TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HQI s6 1+2 (257*258)2020
NHO'NG V A N Dfe CO BAN CUA QUA TRiNH GIAO DUC - THEO QUAN BlfeM TRI^T HOC GIAO DUC C O A JOHN DEWEY
N G U Y E N T H | LUYEN'
TriSt hpc giao dye /a h^t nhin eia tw twang triM hqc thwc dung John Dewey ma trong dd /a s y do SQ ve nqi dung hay th$m chi nhu'ng vSn de lien quan den gl^o dvc tw ca ban den pho quat. Nhwng van di co bin cua qua trinh giao due nhw:
ngh$ thu$t giio due, htfc vi hinh, dio (90 tw duy, ti,e do vi ei tinh, qui trinh giio diic lien tile dwge tie gii khai Iwac trong bai viSt nhw lit cit mdng theo quan diem trong triit hgc glio di^e eua J. Dewey.
TCr khia: trilt hpe giao dye, John Dewey, qua trinh giao dye
Nhan bii ngiy: 27/11/2019; dwa via blin tap: 2/12/2019; phin bien: 17/12/2019;
duyet ding: 10/2/2020
L D / i k T V A N O e
John Dewey (1859 -1952) la nha trilt hpc thye dyng My nei bat nua d l u t h i ky XX. Vdi gdo dp eua Dewey, quan nipm trilt hpc cua dng g i n vdi quan d i l m thye tien kha tri$t de. " D l i vdi nhCing ngydi cho rang eong vl$c cua mpt nha trilt hgc la ehi tung hirng de dua mpt s y vi#c vao cupe tranh cai thi trudng hgp ciia Dewey la m$t sy thIt vpng hoan toan. T h i gidi ma dng khdi d l u eOng nhy k i t thDe la thye t l quen thude nhy chlnh t i t ca nhiing gi ehiing ta dang song va trai nghiem hang ngay. Va d i l u nay eOng hoan toan khdng phai la xa la vdi khai ni#m ciia triet hge" (J. Ratner, 1939; 3).
Bing nhO'ng minh chirng thye te an tygng eua minh, J. Dewey, g i n mpt nira t h i ky, da n§ lye thIp sang len
• Vi#n Khoa hpc xS hOi vung Nam BO,
ngpn lira ciia niem tin ring trilt hpe phai t i l n tdi giai quylt nhCrng v l n d l cy t h i eua ddi s i n g nhan sinh, giai quylt nhiing v l n de g i n giJi vdi eon ngydi. "vang! vipe g i n chat ban than minh vao guing may sinh ho?t hang ngay eua to chirc ddi sing xa hpi la nhi#m vy ma triet hpc hi#n a?ii phai t i l p c?n edn n l u khdng thi danh gia vd trIn tranh vdi ly do ring triet hpc cd moi quan tam khae quan trpng hgn dd la di v l n vg ben ngpai l l cua Cupe s i n g vT dai" (dan theo J. Ratner, 1939;
153).
Theo nghTa nay, J. Dewey quan ni#m triet hpc la mdt phIn cua van hda xa hdi, tygng tac vdi t i t ca eac v l n d l khoa hpe khac trpng sy da d?ing v l mire dp va hipu qua. Va theo dong ehay eua t y tygng g i n trilt hgc vdi thye tien ddi s i n g , vdi van hda, trong s y tygng tae khoa hge, giao due vd
NGUYgN THI LUYEN - N H O N G VAN Bg CO BAN COA^
hinh dung trd thanh hat nhan chuyin tai tinh than hti'U dung trong trilt hpe Dewey.
Vdi he thong quan d i l m triet hpe giao due hieu dyng do sp, J. Dewey da trd thanh mot trong nhu'ng ehan dung eai each giao dye the gidi duge UNESCO binh chpn. Ban v l giao due, ngoai nhiing m l i lien hp mang tinh tat y l u bdi sy ehi phli giu'a giao dye va chinh trj, giao due va khoa hpc hay giao dye va tam ly... dugc ehuyen tai qua he thing quan diem trong Dan ehu va giao due, Khoa hpc giao dye, Khi ehung ta nghT... thi nhu'ng v l n de thude npi ham nhu ehugng trinh va each thirc, vai trd hay y nghTa xa hpi ciia giao dye da duge J. Dewey day edng chu trpng. Trpng do, Qua trinh giap dye (Edueatienai Process) duge xem la v l n d l eg ban khdng the khdng d l cap n l u nhu xem giao dye la khoa hoe theo quan diem ciia dng.
Trong pham vi bai viet, tae gia xin khai luge lat eat mdng ve quan diem giao due nhu: nghe thuat giao due, hgc va hanh, dao tao ty duy, ea tinh va tu do, qua trinh giao due lien tyc duge d l cap trong quan dilm v l qua trinh giao dye cua J. Dewey.
2. KHAI Lygc NHONG VAN oe co B A N C O A QUA TRiNH GlAO DIJC THEO QUAN OlfiM C O A JOHN DEWEY
(1) Nghe thuat giao due (The Art of Education)
Trong xa hdi hien dai, thong thudng giao dye la can thiet eho t i t ea moi ngydi, b i t k l ngydi dd cd yeu thieh.
