Quan dilm cua Tran Trong Kim \h dao dii-c
Tran Thj H^nh'
' Tni&ng D^i hpc Khoa hgc xa hpi vi NhSn vfin, D^i hgc Quoc gia Hi Npi.
Email: [email protected]
NhSto Bgiy 5 thing 3 nim 2017. Ch^ nh§n (Kng ngiy 10 thing 4 nSm 2017.
Tom tdt: Trong ddng chay lich sft tir tudng Vipt Nam ddu thl ky XX, Trdn Trgng Kim (1883- 1953) Id mpt ttong iihimg hpc gia danh tieng, mpt nhd giao due, mpt nha bien khdo vdn hoc va sii hpc Vipt Nam. 6ng dH tilp thu cao gia ttj dao dftc truyin thing dan tpc, gia ttj dgo dftc cda phuong Bong, phircmg Tay. Quan diem vl dgo dure cua Trdn Trgng Kim mang dam net dgo due Vipt Nam thdi ky culi till k^ XIX ddu thl ky XX. D6 la thdi ky ma ttong vdn hoa Vipt Nam cd s\r tiep bien m^inh mg cda vdn hda phuong Ddng va vdn hoa phumig Tay. Tran Trpng Kim tiep thu nhGng gia tt) CO ban cua dao dftc Nho gido, dgo dftc truyen thong dan tpc, ding thdi b l sung mpt so net cOa dgo dftc phuong Tay. Quan diem cua dng ve dgo dftc ndi chung va ve Idng nhan ai, thipn vi ic, nghTa v\i dgo dftc ndi ridng c6 nhilu gid tr}, dac bipt ttong ITnh vvrc gido dye dao dftc cho thl hp tre hipn n ^ .
Tir khda: Trdn Trpng Kim, dao dftc, tu tudng triet hpc, Vipt Nam.
Abstract: In the history of Vietnam's ideology early in tiie 20''' century, Tran Trong Kim (1883- 1953) was a renowned scholar and educator, who studied and compiled many books of Vietnamese literature and history. He absorbed the nation's ttadltional ethical values, as well as those of both the Orient and the Occident. His views on ethics were imbued with the Vietnamese ethical views at the turn of the IP"" and 20* centuries, when there was sttong acculturation of both oriental and occidental mto tiie Vietnamese culture. The scholar inherited the fundamental values of the Confucian and national ttaditional etiiics, while making additions with a number of traits of the Western ethics. His views on ethics in general and on benevolence, the good and the evil, and the moral obligations in particular, bear high values, especially in the field of education of ethics to the younger generation today.
Keywords: Tran Trong Kim, ethics, philosophical ideology, Vietnam.
1. Gidi thif u P h | ) , huypn Nghi Xuan, tinh Hd Tlhh. 6ng sinh ra ttong mgt gia dinh cd truyin thong Trdn Trgng Kim t\r Id Lp Thdn, Id ngudi d Nho gido. C\i tiian smh ra Trdn Trgng Kim Idng Kilu Lihh, xd Dan Pho (nay Id Xudn la Trdn Bd Hudn, tiiam gia phong trao Cdn 30
Trdn Thj Hgnh Vuong. Ndm 1897, Trdn Trgng Kim hgc
trudng Phdp - Vidt d Nam Dinh. Nam 1900, dng thi do vdo trudng Thdng ngdn, tdt nghipp nam 1903. Ndm 1904, dng Idm Thdng su d Ninh Binh. Ndm 1905, Trdn Trgng Kim dugc mgt hdng budn tu nhdn cii sang Phdp lam vipc. Tgi Phdp, Iiic ddu dng hgc tiudng Thuong mai d Lyon. Nam 1908, dng duge nhan hgc bong vdo trudng Dgi hgc Su phgm Melun. Ndm 1911 dng vl nude. Ong gift nhidu chdc vy ttong ngdnh gido dye: thanh tta tilu hgc (1921), trudng ban sogn thdo sdch gido khoa tilu hgc (1924), gido vidn trudng Su pham thuc hdnh (1931), gidm doc eac trudng Nam tilu hge tgi Hd Ngi (1939). Trdn Trgng Kim cdn la Phd trudng Ban Vdn hgc cua Hdi Khai Tri Tien Ddc va nghi vidn Hgi ddng Ddn bieu Bde