OUAN HE THl/ClNC MAI CUA DANG TRONG V6l NGl/dl HOA THE KY XVI-XVIII
NGUYilN TRONG VAN' MAI PHITONG NGOC"
N
am 1558, hg Nguyen de'n Mp nghiep tren vung T h u a n Hoa, mdt vung da't "O chau ac dia", t r e n mdt dien tieh nhd hdn ra't nhieu so vdi hg Trinh, vdi nhQng cQ dan cd truyen thd'ng van hoa mang nhieu diem khac biet so vdi ngQdi Vidt. The nhUng, chinh trong bdi canh a'y, hg Nguyin khdng ehi ton tai dUde tren vung da't mdi, day lui dUde nhQng cugc ta'n edng cua hg Trinh trong suo't g i n nQa the Id, ma cdn md rdng lanh thd' xudng phia Nam, p h a t trien kinh te, xa hdi. Cd dUdc dien mao dd, chua Nguyen da liia chgn mdt eon dudng ma chinh eac chua N g u y i n eung ehua ed nhieu kinh nghiem: dat cUdc the che' eua minh vao sil h u n g vong cua kinh te ngoai thudng (1). Trong sd'cae thUdng n h a n de'n budn ban d Dang Trong cae the ki XVI - XVIII, ngudi Hoa va ngUdi N h a t ddng vai trd chinh ye'u. Song sU giao thUdng vdi ngUdi N h a t ehi dien r a m a n h me cho de'n g i n giQa the ki XVII, khi N h a t Ban thUc thi ehinh sach ddng cQa da't nUdc, cdn ddi vdi ngudi Hoa, viee budn b a n cua hg khdng ehi keo dai ma edn de lai da'u a'n dam netdd'i vdi sU p h a t trien eua vung da't Dang Trong sud't cac t h e ki sau nay.
1. Sach Phu bien tg.p luc cua Le Quy Ddn ed ghi lai ldi ke ciia rngt Hoa thUdng hg T r a n cho biet: "Pham hoa v a t san xua't d cac phu T h a n g Hoa, Dien Ban, Quang Ngai, Qui Nhdn, Binh Khang va dinh Nha Trang, dudng t h u y dudng bg, di thuyen di ngUa, deu hdi t a p d phd' Hgi An, vi the ngUdi khaeh phQdng B i c deu de'n t u tap d da'y de m u a ve nudc" (2). Dieu dd cho tha'y luong budn b a n ta'p n a p giQa Dang Trong vdi cac t h u y e n buon ngQdi Hoa ma tam diem budn b a n tai Hgi An. Thd'ng ke sd thuyen ngudi Hoa tQ cac nudc Ddng Nam A de'n N h a t vao cae n a m tQ 1647 de'n 1720 cho tha'y cd 203 thuyen, chiem khoang 30%, la thuyen de'n tQ Q u a n g N a m (3). NhU vay, Dang Trong da trd t h a n h ndi t r u n g chuyen trong viee giao thUdng giQa Trung Hoa va N h a t Ban. Trong cac t h a p nien 1740 - 1750, so' t h u y e n T r u n g Hoa budn ban vdi Dang Trong da t a n g len 80 thuyen moi n a m , khdng ke cae t a u tQ Macao, Batavia va P h a p . De'n ndi, S a p m a n phai thd't len
• PGS.TS. Dai hge Vinh
" Dai hoc Vinh
Quan hg thtfcmg mai ciia Bang Trong.. 41 rang: "Nhu vay, tQ lau nam nay, Trung
Qudc da t h u hiit ta't ca cac tien hac tren ddi, ngudi Au Tay eung nhu A Dong. Sd thuyen hang nam di de'n Dang Trong chQng td ra't nhieu la san vat eua sd nay ra't dQdc Ua chudng d Trung Qud'c" (4).
