LICH SU - VAN HOA - XA HOI CHAU AU
qUAIV HE BO BAO NHA -
^*(Qua tdc phdm "L 'Europe et
T r o n g quii irinh nghien ciru ve quan he ddi ngoai eiui Xiem vdi eiie nude phucrng
Tay. ehiing tdi dae bidt ehii y ddn tiic pham
"L'LT'ROPL: I;I LL; SIAM DLI XVIC AU X V I l l e S H X ' L L ; " eua Michel .lACQ- IILRGCOIJALC'II do l/harmattan xudt ban nam 1993. boi nd da eung ciip nhieu sy kien ljch su eu the. rd rimg vd quan he eua mdt sd nude phuong l a y vdi Xidin. lrong dd ed Bd Diio Nha. nude phuong Tdy ddu lien thiet liip quan he thuong mai va tru)en giiio \'di Xiem ngii)' tir diiu the thd k) .XVI. Dii) ki nhirng trang l u lieu riu qu) hiem. giiip cluing la hieu them ve quan diem ddi ngoiii cua Xiem ddi vdi phuong l a y . khd ed thd lim thii) trong nhirng edng trinh khiie vidt vd chii dd nil), ke ca nhirng tac phiim eua nguiii Thiii. Biii viet nil) dd cap ddn quan he giira Bd Dao Nha vdi Xidm trdn ITnh vye n^oai giao. iliinmg iiuji vd truyen gido.
1. TLl T H A M DC) DEN T H I E T LAP QUAN HE N ( ; ( ) A I C;iAO
Ddn An Do dugc muai nam. Bd Dao Nha mdi cd the lien hanh Ciic euge thiim hiem tidp theo ddn viing Vidn Ddng (Orient L.xtrdmc) nham tim kidm nhirng vimg dat mdi mil hg hy vgng cd thd tim thii) huong lieu, gia vj giii re dd dem vd biin d ehau Au nham thu lgi nhiiiin eao. Viing diit dau tidn hg den ki khu \ y e Ddng Nam A. Nam 1508.
Diogo l,opes de Scquiera ehi hu) bdn chidn
- XIEM VAO
T H £ ' K YXVI
le siam du WIe au XVIIIe siecle ") TS. Dang Van Chircng
r
Khoa Sii; Dai hoc Sir pham Hue
thu)en Bd Dao Nha den Malacca de mo rdng phiim vi anh huong va phat trien thuong mai nhung khdng thanh edng vi xa) ra xung dot vdi nhimg ngudi dan theo I Idi giiio d da).
Hon mdt nam sau. thang 6-1509. phd viiong (vice-roi) Bd Dao Nha Albnso de Albuquerque o .An Dd dii ehi hu) mdt lye lugng hai qiuin hiing niiinh hon tim edng Malacca nhung cimg khdng the chiem duge thimh phd. nguge liii mdt sd binh linh Bd edn bi l l d i Mi'ong Malacca biit kim tii binh. Sau hai liin khdng thimh edng. viio thang 6 nam 151 I. phd Mi'ong Albnso de Albuquerque sir dyng mdi lye lugng quiin sy to ldn hon. gdm 14 tiiu ehien vii khoang 1.100-1.200 linh dd tiin cdng \ a da chidm duge Malacca viio thiing 8 nam 1511.
Nga) sau khi kim ehu thimh phd eo bien quan trgng nil), phd vuong Albnso de Albuquerque da eu Duarte Lernandez den Xiem de tham dd thai do cua trieu dinh Xidm vd vide Bd chidm ddng Makicca. vi Irudc dd Malacca it nhidu chiu anh huong cua Xidm
' Duarlc I crnandc/ la \ i khach phuitnu la) diiu lien den lham .^NUihaNa. la moi nhiin \ a i rai w nang khii-ii ngDai giao \a nhanh nha_\ lrong \\ic nam hai ihong tin, lrong ihoi gian hi lloi \uimg Malacca hai lam lii hinh nam 150'). ong dii hoc lieng Mii Lai \a hicl kha nhicu \ c tinh hinh ciic nuoc lrong khu \i.rc. \ ' l nhung
\on hiC'Li hicl do. ong la "irng cu \ iC-n"" so mgi \ o i \ai Iro "dai sir dac menh" den .\ieni lrong lua ehgn cua Al'onso de .MhuLiuerque.