Ky. Ngdy 9 thdng 3 nam 1945, Nhat ddo ehinh Phap, dgc chiem thupc dia Ddng Duong. De tranh thii su img hp cua ngudi Viet Nam, Nhgt tuyen bd ttao ttd dpc lap cho Vipt Nam. Ngdy 11 thdng 3 nam 1945, trilu ^nh Hul tuydn bl buy bd Hda udc ki vdi Phdp ndm 1884, khdi phiie chii quyln Vipt Nam. Tran Trgng Kim dugc giao tiidnh Igp Ngi cae vao ngay 17 thdng 4 ndm 1945. Sau khi Vipt Mmh gidnh dugc ehinh quyln, Tran Trgng Kim luu vong ra nude ngodi. Sau nhieu ndm thang d Quang Chdu vd Hing Kdng, ngdy 6 thang 2 ndm 1947 dng ttd vl sing d Sdi Gdn tai nhd eua Luat su Trinh Dhih Thdo. Ndm 1948, dng qua Phndm Penh sdng vdi con gdi. Sau do dng ttd ve Viet Nam sing thdm Idng vd mdt tgi Da Lgt vao ngdy 2 thang 12 ndm 1953, tiig 71 tuli. Trude ndm 1945, Trdn Trgng Kim dd cd nhilu tdc phdm ndi tiing thdi bdy gid vl cdc Imh v\re su phgm, sir hgc. Trong lihh v\rc giao dye, dng sogn vd ty xuat ban mpt si cuon sdch nhu: Sa hgc
ludn ly, Su phgm khoa yiu luge, Qudc vdn gido khoa thu, Ludn l^ gido khoa thu, Su ky gido khoa thu... Nhihig cudn giao khoa thu ndy (dgc bipt Id eac euln Qudc vdn gido khoa thu, Su ky gido khoa thu vd Ludn lf>
gido khoa thu) deu Id nhung sdch hay thdi bdy gid. Qudc vdn gido khoa thu Id euln sdch gido khoa; sdch ndy khdi^ chi kd chuydn ngdy nay md cdn nhac chuypn ngdy xua, khdng chi lay nhftng tdm guong tii ttong lich sir ddn tpc ma cdn nit nhftng bdi hgc tu Uch sii nude ngodi, khdng chi ke chuypn con ngudi md cdn mugn hinh tugng cdc con vat gdn giU vdi con ngudi.
Ndi chung» sach ndy ddn edc em hgc sinh vdo nhiing van de cua dgo dftc, bao qudt tu dgo lam con, dgo ldm ddn den cd nhihig vdn dl nhd bd nhu each an, mac, viet thu, vp sinh, thudng thftc hdng ngdy. Ld mpt nho sT, xudt thdn ttong mdt gia dinh cd truyin thdng hiiu hge, Trdn Trgng Kim ed didu kipn tilp thu edc tu tudng dgo dftc truyen thong dan tpc, gid tri dgo dftc trong edc hgc thuylt cfta trilt hgc phuang Ddng, gid tri dao dftc cua phuong Tdy. Quan didm cua dng vl dgo dftc vfta mang tinh trilt ly vua mang tinh ftng dyng. Quan dilm cfta dng ve dgo dftc ed nhilu npi dung gid tri. Bdi vilt phan tich mpt si npi dung trong quan diem eiia dng ve dgo dftc (cy thl Id vl quan diem long nhdn di, vl edi thipn, edi dc, ve nghia vy dgo dftc cda moi ngudi).
2. Quan diem cua Trdn Trgng Kim ve ldng nhan di
Ldng nhan di cua ddn tpc Vipt Nam cd ngudn glc tft buoi ddu dung nude. Qua nhftng thdi ky IJeh sft khdc nhau, Idng nhdn
di tuy cd nhihig ndi dung mdi, song ve ca bdn nd van gift dugc ndt d$c sdc ridng.
Nhung hdnh ddng cfta Ly Thudng Kipt, Trdn Hung Dgo, Nguyin Trai, Quang Trung md dudng hiiu sinh tha tpi cho hdng chyc van tii binh thua trfn ve nude an todn dd thd hidn tinh thdn nhdn dgo cao ed, ddng khdm phuc. Tdm ldng nhan di thdm sdu ttong cdc quan hp tft trong gia ^ n h din xdm Idng, edng dong xd hpi. Ldng nhdn di cda ngudi Vipt bilu hipn ttong quan he gia dinh d eho, eha me lo cho con tft nhd, con cdi bdo hiiu eha m? khi gid ylu, bpnh tat;
anh em ttong nhd thi thugn hda, xem nhu chan vdi tay. Dii vdi ngudi khdng cung huylt thing thl Idng nhan di the hipn d viee giup ngudi ngheo khd vugt qua can hogn ngn Iftc khd khdn khdng mang on hup.