Ve cac thQ hang mua d Quang Nam dem di Quang Ddng, Le Quy Ddn chep: 'ThQ bao ndi cho biet ten cac hang va gia binh thudng v i n mua thi h i n ndi: "Tue d Quang Nam ggi 100 can la 1 ta, cau thi 3 quan 1 ta, ho tieu thi 12 quan 1 ta, dau kha'u 5 quan, td mdc (go vang) 6 quan, h a t sa nhan 12 quan, thao qua 10 quan, d mdc (gd mun) 6 quan, hong mdc 1 quan, hoa le mdc (gd trac) 1 quan 2 tien, te giac 500 quan, yen sao 50 quan, gan hudu 15 quan, vay ea 40 quan, tdm khd 6 quan, rau bien 6 quan, de hUdng 12 quan,d6i mdi 180 quan, nga voi 40 quan, ba la ma 12 quan, dudng phen 4 quan, dudng t r i n g 2 quan, edn cac thQ boat thach, sat, phan kem, hai sam va ma'y tram vi thudc nam khdng the ke xiet. De'n nhu ki nam hUdng thi 120 quan 1 lang, vang thi 180 quan 1 bd't, td lua thi 3 quan 5 tien 1 ta'm. Cdn nhuc que, t r i m hUdng, tran chau ra't tdt, gia cao ha nhieu khdng nhat dinh.
Go tQ dan cung ed, nhUng khdng td't bang cua Xiem La" (5). Cac lai buon Trung Qud'c da tim tha'y d Dang Trong ngudn hang dap iing cho nhu c i u cua sU giao thUdng, dd la dieu da kich thich hg tham gia trao ddi, budn ban: "tQ Quang Nam ve thi eac hang khdng mdn gi khdng ed, cac nUde phien khdng kip dUdc... du tram chie'c tau to chd cung mdt luc cung khdng het dUdc" (6). San vat cua Dang Trong phong phu thuan tien cho viec trao dd'i va phat trien thudng nghiep. Poavdrd trong chuyen di de'n Dang Trong vao giQa the' ki XVIII da ra't hQng thu vdi td lua d day. Theo dng thi so vdi Trung Qud'c, td lua Dang Trong hdn b i n ve
p h i m cha't va do tinh te, ngudi Trung Qud'c thu mua ra't nhieu va cd the thu lai dUdc tQ 10 de'n 15%. Nghe lam dudng eung ra't phat trie'n d Dang Trong. Dudng trd thanh mdt hang hoa ban dUdc ra't nhieu va ngUdi Trung Qud'c ed the thu dUdc lai tQ 30 de'n 40% khi ban mat hang nay (7).
Ve cac mat hang Trung Qud'c dem de'n Dang Treng, Phu bien tgp luc ghi 'Lai hdi:
"Cae thQ hang tQ Trung Qud'c mang de'n the nao? De'n day gian hoac cd e hang khdng?" H i n ndi: "Ban di chay lam, hang ban nhieu ldi, khdng cd e dgng. Hang mang de'n thi sa, doan, ga'm, vdc, vai, cae vi thud'c, gia'y vang bae, hUdng vdng, cac thQ do giay, kim tuyen, ngan tuyen, cae thQ pham, y phue, giiy tdt, nhung, dd ra, kinh, pha le, quat gia'y, but, miic, kim, cue ao, cac thQ ban ghe, cae thQ den long, cae thQ do ddng, eac thQ dd sQ dd sanh; dd an udng thi cae loai nhu la che, cam, chanh, le, tao, hong, banh, mien, hot mi, tram mud'i, d i u thai, trQng mudi, tUdng gQng, tQdng nggt, dau phu, rau kim cham, mdc nhi, nam hUdng, ke cd ngUdi khdng, cung nhau dd'i chae, khdng ai la khdng thoa dUdc sd thich" (8).
