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gd Thi Nhdm (1746 - 1803), cdn duge ggi Id Ngd Thdi Nhifm (1), ty Hy Doan, hifu Dat Hidn, Id danh sT, nhd vdn ddi h§u Ld - Tay San, khi nghidn euu thidn hpc lyi cd dao hifu la Hai Lugng, smh tai lang Td Thanh Oai, huyfn Thanh Tri, edeh kmh dd Thang Long hon mudi edy sd. 6ng xuit thdn ti-ong gia dlnh vgng tgc chon Bde Hd, la con trai cd eua Ngd Thi ST (1726 - 1780), mdt nhd sft hpc, nhd tho ndi tilng lftc biy gid.

Ngd Thi Nhdm sdng thdi tho i u trong gia cdnh bin han, thanh dam. Ong rdt thdng minh, bude vdo eon dudng trudc thudt rit sdm. Ndm 16 tuoi (1761), dudi sy budng din cua cha, dng da vilt cdng trinh sft hgc ddu tidn, cudn Nhf th^p tdr su todt yiu. Nam 20 tudi, dng soyn cudn Tu:gia thuyit phd. Ndm 1769, Ngd Thi Nhdm do khoa sT vpng. Nam 1772, dng dy khdo thi d Quoc Tu Gidm dd hyng uu, trong ndm ndy, dng dd hodn thdnh tde phim Hdi Ddng chi lu^c. Theo ldi cua Phan Huy Chu, tdc phim chep khd rd rdng ddy dft vl nhan vdt, nfti sdng, sd ddn, thul Id cfta Hdi Duang. Khoa thi nSm At Mfti (1775), dng d5 thft nam hang tidn sT tam giap.

Ngd Thi N h ^ de lyi mft sd lugng tha tuong doi Idn gdm hai phin: tho lam d trong nudc (06 typ gdm: But hdi tung dam, Thdy vdn nhdm Mm, Nggc du&ng xuan khiiu, Cite hoa thi tr^n, Thu can duang ngdn. Cam ^&ng nhdn thogi), dugc ldm tirong chuyln di sft nhd Thanh.

Cung nhu tiio, phft eua Ngd Thi Nham vfta ddm dd trft tinh, viia mang tmh tiidt ly. Phft cua Ngd Thi Nhdm gdm 17 bdi chep d tdp Kim md hdnh lu trong bf Ngd gia vdn phdi.

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LE THUY DU^ONG

Trong nhilu bdi vdn, tha, tft, phu, Ngd Thi Nhfm nhic nhidu ddn thiin. Tu sdm, Ngd TM Nham dd nghien eiru nhieu vd Phdt hgc nhinig pbdi den culi ddi Tay Son, khi duge Quang Todn cho v l que tri sT, dng typ trung nghidn cmi va vidt sach ve Phdt hgc, khdng phdi Id dao Pha tieu eye, Idnh ddi ma Id Phdt hgc nhyp thi ffi^

hifn qua tinh than ydu nudc la chft dao.

Trong gia dinh hg Ngd cua dng, cd nhilu ngudi nghien cftu v l dyo Thiln nhu: Ngo Thi ST cd thifn edm vdi dao Phdt; Ngd Thi Hodnh, em thu tu cua dng cflng Id ngudi hieu sdu vl Phat hpc (Ngd Thi Hodnh: cdn dugc gpi la dng Tu Chua vi Ngd Thi Hodnh da di tii tai Thiln vifn True Ldm); Ngd Thi Chi, em trai thu hai cua dng la ngudi vilt bdy hoi diu cua tap Hodng Le nhdt thdng chi, cftng Id tdc gii efta bg Tdn ddm tdm kinh, nghidn cftu ve Phat hgc.

Ngd Thi Nhdm, nhd Nho nhung lyi di tim hilu, nghien cuu ve Phat bge trong dd noi b|t ldn vin dl vl thiin. Bdn thdn dng Id ngudi yeu nude, ydu ddi, tich eye hdnh dgng vi ddi, chinh vi vay, thien Phat giao cfta Ngd Thi N h ^ la thien nhdp thd, thidn mang tinh thdi dyi. Thien hpe, vdi nhftng thuylt hi in giai thieh moi qum hf giua bdn tbl vd hifn tugng, gifta sidu phiing vdi the tyc... cd sy ldi cudn ddi vdi dng, tuy nhidn dng van the hifn, ed nhiing ly giai rieng ciia minh ve thien hgc.

Trong bdi Van thu tham thiin, nhftng cSu tho dd ndi ldn tam ti^g cua nhd Nho ydu nudc Ngd Thi Nhdm vdi mgt tdm hdn khdt khao s?

ti^nh l?ing qua bao ngdy chhn ndi gian truSn, da tham thiin (2):

Wt

Khuat chi phieu bong ky ngii niin, Kim thu thdn tif, nhdt tham Thiin.

Cue hoa sa quai hoang kim gidp, Boi difp triing nien bgch nggc thuyen.

Vang SIC ky hdi Hoe qudc mdng, Cd ngd y cifu Trite ldu duyen.

Linh am tu tgi linh quang tinh, Sdng nhgp Ngdn cdu tu thuy lien.

