To shed light on the effects of caloric restriction and its mimetics on skin biology. Nutrients. Antiaging effects of calorie restriction (CR) and CR mimetics based on the senoinflammation concept.
Anti-Aging Effects of Calorie Restriction (CR) and CR Mimetics Based on the Senoinflammation Concept
Introduction
Senescent cells have been shown to release multiple inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which are defined as senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) [ 7 ]. In this review, we focus on the diverse protective effects of CR against aging from a senoinflammatory perspective.
Age-related Inflammation and Senoinflammation
During aging, persistent age-related inflammatory responses that cause metabolic dysregulation form a vicious cycle. Age-related inflammation and metabolic dysregulation result in the induction and activation of numerous pro-inflammatory genes, metabolic and signaling pathways, and SASP.
Calorie Restriction
Therefore, the concept of senoinflammation shows the orchestral performance of activated pro-inflammatory cytokines and transcription factors at a molecular level, immune cell senescence and SASP at a cellular level, and systemic inflammation and metabolic disorders at a systemic level during the aging process.
Anti-senoinflammatory Effect of CR
This evidence suggests that CR successfully regulates the symptomatic appearance of senoinflammation that extends to pathological conditions such as chronic inflammation, insulin resistance, and low energy metabolism. In addition to the anti-inflammatory effects described above, CR is also known to regulate the expression of several genes involved in the regulation of energy metabolism.
Omics Big Data on Aging and CR
In another study, transcriptomic data from adipose tissue indicated that CR suppresses transcription and activity of genes involved in inflammatory response, for example the NF-κB signaling molecule gene. In support of the beneficial effects of CR in aging, one of the proteomic analyzes showed that CR improved glucose and lipid energy metabolism and suppressed oxidative stress [87].
Preventive Effects of Other Types of Dietary Restriction in Aging
Other omics studies provided evidence that CR definitively modulates aging processes and prevents or delays age-associated disease progression. Hepatic transcriptome analysis showed that CR stimulated pathways involving IGF-1, NF-κB, mTOR and SIRTs, which together contribute to reduced oxidative stress and improved metabolism, further supporting that CR promotes health and may extend lifespan by interfering with age-associated signaling pathways [85].
CR Mimetics in Aging
In addition to the anti-inflammatory effect, PPARs have diverse biological effects, including the promotion of cellular proliferation, glucose and lipid metabolism, insulin sensitivity and tissue remodeling processes [67,184]. Our group synthesized MHY908, a novel PPARα / γ dual agonist, and showed that it has a significant inhibitory effect on age-related inflammation and insulin resistance [203].
Conclusions
Effects of mild caloric restriction on lipid metabolism and inflammation in liver and adipose tissue. Biochemical. Anti-inflammatory effect of beta-hydroxybutyrate via modulation of PGC-1alpha and FoxO1 mimicking caloric restriction.
Mechanisms of Calorie Restriction: A Review of Genes Required for the Life-Extending and
- A Central Role for GH and IGF-1 in the Regulation of Lifespan
- Possible Relation of the GH-IGF-1 Axis with Inflammaging
- Differential Regulation of Cancer and Lifespan by CR via FoxO Transcription Factors
- FoxO1 Mediates the Tumor-Inhibiting Effect of CR
- Pleiotropic Roles for Foxo1 in Disorders
- Sirtuin as a Molecule Upstream of FoxO
- Roles for Npy in the Effect of CR
- Role for Npy in the Tumor-Inhibiting Effect of CR
- Conclusions
These results suggest that Nrf2 plays a major role in the tumor-inhibitory effect of CR, but not for lifespan extension. In Drosophila, deletion of Sirt1 (dSir2) in the fat body abolishes the lifespan-extending effect of CR [ 56 ].