Le Qui Ddn eung ghi lai, do Dang Trong khdng ed md ddng nen phai mua ddng eua Trung Hoa va Nhat Ban: "Hai xQ Quang Nam va Thuan Hoa khdng ed md dong, nudc Nhat Ban xua't ddng dd, moi nam thuyen hg de'n thi khien thu mua, moi 100 can gia tien 45 quan. Cdn nhu cac tau ThUdng Hai, Phuc Kien, Quang Ddng ed chd ddng dd sang thi eung phai khai bao de theo gia ma mua, sau khi nha nUde mua mdi cho eac tau mua ban" (9).
Dieu kien trUdc tien eiia sU budn ban ehinh la hang hda. NgUdi Hoa khdng chi tha'y d Dang Trong mgt ndi cung ca'p ngudn hang giau cd ma edn tim dQdc d dd mdt thi trUdng tieu thu ldn do ngUdi Dang Trong
42 Rghien cijru Lich si3r. sg 9.2009 cung Uu thich nhQng san p h a m Hoa thUdng
dem lai. Nhd dam bao yeu c i u d i u tien dd nen sU trao ddi budn ban h a n g hoa da dien ra nhdn nhip giQa Hoa thudng va Dang Trong trong cae the'ki XVI - XVIII.
2. Thudng n h a n ngudi Hoa la nhQng ngudi gidi budn ban, de'n do M.De la Bissachire phai thQa nhan: "Hg khdn kheo va tieh cQc de'n ndi hg lam giau n h a n h chdng hdn b a n thUdng n h a n ban xQ" (10).
Khdng ehi t h a m gia vao .viee triic tie'p trao ddi hang hoa, Hoa thUdng cdn ddng vai trd
"md'i lai" trong eac cudc buon ban vdi thudng n h a n ngUdi Viet va ngUdi nUde khac. Vi the, sau khi chinh quyen Edo thiie hien ehinh sach ddng cQa da't nUde nam 1639, thuyen budn eiia N h a t Ban khdng the xua't dUdng tie'n h a n h giao thUdng thi viec budn ban d Dang Trong hau nhu n i m trong tay ngUdi Hoa. Sd lUdng Hoa thUdng d Dang Trong k h a ddng dao. Ngay tQ cud'i the ki XVI, d i u the ki XVII, d vQng Thuan Quang da hinh t h a n h nhieu khu phd ciia ngudi Hoa s i m ua't, nhdn nhip: Thanh Ha d Phu Xuan, phd Khaeh d Hdi An. Thi'ch Dai s a n , mdt nha sU Trung Qud'c da viet ve khu phd cua ngudi Hoa vao cud'i the ki XVII:
"Hdi An la mgt ma d i u (ben tau) ldn, ndi tap hgp eua khaeh h a n g cac nUdc... chu phd' thay deu ngUdi Phue Kien, v i n an mac thee Id'i tien trieu (nha Minh)" (11).
Cd mgt diem eung phai ehu y rang, do nhQng bie'n ddng cua tinh hinh ehinh tri d Trung Quo'c, dac biet vao giQa the ki XVII, khi nha Man Thanh lat dd' trieu Minh, thd'ng tri Trung Qud'c, ra't nhieu ngQdi Hoa Nam da bd chay sang nQdc ta d ca Dang Trong l i n Dang Ngoai. Liic lUdng di dan nay sau khi luu tru da t h a m gia chu ye'u lam nghe budn ban. Hg la nhQng ngUdi da cd ddng gdp trong viec kien tao dien mao cho
nhieu phd' xa. Cd the ke de'n Ndng nai dai phd' ma T r i n ThUdng Xuyen va thudc ha eua dng xay diing nen - dd la mdt thi tran
" t h u i n tuy tinh cha't thUdng nghiep" - 'Thd' ldn Ndng Nai. O dau phia Tay bai Dai Phd'.