Dieh tiia:

Bdm ddt nam nam dat khap mien Chfta qud tiiu lai budc tim ldn Canh vang vua tdch xde hoa cue La bdi lan xem ben vi thidn Chuyfn cu giac bde bao do mdng Thdn xua ldu true van tien duydn Am thidng edn dd, tda sen lang Khi mat hd trong mat nudc dm (3).

Cd the khing dinh tu tudng, tam hdn thidn efta Ngd Thi Nhdm Id tdm bdn eda nhftng ngudi theo Thidn hgc True Lam, ma ngudi sang l^p Id vua Tran Nhan Tdng. Tran Nhan Tdng la mdt trong nhftng dng vua thdi Trdn ed cdng ldn trong vifc iSnh dyo nhan dan Dai Viet hai Ian danh bai quan xam luge Nguydn Mdng, dd kdt hgp trong ddi minh mdt ngudi anh hung vo edng hidn bdeh vdi mpt due phat tft bi, edt cdch tharih tao. Cd the ndi, Trin Nhdn Tdng chiu anh hudng triet Iy nhd Ph^t, song do khdng phdi Id tu tudng, chu truang xuat thd di tim su giai tiioat d edi hu khdng md Id tu tudng Phat giao trong sy thong nhit, dung hgp vdi Nho gido, Lao giao va truydn thdng cua ddn tdc. Su dung hgp dd tao cho Phat giao mdt dang ve mdi mang mdu sdc Viet Nam vdi tinh than nhyp the tich cyc,

Cach nghi vl Thidn hgc eda Ngd Thi Nhdm duge thd hifn vdi bdn chat mdt con ngudi hdnh ddng khdng mdi met, Ngd Thi Nhdm da cd nhiing suy nghT ro rang v l mdi quan hf gifta Nho hpc va Thiln hpc. Ddn tham Vyn Nien am, d dd ed mpt ehd gpi Id: Yet tdm xir, dng ghi lyi cam tudng nhu sau: "Cdi dftc cua tdm cd le la tiiinh ldm vdy. Budng ra thi khip sdu cdi, thu lyi thi ndu d nai sau kin. Nhd nho chftng ta Idy chft tdn tdm ldm cdi vifc edn kip nhat, chft chua timg

V A N H Q C bilt din cdi gpi Id yet tdm. Yit nghTa la tuc (dimg lai). Tdc gid Idy yit tdm ddt tdn eho Thien vifn thi cd phdi dd hidu dao Phdt dd chang? Tdi e ring chu yit chua bao qudt dugc chft ton vdy.

Tdm yet d cho nay, ma tdn d cho khde. O ehdn sdng h i thi lo cho vua, d ehdn midu dudng thl lo cho ddn. Binh tiinh md suy, thi khdng lftc nao ld;;eVvyy..." (4).

Ndi bat trong cugc ddi, tho vdn Ngd Thi Nhdm ehinh Id chit lifu thiln nhdp thd. Thiln hpc ti> TK XVII - XVni da dugc nhilu bac vua ehua ngudng mp, trg giup. Ddng thdi nhilu thiln su Trung Qude dd ed myt d Ddng Trong.

Vua Le Huyen Tdng, Trinh Trang xem hda tiiugng Chuylt Cdng (1590 - 1644) (phai Lam Td) la thdy. Nam 1678, vua Le Hy Tdng sam hdi vdi thien su Tdng Dien (1640 -1711) (phdi Lam Td). Ndm 1696, Nguydn Phuc Chu nhan tiiiln su Thach Lidm (phai Tao Ddng) ldm su phy.

Ngodi ra, thdi ky nay cdn cd sy ddng gdp cfta thiln su Chan Nguydn (1646 - 1726) (phai Tnie Ldm) vd thiln su Huang Hai (1627 -1715) (phai True Lam). Ngd Thi Nhdm sdng trong khdng khi cac tac pham cfta Thien True Ldm duge suu tap khd ddy dft, thiln phdi True Lam dd dugc phyc hung. Nhung kinh didn Dai thfta duge du nhdp khd nhilu bdn cynh sy sut giam nilm tin vao ly hpc d gidi tri thftc. Trong gia dinh hp Ngd, Ngd Thi ST, Ngd Thi U*c rit mp Phdt nhu tren da dl cap.

Tuy men md dao thidn nhung nhin chimg, Ngd Thi Nham van la mot nha nho. Mdt nha nho hanh dao, sdng tde nhilu tde phdm tha nho gid tri, dft dng vdn danh gia cao tu tudng thiln ban nho*

L.T.D

1. Ngo Thi N h ^ tnkig vai tin hiiy vua Tir Diic (Hong Nham, Nguyin Phic Thi) nen phii dgc va viet thinh Ngo Th6i Nhi^m.

2. Tham thien: vio chiia ngli tinh t^a 6k tham ciiu chSn ly, nhi chiia ggi li: tham thien nhap dinh.

3,4. Tuyin t^p thee van Ngd Thi Nh^m. quyen I, Nxb Khoa hoc Xa hoi. Hi Noi, 1978, tr.127-128, 38.

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