hirng thii vdi vipe hgc hay khong, bdi nd lien quan m$t thilt den hdnh vi eiia ngydi dd. Tuy nhien, theo Dewey (1928: 17-19), mpt ngydi cd the b i t dau vgi mue dieh dgn gian, ndi each khae, ehi quan tam d i n viee hoe lue nhd hay ehi quan t i m d i n nhirng gl thude ehuyen mdn eiia minh, ve eg ban ngudi l y se khdng t i l n xa dygc n l u n I n tang ehuyen mdn eiia minh khdng vCrng e h i c do viec hpc hanh khdng d l y du trudc dd va trong trygng hgp k i t qua giao due ehuyen mdn han c h i . Them nya, qua nhilu khao sat eho t h l y giao vien dao tgo tot hgn khong cd nghTa la viec hpe tap dugc eai thien. Va xet trong tinh hudng nay, giao dye c l n phai dygc xem xet theo dung nghTa la ehinh nd de d l loai bd nhO'ng trd ngai va tang cudng tinh hieu qua. Theo J. Dewey, mpt trong nhung trd ngai ehinh la thdi quen di liln vdi s y tach biet thygng thly giu'a tinh t h i n va the c h i t , va hau qua la khcng quan tam tdi hanh dpng met each dung dan va hieu bilt, du dd la muc tieu eiia t i t ea sy phat trien giao due. Hgn the, dieu nay anh hydng t i t ca cae mdn hpc, phygng phap giang day va ky luat, ma nguyen nhan tren h i t la sy tach biet giu'a ly thuylt va thye hanh, suy nghT va hanh dpng. Ket qua la mot nIn giap dye van hda, xu hudng hpc tap mo pham dudng nhu tach biet vdi nh&ng m l i quan tam eua cupe sing, "vi nhu mot nen giap due 'edng nghiep' vg ,j. . edng', dilu tot nhat n I n giao due •"
CO the lam duge la chi huv r i ^ ?^^
. ,. ..- ^ ^ ^ conn cy va phygng tien ma khong n^m b'
TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HQI so 1+2 (257*255) 2020 met each thdng minh v l muc dich va k i t qua" (din theo J. Ratner, 1939:
605). v a nhy vay, giao dye ehi thye sy hieu dung khi ed sy k i t hgp chat che giira tam tri va hanh ddng cua ngudi hpe. "Thye hien k i t hgp d l y du tam tri trong hanh dpng trpng trilt hpe va khoa hpc, trong nghe thuat, va tren t i t ea mpi nghe thuat, nghe thuat giao dye (din theo J. Ratner, 1939: 607).
(2) Hoc va hanh (Learning and Doing) D i l u d l nhan t h l y trong giao dye, hoat ddng la mpt nguyen t i e quan trpng. Tuy nhien, "heat dpng" c l n dygc hieu thee nghTa d l y dii nhlt g i n nhu trang thai t y y thire v l hanh ddng cd hieu qua - heat dpng t y giac khcng mien cudng. Mdt each eu t h i , Dewey cho ring, heat dpng "dydi hinh thirc cua y tudng 'ty hanh dpng', tir lau day da la mpt ten gpi cho ly tudng giao dye cull eiing" (J. Dewey, 1913; 54).
Theo dd, de thye hien y tydng v l heat dpng CO hieu qua, c l n phai md rong bao quat t i t ca nhtrng viec iam ed lien quan d i n sy phat triln eiia nang lugng, dac biet la sire manh de nhan ra y nghTa cua nhyng gi dygc thye hien. Viec nay khdng bao g I m cae hanh dpng dugc thye hien mdt each han e h l hay ep budc, bdi nd khdng ed y nghTa gl vdi tam tri eua ngudi thye hien. Thep nghTa ndy, J. Dewey (1913; 65) che rang, t y hanh dpng khong phai tir phan irng vol kich thieh mpt each n g l u nhien va k i t thuc khi ngirng lai eae hanh dpng nhlt thdi, ndi each khac, khdng phai xult phat tir nhO'ng y t y d n g , muc tieu rgng va xa
trong tygng lai, ddng thdi cung khdng phai nhu'ng hdnh dpng thep thdi quen va may mdc. Tuy nhien, nhCrng hanh dpng d i n tir tae ddng ben ngoai, do sy phIn khieh va thdi quen may mdc lai pho bien rpng k h i p . Va dilu nay khdng phai la n I n tang ciia qua trinh phat trien giao dye. Hiln nhien trong s y thira nhan eiia h l u h i t m l i ehung ta la eae hoat ddng t h i hien nilm yeu thieh giao dye thuc sy khdng phan biet v l dp tupi, kha nang, kinh nghiem, eg hpi xa hpi. Tuy nhien, thep J.
Dewey, eho dii dang hoat dpng nay n I m ngpai cau hdi v l viee phan loai thi v l n ed t h i phan biet met s i khia canh t i n g quat hgn tir mot trong nhCrng ly do chinh cho viec t y hanh dpng vdi y nghTa ehinh thire la bo qua t i m quan trpng cua eg t h i va ban nang ma b i t d l u vdi n i l m yeu thieh thee diing nghTa ciia nd (din theo J.
Ratner, 1939; 607). T y hanh dpng theo nghIa nay duge dng ly giai qua 3 giai doan: khdi d l u tang trudng the ehlt - phat huy va sir dung cdng eu - Igi ieh tri tue tang them,
(i) Giai doan khai dau tang trwang the chat V l n d l d l u tien eiia giai doan nay la tao d i l u kien cho tre duge hoc tap d l sir dyng t i t ea cae giae quan, mIt, tai, hay viec tilp xiie... va hanh ddng eg t h i k i t hgp vdi nhau. Trd lai vdi eau ehuyen cu, tre con phai hpc r l t nhilu thy, trong khi cae loai vat nhd "hpe" theo ban nang hoae vdi r l t it nc lye. Thye t l nay cho thly treng khi hpe nhu'ng d i l u nay, dira tre nhan thly sy e l n thilt ciia viec hpc nhiing
NGUYgN THl LUYEN - NHLTNG V A N D S CO B A N £ t ! i ^ dilu khac, va thdi quen yeu thieh hpc
tap cung dugc tao lap. Oing thdi trong chirng myc nhlt djnh tre hoc dygc ve hogt dpng t h i chat, theo nghTa bao ham trong nd ca y l u t l tinh t h i n , tri tue. Tuy nhien, theo J.
Dewey, d i l u nay khdng lien quan nhilu d i n trai nghipm tinh t h i n , ma la chin mull ve sy k i t hgp the chit. Sy nhanh chdng phat trien v l tinh t h i n trong nam d l u tien va nira nam sau do eiia giai do?n so sinh, tre hgc tgp va tilp thu bang hanh ddng, di kem vdi n i l m vui la sy gia tang ve kha nang k i l m seat ehuyin dpng - t i t ca nhiing d i l u nay la hpc qua hanh dpng, hien nhidn, va thep y nghTa tri tup cua nhung hanh ddng dd (danh gia khach quan) la t h i ehlt. "[...] Cd m$t y l u t l thye sy tri tup khi tre bilt ring met hoat dpng nghTa la mpt loat chuyin ddng ciia canh tay, silt chat eae ngdn tay..., va ring d i l u nay d i n lugt nd doi hdi kham pha eac ngdn tay, k i t qua la tre d y g c trai nghiem ve tinh lien tyc,... Trong trudng hgp nhu v^y, khdng chi don gian la tre cd dugc nang lye the ehlt mdi; ma edn la hpe theo nghTa tinh than; mpt cai gi dd da dygc phat hi$n" (dan thee J. Ratner, 1939: 609).
va nhy vay, giai do?n nay quan trpng nhlt la vipe phat hi$n cao hinh thirc giao dye lien quan d i n vipe thye hipn cae giac quan va ehuyen ddng eiia tre.