Khi mdi khai thac Tran ThUdng Xuyen tudng quan chieu tap lai budn ngUdi Trung Qud'c lap ra phd' xa, nha ngdi tudng vdi l i u cao vdt ma'y t i n g , nic rd ben sdng dudi anh mat trdi, lien tue nam dam, md vach ba dudng phd'. Phd' ldn lat dudng da trang, phd ngang lat dudng da ong, phd nhd lat dudng da xanh, dQdng bang n h u da mai, khaeh budn hgp ddng thuyen bien thuyen sdng, t r a n h gid bo neo, ldn nhd sat nhau la mdt ndi dai dd hgi. Nha budn to giau ehi d day la nhieu" (12). Nghien cQu eua Tran Kinh Hoa eung ehi ra r i n g "Xa Minh hQdng la thdn xdm dac biet do ngQdi Minh thdi cudi Minh d i u T h a n h di ve phia Nam tdi Hdi An (Faifd) Trung Ki lap nen. Hg lap vao trUdc sau nam 1650. Mat khac ten xa Thanh Ha hien nhien la la'y theo Thanh Ha phd d bd sdng Hudng giang phia b i e t h a n h Thuan Hoa. Phd' nay eung lap nen cho nhQng thudng n h a n ngUdi Minh di xudng phia Nam vao khoang trUdc sau nam 1640, la cang k h i u va khu thUdng nghiep eua Thuan Hoa the ki 17, 18. Cd ra't nhieu da'u tich khien ngudi ta suy ra r i n g nhQng khu mdi md n h u Dong Nai, Sai Gdn da thu hut ciia Minh hUdng xa d Hgi An va Thanh Ha xa 5 Thusln Hoa r i t nhieu thUdng n h a n ngUdi Hoa va con ehau ngudi Hoa xudng phia nam budn ban hoac khai thac, cho de'n khi ehua Nguyin lap phu Gia Dinh, ben la'y nhQng ten eua que quan minh ma dat cho nhQng thdn xa mdi lap" (13). Dieu dd cho tha'y thUdng n h a n ngUdi Hoa di dan de'n vung d i t Dang Trong vdi mdt lUc iQdng kha ddng dao, hg ddng gdp to ldn trong viec phat trien thUdng nghiep, khai thac vung dat mdi.
Quan h& Ihircmg mai ciia Bang Trong... 43
3. XQ Dang Trong cd nhieu dieu kien thuan ldi cho sU giao thudng. 6 day, thd' san ddi dao, "edn ve hai cang thi that la la lung, chi trong khoang hdn mdt tram dam mgt chut ma ngudi ta dem dUdc hdn sau mUdi cang, ta't ca deu ra't thuan tien de cap ben va len da't lien. La vi d ven bd cd ra't nhieu n h a n h bien ldn. Hai cang dep nha't, ndi ta't ca ngudi ngoai qud'c deu tdi va cung la ndi ed hdi chd danh tie'ng chinh la hai cang thudc tinh Quang Nam" (14). Ngudi dan xQ Dang Trong vdi truyen thd'ng van hoa mang nhieu net khac biet so vdi Dang Ngoai: "hg de dang cho ngUdi ngoai qud'c vao hai cang cua hg va hg thich thu tha'y ngudi ta budn ban trong lanh thd' ciia hg"
(15). Vdi Hoa thudng, hg edn nhan tha'y vi tri tien ldi ciia Dang Trong trong viec budn ban: "tQ phu Quang Chau do dudng bie'n de'n tra'n Thuan Hoa, dUdc gid t h u a n thi ehi ba ngay ba dem, vao eiia Eo, de'n phd' Thanh Ha d Phu Xuan, vao cQa Dai Chiem, de'n phd Hdi An d Quang Nam eung the. TQ Quang Chau de'n tra'n Sdn Nam cdn g i n hdn, chi 1 ngay 2 dem" (16). Vdi vi tri a'y nen tQ khi vua Muc Tdng nha Minh sau hdn 200 nam ddng cQa, cho thUdng nhan dUdc xuat dUdng budn ban vao nam 1567, nhung lai chi gidi ban trong pham vi vdi cae nudc Ddng Nam A ma thdi, da bie'n Dang Trong trd t h a n h mdt vi tri li tudng cho vai trd trung chuyen trong md'i quan he giQa ngudi Hoa va Nhat Ban.