42
NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°2 (1ISMOIO"va Xidm la ban hang khu vyc quan trgng bac nhat ciia Malacca.
Vdn cd nang khidu ngoai giao va sy am hidu tinh hinh thye td ciia khu vyc Ddng Nam A, chuydn vidng tham ciia vj dai su' ngu'di Bd Dao Nha da duge Qudc vuong Xiem Rama Thibodi II (1491-1529) ddn tidp trinh trgng. Duarte Fernandez da dang ldn vua Rama Thibodi II qudc thu ciia phd vuong Afonso de Albuquerque ciing mdt thanh guom quy. Vua Xidm Iran trgng ddn nhan vdi tinh than hoan hi. Vdi kha nang giao tidp va sy nhay ben ciia minh. Duarte Fernandez da rat khdn kheo tra Idi mot each thuydt phue vd nhirng van dd ma vua Xidm quan tiim. nhu vd vide chidm ddng Malacca cimg nhu tidm lye kinh td. sire manh quan sy ciia Bd Dao Nha va quydn uy ciia vua Bd liic bay gid. Sau cudc hdi kidn. Duarte Fernandez da dugc vua Xidm mdi ddn nghi dudng d khu nha sang trgng. tham cung didn va .xem bach tugng (voi trang - elephant blane). bidu tugng quyen lye linh thieng eua qudc virong Xidm'.
Trong thu giri vua Xidm. phd virong Bd Dao Nha da bay to sy hai long dugc lam phd vuong Malacca va mudn dugc tidn cir thdm nhidu can vd ngudi Bd ddn bao vd Qudc vuong Xidm va giiip nha vua trong nhirng trudng hgp cdn thidt. Thdm vao dd, dng cdn giri ddn vua Xidm mdt thdng diep than thien.
hiru hao eua vua Bd: "Bi) Ddo Nha .sdn .sdng phue VII nhirng gi md vua .Xiem cdn". Vi phd
i 3 I - .
vuong giri nhieu tang pham quy gia Ien dire vua Rama Thibodi II va ciing khdng quen giii ddn than man Vua nhung tang pham quy gia khae.
Dap lai chuydn vidng tham eiia Duarte Fernandez. Xidm cir mdt phai doan ddn Malacca dd tham vidng. nhung muc dich la dd quan sat tinh hinh. Qua dd. Xidm da nhan thay nhimg thay ddi d Malacca, thd hien d vide Bd Dao Nha da lam chii virng chac thanh phd nay. Malacca khdng chi la thanh phd thuong mai, budn ban nhdn nhjp nhu trudc ma edn la mot phao ddi vdi rat nhidu khau dai bac dugc bd tri d nhidu noi. Cd the ndi. chuydn ddn tham Malacca ciia phai doan Xidm trong hoan canh dd se nhu la mdt su thira nhan quydn lam chii ciia Bd d day (mac dii ngudi Xidm khdng mudn didu nay) va la didu kien thuan lgi eho Bd Dao Nha thidt lap quan he bang giao vdi Xidm sau nay.
Phd vuong Afonso de Albuquerque, ngudi cam quydn d Malacca khdng chi niem nd tidp ddn phai doan Xidm ma cdn tang ngudi dan dau phai doan nhidu mdn qua rat cd gia tri va xem dng ta nhu la dac phai vidn ciia Vu'ong qudc Xidm. Ong cdn gui lhu tham hdi ciing nhidu tang pham quy gia ddn Qudc virong Xidm va giao trach nhiem cho Miranda de Azevedo. Duane Coelho va nhirng ngudi khae di theo bao vd phai doan Xiem trong khi phai doan Xidm trd vd nude.
Michel .lacq-Ilcrgouale'h. "I/Jlurope el siam du XVIeau XVIIIe siecle •". I.'harmallan. 1993. p. 14.
' lang pham gom I chiee \ong dinh nggc bich quy gia. I ea> ga\ bang \ang \a I cai binh bang \ang (un anneau orne d"un rubis de \aleiir. un baton d"or el un recipient dorj. Michel JACQ-lil-RCiOUALC "11. .sdd.
ir. 14.
Qnan he "BU <^i)iio Qlha. 43
Trdn thye id. Afonso de Albuquerque la ngu'iii rat am hidu tinh hinh Malacca, ciing nhu thai do ciia cae Lldi vuong noi da) ddi vdi Xidm trude day nhu la mdt ehu hau.