Srebp-1c/Fgf21/Pgc-1α Axis Regulated by Leptin Signaling in Adipocytes—Possible Mechanism of
Materials and Methods
Measurement of the time course of food intake of AL-fed Wd and KO mice and the body weights of the four groups are shown in Fig. S1. Then, this plasmid was digested with BamHI and EcoRI and the gene sequence was inserted into pMXs-AMNN-Puro (pMXs-AMNN-Srebp-1a-Puro) after also being digested with the same enzymes. Purified RNA was reverse transcribed using ReverTra Ace®qPCR RT Master Mix (Toyobo) and cDNAs were then amplified using the CFX Connect™Real-time System, Thunderbird SYBR qPCR mix and primers for each gene.
Lysates containing 15 μg of protein were subjected to SDS/PAGE, and the proteins were then transferred to nitrocellulose membranes.
Results
The mRNA expression levels of Srebp-1c(A),Srebp-1a(B), PeriA(C),Adipoq(D),Fasn(E),Fgf21(F) and Pgc-1a(G) were determined using RT-PCR and normalized toRps18 expression (n=4). H) Representative immunoblot images showing the expression levels of proteins involved in FA biosynthesis and mitochondrial biogenesis. Moreover, SREBP-1c is the significant regulator of the expression of genes and proteins involved in FA biosynthesis and mitochondrial biogenesis in adipocytes. The mRNA expression levels of Fgf21(A) and Pgc-1a(B) were determined using RT-PCR and normalized toRps18 expression (n=4). C) Representative immunoblot images showing the expression of proteins involved in FGF21 signaling and mitochondrial biogenesis.
Effect of leptin signaling on the expression of genes and proteins involved in FA biosynthesis and mitochondrial biogenesis.
Discussion
In SREBP-1c OE adipocytes, the expression of FGF21, PGC-1α and SIRT3 proteins was very high. As a result, it was likely that a reduction in leptin signaling induced the expression of proteins involved in FA biosynthesis and mitochondrial biogenesis via SREBP-1c in adipocytes. SREBP-1c expression is high when leptin concentration is low, and is regulated in a GH/IGF-1-independent manner, but it is a key player in the CR-associated metabolic remodeling of WAT, up-regulating both FA biosynthesis and mitochondrial biogenesis.
Liver-specific expression of transcriptionally active srebp-1c is associated with fatty liver disease and increased visceral fat mass.
The Effects of Calorie Restriction on Autophagy
Role on Aging Intervention
- Calorie Restriction (CR) Modulates Autophagy Processes 1. Introduction to Calorie Restriction
- Protective Effects of CR-Induced Autophagy on Different Organs
- Benefits of Intermeal Fasting in Autophagy: Is CR the Only Solution?
- CR Mimetic as an Autophagy Inducer
- Concluding Remarks
Two important nutrient-sensing proteins, mTOR and AMPK, play important roles in regulating the initiation of autophagy [10,13]. A growing body of evidence supports the idea that autophagy plays an important role in the beneficial effects of CR [60,61]. In the next section, we will discuss the protective role of autophagy under CR conditions.
Promoting basal levels of autophagy in the nervous system improves longevity and resistance to oxidants in adult Drosophila. Autophagy.
Shedding Light on the Effects of Calorie Restriction and Its Mimetics on Skin Biology
- Skin Aging
- Effects of CR on Skin Aging 1. Effects of CR on Wound Healing
- Effects of Alternative Ways of Dietary Restriction on Skin Aging
- Protective Effect of CR Mimetics on Skin Aging and Skin Disorders
- Conclusions
The physiological and functional changes of each part of the skin during aging are reviewed in the following sections. Changes in epidermal thickness with age are varied, but mostly appear to be stable or decreasing in thickness. The age-related decline in the regenerative capacity of the hair cycle fully encompasses the senescence of HFSCs.
Human skin aging is associated with decreased expression of the stem cell markers beta1 integrin and MCSP.J.
Myocardial Dysfunction after Severe Food Restriction Is Linked to Changes in the Calcium-Handling
Properties in Rats
Severe food restriction (FR) resulted in significant changes in the physical phenotype of the rats. Protein expression of calcium handling regulators evaluated by Western blot in the myocardium from control (C) and food restriction groups (n=6 in each group). A) Representative bands of the proteins. Taken together, these changes in cardiac myocyte calcium handling capacity are critical in the development of myocardial dysfunction during severe food restriction.
