leucaenaalleys increased the diameter of the stem and panicle compared to the single sorghum system. In the absence of mineral fertilization, the addition of the plant residues increased the leaf dry mass (LDM) and the stem dry mass (SDM) of sorghum compared to the single crop cultivation. However, there were no changes between the cropping systems in the presence of mineral fertilizers (Figure 4).
The yield of forage sorghum was improved in the crop with mineral fertilization, regardless of the cultivation system. However, in this study, mineral fertilization did not affect the N content of crop leaves. Cultivation in Leucaenaalleys increased P content compared to individual sorghum in the crop.
Management of High-Residue Cover Crops in a Conservation Tillage Organic Vegetable
On-Farm Setting
Results and Discussion
Same lowercase letters in last column represent no difference in cover crop termination rates. The same lowercase letters in each column represent no difference in cover crop termination rates. The same lowercase letters in each column represent no difference in volumetric soil moisture.
The same lowercase letters in each column do not represent a significant difference in melon yield between cover crops. The same lower case letters in each column do not represent a significant difference in okra yield between cover crops. The same lower case letters in each column do not represent a significant difference in watermelon yields between cover crops.
Conclusions
Acknowledgments: The authors would like to thank Corey Kichler, agricultural engineer, Trent Morton, biological technician, and Kirk Iversen, project administrator for their personal involvement in finalizing the cover crops, applying treatments, planting, harvesting cash crops, and for creative ideas such as insect control and keeping in constant communication with the Frankle grower. Plow depth, tillage time and cover crop effects on cotton yield, soil strength and tillage energy requirements.Appl. Effect of a cereal rye cover crop and conservation tillage on the critical weed-free period in cotton. Weed Technol.
Effects of integrated polyethylene and cover crop mulch, conservation tillage and herbicide application on weed control, yield and economic returns in watermelon. Weed Technol. Efficacy of different roller/pincer herbicide applicators for accelerated termination of a rye cover crop. Comparison of mechanical and chemical cover crop termination systems of winter cereals and cotton yield in conservation agriculture.
Processing Tomato–Durum Wheat Rotation under Integrated, Organic and Mulch-Based No-Tillage
In ORG+, cover crop biomass was shrunk and left on the soil surface as dead mulch. Cover crop termination in ORG+ was generally delayed compared to ORG, due to slower plant development in the conservative system (Table S1). The processing tomato was transplanted with 3.3 plants m-2 in single rows spaced 1 m apart by a standard machine in the INT and ORG and a no-till direct transplanter in ORG +.
Thus, in ORG+, N fertilization from durum wheat came entirely from incorporated bean plants (relying on an expected amount of approximately 50 kg N ha−1[19]). Throughout the experimental period, the values observed in ORG were always significantly (p<0.001) higher compared to INT. On the contrary, the practices adopted in ORG+ (cover crop and temporary intercropping) significantly improved the self-sufficiency of the N system, so that excess did not cause N loss, but low production (Yield) consistently reduced the efficiency of external N input (Y/Other).
Agronomic Performances of Organic Field Vegetables Managed with Conservation Agriculture Techniques
A Study from Central Italy
Materials and Methods 1. Site Characteristics
The global performances of the cropping systems were tested whether or not the contribution of cover crops was included, in order to determine how this could lead to different performances in the systems. The cropping system had a significant effect on all the tested variables except for the dry biomass of the weeds and the P concentration in the marketable product (Table S1). Due to the combination between concentration and dry matter production, N accumulation generally showed significantly lower values in ORG+ than ORG and INT.
The dry matter in the total aboveground biomass did not differ between INT and ORG, whereas it was significantly lower in ORG+. Total N accumulation in aboveground biomass of the lettuce was higher in INT and was significantly lower in ORG+. Consequently, the total aboveground dry matter production of the crop sequence followed the same trend as dwr.
A Technical-Economic Comparison between
Conventional Tillage and Conservative Techniques in Paddy-Rice Production Practice in Northern Italy
Table 1 shows the order of mechanized operations in the three plots, along with the amount of production inputs used (seeds, fertilizers, pesticides). Abbreviations: n.c.: mechanized processing not carried out in the specific agronomic practice; Dr: working width of the different working machines; 4WD: four-wheel drive. Ownership is independent of the use of the machine, while operating costs are proportional to the use of the machine.
The annual cost of shelter is assumed to be constant over the life of the machine. A=area worked by the equipment (2.11 ha in case of operation on a single parcel, 6.33 ha for operations carried out simultaneously on the three parcels). Measured effective field capacity (Ca, ha/h) of the operations performed in the three test plots.