VI trong giai do?n nay t y hogt ddng ed t h i dygc bao dam hoan toan bIng suy nghT, ma khdng c l n sy hgp tae cOa eac hanh dpng eg the thdng qua
vui Choi, xay dyng vat t h i , hay thao tac vat lieu va eong eu. "Chi tre em vdi kha nSng tri tup d j c biet co the Se dam bao hoat ddng tinh thin ma khdng cd tham gia ciia eac co qua"
eg t h i " ( d i n theo J. Ratner, 1939:
610).
Theo dd, trong trudng hgp hinh thirc giao due tre khdng phu hgp tugng t y nhu "ap dyng hinh thirc ky lu^t nhIm trIn ap t i t ca eac hoat dpng ciia eg the!., thi khdng h i ngae nhien khi thly tre em t y nhien khdng thieh hgc hope ho?t ddng tri tu0 qua xa la vdi ban ehlt cua tre" ( d i n theo J. Ratner, 1939:611).
(11) Giai do?n phit huy vi sw diing eong ciji. Cae eg quan trong eg t h i , dac blpt la ban tay - c6 t h i eoi la mgt lopi "cdng ey" duge hpe d l sir dyng bIng each e l g I n g va suy nghT. Theo nghTa nay 'cdng cy' cd the dygc col nhy la mdt phIn m d rpng ciia eao eg quan eua eg the. Cpng vi$c sir dyng cae ecng cy va thilt bj (thee nghTa rpng) cQng ddi hpi nhilu hgn ky nang, ky thuat lam ehu eiia ngydi sir dyng cao eg quan ty nhien (eiia ehinh eon ngygi) - hay diing hgn, lien quan d i n tinh phirc tap ngay cang tang trong qua trinh sir dyng va do do kich thieh hudng phat triln mdi, Theo Dewey, ed ve khdng c6 cai tan nao t i t hgn che eae hanh vi sy duno phwang tien trung gian, hojc cic thilt bj, d l d?t dygc myc dich hon u ,, lim vi$c. Tuy nhien, khi lin, v,^^ "
each nay phai duge phan bipt y j , ,^°
dpng va sy mpt nhpe, v l t vJ ji^^°
TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HQI s6 1+2 (257*258) 2020 nu'a, vui chgi va iam viSc c6 t h i khdng phan bipt vgi nhau tCiy thupc vac n i l m ydu thieh tryo t i l p vdi nhirng gi dang iam. "Mdt dira tre tham gia vao iam mpt eai gi dd vdi eac eong cy, nhu mpt Chile thuyin, ed t h i chi la sy yeu thieh ngay trong nhCrng gi tre dang iam nhy the tre dang cheo thuyen.
Dira tre khdng lam t h i ehi vl k i t qua ben ngoai - chile thuyin - hay ehinh vipc chdo thuyin. Nhu'ng t u tygng v l k i t qua va vipe sir dyng no ed t h i xult hi#n trpng tam tri tre, nhung cung d l nang cao hogt dpng xay dyng ciia tre ngay lap tire. Trcng trygng hgp nay, niem vui eiia tre hean tpan m i l n phi, tre vui chgi ed ddng lye. Heat ddng chu y l u la nghp thuat v l nguyen tic" (din theo J. Ratner, 1939; 612).
va d i l u dygng nhien, mpt trd chgi ed chit lygng tri tu$ khac vdi trd chgi t y phat. Sy khac nhau nay d eho, trd chgi c6 chat lygng tri tup vdi k i t qua mang 1^1 la Igi ich sau dd va dieu chinh mdt lo?t cae hanh vi. Lam viec vdi y nghTa tren bao g I m tat ca cae hogt ddng lidn quan d i n vipc sir dyng cae vat li#y c l n thilt, eac irng dyng, va cae hinh thire ky nang nhIm d?t k i t qua. De qua trinh lim vi$c ciia tre diln ra, c l n qua trinh ehuin bj cae c&ng cy va tai li$u, tat ca cae hinh thii'e ho^t dgng nghp thuat va thu cdng m i l n la ehiing lien quan den y tygng hay -j nghTa cc gIng d l dat dygc k i t qua. T h l m ehl " [...] nhCrng ho?t ddng nhy son, ve, lam md hinh dat sat, ea hat... mien la cd y tudng va eac phygng ti#n ky thuat de thye
hien. T h i u hieu cae hinh thire khac nhau ciia hygng d i n dao t^o, iam viec vdi gd, kim loai, hang det may, n l u an, may va..., m i l n la lien quan d i n y tugng v l k i t qua dygc thye hien (thay vi lam viec do sal khien hoae mpt tac ddng ben ngoai ma khdng di vdi sy e l n thilt phai dpng nap)" ( d i n thee J. Ratner, 1939: 612).
(//•/) Giai do^n lai ich tri tue tang thim.
Treng qua trinh tgo mdi trudng, dieu kipn cho tre iam viec, m i l n la tre cd sy quan tam d i n vipe phat hidn hoae tim hilu nhCrng gi xay ra xung quanh hogt dpng eiia minh - d i l u nay dae bipt quan trpng, tir dd phat triln sy quan tam thir ba - s y quan tam r l t dac trung ciia tri tu#. Lgi Ich v l tri tup la k i t qua vdi nhu'ng gi dat dugc cua mdt qua trinh hopt dpng. Tuy nhien, theo J. Dewey ( d i n theo J. Ratner, 1939; 613) d i l u nay eung cd t h i trd thanh Igi Ich chi phli, vi t h i thay vl suy nghT va tim k i l m k i t qua ciia mdt hogt dpng, hay hanh dpng vi Igi Ich cua vipe tim ra mpt cai gl dd. Sau dd, cae Igi ich tri tup, heac ly thuylt d j c trung se t y t h i hipn. Ong cho rang, d l khuyin khieh sy phat triln eua tri tup thi vipe: len k l hogch trudc, chii <i nhO'ng gl xay ra, lien hp vdi nhCrng gi dang e l gIng, la mpt phIn cua t i t ea eac hogt dpng vd tinh hay c l </ (dan theo J. Ratner, 1939: 614). Va day chinh la vipe eiia cae nha giao dye.
