Quan niem cua Max Weber vl dao due Tin Lanh
Nguyen Dftc Lu^n ' Hpc vifn B4o chl v^ Tuy6n truydn.
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Nii§n ngiy 29 thing 4 nam 2017. Chip nh§n dSngngiy 26 thing 5 nim 2017.
T6m tit: Max Weber c6 each giai thich dpc ddo, ddng siQ' ng|im vl sp hhifa thdnh cua chu nglim tir ban, nhung ong lgi tuyft dii h6a vai tr6 ciia ylu to y thdc, tmh thin, ddc bift Id dao ddc Tin Lanfa.
Quan nifm do cda dng la sai ldm vl sg ra ddi, tin tai vd phat trien cua cac hinh thai kinh tl - xd hf i, trong do c6 hinh thai kinh t l - xd hf i tu bdn chu nghTa, do l\ic lupng san xuat, cdc quy lu|t khach quan cua xa hfi quy d)iih.
Tft khoa: Max Weber, dgo ddc Tin Lanh, chu nghia Ur ban.
Phan logi Dganh: Trilt hpc
Abstract: Max Weber had a unique way of explanation of capitalism, which is wortii studying, but he deemed that consciousness and spirit, especially the Protestant ethics, played absolute roles.
That is a wrong view, because the birdi, existence and development of socio-economic forms, including the capitalist one, are decided by the productive forces and objective rules of the socie^.
Keywords: Max Weber, Protestant ethics, capitalism.
Subject Classification: Philosophy
1. Md ddu
Quan nifm cda Max Weber v l dgo due Tm Ldnh vd vai trd cua nd trong qud trinh fainh tfadnh chu nghia tu bdn dupe thl hifn ehu ylu tiong euln sdch Nin dgo dde Tin Ldnh vd tinh thdn ciia chu nghia tu bdn [2].
Quan nifm dd eua dng Id sai ldm vi tiiyft doi fada vai ttd efta dgo dftc Tin Lanfa. Tuy nfaiSn, nfaieu ngudi khdng nfaaii tiiftc ro sai ldm do. Bai vilt ndy pfadn tich quan nifm
eda Max Weber ve dgo dftc Tin Ldnh v^
vai ttd cua nd ttong qud trinh hinh tiidnh chft nghTa tu bdn.
2. Quan nifm cua Max Weber vl nfi dung dgo due Tin hkah
Dgo dftc Tin Ldnh md Max Weber phan tieh ttong euln Nin dgo ddc Tin Ldnh vh tinh thdn ciia cha nghfa tu bdn ehd ylu 14
Nguyin Dftc Lugn quan nifm efta phdi Calvin (dya tr&n bdn
Ttcyen tin Westminster nam 1647). Tfaeo quan nipm dd, ed m^t Ddng Thien Chua tuyft ddi, sieu viet tao nen vd cai tri ttdi dat, nhung ndm ngodi khd n d i ^ hieu bilt cda tri tup hfiu han cua con ngudi; Ddng Thien Chua todn ndng vd fauyen bi ndy dd tien dinfa sy cftu hp hay sy kit dn ddi vdi moi con ngudi vd chiing ta khdng thl thay ddi dupe dieu nay bdng sy ngfaifp eua minh; Thien Chua da tgo dyng ra thl gidi vi sy vinh quang cua chinfa Ngudi; con ngudi du dupe cuu dd hay bi kit an d i u cd nghia vy lao dpng cho sy vinh quang cda Thien Chua vd tgo dyng n6n vuong qude cfta Ngudi ngay trgn t h l gidi ndy; nhung c d i ^ vifc trdn the, bdn tinfa eon ngudi vd than xde deu thupc v l ttdt ty eua tpi loi vd sy chet, vd ddi vdi loai ngudi, sy cftu dd chi cd the Id mpt mdn qud t ^ g khdng eua an huf ThiSn Chfta [2, tt.24].