Trong quan hp xdm gidng, ldng nhdn di bidu hipn d loi song "chin bd ldm mudi",
*'nhudng com, se do", "la lanh d i ^ Id rdch", "toi lua tdt ddn ed nhau". K I thda tu tudng dd, Trdn Trgng Kim cho rdng eon ngudi song vi xa hpi, sing vi hgnh phftc cfta mSi ngudi, sing de cong hiln vd dem lgi nhilu 1^ ieh cho xd hpi. Con ngudi sing vi lgi ieh chung ciia xa hpi vd vi ngudi khdc.
Trong xa hgi dy thi tdm long "nhdn di, tft bi" Id rdt can thiet. Ong vilt: "Cac anh da hiiu rd nhftng Id cdng bdng, nghia Id phdi ttdn trgng ti'nh mpnh, cfta cdi, danh gid cua ngudi ta. Nhung dd chi Id gift khdng ldm dieu dc md thdi. Nhu thl van chua dft b i n phgn ldm ngudi. Phdi cd Idng nhan di mdi dugc" [3, tt.l91]. Theo Trdn Trgng Kim, chi rd bieu hipn cfta nhdn di Id ldng tft thipn, tiiuong vd giup ngudi ngheo khi, doi khdt, hogn ngn. Con ngudi cd ldng nhdn di se qudn minh ma lam vipc thipn. Sy bo thi chinh Id bieu hipn cda tinh thuong, bao dung. B l thi cd nghia rdng, khi nhin thdy ai
nghdo ddi, k h i sd thi minh cho hg cam an, do mdc hodc tien bac. Vipc b l thi ty nhien, khdng eau ky, khdng khoe khoang vd c6 phdn thipt thdi cho minh thi mdi quy. Sy bo thi khdng don gidn chi la cho tiln, hidn v|t, md can cd tam ldng thdnh. Mpt ldi ndi an di se ldm eho ngudi ta dd dugc mpt phdn chua xdt, dieu dd cung ddng qu^ ldm rdi. Nhan di khdng chi don gian Id tinh thuong, su bo thi, md cdn Id sy cftu mgng. Id su hy suih bdn than minh vi lgi ieh qudc gia (vi dy nhu Ld Lai lieu minh cftu chua). Tran Trpng Kim da khdo ldo dua npi dung khdi nidm Idng nhdn di Idn mpt tdm cao han khi cho rdng nhdn ai cdn thl hipn d sy hy suih vi quoc gia, dan toe.
Ldng nhdn di la mpt gia tri dao dftc vdn hda ldn cfta ddn tpc ta, da tgo nen mpt n^t dpc ddo ttong chft nghia nhdn vdn tmyIn thing Vipt Nam. Trdn Trgng Kim dd tilp nhdn tu tudng sau sdc dd vd dng dd truyin lgi cho the hP sau thdng qua sdch gido khoa, qua nhihig cdu chuypn ke l|ch sii, chuyPn ftng xft hdng ngdy eua eon ngudi, gan gui, de hieu, dd Id mdt cdch bdo ton va phdt huy gid tti dgo dftc truyin thing dSn tpc rat huu hipu.