D i l u nay kha pho b i l n theo nguyen t i c eg ban ciia khoa hpc v l moi quan hp "nhan qua". Doi vdi mpt v l n d l d y g c quan tam va vipe hpc tap hay
NGUYgN THI LUYEN - NHLTNO VAN Dg CO B A N C O A : : . nghien ciru d l giai quylt v l n d l nay
se dem lai Igi ich, va Igi ich dat dugc ehinh la dac trung eiia tri tue.
(3) Dao tao t y duy (The Training of Thinking)
Theo J. Dewey (1933; 35), giang day ed t h i dwoc so sanh vdi viec ban hang hoa. Khdng ai eo the ban trir khi ai do mua. Nhu vay, mpt thugng gia se bj c h i nhae trong trugng hgp dng ban r l t nhieu mat hang mac dii khdng ed ai mua. Nhung eo le giao vien lai khac, trong chirng myc nao dd hp v l n cho ring hp da thye hien giang day t i t bit ke hpe sinh da hoc dygc nhCrng gi. D l cap d i n heal dpng d hai phugng dien khae nhau nhung khong t h i khdng thly tinh hgp ly g day. Lien he heat dong tren eho thly, phygng trinh giira day va hoe cung nhy giiia ban va mua. Cach duy nhlt d l tang viee hpe tap ciia hpe sinh la tang s i lygng va c h i t lygng giang day ciia thly cc. M l i quan he nay the hien sy ehu dpng eiia ngudi hpe, giao vien la ngudi hudng d i n va djnh hydng
"ngydi thly lai thuyin, nhung nang lugng d l y thuyin phai den tir nhyng hpe sinh" (dan thee J, Ratner, 1939;
614), Giao vien co nhung kinh nghiem treng qua khir, hilu v l hy vqng, mong m u l n , Igi ich cua hpc sinh, giao vien se hilu hgn y nghTa cdng viec hudng dan hinh thanh thdi quen phan xa cua hpe sinh, J. Dewey eho ring, vdi tre em, t h i gidi ludn doi mdi; co cai gi dd dang sg nhung cung dang kham pha treng mdi m l i lien he mdi va chiing dang ham hd tim k i l m , khong chi dgn
thuln la mat each thu ddng chd dgi ^^
ehju dung. Tre m u l n ed eg hpi de dugc hoat dpng, va chiing can mpt so d l i tygng de hanh dpng (dSn theo J.
Ratner, 1939; 615). Toan bp cae khuynh hudng cho heat dpng eiia tre la tao s y td md. Day la y l u t l eg ban trong viec tich luy cae kinh nghiem va do do, la nhan to quan trqng d l phat trien thanh t y duy phan anh.
Ban v l v l n d l nay, J. Dewey ly giai, vdi h l u h i t mpi ngudi, nhirng tai nguyen chinh treng viee phat trien nhiing thdi quen ed trat t y eiia ty tudng la gian t i l p , khdng chi dao. To chire tri tup cd ngudn goe va trong mot thdi gian phat triln iam nen tang eho to chirc eac phygng tien c l n thiet d l thye hien mpt k i t qua, khdng phai la k i t qua eiia mpt yeu c l u trye tilp den nang lye t y duy. "Sy c l n thilt phai suy nghi de thye hien nhirng gi vugt ngoai suy nghT la manh hgn suy nghi v l Igi ieh rieng" ( d i n thee J.
Ratner, 1939:616).
Trong thuc tiln, mpi ngydi khdng phai la ehuyen gia khpa hgc, nhyng vdi suy nghT trudng thanh, v l n dat dygc trat ty: tu tudng ludn ludn thdng thai trong Chi dao hanh ddng va khdng theo bat kyloi men n a o - i , o a e e d t h i hieu; sy sang tao nhlt dinh tryge eac tinh hudng hoat dpng. Nhung tre em thi khae, tir khi con nhd, tre em n h ^ lya Chen hanh Viva d l i t u o n g ^ ; ^ phygng tien de dat dygc mu Qua trinh nay eo t h i dien nl ^'^^•
trinh ty: lua chon - sjp ™ ' " ^ ° c h u y i n - v a thieh irng. Cacho^t a - ' "
TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HQI s i 1+2 (257*258)2020 nay ddi hoi s y danh gia. Chinh d i l u nay phu hgp mdt each vd thii'e d l xay dung mpt thai dp thuan Igi phan ehieu suy nghT.
Se vdi ngydi Idn, viec lya chpn va td ehii'c cae ehuoi hanh ddng phli hgp la mpt v l n d l khp khan hon nhilu vdi tre em. Vi ngygi trygng thanh "cd lap trudng (bien giai) vu'ng vang trudc nhiing anh hudng lien quan den viec hinh thanh thdi quen t y duy" ( d i n theo J. Ratner, 1939: 617). Tuy nhien, v l n d l khd khan nay chi ra thye t l rang ca hoi iwa chon eic hoat dong giao due dich thwc Ign hgn nhilu trgng ddi sing tre nhd so vdi ddi sdng ngydi Idn. Theo J. Dewey, khdng cd sire manh ciia t y duy dgn nhlt, nhyng cd nhilu each khac nhau tir nhirng d i l u cy the - nhCrng d i l u quan sat t h l y , nhg dugc, nghe dygc, dpc dygc ggi len nhu-ng y tugng v l mpt v l n d l nap dp va hudng tri de d i n mdt k i t luan hgp ly. Vi vay, giap dye khgi ggi sy ham hily bilt, dya ra de xult, hinh thanh thai quen kham pha va kiem nghiem, nang cap tinh nhay ben trudc nhiing cau hoi va yeu thieh kham pha nhu'ng v l n d l hoe bua chua dugc giai dap. Khi nhu'ng " d l xult" hinh thanh trong d l u va d y g c kiem seat theo mpt trat t y phat trien va tich luy se giiip nang cae s g trudng, nang lye chirng minh ve mpi y l u td quan sat thay, khi da "de xult" d y g c ap dung. 'Tw duy khdng phai li mot qua trinh tinh than rieng biet mi la mot phwang thwc trong do rat nhieu doi twang dugc quan sat t h l y va d l x u l t dugc ap
dyng, each ma ehung t i l p tuc t i n tai eiing nhau va duge Iam cho t i n tai eting nhau, each ma chiing dugc luan giai" (dan theo J. Ratner, 1939: 617).