Song, mdt trong nhQng nguyen nhan quan trgng dUa tdi sii phdn thinh trong quan he budn ban giQa Dang Trong va ngQdi Hoa ehinh la nhQng ehinh sach eua chua Nguyen dd'i vdi viec giao thUdng ndi ehung va vdi thUdng nhan ngUdi Hoa ndi rieng.
Cristophoro Borri khi de'n Dang Trong vao the' ki XVII da n h a n xet rang: "Chua
Dang Trong khdng ddng cQa trUdc mdt qud'c gia nao, ngai de' eho tU do va md cQa cho ta't ea ngudi ngoai qud'c... PhUdng cham cua ngudi Dang Trong la khdng bao gid td ra sd mdt nude nao tren the gidi. That la hoan toan trai ngUdc vdi vua Trung Hoa, dng nay sd ta't ca, ddng cQa khdng cho ngUdi ngoai qud'c vao va khdng cho phep budn ban trong nudc dng" (17). Chinh sach cdi md dd cua ehua Nguyin da tao dieu kien rdng rai cho sii giao thudng. Dd'i vdi thUdng nhan ngudi Hoa, ehua Nguyen cdn cd nhieu ehinh sach khuye'n khieh va bao trd budn ban.
Ve le thue', so vdi tau phudng Tay va Nhat Ban thi tau Trung Hoa dUde giam nhe hdn ra't nhieu. Phu bien tgp luc chep:
"Xet le thue' do lenh sQ tau cu la Vo Chan Dai ke khai thi tau Thudng Hai le thue de'n la 3000 quan, thue ve la 300 quan, tau Quang Ddng le thue de'n la 3000 quan, thue' ve la 300 quan, tau Phue Kien le thue de'n la 2000 quan, thue' ve la 200 quan, tau Hai Nam le thue' de'n la 500 quan, thue ve la 50 quan, tau Tay Dudng le thue de'n la 8000 quan, thue ve la 800 quan, tau Ma Cao le thue' de'n la 4000 quan, thue ve la 400 quan, tau N h a t Ban le thue de'n la 4000 quan, thue ve la 400 quan" (18).
Ngoai ra, ne'u "Thuyen gap gid bao bi pha hdng, thi xet xem sd khaeh, eai ba giao eho hdi quan trdng giQ, ca'p phat tien nha nUdc, lUdng thang moi ngUdi 5 tien, ddi khi thuan gid thi cho phu theo cac thuyen ma ve nUdo Dudng" (19). SQ cu cdn ghi lai sii kien thang 7 nam 1682, mgt thudng thuyen Quang Ddng khi rdi Cao Mien ve nude, qua mat be phu can Quang Nam da bi cUdp ma't ea hang lan thuyen, thudng khaeh phai chay ve luu tru tai Hdi An. Chua Nguyen da tim each la'y lai chie'c thuyen va thUdng khaeh ed the trd ve Quang Ddng trong
44 Rghien cijru Ljch sJr, s6 9.2009 thang sau n a m sau. Nam 1683, mdt ehiee
thuyen cua Hoa kieu gap nan tai q u i n dao Nam Sa, thuyen bi ehim, ehi edn 76 thudng khaeh va thuy t h u t h o a t dUdc ve tdi Quang Nam. Chua N g u y i n cung da ehe ho bae, giup hg mua thuyen va trieu t a p thUdng khaeh de thiic hien tie'p h a n h trinh (20).
Chua Nguyen cdn sQ dung ngUdi Hoa trong vec quan li giao thudng. Vi ngudi Hoa ed kinh nghiem trong budn ban nen chua Nguyin giao cho hg nhieu chQc quan trong Tau vu ty n h u kiem soat ngoai thUdng, t h u thue' thUdng thuyen, cQu giup thuyen ngoai qudc hi gid bao trdi d a t hay nghiem xet can ludng, dinh gia, lam thdng ngdn eho cac tau Trung Qud'c va ngoai qud'c. Chua Nguyen da m i i n cho hg cac thQ sQu dich, sQu sai, quet chd va t u i n dd. Ben canh dd, nhQng khu phd dQdc d a n h eho ngUdi Hda de hg t h u a n tien treng budn b a n cung la mdt trong nhQng minh chQng cho ehinh sach Uu dai cua cae ehua N g u y i n .