Chinh vi vay. dng da cd nhirng ddng ihiii ngoiii giao hdt sire kheo leo, thich hgp nham thiet liip mdi quan he than thien vdi Xidm.
mdt vuong qudc hiing manh. ed nhidu anh hudng trong khu vyc.
Thang 1/1512. phd vuong Afonso dc Albuquerque eir mdt phai bd thir hai ddn Xidm. do Antonio de Miranda de Azevedo dan dau nham "giai thich" rd vd vide chidm ddng ciia Bd d Makicca. mdt ehu h;iu danh nghTa (vassal thcoriquc) ciia Xidm.
Qua phai bd nay. Afonso de Albuquerque giai thich vdi Qude vuong Xidm. rang: Vua Bd phdi (/udn den cira hien Malacca de chdni:^ liii ni^iidi dinifi ddu ir Malacca vi dd hdi iiuil si quan vd i;iel chet moi sd binh linh ciia Bd khi hii duvc phdi di'ii dd (1509) viri linh llidii hiru iii^lii. Do hdnh ddng Iri'ii ciia lldi virong .Malacca md iii^iidi Bd dd ldn cdni; vdo thdnh phd hdng vii lire. 'Lin' nhien, h(> dd khdng Idm liiil nhdn ddn vd nhimg ngiriri dang hudn hdn o ddy biri vi ngudi Bd khdng hao i^id mudn ihdnh phd vd nen thuong iiuii cua Malacca hi phd hoai... Dd Id ly do lai sao mil ngiriri Bd phai chiem Idy I hdnh phd Malacca .
Ngoai vice "giai thich" vd sy chidm ddng Malacca nhu udn. mye dieh chinh ciia chuydn tham kin nil) eua nguiii Bd lii mudn
thuydt phye Xidm thira nhan vi the hien lai cua Bd tai Malacca, duy Iri hocil diing budn bdn eiia Xidm tai day. Ddi lai. ngiriri Bd cd lhi' cung cap thuyen chien, dgi bcic hay hinh linh dd chdng lai Mianmar hay Lanna (Chidng Mai) dang gay chien vdi Xidm o' bidn gidi phia la) va ta) biic cua .Xidm. Phiii bd nhan danh vua Bd dc nghi vdi vua Xidm:
"Ni'u nhd vua cdn chien thuyen vd binh linh di' hao ve ddt nude lhi vua Bd sdn sdng giiip (1(T\
Khi dugc tin doan sir bd thir hai cua Bd Diio Nha den Xidm. Qudc virong rat hai Idng va phai vj ehi hu) cao cap ddn dan dircmg cho doan sir bd. Cudc hdi kidn didn ra riit than mat. dai sir Bd Diio Nha Simao de Miranda vii phai doan duge ddn tidp trgng the. bd tri chd o sang trgng vii dugc dua di tham riit nhieu thanh phd cimg nhu chidm ngudng bach tugng eua dire vua.
Vua Xidm bay td niem vui mimg khi hai ben ehung sdng hoa binh va cam ket: ihuong nhan Xidm. Bd di lai budn ban o Malacca nhu nhirng ngirdi "anh em mdt nhii". Vi dai sir va doiin tuy tiing da dugc tang nhidu mdn quii quy. Vua Xiem edn gui nhieu tiing pham den phd virong Afonso de Albuquerque'.
* Michel M C Q - I I I ; K ( I ( ) 1 ' A I . C 11. -l.lAiu.pe el slam du XVie au XVIIIe siecle"'. l,"haniiallan. 199.3. p. 15.
' N l .
'' Fang phiini gom 20 cai ehuimg kem iheo dui chuong bang go. 2 eai chuong UVn \ ol lieng keu rat \ ang duge su dung de ihue giue quan linh lrong chien tranh. 20 eai lao diii dirge liim bang ire giii \ii mgi \ai cai dugc liim bang sill cho nguiri linh su dung de diing Ironi;
chien iranh. V'ii mgi cuiin gia\ bang \ai co hinh \ e \ e canh chien Iranh. le hgi cua .Xiem ha\ canh \ u a ra Iran. Michel .IAC'Q-1 IIRCiOl A l C " ! I. sdd. Ir. 16.