Tir ly do nay, v l n d l phwang phap hinh thanh nhOng thdi quen t u duy phan bien la v l n d l xay dyng eic diiu kien se phat sinh va djnh hudng tim tdi; thiet lap mdi lien k i t v l nhiing gi da trai nghiem iam t i l n d l thiie day ddng di xuat, tag ra eac v l n d l va muc dieh h i trg sw lien tuc trong ehuli y tudng. Lap luan nay dugc J. Dewey ( d i n thee J. Ratner, 1939: 618) minh hga; tre em thudng bj yeu c l u im lang khi Chung dat cau hdi; eae heat ddng tim h i l u kham pha eiia chiing thygng b i t tien va do vay ehiing duac doi xu nhu nhirng ngydi hay iam philn; hoe sinh duge day ghi nhd nhilu thir vi t h i nhu'ng k i t giag bIng Idi met chilu d y g c thilt lap thay vl nhCrng k i t n i l linh heat vdi ehinh nhu'ng d i l u dd; khdng cd eae k l hopeh va d y an d y g c eung d p , d i l u dd bupe hpe sinh phai nhin ve phia trudc va d y doan va trong qua trinh thye hipn, viec hoan thanh mdt v l n d l tao nen nhu'ng eau hdi mdi va d l x u l t nhu'ng nhiem vy mdi. Giao vien cd t h i nghT ra eae bai tap dac bipt nhIm ren luyen t y duy mpt each trye t i l p , nhung vdi du' kien khdng phii hgp eae bai tap dae biet se trd len vd ieh. Theo J.
Dewey, "viec ren luyen t u duy cd t h i dat d y g c duy n h l t bIng each dilu tilt nhCrng nguyen nhan ggi len va djnh hudng t y duy" ( d i n theo J. Ratner, 1939:618).
v l viec dao tao thdi quen t u duy, theo J. Dewey, van d l eiia giao vien Idn hgn g i p hai l l n . Mpt mat, ngudi giap vien phai la "mpt hpc sinh" ed nhu'ng thdi quen va dac d i l m rieng, mat khac ngygi giao vien phai la "mpt hpc sinh"
vol eac dieu kien hd trg cae chilu hudng t i t hgn hpac xau han trang dd sCre manh ea nhan t y bpe phat thep thdi quen. Ngudi giao vien can phai nhan thly ring phygng phap bao triim khong chi nhyng gi ma ngygi giao vien nghi ra mpt each ed ehu dieh va ap dung cho myc dich dae tao tinh thin, ma edn bae triim nhtrng gi ngygi giao vien thuc hien ma khong cd sy xem xet cd y thirc v l dieu d6 - Mgi thir trgng b l u khong khi va each quan ly ciia nha trudng tac ddng theo mpi each d i n tinh td md, sy dap lai va hoat ddng cd trat t y eua hoc sinh.
Theo nghTa nay, "ngydi giao vien la mpt hpe sinh thdng minh ca v l heat ddng tinh t h i n rieng bipt va nhu'ng anh hudng cua cae dilu kien nha trudng d i n eac hoat dpng do ed the dugc tin tudng lya chgn eac phugng phap hygng d i n eiia chinh ngygi giaa vien dd v l khia canh mang tinh ky thuat hgn va hep hgn - eac phugng phap thieh irng tdt nhlt nhIm dat dugc eac k i t qua trong eae mdn hpc ey the nhu mdn tap dpc, dja ly, hoae dai s i " (din theo J. Ratner, 1939:
619). Nhu vay, trong trudng hgp giao vien han e h l v l nang lye ca nhan va it phat huy dugc Igi t h i hay t i m anh hydng eua minh ddi vdi hpe sinh thi tham chi ngay ca vdi phugng phap
NGUYgN THI LUYEN - NHfrNf^ V A N B 6 CO B A N C L I A : , mang tinh ky thuat hay nhlt cua gia°
vien dudng nhy se nhpn ngay duO'C hau qua cho vipe hinh thanh thoi quen khdng tot.
(4) Ca tinh va tip do (Individuality and Freedom)
Heat dpng dem lai kiln thire, b i t k l theo thai eye nao cung d l u la "su ap dat va sal khiln ben ngoai" va "ty do bpe Ip". J. Dewey lap luan (1934; 6):
s y khdi phat tir cae k i t qua khong d l y dii va dat gia eiia viec k i l m seat mang tinh eg hgc tir ben ngeai tag ra sy nhiat huylt eho tinh c h i t t y phat va
"sy phat trien tir ben trong". Ngudi ta nhan t h l y rang lue d l u tre em thudng to ra thich thii vdi cdng viee ciia ehijng nhung d i n d i n td ra met moi va buon ehan hgn do nang lye dygc tich luy chua dii trong qua trinh phat trien. Lue nay ngay lap tire cae quy djnh xult hien - nhiing y k i l n , quy t i c va menh lenh ciia mpt ai da la ngudi trygng thanh, ed hieu bilt va nhilu kinh nghiem se eho bilt nhu'ng gi e l n lam va iam nhu t h i nao. Nhy mdt y Wen Chung, khdng ai phu nhan ring sir phat triln tinh t h i n ca nhan dygc hue day trong moi hoat ddng quylt am eua con ngygi bIng s y lien he ' " ' ' ' , " "Shiem tich luy eua nhiing g y g khac trong Cdng viec dd. Mdt hye tien sinh d5ng, qua do J, Dewey luan giai, "khong ai c6 . h i M „ ! , !