3. Quan dilm cua Tran Trgng Kim v^
thipn vd dc
Trong Ijch sft nhan logi, thipn vd de dd dugc de cpp rdt sdm, ttd thanh nhChig phgm tru ca bdn cua dgo dftc hgc ndi ridng vd dao ldm ngudi ndi chung. Nhin chung mpi ngudi deu ma ude song thipn, khdt khao lam didu tiiipn, muon sing fa^ng mpt xa hpi thupn hda, bmh ddng, nhdn ai vd ciing tich eye phd phdn cai dc. De cao vipc tiiipn, phe phan cdi dc Id mpt phdm chat dgo dftc ciia
32
Trdn Thj Hgnh con ngudi trong xd hpi. Vipc ndy thl hidn
trong cdc hogt ddng lao ddng, trong lli sdng, hdnh vi ftng xft cua moi ngudi. K I thira quan didm vl thidn vd dc ttong lich sft, Tran Trgng Kim da dua ra edeh hiiu rdng, cdi thien Id tdt ca nhftng ^ cd vai trd tich eye ttong ddi sdng cua eon ngudi vd cfta todn xa hpi. Id tdt cd nhiing vipc ldm dem lai lgi ieh cho con ngudi va xa hdi (nhu su giftp da, san sd, cdm thdng, su nhudng nhin); cdi ac Id tdt ca nhftng gi gay ttd nggi va ed hai cho con ngudi va xd hdi. Cdi dc thudng gay ra nhung thdm hga khiing khilp cho con ngudi (nhu chidn tranh, cudp bdc, gilt ngudi). Cdi thidn bao gid cung cd y nghia xa hpi rgng ldn vd lau dai. Nd kich thich tinh tich cue trong xa hdi, tao nidm tin cho con ngudi vd xa hpi. Ddi vdi cd nhan, cdi thipn cd tdc dung lam cho con ngudi xdc dinh dugc le sdng dung ddn vd sy ty gidc thyc hipn nghia vy dao dftc. Ddi vdi xa hpi, cai thipn Id mdnh dat nudi dudng nhiing quan he lanh mgnh, trong sdng ldm cho bp mdt xd hdi vdn minh han. Ong viet: "Con ngudi dugc ggi la sinh vat x3 hdi, va noi ngudi phan dnh cai thipn vd cai dc cfta xa hpi. Do dd, kd xdu nudi duong cai dc bdng vide Idm tdi tp vd dd cai thipn bj mdn mdi di. Ngudi tdt thi cd gdng ldm didu thidn de phdt tridn nd vd ddy liii didu ac. Trdn co sd do, vipc sfta minh ddi hdi thudng xuydn kilm tra y nghi cua minh vi y nghi se dd ra hdnh dgng. Ngudi xua rat nghidm tftc ve vipc nay, thdm ehi day con khi edn Id mpt bdo tiiai" [2, tt.362].
Trdn Trgng Kim tilp thu quan didm vd thipn ac ciia dgo dftc phuang Ddng truyen thing nhung diem mdi trong quan didm cfta dng Id d ch6, dng hiiu dilu thipn edn theo gid tri thyc dyng cfta vdn minh phuang Tdy (vi nhu Id dem tidn cfta minh ldm nha tinh
thuang, nhd bpnh, nhd d de chfta cho nhung ngudi dau ylu, tdn tdt, dl nudi ngudi gid ylu, ddi khd, cd dpc. Id sy curu ttg mang tinh nhan logi khi ed thidn tai, chiln tranh, dich bpnh...).
Theo Trdn Trgng Kim, ddi lap vdi cdi thipn Id cdi de. Ddi vdi moi ca nhdn, cdi de ddi l$p vdi nhiing quyln lgi chan ehinh cfta con ngudi. Dd Id sy vd luong tam, ich ki, an bam, hdnh dpng tan bgo, sy nhan tam, thd a, vd trach nhipm trudc sd phgn cua ngudi khac. Nhftng dfta tre ndo dgc de thi ai cung ghet. Mpt ngudi khi trd ma ddc ac thi ldn ldn thdnh ra ngudi bdt nhan. Chinh sy bat nhdn dd md gdy ra bao tin hgi cho chinh ngudi than va cho toan the xa hgi. Ong vidt:
'Tdn bgo ciing la mdt khia cgnh cfta cdi dc.
Id mpt tinh xdu, ngudi ta doi vdi ke hen ylu hay giong sue vgt bao gid ciing phdi nhan tft thi mdi phdi dgo" [3, tt.88]. Cdi dc edn dugc thl hipn ttong sy ludi bilng. 6 ddi ai cung phai Idm, cd Idm thi mdi cd dn. Ldm vide la bdn phgn thft nhdt cfta con ngudi.
Lao dpng Id tidu chudn, la thudc do phdm gia ciia con ngudi. Khdng lao dpng, vd trdch nhidm vdi bdn than vd vdi cupc ddi ciing ddng nghia vdi cdi ac. Song thidn Id dilu phft hgp vdi sy tien bp vdn minh. Sdi^
thipn lam cho eon ngudi cd tinh ngudi hon, dong thdi idm ndy nd d mSi con ngudi nhihig tinh cdm dep de nhu vj tha, Idng nhan di, thai dQ bilt quy trgng nhau. Sdng thipn ldm cho xd hpi dm dp tinh ngudi vd trdi tim con ngudi dugc sudi dm trong sy dm dp do. xa hpi cang phdt trien thi con ngudi cdn phai sdng thipn. Cai thipn ludn phu hgp vdi Id edng bdng, nhan dgo. Xd hpi ndo dl cao tinh thipn thi nhung bdt cdng trong xa hpi dd ciing sd gjdm ddn, con ngudi dugc song trong trgng thdi ty do, sung sudng hon. Con ngudi can dugc gjao dye dgo due tft
khi edn nhd, dilu dd cd y nghia quan ttgng ttong vipc hmh thdnh nhdn cdch con ngudi sau ndy. Gido dye dgo due eho eon cdi Id trdch nhiem cfta cha me. Gido dye dgo dftc ttong gia dinh tao cho cho xa hpi nhihig ngudi edng ddn cd dao dftc, sdng cd trach nhipm, bidt hy smh, bilt xdt thuang vdi nhftng mdnh ddi bdt hgnh, bilt chia sd hgnh phftc vdi ngirdi khac.