In addition, food restriction leads to severe changes in the cardiorespiratory structures, especially the weights of the lungs, atria and ventricles [13,14,16].
Six Weeks of Calorie Restriction Improves Body Composition and Lipid Profile in Obese and
Materials and Methods 1. Subjects
All eligible subjects were obese former athletes as determined by body mass index (BMI≥30). Results of the CR I and CR II diets on body mass and composition before and after the dietary intervention. Its level increases in the blood in relation to the reduction of body mass [49,50], a phenomenon that was also confirmed in this study.
Reducing daily caloric intake by 30% of TDEE can be recommended for overweight and obese former athletes to maintain proper body mass and health.
Conclusions
Relationships between body weight change and cardiovascular disease risk factors in male former athletes. Int. The risk of developing obesity, insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome in former strength athletes—Does the termination of sports career increase the risk? No effect of weight cycling on the post-career BMI of weight class elite athletes.BMC Public Health.
Prevalence of diabetes, hypertension and ischemic heart obesity in College Rowers disease 455 in former elite athletes. Metabolism.
Mechanisms of Lifespan Regulation by Calorie Restriction and Intermittent Fasting in
Model Organisms
Introduction Opening Sentences
In the early 1900s, there was some evidence that dietary manipulations affected the health and longevity of organisms. From the 1950s to the 1980s, the effect of CR on longevity was also reported in other species. Although the effects of IF on health and longevity are not as clearly elucidated as those of CR, there is evidence to suggest a positive effect of IF on aging [31,32].
These studies indicated that total calories are a key determinant in regulating the lifespan of rats.
Animal Models and Protocols of Dietary Manipulation 1. Yeast (Saccharomyces Cerevisiae)
Although the rhesus monkeys in the CR groups received approximately 70% food compared to ad libitum groups in both the NIA and WNPRC studies, there is an important difference between them in terms of nutritional composition [91-93]. The NIA provided raw food based on natural ingredients, while the WNPRC provided a purified diet to monkeys [91-93]. These dietary manipulations performed at the NIA led to increased longevity of the control groups with an old onset from the rhesus macaque median lifespan.
In addition, juvenile/adult males without CR in NIA showed a similar median lifespan compared to that of CR monkeys in WNPRC.
Dietary Manipulations for Human Application
However, since the NIA used rhesus macaques of different ages, sexes and different genetic backgrounds (Indian and Chinese), it showed results that could compare the effect of CR according to the differences in age/sex/genetic background. Although the results of the effect of CR on the lifespan of rhesus monkeys were different, both groups show health benefits of CR such as loss of weight and fat, and reduced risk of cancer and cardiovascular disorder.
Molecular Mechanisms of CR and IF
Accordingly, it is widely accepted that common molecular mechanisms may mediate the lifespan extension of CR and IF. Importantly, similar to the TOR pathway, genetic disruption studies also demonstrated that AMPK mediates lifespan extension by CR. It was also shown that genetic knockdown of sir2in fat body suppressed the lifespan extension of CR [185].
This raises the possibility for the circadian clock to play a master role in CR-mediated lifespan extension by simultaneously controlling these CR pathways.
Conclusions and Future Directions
Dietary restriction in mice from 1 year of age: effect on longevity and the incidence of spontaneous cancer. Science. Calories do not explain life extension by dietary restriction in Drosophila.PLoS Biol.2005,3, e223. The effect of dietary restriction on rodent lifespan is explained by calories alone.Exp.
Role of dFOXO in lifespan extension by dietary restriction in Drosophila melanogaster: Not required but its activity modulates the response.Aging Cell.
Intermittent Fasting for Twelve Weeks Leads to Increases in Fat Mass and Hyperinsulinemia in
Material and Methods 1. Ethical Approval
Results are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) with 5 different animals for each group. Results are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) with 5 different animals for each group. Results are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) with 5 different animals for each group.
The results are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) with 5 different preparations for each group.