- hgh! mgt luan giai, "khong ai co t h i u each thing thin ring t i t r5 . mdc tuong lai c l n Phai d u . V ; " " ' bIng each khdi d l u blng mi^,,'° ' ^ ° trIng, bo di mpi thir ma , „ . ' ^ S'^V kham pha v l eg khi, v l ca. ^^
'= =°ng ey
TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HQI s6 1+2 (257*258) 2020 va cdng dyng eiia ehiing... Dygng nhy ngydi ta khong nghT ring kiln thire nay se "can trd phong each cua hp", gidi han ca tinh ciia hp... Mat khae, Chang ngydi thg mpe nap d y g c dao tao b l n g cae phygng phap thygng dugc ap dyng trong cae xygng dao tao thd cdng ngi ma nhCing nhipm vy mang tinh ehlt ky thuat dygc hinh thanh, hoan toan dpe lap iam mgi thir, chi cd ky nang ehuyen men lam myc dich cua hg"
(din theo J. Ratner, 1939; 620). Vi thee le thudng, nhiing ngydi thg mpe dygc dag tao trong tap t h i nhiing ngygi ciing nghi, b l n g each lam viec vdi nhiing ngydi khac cc kinh nghiem va ky nang, chia se va hd trg, khi do hp quan sat dugc ve phugng phap va lien hp d i n k i t qua ma hp ed t h i iam.
Theo luan giai tren, viee hoc tip dygc kilm scat bdi hai nguyen t i e ehinh:
Mpt la s y tham gia vap mgt cdng viee thilt thye, hai la sy nhan thirc v l m l i lien he cua bien phap vdi eae k i t qua.
Khi hai d i l u kien nay d y g c dap irng, sy can nhle thir ba thugng thee sau nhu mpt v l n d l dT nhien. Co s y nhan thii'e v l y nghTa ciia cae quy trinh ky thuat eu the va eae hinh thire ky nang thijc day s y quan tam v l ky nang va 'ky thuat', khi dd y nghTa eiia k i t qua dygc "ehuyen" den phygng tien ITnh hgi. "Cac be trai yeu thieh bcng chay thudng tham gia luyen tap t y nguyen treng hoat ddng nem bong, b i t bong, danh bdng bang gay, va cae hoat dpng eua trd choi nay. Hay cac be trai yeu thieh trd chgi bi se luyen tap
nhIm nang cao ky nang b i n bi. Tuy nhien, hay tydng tygng d i l u gl se xay ra n l u ehung eoi nhu-ng bai thye hanh nay nhy nhiing nhiem vu trong trudng hpc, ma khdng cd heat dpng trude trong trd chgi, khdng cd y thire v l nhCing gi ehiing da thye hien, va khdng cd bat cir s y loi cuon va ddng lye tham gia, d i l n ra trong trd ehgil"
( d i n theo J. Ratner, 1939: 621). V l n d l c l n d y g c xae djnh rd g day, hoat dpng nhy mdt s y khdi d l u dem Ipi nhtrng gl d y g c tich luy xem nhu kinh nghiem hay vdi ten gpi y l u t l "truyin thing". Truyin thing la phugng tidn theo dd nang lye eua ngydi hpe duge khdi phat va djnh hudng. Ben canh dd mong mudn manh me heac nhu c l u cua mpt ca nhan tham gia vao mpt cdng viec la mpt d i l u kien tien quylt, mdt y l u t l ciia truyin thong trong sy phat triln ca nhan v l nang lye va sy t y do; va rang ca nhan dd phai t y nhin nhan theo each rieng eiia minh cae mdi quan he giCia phugng tien va eae bien phap thye hien dygc ap dung va k i t qua dat dygc. "Khdng ai khac cd t h i giup ca nhan dd, va ca nhan dd khdng the nhin nhan b l n g each "dygc mach nude" mac du sy mach nude diing d i n ed the dinh hudng va giup ea nhan de nhln nhan dugc nhCing gi ma ca nhan do c l n nhin nhan" (din theo J. Ratner, 1939: 623). Nhy vay, khd khan thuc t l khdng nIm g nguyen t i e doi lap eiia eae phugng phap, cac quy t i e va k i t qua dat dugc theo kinh nghiem trudc day d l i vdi yde vgng ca nhan, nang lye va t y do.
NGUYgN THI LUYEN - NHLfNG VAN P£ CO B A N C O A ^ Nang lye va t y do bj kim ham khdng
phai do sy d l i lap giua sy hieu bilt va ky nang trude day va nang lye ca nhan eua ngydi hpc; v l n d l nIm d nhCrng thdi quen, cac tieu chuin va y tudng ciia giao vien. Diing hgn la g nhCrng thdi quen khdng dugc giao dye cua tre va thai dp cua giao vien eoi minh la nhOng ngydi ed tham quyIn, hp t y bap bpe blng mot truyin thing nao dd nhy la mpt Idp ap che phii va tir nay v l sau kheng ehi la "Toi" noi ma edn Chua len tilng thdng qua tdi, d i l n dat theo each eua J. Dewey (din theo J. Ratner, 1939; 624) se ngan ehan tinh toan ven v l tri tue va tinh cam cua hpc sinh. D i l u nay d i n d i n s y t y do eua hpc sinh kim nen, va su phat triln nhan each bj kim ham. "Ty do ea nhan" ehju sy "can thipp" bdi ky nang, t u duy va kinh nghiem chin c h i n ciia nhiing ngudi khac, thee ly thuylt nay. De dem lai Igi ieh dac biet eho sy phat triln sy t y do, ngydi giao vien khdng chi la "ngydi cd thIm quyIn" ma giao vien e l n bilt v l hpc trd ciia minh, v l nhu c l u , kinh nghiem va trinh dp ky nang eiia eac hpc trd dd d l ed the (khong ap dat myc dich va k l hoach) chia se trong mot eude thao luan v l nhiing gl can iam va t y do dua ra nhyng d l xult.
Tuy nhien, s y djnh hudng tri tue thye t l x u l t hien trong khi va do eae hoat ddng duge thye hien theo dd. Dd la d l x u l t x u l t phat tir ngudi giap vien diing nhu nhCrng d l x u l t "ty phat" tCr eac hpe sinh vdi y niem rd rang v l
"myc dich". D i l u nay h i t sire c l n
thilt vi nhCrng d l x u l t xult phat tir hpc sinh khdng gidi han t u duy nhung lai 'ndng can'. T u duy v l mot myc dich co sy tugng ddng vdi s y nhan thirc v l cae phygng phap va phygng tien. Khi va ehi khi t y duy v l mot myc dich trd nen ro rang trong qua trinh thye hipn thi de an mdi trg nen re rang. "Cu t h i la met ngygi nhan thirc dugc nhu'ng gi ma anh ta muln lam va anh ta se dat duge nhO-ng gl khi eong viee dugc hoan thanh tren thuc t l " (dan theo J. Ratner, 1939:626).