4. Chinh sii giao thQdng dd da dem lai nguon ldi ldn chd cae chua N g u y i n va d i t Dang Trong: "Chua t h u dQdc ldi n h u a n ldn trong viec budn ban nay b i n g thue hang hoa va thue' h a i k h a u ngai dat ra va ca nQdc deu kie'm dQdc ra't nhieu md'i ldi khdng the ta xiet" (21). Ghi chep cua sQ eu cho tha'y: "Nam Tan Mao, t a u budn cac xQ de'n Hdi An 16 chie'c, tien t h u e la 30 800 quan; nam N h a m Thin 12 chie'c, tien thue la 1 van 4 300 quan; n a m Quy Ty 8 chie'c, tien thue la 13 200 quan" (22). Chinh nguon t h u nay da ddng p h i n chinh yeu de lam eho Dang Trong ed the dugc n h u Le Quy Ddn n h a n d^nh "dai khai t h u vao du eung ehi ra". Cung nhd sii giad thQdng ma ddi sd'ng eua ngUdi dan Dang Trdng dudng nhu de chiu hdn r a t nhieu se vdi Dang Ngoai va m a n h da't Dang Trong trd t h a n h niem md Ude ciia nhQng cU dan dang xieu
t a n vi ddi ngheo. Theo Le Quy Ddn ghi lai
"Quan vien ldn nhd khdng ai la khdng nha ciia cham ggt, tudng vach gach da, the man trudng doan, do dac ddng thau, ban ghe' gd dan, go t r i e , chen m a m dd sQ, dd hoa yen cUdng vang bae, y phuc gam vdc, chieu dem may hoa, phii quy phong lUu, dua n h a u khoe dep. NhQng s i c mue d dan gian cung mac ao doan hoa b a t ty va ao sa, lUdng, dia lam do mac r a vao thudng, la'y ao vai ao mgc lam ho' then. Binh si deu ngoi chieu may, diia qua tila hoa, dm Id hQdng cd', ham che hao hang, ud'ng chen sQ bit bae va nhd d'ng nhd' t h a u , dia b a t an udng thi khdng eai gi la khdng p h a i h a n g Bae, mdt bQa edm ba bat ldn. Dan ba con gai thi deu mac ao the va h a n g hoa, then hoa d ed trdn. Coi vang bae n h u cat, thdc gao nhu bun, xa xi ra't miie" (23).
5. Lap nghiep t r e n vung da't mdi, chiia N g u y i n da cd mdt iQa chgn chUa tiing ed trong lich sQ dan tgc. Su lUa chgn dd da dua tdi sil phon t h i n h eua nen ngoai • thQdng trong mgt giai doan dac biet va
"Dieu dang ehu y la, qua t r i n h xay dung ehinh t h e eua c h u a Nguyen cung tQdng hdp vdi thdi ki hoang kim trong q u a n he hai thUdng ehau A... Trong lich sQ Viet Nam, ehUa bao gid nen kinh te h a i thUdng lai cd quan he rgng md, da dang va p h a t trien cudng t h i n h nhU giai doan t h e ki XVI - XVII. H a u h e t eac cudng qud'c kinh te b i y gid deu de'n va thie't lap q u a n he trao ddi, budn ban vdi Dang Trong" (24).