Max Weber hieu rdng, nhiing yeu td tren ddy eung xuat hipn tdn man ttong gido thuylt efta eac tdn gido khae, nhung chi duy nhat ttong dgo Tin Ldnh mdi cd sy noi kit ciia tdt ca cdc yen td dd. Dilu ndy dan den faf qua la, tin do theo gido phai Calvin khdng thl bilt duoc minfa s6 dupe cuu dp faay bj ket an, tft dd hp cdm tfaay lo au. De tfaoat kfadi noi lo du dd, hp sS di thn ttong the gidi nay nhfing dau hifu chftng td minfa dupe chpn. Vi vdy md mpt s6 tdng do chiing td minh dupe chpn vd mot so tdng pfaai Calvin cuoi cdng da tim ra chftng cd rdng hp duprc Thien Chiia chpn thdng qua thanh qud vd sy nghifp cua minh ttong thl gian, trong dd cd sy thdnh cdng v l mdt kinh t l . Tfaeo dd, ed nhan bi thuc ddy din cho phdi edn eft Idm vifc d l vupt qua nSi kfadc khoai ve viec khdng bilt minh cd dupe cftu faay kfadng. Ong viet: "Thay vao cfao cua
nfaftng k6 tfi loi day Idng khi&n fag von dupe Lutfaer fafta fapn dn siing nlu fap ty pfad tfade minh cfao TfaiSn Cfaua ttong mdt long tin sdm hdi, xudt hifn "cdc vi tfadnh" ty tin md chung ta ed thl bdt gdp ncri edc thuong gia puritanist vdi y ehi sdt thep efta tfadi d^
anh hung cua cfad n ^ a tu bdn, vd ke ed ngdy nay nai mdt so guong mat dien hinfa.
Mat khdc, d l dgt tdi su ty tin nay, cdch tfaftc tfaicfa fapp nhdt dupe khuyen kfaich la hay ldm viic Ididng nghi ngai trong mgt nghe.
Dilu nay, vd ehi dilu ndy thdi, mdi xua tan dupe ndi hodi nghi v l m§t tdn gido va dem lgi sy tin cfadc ve an siing" [2, tt.l92].
Kfai ndi din n l n dgo dftc Tin Ldnfa, Max Weber ddc bift chd f den kfadi nifm
"Beruf' (khdi nifm ciia tfaan hpe Tin Ldnh).
Tlieo dng, "Beruf* kfadng pfadi ehi cd nghia don gidn Id nghe nghifp, md edn cd y ngfaia Id tfaien cfafte, mdt pfadn sy do Thien Chua cfai djnh; vi tfae, nd di liln vdi khdi nifm
"bdn phan". Vdi Max Weber, ddy ehinh Id sdn phdm het sdc mdi me cua eupe cdi each cua dao Tin Ldnh. 1?" nghia nay bieu lp tin dieu trung tdm eua tat cd cac gjao phdi Tin Lanh vdn bdc bd sy phdn bift cae dilu rdn dgo due noi ngudi edng gido thanfa cdc praecepta (mfnh Ifnh) va cae eonsilia (ldi khuyen) [2, tt.l41,142].
Khi ndi ve mdi quan hf gifta "Beruf' vd tinh than cua chu nghia tu bdn, Max Weber vilt: "M6t ttong ede bp phan edu thanfa eua rinh than tu bdn chu nghia hifn dai, vd khdng chi cda tinh thdn ndy, ma ed eda chinfa nen vdn fada hipn dgi, tue Id l6i sdng thudn ly dya tren f tudng Beruf, dd duoc phdt sinh tu tinh thdn cua n l n kho hanh Kito gido - dd chinh Id dieu ma cdc trinh bay cfta ehdng tdi muon chftng minh" [2, tt.326].
75
Khoa hgc xdhgi Vift Nam, so 7 - 2017 Tft nhfing ldp lugn do. Max Weber da tdm tdt quan dilm dgo dftc ciia gido phdi Calvm nfau sau: "Cdcfa duy nhdt dl ed mdt cufc song dep long Thien Cfaiia khdng phdi la vupt len tren nln dgo dftc cda ddi song ttan till bdng lli song k h i hgnh trong tu vifn, md chinh Id chu toan trong the gian edc bin phfn tuong ftng vdi ehftc phan ma eupe s6ng ddnh cfao m6i ngudi trong xd fapi - cfainh vi the md cdc b i n phdn ttd thdnh
"thiSn cfafte" cua moi ngudi" [2, tt.l42].
Tfaeo Max Weber, khdi nifm trung tdm ciia dgo due Tin Ldnh (phai Calvin) chinh la
"Beruf'. Mpt trong cdc bp ph$n cdu thdnh cua tinh thdn tu ban chu nghia hifn dgi, eda nln vdn faoa faifn dgi Id ldi sdng tfaudn ly dya tten f tudng "Beruf'. "Beruf' dupe faieu tfaeo nghia khdng chi Id n ^ e nghifp, md quan trpng ban do edn Id thien chfte, pfadn sy, bin phfn eua eon ngudi. Vdi tinh than db, edc ca nfadti hi tfade ddy din eh5 phai can eu lam vifc de vupt qua nSi khde khodi v l vifc khdng biet minfa co dupe cftu faay kfaSng; fap dupe kfauyin kfaicfa hdy ldm vifc kfadng ngiing ngfai ttong mdt ngfal; cfai nhu vgy hp mdi xua tan dupe noi faodi nghi ten gido vd dem lai nilm tin ve an siing.