Ban sau hgn v l v l n d l nay, vdi tinh tir "serial" (thir ty) theo J. Dewey, cd y nghTa quan trpng trong viee lien he vdi qua trinh thye hien. Moi budc tiln len phia trude, moi 'phygng tien' dygc sir dung la mpt phIn thanh qua cua met
"mue dich", nd iam ro hgn dac tinh cua muc dich dd, va nhu vay d l xult theo mpt t y duy quan sat, budc t i l p thep dygc thye hien, vdi phygng tien va phygng phap dugc ap dung t i l p da. Tinh ehlt can nguyen va sy dpe lap t u duy cd lien quan d i n qua trinh thye hien hgn la sy can thiep vdi nguIn d l xult ban d l u . Thye ra, nhiing d l xult ban dlu kha quan chinh la k i t qua ciia sy trai nghiem thye hien eae edng viec da djnh. "Ndi mpt each khac, 'myc dieh' khong phai la sy k i t thOe thee nghTa den ma la d i l m khdi d l u eiia nhirng ygc nguyen cac myc dich va ke hoach moi" (d|n theo J. Ratner, 1939: 627). Qua q u j trinh tri de co nang lye dua ra nhiing de xuat ed y nghTa, vdi sy trai nghiem
TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HQI so 1+2 (257*258) 2020 da ed iam x u l t hipn nhu-ng d l x u l t t i l p theo, phu hgp va ed gia trj. Va d l x u l t cd y nghTa se dem lai hieu qua trong phat trien t u duy vdi ky nang va phygng phap thye hien.
(5) Qua trinh giao due lien tuc (The Continuity of the Educational Process) Nhu met s y khai quat lai cae Iuan giai tren, J. Dewey dua ra nhan djnh: giao dye la s y tai td chirc hay tai eg e l u kinh nghiem lien tyc (din theo J.
Ratner, 1939; 628). Giao dye eo myc dich trye t i l p va tdi chirng mye ma heat dpng ce tac dung giao dye de dat dygc muc dich l y - s y ehuyin b i l n trye tilp ciia trinh dp kiln thire, kinh nghipm. Ddi sdng cua tre nhd, thanh nien, ngydi Idn - t i t ca dua tren mot d p dp mang tinh giao due tugng t y tren phugng dipn nhu-ng gi hgc dygc tir thye t l g tirng giai dean trai nghiem c l u thanh gia trj cua kinh nghiem ehinh la hoat ddng eiia ddi sing g mgi giai dgan eude ddi een ngudi ma ta ed t h i nh|n bilt va gpi ten.
Thee J. Dewey, qua trinh giap dye la met qua trinh tinh t h i n vdi s y tang th§m lien tyc ciia kiln thirc tir t h l p d i n cao. Vdi quan diem truyin thong, giao dye nhy la mpt s y chuan bj "hpc tap" de dat dugc nhu-ng d i l u cy the bdi sau nay chiing se cd ich. Muc dich thi r l t xa, va giao dye ludn san sang, la budc sg bp doi vdi mdt d i l u gi dd ce t i m quan trpng hgn xay ra sau nay.
Thdi thg l u la mpt qua trinh chuan bj cho ddi s i n g ngydi Idn, va ddi song ngygi Idn la mdt s y chuan bj eho mpt
ddi s i n g khac. "Tugng lai, chir khong phai hien tai, la dieu quan trpng trong giao dye: ITnh hdi tri thire va ky nang d l sir dyng eho tugng lai; sy hinh thanh thdi quen ddi hdi sau dd trong ddi sdng, eong viec, t u each cdng dan tdt va theo d u l l khoa hgc" (din thee J.
Ratner, 1939: 628). Theo nghTa khae, giao dye c l n thilt d l i vdi loai ngudi dgn thuln bdi s y phu thude eua hp vao ngudi khac. Con ngydi khi sinh ra chua cd sy hilu bilt, chua co kinh nghiem, chua ed ky nang va nen ndt, trong mpt hpan canh phu thude xa hdi.
S y hydng d i n , dao tao, sy ren luyen v l tinh t h i n la cac qua trinh theo dd ed s y giup d d tir nhiing ngudi trudng thanh, ngudi Idn va s y giup d d trye t i l p se ngay cang giam d i n d i n miie ea nhan "phy thude" cd t h i ty nhin nhan. Nhiem vy cua tuoi thg la phat triln len tinh dpe lap eua tuoi trugng thanh qua s y hudng d i n eiia nhiing ngygi da gat hai dygc d i l u dd - nhung ngygi di tryge. Nhu vay qua trinh giao dye nhu la mot nhigm vu chinh doi vgi cac muc dich cua eupc s i n g khi tuoi tre da dat d i n sy khai phong khdi le thupc xa hpi. Thee J.
Dewey hai luong y kiln tren dugc dat ra nhyng hiem khi dugc bien luan, mau thuln vdi quan niem ring sy tai eg e l u kiln thire dang phat triln heac lien tue, la mue dieh duy nhlt (din thee J. Ratner, 1939: 629). S y ITnh hdi d y g c kiln thire, ky nang, nhan thirc van hda la cae d l u hieu eiia sy phat trien va phygng tien d l i vdi sy lien tue eua qua trinh tinh t h i n . Y kiln che
NGUYgN THI LUYEN - N H O N G V A N D £ C g BAN_CijA^
ring "giao dye nhu la sy chuIn bj va y kiln cho ring tuoi trudng thanh nhu la sy gidi han phat triln e l dinh la hai phygng dien eua sy thilu thanh that dang che trach" ( d i n theo J. Ratner, 1939: 630). N l u nhy nhiem vy v l tinh t h i n eiia ngydi Idn cung nhu cua thanh nien la mpt sy trai nghiem dang phat triln, thi sy hudng d i n tir nhirng phu thupc va tugng thude xa hpi ed t i m quan trpng d l i vdi ngydi Idn nhu d&i vdi tre nhd. Khi viee xac djnh qua trinh tinh t h i n vdi eac qua trinh phat triln cu t h i dugc hien thye hda, thi se thly dygc eong tae giao due tre em ro rang va chinh quy hon thee phygng dien hieu qua v l mat t i l n bp xa hpi va tai to chirc, va dong thdi cung thly ro rang viec kiem nghiem toan bp cac to chirc v l ddi sdng ngudi Idn la t i m anh hygng cua hp treng viee thiie day giao due thudng xuyen.