44 NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°2 (113).2010
Nhirng cudc tidp xiie dau tien giira Bd vii Kamphaengphe. Ddn nam 1515. hai viing vii Xidm dien ra khii thuiin lgi. ngudi Bd diin nil) (dang thude vd .Xidm) da bj sap nhap vao tra thimh vi khiieh thiin thien a trieu dinh kinh thd eua Lanna.
Avuthava. Mdi quan he niu cans, duoe cung ,,.. . . , ; i o i- i •- - J - ••- - - ^ . . ., . & Ilicp HOC nam 13l8 la hiep HOC dau tien ed vii phiit tridn hon khi Duarte Coelho ddn •- i • - i>,- i- ^u - u- •- i •
' giua hai nuoc. Da) la su thoa hiep giua hai Xiem vao nam 1518. manu theo qude thu \ii ,\ ~ i . ?• • • /• - ;/ • M--
' the lye- liie ngam n;.:,am. luc eong khai. Noi nhimti tan>! pham eua ehinh Vua Bd Diio , . , . , i- i • i - .. i • i •• j -
- • - ' ehinh xae hon la hai ben dya vao nhau dc Nha. Don .Manuel (1495-1521) den Qude , . - ;. . . , - , , • , - •••-,-
bao ve qu)en lgi eua mmh. Luc biiy gio. Bo vu'onu .Xidm. Doan sir bd duoe ddn tiep riit , ~, .•- • , ,• •• v- .
• • ' nhu mgt dong mmh Ion giup Xiem trong ciic tronu vonu. Tronu cudc tidp kidn. hai ben dii ~ i - . , • ^A- • i \,-
• b • - - • ' euge ehien tranh voi Mianmiir va Lanna. Vi thdnu nhiit kv ket ciie hiep ude (des accords - , , v - u i •- J - -
•' Viiy. hg duge Xiem ban nhieu dae an. uu lien qui satisfirent les desirs des deux parlies en . - j - • ,i • , - i n -
' ' trong van de giao thuong va tru)'en dao. Bo presence) . Lheo dd. \'e Unh vue thu'ont; mai. ,i •-, i- • -• i • u
' • , " • I'l'^'l l-^P duge moi quan he bang giao mgt Xiem dimh elm Bd Diio Nha nhieu uu diii: • i i i i • •- i •• v - • i
each nhanh chong giua hg voi Xiem vi hg Ho eho phep nmrdi Bd budn bim o Xiem va , : . . ,,.. > j
' ' - eho rang nguoi .Xiem sc don nhan va hop tae duoe phep xii\ dirnu eae lhu'o•n^ diem tai .• , • . , - , • , • , • , v/
' ' • ' ^ - vai hg. VI hoa bmh co lgi eho Xiem hon la kinh dd AMitha\a \;i nhieu noi khiie nhu:
e ho nmrdi Bd Dao Nha"
Tenasserim. Mergui. Pattani va
v, I 1 -.1 . •• 1 - 1 - - Xidm da thoa hiep vdi Bd lrong vide Nakhonsnlhammarat voi nhieu dae qu)en. •' '^ •
Diic bidt. iii^iidi Bd duoe quyen Ur do Inivcn diip irng nhidu quydn lgi vd thuong mai vii / . -, .,/ - /•) • , - ,~, V - 1^- truven uiiio eua Bd Dao Nha nham giiip ha (1(10 I hien i hiui tren dat nuoc Xiem. Da) - - '^ ' 1. ^ •• / •-• ,; • , - ,, - ... ,. , .- .,,v Xidm ed nhirno loai siina dan tdi tan va la dieu niem iluiv iren the gun lue hav i^iir . ^ . ^ .
r->\; I,; V - - i - j • - i • nhicu cd van quim su uioi. " N h d vav ma Doi liu. Aiem se nhan duge sung ong. dai i . w
. . . , •, .i • - n~ • - i' • Rama fhibidi II ed the td chire lai quan ddi bac va eo van quan sy eua lio vi no dap ung • '
„K,, ,,^,, .-,, ,1 •-. , - I. - 1-. ' ^'ii'i minh vii da thane loi trudc quan Lanna nhu eau eap thiet lrong vice bao ve dat nuoc - • , , .