4. Quan diem ciia Tran Trgng Kim ve nghia vu dao due
Trdn Trgng Kim eoi nghia vy dgo dftc Id ^ thftc trdch nhipm, Id tinh cam ty gidc cua con ngudi ddi vdi ngudi khde vd ddi vdi xd hpi, duge con ngudi y thftc vd tu nguypn ty gidc hdnh dpng. NghTa vy dao dftc chiem mpt vi tri ddc bipt ttong ddi song dao dftc xd hpi. Vipc thyc hipn nghia vu dgo dftc t i t hay xdu la thudc do tinh trgng tiln bp hay suy thodi cfta ddi sdng dgo dftc ttong mdt xd hdi nhat dinh. Moi cd nhan bdt ddu dugc gido dye dao dftc ngay tii be, trudc hit Id gido dye dgo dftc ttong gia dinh. Bdng tinh yeu thuang dam thdm, sdu sdc, sy chdm sdc cfta gia dinh, eon ngudi da cam thu vd hinh thdnh tinh yeu thuong doi vdi cha me, dng bd, anh chi em vd nhiing ngudi than. Nhiing ngudi thdn ttong gia dinh cdn cd tinh ydu thuang dii vdi nhau. Con phdi ydu min, kinh ttgng, bilt an doi vdi eha m? vi dd cd cdng sinh trudng minh; chdu phdi ngoan ngodn, vdng Idi, le phdp, cd hieu ddi vdi dng ba, phyng dudng dng bd khi dng bd dm dau bpnh tat, thd phyng dng bd khi dng bd qua ddi. Ong viet: " T 6 tidn Id edc cy ngdy xua sinh ra dng bd, cha m? minh. Bdi ed td tien mdi cd dng bd, cha m? mdi cd minh. Vgy thi phai
nhd an td tidn mdi dugc. Cho nen eft din ngay gio, ngay t i t thi con chdu ddu din tai nhd trudng tpc ma cftng le to tidn. Cung cd nhd eft ngay gid cy ndo thi ngudi trudng tgc lai kd tinh hgnh vd cdng dftc cfta cy ay eho con chdu nghe. Vgy qung Id mdt each td long nhd an rdt hay" [3, tt.23].
Trdn Trgng Kim rdt eoi ttgng tinh nghia anh chi em. Ong vilt: "Anh em, chi em la cimg cha mg sinh ra, deu Id khi huylt cua cha me cd. Anh chj em d vdi nhau mpt nhd, tft Iftc nhd dgi cho din Iftc khdn ldn, khi budn bye, Iftc vui ve, ttd chuypn, choi bdi khdng Iftc ndo khdng cd nhau. Bdi vgy, khdng cd ai than ai bdng anh em vd chi em mpt nhd. Viiy ndn anh chi em phdi thuang ydu nhau. (!) ttong nhd thi nhudng nhjn nhau, cd an cftng dn, ed chai cung choi, dftng cd ganh ty nhau ma sinh ra mat hda mye vd lai ldm phien long cha m?" [3, tt.ll2]. Theo dng, nhihig tinh cdm md gia dinh ddnh cho moi ngudi, nhung an tinh do moi ngdy thdm sdu sac, ldn thdm vd dugc Cling CO vd hinh thdnh -^ thftc nghia vy dao dftc sau ndy. Ciing vdi qud ttinh trudng thanh, moi ngudi cdn duge hudng mpt nen giao dye cfta nhd trudng va xa hgi, qua dd moi cd nhan tfty thupc vdo dgc dilm vd mftc dd hogt dgng ma ddn ddn hoan thipn ^ thftc nghia vu dgo dftc cfta minh dft dieu kien xa hpi cd thay ddi thl ndo.