3. TAM K 6 T
Ban v l trilt hpe giae due Dewey, se la khilm khuylt Idn khi ehi nhln manh nhiing v l n d l eg ban eiia qua trinh giao due. Tuy nhien, lat c l t mong v l qua trinh giao due ciia dng tren day eung cho thly gia trj tu tudng giao due hieu dyng cho den nay da dygc khdi nguIn tir nhu-ng nam dau t h i ky XX bdi J. Dewey.
Qua trinh giae dye vdi nhung v l n de eg ban, J. Dewey phae hga bire tranh v l khoa hpc giao dye bdi sy k i t hgp nhuin nhuyin giu'a tam ly hpc ve con ngygi va phugng phap khga hpc si pham. Nhy mpt 'tuyen bd' khdi d l u
eho mdt qua trinh giao due hieu qua- • Dewey vdi lap luan "tren hit nghe thuat la nghe thuat giap due" ham y v®
nguyen t i e , ban ehlt, muc ti^u ^a phugng phap giao dye xac djnh.
Trong dd, trudc h i t doi hoi mpt s y nghiem tuc thda dang d l i vdi chii the (day va hpe) v l hoat dpng the chat - thee ca nghTa tinh t h i n , t u duy va tri tue, theo each lap luan eua J. Dewey.
Bat trong m i l lien he giCia giae dye hien dai vdi quan d i l m "trdng ngudi", ehc t h l y su tugng ddng n h l t djnh v l mat y nghTa tir lap luan tren ciia J.
Dewey. Vdi vai trd chii t h i , t h l y "cheo thuyin" va nang lugng day thuyin d i n tir "ngudi hpe" la nguyen t i e xuyen s u i t trpng phugng phap giap due tie (khdng chi trong nha trudng) ngay tir thdi l u thg theg quan diem
"tren nghe thuat" v l giae due neu tren.
Thee dd, "thly" (ham y ca ngudi Idn, ngygi trudng thanh) dua ra d l x u l t (y tudng) dan d l t , djnh hygng, thdng qua do t u duy phan anh ciia "trd"
(ham y ca tre nhd) d i n dugc hinh thanh va phat triln. va nhu vay, thly CO ngoai chirc nang diing nghIa nhy tren, con la "hoc sinh thong minh"
trong hoat dong giao due, theo nhan dinh eiia J. Dewey.
Cung vdi dd, "nang lygng a j y , , x _ ^ . ttr ngudi hoc dygc J. Dewey tilp tuc luan giai. "Nang lygng" cua ngyc,i hoc dygc hinh thanh nhy mot sy trai nghiem qua qua trinh tici; ^^ . nghiem, theo ong, dygc bSj I' thud l u thg - va giao due (triroclV,^
hpe la giao due gia dinh) man ''9 trong su thud au thg -
TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HQI so 1+2 (257*258) 2020 trach nay. Doi vdi tre thg, iam sag de
"tre vui chgi cd ddng lye" va vdi " n i l m vui hoan toan m i l n phi" hinh thanh thdi quen t u duy phan anh va phat trien the ehlt, tri tup. D l ed sy tich IQy kinh nghipm hay qua trinh lien tue cua sy phat triln tri tue tir tre thg d i n trygng thanh va ngydi Ign, trong dd giao due vgi phygng phap phu hgp vgi tirng giai doan nay la r l t ed y nghTa. Vi giap dye khdng dgn thuln chi la "sy chuan bj eho tygng lai" hay giag dye "bj gidi han" khi ta trudng thanh, ma qua trinh giao dye la mdt qua trinh tinh t h i n vgi sy tang len lien tuc ciia kiln thirc.
Qua trinh giao dye dya tren tam ly hpc va giap dye hpe theo nghTa "giao dye la sy tai to chirc hay tai eg e l u kinh nghipm lipn tyc"; viee phat huy ky nang ngay tu- d l u treng nha trugng la dilu kien tien quylt de tap nen s y thieh irng, tinh chu dpng va t y tin eua
ngudi hpe khi budc vao nhu-ng trai nghiem phirc tap. Mac dii do tinh e h l dinh tir thye t i l n xa hpi va thien hudng chinh tri eua minh ma trong each t i l p can v l giao due eua J.
Dewey ed mdt s i d i l m con kha xa la vgi Viet Nam nhung khdng t h i phii nhan gia trj cua trilt hpe giae dye Dewey bao triim trpng nd la nhu-ng nguyen ly v l mye dieh va phygng phap giao dye vgi nhiing nguyen t i c khoa hpc x u l t phat tir thye tien cupe s i n g . "Thye s y ma ndi cho d i n nay, di san giao dye eua Dewey v l n chua dugc xem la mdt phygng phap mang tinh pho cap eho giao due toan c l u , nhung trilt ly, t u tudng, quan d i l m ciia Dewey v l n ed sire anh hudng Idn dua t y tygng thye dyng mpt each cd phygng phap va hu-y hieu vao sinh heat hang ngay eua to chire ddi sdng xa hpi va thye t i l n ciia nhan loai..." (J.
Ratner, 1939; 245). •
TAI LIEU TRICH D A N
1. Dewey, John (revised edition). 1933. How We Think. USA: Reprinted by Special Permission of D.C. Heath and Co. pp. 35-57.
2. Dewey, John. 1913. Interest and Effort in Education. USA: Houghton Mifflin Company, pp. 65-54,
3. Dewey, John, 1928, "Body and Mind". Bulletin of the N Y Academy of Medicine, vol.
IV, pp. 17-19.
4. Dewey John, 1934. Journal of the Barnes Foundation. USA: Yale University Press, vol, 11, pp, 1-6,
5. Ratner, Joseph. 1939, Intelligence in the Modem Worid - John Dewey's Philosophy.
New York: The Mordern Library,
6. UNESCO, 2005. Chan dung nhiing nha cai each giao due tieu bleu tren the giai - (bien djch; Hoang Thu Ha, Luong Viet Nhi va Nguyen Phuo-ng Bong), Ha Noi: Nxb, T h i gidi.