-,,., Y ; - „ „ I.-,, k-; •• I - i c i ^ - do mdi hoane tu cua nude nav cam dau lan eua ,\iem lue ba) gio. do nam b l 3 . mgt ' '^
,,;A., 1,, V., , , T J - 1 - c- I I .1 ednti lir phia bac Xidm nam 1518" . Vd sau.
vien tuong eua Lanna da ehiem Sukhotha) =' '
tronu thdi ki tri vi cua vua Chai Riicha
^ Michel .lACQ-lli;RCi()i:Al,C'"ll. sdd. uang 17-ls. (1534-1546). sy cd milt ciia nguiyi Bd trong
" Vao Ihe kv XVI. dai) lin l.iinh ra doi. .sau do canh , . . . , , . . , , , "i , . , "
iranh (ke ca ehiC-n iranhl ga> gin xoi Thien Chiia giiio 'H''^" ^gi Xicm ngay e a n g nhieu hon va hg
la Ma lai chiiu Au keo diii giin hai ihe k>. Trong qua cung du'o'c uiir nhicu vai trd lanh dao ironi!
innh Bo Diio Nha cung nhu ra> Ban Nha di \ e , ' " ;
phuong l)6ng de \am chiem ihugc dia \a Uu\en hii vdu. " N a m 1538. qudc Vll'ong Xidm dii SU Thien Chua giao lhi kh6ng co mgi noi nao cho phep ^ , 2(, ,,^^,.^-,| jj,^ [).,,, ^ h a va id ehlic ho hg duge Ur do iruNcn dao. \i \ a \ . Bo \a ra\ Ban Nha . ^ -
Ihuong ihuc hien chinh .siich "cuong ep ion giiio"". Co lai thiinh mdt ddi Ciin vd. lye lugng nil) da
the noi. \iec vua XicMii cho phep nguai Bo lu do
iruNcMi giiio lrong hoim canh lich su liie ba\ uiir la moi ^
\ iee lam hiem hoi. . ^ • ''MJ^.|,^^^I ,iA(C)-in KdOl AI.C"! 1. sdd. ir. IS.
Qaan he Oio ^Diio QCha. 4.T
huan luydn eho quiin ddi hoang gia Xiem su dung Sling hoii mai. Chai Racha edn mua riit nhicu vii khi ciia ngirdi Bd"'". Sy ed mat cua nhirng ehien binh. cd van quiin sy cimg sirng diin eiia Bd Diio Nha trong quiin ddi Xiem liim cho sire manh cua Xiem tang ldn. hg da xay dyng he lhdng phdng thu md phong theo kidu ehau Au hdt sire kidn ed.
Nhu Viiy. chi .sau 7 nam (1511-1518), hai nude Xidm vii Bd dii vugt qua nhirng khiie bidt vd van hda. nghi ngiii vd tranh gianh qu)dn lye. anh hudng d khu vyc de nhanh chdng di den ky kdt hiep udc. thiet kip quan he ngoiii giao chinh thire vi diip img dugc nhu cau vii quyen lgi eiia mdi ben. Ve phuong didn ngoiii giao. diiy ki mdt thang lgi cd y nghTa chidn luge trong vide bao vd quydn lgi eiia mdi n\.wc cimg nhu phiit trien hgp tac qude td.
2. HOAT D(>NG THtJC)NG MAI VA TRUYEN GIAO CUA IK) DAO NIIA 6 XIEM
2.1. Muat ituiig thuo'ii" mai
Ngay sau khi chidm dugc Malacca. Bd Dao Nha mudn khai thiic uu the thuong mai noi niiy. Mudn viiy. ngiriii Bd phai thidt lap dirge ndn hda binh d dii). Dd chinh ki ly do mil phd virong Afonso de Albuquerque da phiii ngudi ddn Xidm. mdt nude ed vai trd quan trgng eho ndn hi^a binh vii phiii trien thuong niiii o' Malacca viio nam 1511 (nhu da trinh bay d trdn).
Phat tridn thuong miii la viin de quan trgng mil ngudi Bd dae bidt quan tiim trong quan he vdi Xidm. Vide dau tidn mil hai nude ban den lii thuong nhan hai nude tai lap vice giao thuong o' Malacca, sau mdt thdi gian bi ngung trd. Khi tiep phiii bd thir hai eua Bd. \Lia Rama Thibodi II dii tu)en bd:
Xiem vui miriii^ khi hai nude ehung sdiii^ hod binh vd nliinii; ihirirni^ nhdn .Xii'iu Inr lai liim dn vi'ri ihirong nhdn Bd Diio Nha <r .Malacca nhir nhirng ngirdi anh em moi nhd. Miep ude nam 1518 md dau eho quan he thuong miii giira Xidm vii Bd.