Y thftc nghia vy dgo dftc mang thih ch^
mpt tinh cdm thieng Udng, cao ca, mpt nghia vy tmh than sdu sdc vd tinh tfty cdu thdnh npi dung eo bdn ciia bon phgn, cua dgo lam ngudi. Didu ndy dugc dng trinh bdy rdt r3 tiong euln sdeh Ludn ly gido khoa thu.
Thdng qua.culn sdch dd, dng da dua ra cac chudn mye dao dftc vd quan nipm v l cdc bin phan ehinh cfta mpt con ngudi nhu: bin phan ddi vdi gja tgc, b i n phgn doi vdi hgc
34
Trdn Thi Hgnh dudng, ddi vdi ehinh ban thdn minh hay ddi
vdi ed xd hpi. 6 n g eoi cac nghia vy dgo dftc ay la nln tdng tinh thdn eho dgo trung, hiiu, nhan, nghia; chiing bun dftc Idng yeu nude, trung thdnh vdi Td quoc, nhdn ddn; tinh thuong ydu, kuih ttgng, cd bilu vdi cha, mg vd lli sdng tinh nghia, thfty chung, son sdt trong quan hp vg c h l i ^ , anh em, bdu bgn. Y tiiftc iighTa vy dgo dftc Id dgng lyc tinh thdn sdu sdc nhdt xudt phdt tft ngi tdm d l con ngudi sdng tao ndn nhiing gid trj dgo dftc cao ed. Vi thl, ^ thftc nghia vy dgo dftc phdi dugc thd hipn ra trong ddi song, tgo ndn nhung gid tri ddng gdp tich cue vdo sy phat tridn, sy tien bg cfta xd hpi. Trdn Trgng Kim cho rdng, f thftc nghia vy dao dftc cda con ngudi Id qud trinh phdt tridn khdng ngimg cung vdi sy phdt trien ciia xd hpi va sy trudng thdnh con ngudi. Vi thl, vipc hinh thanh ^ thftc nghia vy dgo dftc ttong ddi sdng thyc tien phdi Id mgt qud trinh tu dudng bin bi, rdn luypn khdng ngimg trong sudt cd eudc ddi ciia mpt con ngudi.
5. K i t ludn
Trdn Trgng Kun khdng cd tae phdm vilt rieng v l dgo dftc. Tuy nhidn, dng cd quan dilm ddc sdc vd dgo dftc, quan dilm do dugc trinh bdy ttong edc cudn sdch do dng bien sogn. d n g da diing ldi hdnh vdn thudn Vipt, ngdn ggn, ttong sdng, binh di de truyin tdi quan dilm ciia minh v l dgo dftc.
Trdn Trgng Kim tilp thu nhung gid tri ea bdn cfta dgo dftc Nho gido, dgo dftc truyen thdng dan tde, b l sung mpt sd net ciia dgo dftc hidn dgi phuong Tay. Didu cd ^ nghia nhdt Id d cho, dng da co gdng bdo ton vfta phat huy nhftng gid tti truydn thdng dan tpc, khoi day tinh nhan van, nhdn dgo d mSi ngudi ttong b i i cdoh ddt nude khdng cdn dpc ldp. Tuy cdn nhieu hgn chd ttong quan diem chinh tri, nhung Trdn Trgng Kim cd nhfti^ dong gdp nhdt dinh ttong linh vyc gido dye dao dftc cho the hp ttd. Trong boi cdnh hipn nay, khi tinh trang suy thodi dgo dftc dang dien ra d mftc bdo dgng, chftng ta cdng nhdn thdy gia tri ttong quan diem cfta Trdn Trgng Kim ve dgo dftc.
Tai lipu tham khao
[1] Nguyin Vin Khinh (2007). Vi$t Nam 1919 - 1930, thdi ky tim tdi vd dfnh hudng, Nxb D^i hpc Qudc gia H i Npi, H i Npi.
[2] T r ^ Trpng Kim (2000), Qudc vdn gido khoa thu, Nxb Thanh ni6n. H i Npi.
[3] T d b Trpng Kim (2007), Ludn lp gido khoa thu, Nxb Iri, Tp.Hl Chi Minh.
[4] Dmh Xuin Lim (1998), Lich sii cgn - hien dgi Vigt Nam, mgt so van de nghien ciiu, Nxb Th^
gidi. H i Npi.
[5] Ph^ni Hing Tung (2009), Ngi cdc Trdn Trgng Kim, Nxb Chlnh tri quoc gia. H i Npi.