3. Quan nifm cua Max Weber ve vai trd cda dgo dux: Tin Lanh ddi vdi chii nghia t u b a n
Khi ndi ve chd ngfaia tu bdn. Max Weber cfao rdng, ttdi vdi hinh dung ciia nhieu ngudi, ehd nghia tu bdn hodn todn khdng phdi Id hf qud eua ldng fadm lpi hay mdu tiiam tien (von la nhfing hifn tupng md ngudi ta cd till bdt gdp d bdt cft xd fafi ndo vd bdt cft tiidi dgi ndo). Ong vilt: "Ldng hdm lpi vd df khdng h i giong chut nao vdi
may lien quan gi tdi "tinh thdn" cfta nd"
[2, tt.51]. Ngupc Igi, ehd nghia tu bSn, theo Max Weber "chlnh la sy chl ngu hay cfai it la sy dieu tilt bdng ly ttnh, cdi b ^ ndng phi 1^ tinh dy" [2, tt.52].
Max Weber ddt ra mOt cdu h6i mdu chit la: tai sao cdc qud trinfa d|ic tnmg ciia chd ngfaia tu bdn Cfaau Au edn dai cfai xdy ra ij Chdu Au, ehd khdng xdy ra d cac nln v5n hda khdc? Theo dng, eau hdi nay eo lien quan d i n dgo dftc Tm Ldnh.
Max Weber Iudn nhan mgnh rdng, nln dgo dde Tin Ldnh ddi hdi cdc tm dl ciia minh phdi canh gidc vd dh chiing doi voi eua cai thl gian, phdi cd mpt loi sing kho hgnh, pfaai lam vifc mft cdch duy ly nhSm tgo ra doanh lpi, phdi tieu xdi khdng hoang phi doanh lpi ndy. Ddy chinfa Id ldi ung xxi cdn tfailt cfao sy phdt triln eda ehd nghia tu bdn, bdi dilu dd cd ngfaia la fap s6 kh6ng ngftng tdi ddu tu so loi nfaufn mdi dupe t?o ra. Tfaeo Max Weber, sy k h i hgnh tgi the eua dgo dftc Tm Ldnh dd chlng lgi mft cdch ed hifu qud vifc hudng thp fain nhien efta edi vd kim hdm sy tieu dung. Tdt nhien, dilu ndy "hodn todn khdng cd cfauyfn b^
nhftng ngudi cd eiia phdi chju ede kieu h ^ xde, md la bdt hp phdi sft dgng tdi sdn cda hp v^o mgc tiSu cdn thilt vd hftu Ich thgc t l " [ 2 , t t . 3 1 0 - 3 I l ] .
v l phuong dipn sdn xudt cua cdi, Max Weber cho rdng, l6i song kho hgnh dau tranh ch6ng Igi sy bdt luong cung nhu 16ng tham lam thudn tdy do bdn ndng. 6ng vilt:
"l6i sing kfao fagnh kfadng chi tiidy tiiyft dinh cua cdi ddng ttdch la vifc duli tiieo sg gidu cd nhu Id cftu cdnh ty thdn, md c6n d^ng thdi xem sy gidu cd (thdnh qud ciia lao dpng nghi nghifp) nhu Id sy chuc phiic cfta Thifin Chda. Cdn quan trpng faon niia, ehinh sy ddnh gid tdn gido v l vifc lao ddng khdng ngftng nghi, lidn tge, c6 h?
Nguyen Ddc Lugn nfau la phuomg tifn k h i fagnfa cao nfadt vd
vira nhu Id bdng chftng chdc chdn nfadt, faien nfaien nhat cfta sy tdi sinh va eda dftc tm dich thyc, ed the Id ddn bdy mgnh nfadt ed the tudng tupng ra dupe cho sy bdnh trudng cda quan nifm ndy ve eudc ddi md cfadng tdi gpi, d day, la *'tinh thdn" efta chft nghia tu bdn" [2,tt.312].
Tft nhfing phan ticfa trdn. Max Weber eho rdng, n l u vifc tilt kiem tifiu ddng kit hgp vdi vipe giai pfadng hogt dfng theo duli doanh lpi ay s5 dan d i n kit qud Id vdn liing dupe hinh thdnh nhd sy tilt k i f m [ 2 , t t . 3 1 3 ] .