Tiii A)uthaya vii Patani. nguiii Bd khdng ehi budn bim \di ngudi Xiem mil quan trgng hon la liim iin \'di ciie tlurong nhiin I rung Qudc o dd. NIKT v;i). \ iee kinh doanh thucrng miii eua nguiii Bd a hai noi nil) deu riu phiit dat. Ciie hai eang .Xiem cimg lii dia diem rat thuiin lgi de liui be Bd Dao Nha di Trung Qudc vii ed the di tni im trong thdi ki gid miia ddng bac.
I loat ddng thuong miii phiit tridn keo theo sd kieu diin Bd Dao Nha o Xiem eiing tang ldn diing ke. Ngoai nhimg ngudi linh diinh thue Bd Diio Nha phye vy trong quiin ddi Xidm vii nhirng chuydn gia huan luydn quan sy. liic bay gid' cac cha cd va thuong nhan da ddn Xidm truydn dao va budn ban ngii) mdt ddng. Thuong mai chii ydu giira ngu'di Bd va Xidm liie bay gid lit mua ban nhirng thidt bi vii khi. simg dan ehdng kii cudc xam luge cua Lanna vii Mianmar. Cdn thuong nhan Bd chu )eu mua gia vj. gd tdch.
'Nl.
46
NGHIEN CCfU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°2 (113).2010nga voi... Moi bang giao cimg nhu hoat ddng ihuong mai giira hai bdn didn ra hdt sire than thien. cdi md va hidu quii.
Trong van dd thuong mai. ngudi Bd Diio Nha cdn truydn eho ngudi .Xidm ky thuat san xuiit va su dyng simg dng. k) thuiit xay dyng cdng sy phdng thu theo kieu chiiu Au. Vi va). d Ddng Nam A ndi ridng vii phuong Ddng ndi ehung. ngudi Xidm sdm ndi tieng lrong san xuat va ky thuat sir dung simg. Sau nay, ciie Sdgun Nhiit Ban dugc Xidm bidu tiing simg va hg da dat mua (1606).
Giin trgn thd ky XVI. thuong nhan ngudi Bd dircTng nhu chiem ITnh hau hdt thi trudng Xidm. trir mdt vai thiri diem hoiit ddng thuong mai khd khan do Xidm phai tidn hiinh ehien tranh vdi Mianmar. Nhung nhin ehung. cimg vdi thiinh tyu trong quan he ngoai giao giira hai nude. Bd Diio Nha ludn duge Xidm tao didu kidn thuan lgi de phat trien giao thuong vii thu dugc nhidu Igi nhuiin tren dat Xidm ciing nhu d cac lanh thd ehu hau ciia Xiem.
Tuy nhidn vao dau thd ky XVll. khi ngu'di Hii Lan xam nhap manh me vao thi trudng Ddng Nam A ndi ehung va Xidm ndi ridng. anh huang cua ngudi Bd Diio Nha dan dan bi da) liii. nhudng chd eho Ha Lan.
Quan he Xidm - Bd ngay cang be tae. gan nhu chain dirt vao nam 1635. sau khi Bd thdt bai trong cudc chien tranh vdi Xidm ma Xidm ed sy ung hd ciia Ha Lan. Quan he dd
ket thiic hoan toan sau nam 1641. khi I la Lan chidm Malacca eiia Bd Dao Nha.
2.2. Hoat dong truyen giao
Thuong mai va truydn giao hii) "hat tidu " va "linh hdn ' duge ngudi Bd Dao Nha kdt hgp chat ehe vdi nhau ngay trong cac cudc thiim hiem diiu tidn den phuong Ddng vao cudi thd ky XV dau the kv XVI. Tai Ddng Nam A. Bd Diio Nha khdng chi lii nude phuong 'Lay xam nhap sdm nhat ma cdn la ngudi diiu tidn ed •"sir menh ' truyen bii dao Thidn Chiia d xir sd nay.