Cung e i n phai t h i y rang, ehinh sach ngoai thudng cua cae ehua N g u y i n van edn nhieu diem ba't cap, khi t h u tuc le bao tin trd t h a n h mdt nghi thQc q u a n trgng, rudm ra khie'n cho nhieu t a u budn cam tha'y phien ha. Roi chua Nguyen lenh mudn mua thQ gi thi ehi e i n phai cho q u a n cai t a u cQ chieu theo ban ke k h a i dem nop cho kho
Q u a n h l fhtrong mai eiia Bang Trong... 45 dem di trao dd'i. Chi'nh sach trUng tap thg
khdo ciia chua Nguyin cung ban che sQ phat trien eua cac nganh tieu thu cdng nghiep, anh hQdng tdi sQ giao thQdng.
Poavdrd da ra't b i t ngd khi tai sao td lua ciia Dang Trdng vd'n ed c h i t lUdng r i t td't, nhUng nhQng ta'm vai lai ed nhid'u ldi va tham ehi cd khi edn thd cQng. Hdi ra mdi biet nhQng ngUdi thd "Dang Trong hoan toan cd the lam theo nhQng m i u ma dep, song hg da ed' tinh det nhQng ta'm lua cd loi de chua khdng the trUng tap hg lam viee phue vu cho rieng nha chua. Dd'i vdi Hoa thudng, sil Uu dai eua ehua Nguyin edn bao gdm ea viee eho hg dUde quyIn t h u thuS' va diic tien gia, khie'n Hoa thUdng ed the lung doan thi trudng Dang Trong. 'Vi vay tau budn cac nUdc khae gap nhieu trd ngai trong budn ban va hg d i n trd nen thUa thdt qua lai. Cung phai thQa nhan ring, mdt trong nhQng nhan td' kich thich cae ehua Nguyen tieh cUc thiic hien viee giao thUdng la do nhu c i u eho cudc chie'n tranh vdi hg Trinh d Dang Ngoai. Bdi the ma sau cugc chie'n tranh Trinh - Nguyin, chua Nguyen khdng cdn mSn ma vdi eac cdng ty tU ban nhu trudc, nen hai thUdng cQa Dang Trong cung khdng edn rdng md nhu hdi the ki XVI va nQa d i u the ki XVII. Dieu dd cho t h i y viec phat tridn ngoai thUdng khdng phai ehi xuit phat tQ nhu c i u mang tinh chit ndi tai eiia nen kinh te va cung nhQ vay, ed le khdng b i n r i n g vi ehua Nguyin nao eung ed dUdc "... chu trUdng md rdng va day manh quan h§ hai thUdng dd chd tha'y t i m nhin chie'n lUdo cua cac chua Nguyen trdng vige n i m b i t xu the phat trien eua thdi dai" (25).
Da danh la nhU vay, nhQng cung that khd de ddi hdi cac chiia Nguyin cd the lam dQdc nhieu hdn the. Cac ehua Nguyin da la
nhQng ngUdi di d i u md ra nen ngoai thudng p h a t trien, mdt hien tUdng duy nha't cho de'n trUdc khi nUdc ta bi thilc dan phUdng Tay xam luge. Tao gia Hu}>nh Cdng Ba da chi ra r i n g "cung khdng phai n g i u nhien ma cac chua Nguyin lai cd tU tudng phdng khoang nhU the'. Chinh la do ca mdt trao luu hdi n h a p van hoa Viet - Cham tQ phia n h a n dan tac ddng tdi" (26).
Manh da't Dang Trong, ndi Khd'ng giao khdng cdn giQ dUdc vi the ddc tdn eua nd, da bQa hen r i t nhieu ddi vdi sU phat trien ciia nhQng iQe iQdng mdi, xu the mdi.
Sdng, eung khdng phai d l dang de cac ehua Nguyen, tQ ngUdi khdi nghiep la ehua Nguyin Hoang, vQdt qua dUde sQ
"giam ham eua nen van boa Thang Long, bdi eai khudn "md pham" ehinh thd'ng cua nd" (27) de vQdn len thilc thi mgt chinh sach rdng md vdi sQ giao thQdng. Phai hieu bad sQ khdi dau gian nan mdi them t r a n trgng cdng sQc eua nhQng cen ngQdi da tad nen ki tieh a'y.