Gidi tfaich ve moi lifin hf gifta dgo dftc Tin Ldnfa vd sy ra ddi cda cfad ngfaia tu ban.
Max Weber cdn nfadn mgnh rdng, kfai nguyfin tdc "lam tdi da d cd hai thl gidi" rdt cupc tfadng tri, thi luong tdm tdt lanh trd tfadnh mdt ttong edc phuang tifn d l faudng eudc s6ng tifn nghi. Difiu ma thl ky XVII da ddc biet luu lai eho thai dgi sau, thdi dgi ke tfaira vi loi, chinfa la mpt luong tam kfadng fadi faan mot cdch dang ngae nfaifin kfai vipe kifim tien ndy duoc thye hipn mpt each hpp phdp. Ong viet: "Mpt ethos" (t|ip qudn) "ddc tfau tu san v l nghi nghifp dd ra ddi. Y thue rdng minh dupe hudng toan vpn an Sling efta Thifin Chda, rdng minh hiln nhifin Id m$t tao vat dupe Ngudi chuc phuc, nha kinh doanh tu sdn ed the yfin tdm chdm lo cdc quyln lpi ve tien bgc eiia minh, va hon t h l nfta, dng ta cd bon phdn hdnh dfng nhu vay, chftng ndo md dng ta chua vupt ra khdi cac gidi fagn eiia mpt cdcfa eu xd dung ddn v l hinh thfte, cfaiing nao ma ldi ftng xu dgo dftc cua dng ta vdn khfing cd gj ddng chfi ttdch vd vifc sft dyng eua cdi ciia dng ta khdng ed gi chudng tai gai mdt. Vd Igi, sftc mgnh cua nln kho hgnh tdn gido eho phep
dng ta ed dupe nhfing ngudi thp dgm bae, ed luco^ tdm, rdt chuyfin cdn, vd gdn bd vdi edng vifc eua minh v6n dupe xem nhu Id cftu cdnh cude ddi ma Thifin Chda mong mudn" [2, tt.320-321].
Vdy tgi sao l6i shng kfai fagnh theo quan dilm dgo dftc Tin Ldnh lgi ddn din sy fainfa thdnfa cfaft ngfaia tu bdn? V l dilu ndy, Max Weber gidi thicfa nfau sau: "Ta khdng nggc nhien khi thdy la todn bp cdc trudc tdc kfao fagnfa ciia fadu fait mpi gido pfaai deu tfadm sdu bdi f tudng cho rdng, doi vdi nhftng ngudi md cupc ddi hodn todn khdng cd mpt may mdn nao khae, lao dpng mpt each trung thyc, du Id d l lmfa luong tfadp, Id dilu lam faai Idng Tfaifin Chfta vd cftng. Vfi diem nay, loi sdng khfi fagnh Tin Ldnh ty nd kfadng dem Igi cdi gl mdi mfi ed. Tuy nhien, nd kfadng nhftng dd ddo sdu dang k l quan nifm nay, md cdn tgo ra chudn mye duy nhdt cd tinh quyfit dinh cfao hifu qud cua nd: dd la dQng lye tam Iy nhd ed lao dpng vdi tu cdch Id thifin chfte trd thdnh phuong tifn tdt nhdt, n l u khfing phdi Id duy nhat, de chdc chdn cd dupe trgng thai dn sftng. Mdt khdc, ldi sdng kfad hgnh Tin Ldnh dd hpp pfadp hda vifc khai thdc thifn ehi lao dpng do bdng cdcfa I^ gidi faogt dpng chiem hiiu ciia doanh nhdn nhu Id
"tiufin ehftc"" [2, tt.324-325].