Chi sau 7 nam ddn Xidm. nam 1518.
trong hiep udc ky kdt vdi Xidm. ngudi Bd da dugc vua Xidm eho phep ty do truydn dao (la liberte religicuse) va xay dyng mdt cay Thap ty bang gd o' mdt vj tri dac dja (un lieu preeminieiU) eua kinh dd Ayuthaya". Day la sy kien quan trgng. danh dau mdc md dau chinh thire cho quii trinh truyen giao ciia ngu'di Bd tai Xidm. Qua thye. trong thdi didm dd. vide Xidm eho phep ngudi Bd ty do truydn giao. xiiy dyng cay thap ty ldn tai mdt vi tri dac dja a thii dd A)uthaya la mdt vide hdt sire tru ai. thd hidn sy dung hda tdn giiio ciia ngirdi Xidm. mdt dat nude ma Phat giao da la mau thjl vi dugc cdng nhan la qudc giao. Rd rang, day khdng chi la mdt hoat ddng tdn giao don thuan ma ham chira hoiii ddng ton gido mang tinh chinh tri eua ngudi Ciim qu)en Xidm nham dap irng nhu cau bire
" Michel .IACy-lli;iUiOlIAI.C"ll. sdd. ir. 17.
Qjiiun he Ida 'yt)(i€) i^Hha.
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thidl vd mat vu khi. kT thuaL co van quan sy... lir ngudi Bd. Vide truydn giao. thuong mai ciia ngirdi Bd cd quan he mat thidt ddn lgi ich quan sy Xidm. Song, khach quan hon dd nhin nhan, Rama Thibodi II la mdt vj quan vuong cd dau dc thye td va cd tam nhin chien luge. Cd the dng nhan thire rang van de truydn giao ddn tir ciie nude phuong Tay sau cac cudc phat kidn dia ly la mdt ddng chay khd ed thd cudng lai va sy ngan can se trd ndn vd nghTa. Thd ndn. tao mdi trudng thuan lgi va xem dd nhir la mdt didu kidn dd trao ddi, hgp tac la can thidt vi liie bay gid Xidm dang rat cang thang trong vide ehdng lai cac cudc tan cdng trdn qui md ldn cua Lanna va ca Mianmar.
Vao khoang giira the ky XVI. Lanna tan edng va chidm nhidu vimg dat phia biic ciia Xidm. Vua Chairacha (1534-1546) da phat di mdt thdng diep kdu ggi ngudi Bd tham gia vao quiin ddi Xidm de chdng lai Lanna vdi "nhieu hira hen idi dep ve nai cir tni. sir giiip dir. nhimg dn hue' vd niem vinh quang,... duoe cap phi'p xdy dung nhii ihir ir Irong virong qudc ". Trong mdt doan hdi ky ciia ngudi Bd ten la Fernao Mendes edn cd doan vidl. "duoe edp phep xdy dung nhd ihir
<r Irong virirng qudc,... dd lhu hiil 130 nguiri Bd Ddo .Wha nhir cluing tdi lhi cd den 120 ngirdi img thuan lham gia euge vien chinh"''.
Nhu da hira, sau khi chidn thang quan Mianmar (1538). vua Xidm rat cam kich trud'c sy giup dd ciia ngudi Bd ndn ban cho hg nhirng ini ddi ve thuong mgi vd chd o: dac bidt la cap dat dd .xdy nhd thd:
Nhidu ngudn tai lieu cho thay. dudi thdi trj vi ciia vua Chairacha. ngudi Bd d Xidm ngay cang ddng. fig sdng trong mdt khu vyc chung ggi la lang ngudi Bd (village Portugais) d phia nam kinh dd Ayuthaya.
khu vyc danh cho ngudi nude ngoai'^. LIg cd hai nha thd' dao. mdt dat dudi sy quan ly ciia cae linh mye ddng Jesuites (ddng Tdn). mdt cua cae vj linh myc ddng Dominicains (ddng Da Minh)'"*. Hai nha thd nay tuy chi dugc Xiiy dung bang tranh tre. lau say va khdng edn nira. nhung ciing dugc xem la nhimg giiio xir ed xua nhat ciia Kitd giao d Xidm''.
'-Michel .IACy-lli;R(i()liAI.C"ll..sdd. ir. 19.
" Michel ,IACy-lli:K(iOt.iAl.C"ll.sdd. trang 20.
Theo kel qua khai qua! cua ciic nha khao co Dire dugc lien himh Uen nhung di lich a .xung quanh lhu do .•\yulha)a \iio ngay 2-3-1984 cho ihiiN "nguiri Bo Diio Nha lap hgp nhau lai lhanh"lang Bo Dao Nha"" o phia nam ihimh pho. giira hiJu ngan song Menam,
"Michel .lACQ-lli:K(i()trAl.C"ll..sdd. Ir. 21.