Nhieu hge gia da chi ra r i n g tinh nang ddng va mem deo ciia cac chua Nguyin that thich hgp vdi viec phat trien xa hgi Dang Trong khi hg cdi md hdn trUdc cac cd hgi tQ ben ngoai va ed tinh hUdng ngoai hdn so vdi dd'i thu eua hg la hg Trinh d phUdng Bie. Bdi the, "Dang Trong, ra ddi trong ndi chie'n, bie'n m i t trong ngi chien, nhUng Dang Trong da dinh hinh lai Viet Nam trong mgi quy md ed the" (28). Va nhU vay, viee nghien cQu ve nhQng mdi quan he giao thQdng ciia eac chua Nguyin edn de lai ehe ehung ta nhieu suy n g i m ve nhQng bai hge trong edng cudc xay diing da't nQdc hdm nay.
(Xem tiep trang 79)
Vien Vien Sdng Bae ed Phap.. 79
CHU THICH
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(2). T r i n Duy. EFEO - Trddng Viin Bong Bde CdPhdp, H4 Noi, 2003, tr. 4-5.
(3). Din theo Nguyen Van TrUclng. Ky niem 100 ndm ngdy thdnh tap Trddng Vien Bong Bde cd.
Tap chi Xda vd Nay, so 78B (8-2000), tr. 35.
(4). D i n theo Nguyin Van TrUdng. Ky niem 100 ndm ngdy thdnh lap Trddng Vien Bdng Bde cd.
Tap chi Xda vd Nay, so 78B (8-2000), tr. 35.
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(6). T r i n Duy. EFEO - Trddng Viin Dong Bde CdPhdp, sdd, tr. 6.
OUAN HE THl/dNG MAI cOA D A N C TRONG
CHU THtCH
(1), (23), (24), (25). Nguyen Van Kim, Xd Ddng Trong trong cdc mdi quan he vd tddng tdc quyin lite khu vdc, trong cuon Khoa hge xd hgi Nam Bo, Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hoi, H^ Noi, 2007, tr. 173, 180, 181, 176, 175.
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(4), (7). T h i n h ThS' Vy, Ngogi thddng Viet Nam hii theky XVII-XVIII vd ddu theky XIX, Nxb. Sil hoc, Hk Noi, 1961, tr. 243, 238.
(10). Do Bang, Phdcdng vitng Thuan Qudng theki XVII-XVIII, Nxb. Thu4n Hoa, Hue, 1996, tr. 125.
(11), (20). Huynh Lfla, Gdp phdn tim hieu viing da't Nam bg cdc theki XVII, XVIII, XIX, Nxb. Khoa
(Tiep theo trang 45)
hoc xa hoi, Hk Noi, 2000, tr. 245, 233, 234.
(12). Trinh Hoai DUc, Gia Dinh thdnh thdng chi. Do Mong KhUdng, Nguyen Ngoc Tinh dich, Nxb. Giao due. Ha Noi, 1998, tr. 194.
(13). T r i n Kinh Hoa, T4n quan Trinh T h i n h Cong thdi Thanh sd di dan vao Nam ki, quyen ha, n i t trong Tdn A hge bdo ky 2 quyin 8, tai li$u luu tai thu vign Khoa hoc xa hoi, Hk Noi, 1968, tr. 44.
(14), (15), (17), (21). Cristophoro Borri, Xd Ddng Trong ndm 1621, Hong Nhud, Nguyen Khic Xuyen vk Nguyen Nghi dich, Nxb. Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh, 1998, t r 90, 91, 88, 92, 93.
(26), (27). Huynh Cong Ba, Hieu them vi khdi niem "Nam tien" td trong cdng cugc khai khdn Thuan Hod hdi trung the ki, Tap chi Nghien cdu Lich sd, so 4 (323), Trich trong t4p Tap chi Nghien cdu lich sd, nam 2002, luu tai Thu vien Vien SOl hoc, tr. 85.