Nhu vgy, tfaeo Max Weber, chft ngfata tu ban hoan todn kfaong pfadi Id hf qud cua ldng hdm lpi hay mdu tham tiln, md la sy ehl ngy, dilu tilt bdng ly tinh edi bdn ndng phi ly tinfa dy. Max Weber lap lugn rdng, ldm vifc mpt cdcfa duy ly nhdm tgo ra doanh lpi vd kfadng tieu xdi faoang phf doanh lpi ndy, ddy cfainh Id lli ung xu cdn thilt cho sy ra ddi vd phdt triln cda ehu nghia tu bdn. Chinh dgo dftc Tm Lanh dd tgo ra^ lfii dng xft do. Bdi Ifi, nln k h i hgnh tgi till efta dgo dftc Tm Ldnh dd chlng lgi
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Khoa hpc xd hfi Vift Nam, sl 7 - 2017 mft cdcfa cd faifu qua vific faudng thg fain nhien cua cdi vd kim ham sy tifiu dung;
dfing thdi, nd be gay cdc xieng xich edn trd kfauynfa faudng chilm hftu doanh lpi, khdng nfaihig bdng cacfa fapp pfaap fada nd, md cdn bdng edefa xem nd nhu Id f muln tr\rc tilp ciia Thifin Chiia. Chinh tft sy ket hpp giiia vifc kim ham tifiu dftng vd vifc gidi phdng hogt dpng theo duoi doanh lpi ma vdn lieng dupe fainfa thanh. Theo Max Weber, vdi dgo dftc Tin Lanh, mpt tap qudn d ^ thu tu sdn ve nghe nghifp da ra ddi. Vdi y thuc rdng minfa dupe faudng todn ven dn siing eiia Thien Chiia, nhd kinh doanfa tu sdn ed thl yen tdm cfadm lo ede quyln lpi ve tien bgc cda minh, coi dd nfau Id b i n phfn; nhiing ngudi thp se trd Ifin dgm bgc, cd luong tdm, cfauyfin cdn vd gdn bd vdi cdng vifc ciia ntinh. Sftc manfa eua l6i sdi^ kfai hgnh tfin gido ldm ngudi ta vfing Idng rdng sy pfadn phoi cua edi bdt binh ddng trong ddi ndy cfafnh Id mpt kit qud hodn toan dale bift cua sy an bdi cua Thifin Chda. Vdn tiieo Max Weber, nen dgo ddc Tin Ldnh da tgo ra dfng lyc tam ly (theo dd, lao dpng trd thdnh phuong tifn tdt nfadt d l cd dupe ti^g tfadi an sdng); m§t kfaac dd fapp pfa^ fada vifc khai tilde tiiifn ehi lao dpng.
4.Ketlu$n
Trong ^ e phdm Nen dgo due Tin Ldnh vd tinh thdn cita chit nghia tu bdn. Max Weber dd dua ra y kiln rifing cua ntinh v l vai ttd dfng lyc cua f tiifte xd hpi ddi vdi tfin tgi xd hpi, dii vdi ddi sing kmfa t l , vdi qud tiinh
hinh tfadnfa vd pfadt triln cda cfaft nghia tir bdn. Tuy Max Weber chi ly gidi vai ttd cua nhdn td tinfa tiidn d6i vdi qud tiinfa Unh tiidnh vd pfadt triln cfta cfad ngfaia tu ban;
song fing cd xu faudng tuyft dii fada vai 1T6 cda f tiifte cd nhdn, f tiifte xd fafii khi I^ giai v l sy hinfa thdnh cda ehu nghia tu bdn. Hon niia, y thftc xd hpi md Max Weber xu faudng tuyft dfii hda Id y tiifte tfin giao, d6 Id mft hinh tfadi f thftc xd hpi sai lam.
Tdi lifu tham kfaao
[1] Hfi ding Trung ucmg chl djo bifin so?n giio trinh quic gia cfic bf raSn khoa hgc Mfic - Lanin, tir tudng H i Chf Minh (2012), Gido trinh Triit hpe Mdc - Linin, Nxb Chfnh trj quoc gia, Hd Nfi.
[2] Max Weber (2008), Wffi^{»(*fc7&iAiftvd(Wi thdn eda cha n^&itubdn,'i^jiiTnMc,l&ti^i [3] Trdn Httu Quang, Biii Vdn Nam Son (2008),
"L&i gi&i thiiu" Nen dgo due Tin Ldnh vi tinh thdn da cha nghTa tu bdn, Nxb Tri thiic, H i Nfi.
[4] Tnmg tflm Nghifin cira BSc My - Tnmg t&n Khoa h(?c Xk hfi v i NhSn via Quic gia (2003), Chu nghTa lu bdn ddu thi Ay XXI, Nxb Khoa hgc xk hfi, Hk Nfi.
[5] Trdn Hftu Vui (2007X Hch si Triit hpc. Nxb Chfnh tri q u i c gia, Hk Nfi.
[6] Vifn Thdng tin Khoa hgc XS hfi - Tning tam Khoa hgc Xa hfi vk NhSn via Quoc gia (2002), "Mft chii nghTa tu bdn mdi hay nhttng difn m^o mdi cda chd nghia tir b ^ " , Thong tin Khoa hpc Xd hgi - Chuyen de, Hk M-