'' Ve \i tri cua hai nhii tho nils, mgi nguoi Due co Ien L.Kacmpier den Xic-m vao ihang 6. 7/1690 mo ta nhu sau: vc phia ben kia ba song co mgt ngoi liing do nhom nguoi Bo Diio Nha lap nen.... Xa hon mgi li \c phia duiii la mgt nha iho danh cho Saint Dominique, do 3 \\ cha xir dong Dominique phu irach. Sau nha tho na\ CO them mgi nhii iho nua. o do co hai \ i lhii>
dao dong Sainl Auguslin song.... Cung iren \ung diiy.
nhung gan hon mgt li la mot nha lhu dong .lesuile- Sainl Paul, cai ien do duge lay lheo ten nhii iho chinh a Goa""... Chiing la co the xem ro hon lien ban do eiia L.Kacmpier. dugc diin lai lrong: "(iiicrre el pai.x en A.fie dn Siid-e.'il" cua Chrislopher ll.tioscha. xual ban nam 1998. lai Paris.
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NGHIEN CO\J CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°2 (113).20101Mae dii cac giao sT Bd Dao Nha dugc ty do truydn dao. ngudi Bd di dang Id va eau nguyen cdng khai o Xiem. nhung anh huong eua ton gido mdi niiy ddi viri vdn hod, tin ngudng ban dia khdng ed gi ddng ke. Didu na)' ehirng id idm nhin chien liroc cua cdc vua .Xi(?m Irong chinh sdch lir do ldn gido.
3. MOT VAI NHAN XET
Trong quii trinh banh trudng vd phuong Ddng. Bd Dao Nha thudng chidm nhirng vimg dat \en bidn ed y nghTa chidn luge vd nhidu mat va phai tridn nd thanh edn eir qudn sir, Iriini^ idm ihinrnii mgi vd truyen gido.
hinh thanh mdt he thdng tir Bd Diio Nha. qua chau Phi den chau A. Malacca la mdt mat xich quan trgng eua ngudi Bd o Ddng Nam A trong he thdng ndi trdn. Dd cung ed vj tri.
phat tridn thuong mai vii tru)en giao o' Malacca, ngudi Bd eiin thidt phai thidt lap quan he hda binh. hiru hao vdi Xiem d Malacca vi Malacca vdn la "nude chu hau"
eua Xidm.
Trong quan he giira Bd Dao Nha va Xidm. ban dau Bd la nude chu ddng thidt lap quan he. nhung khdng vi thd ma Xidm thy ddng. Hg da nhanh ehdng quan sat tinh hinh thye td va di den thidt lap quan he vdi Bo (nude phuong Tay dau tidn ddn Xidm) theo ehu )• ridng cua minh. Mdi bang giao dugc thiet lap mdt each nhanh chdng. thuan Igi va
da phat tridn kha hinh ddng trong hon I the ky.
Qua quan he vdi Xiem. Bd Dao Nha cung ed dugc vj thd cua hg tai Malacca va phat trien thuong miii. tdn giao lai Xidm. lam CO' SO' dd banh trudng the lye cua hg d Vien Ddng. Vd phia Xidm. hg da "khai thac" Bd Dao Nha nhu mdt ddng minh hdt sire quan trgng vd vu khu cd van quan sy. binh linh. ky thuat quan sy chau Au... dd chdng lai ke thii hiing manh la Lanna va Mianmar. Vi vay, Xidm da khdng ngan ngai ddng y cho Bd dugc ty do truydn giao. xa) dyng cay thap ty va nha thd tai kinh dd Ayuthaya. Xidm .xem dd nhu la mdt didu kidn thidt ydu dd quan he vdi Bd. Lhyc td. tdn giao nay da khdng tac dgng ldn ddn xa hdi va ddi sdng tam linh cua ngudi Xidm.
Sau hon mot the ky (1511-1538). quan he Xidm - Bd dan dan di vao bd tac va cham din vi sy canh tranh qu)'ct Met ciia cae nude phuong Tay. nhat la Ha Lan. vao nua dau the ky XVll. bdi nha cam quydn Xidm ludn tim each dd can bang quydn lue eua cae nude phuong Tay tren dat Xidm.
