QUAY ROI TINH DUC TAI NOI LAM VIEC TRONG PHAP LUAT QUOC TE VA PHAP LUAT
VIET NAM - MOT SO KIEN NGHI
Pham Thi Thuy Nga
Tom tit: Bdi viit khdi qudt cdc ndi dung ca bdn cua phdp ludt qudc te vd_ phap luai Viet Nam vi quay roi tinh due tgi nai Idm viec; tren ca sa dd, dua ra mot sd kien nghi nham hodn thien phdp ludt Viet Nam ve vdn de ndy.
Abstract: The article provides an overview of international and Vietnamese laws on workplace harassment. On that basis, it makes recommendation for improving Vietnamese laws on this issue.
Dat van de
Tir lau, lao ddng nir da phai ddi mat vdi cac hanh vi quay rdi tai noi lam viec, trong dd cd nhiing hanh vi cd tinh chat linh dye.
Nhiing hanh vi nay chua dupe phap luat dieu chinh cho den khi phij nir Hoa Ky dau tranh yeu cau cdng nhan hanh vi quay rdi tinh dye la phan biet ddi xii ve gidi theo phap luat lien bang chdng phan biet ddi xu vao nhirng nam 1970'. Tir dd, hanh vi "quSy rdi linh due tai noi lam viec" dupe phap luat nhieu nude ghi nhan,
O nhieu noi tren the gidi, quay rdi tinh dye dupe xem la van de nghiem trpng ma ngudi lao ddng phai ddi mat tai noi lam viec. Tai Diic, mdt cupc khao sat nam 1998 chi ra rang, 93% lao ddng nir la nan nhan ciia quay rdi tinh due. Tai Hoa Ky, tren 50%
lao ddng nir da bi quSy rdi linh due. Cac nghien ciru, khao sat tai Canada, An Dp, Hdng Kdng, Tmng Qudc cho kit qua tuong
TS ,Vien Nha nuoc va Phap luat.
Dcirdre McCann (2005), Sexual harassment at work National and inlemalional responses, Durham University. ISBN 92-2-115798-9, p. 1.
48
ty. Nhu vay, quay rdi tinh dye la mdt van de mang linh loan cau^.
Hien nay, d Viet Nam chua cd sd lieu thdng ke chinh thuc ve quay rdi tinh due tai noi lam viec va chua cd trudng hpp nao bi xii phat hoac bi dua ra tda. Tuy nhien, theo khao sat dau nam 2015 ciia Td chirc Lao dpng qudc te (ILO) va Navigos Search, quay rdi tinh due tai noi lam viec la hien tuong kha phd bien. Tuy nhien, cac yeu to van hda va ndi sp bi mat viec khien nhieu nan nhan khdng trinh bao sy viec .
1. Phap luat qudc te ve quay roi tinh due tai noi lam viec
Cdng udc ve xda bd mpi hinh thiic phan biet ddi xir vdi phy nir (CEDAW) dupe Lien hpp qudc thdng qua nam 1979. Tai thdi diem nay, van de quay rdi tinh dijc tai noi lam viec mdi bat dau dupe xa hdi quan tam, do dd, Cdng udc chua cd quy dinh cam ddi vdi quay rdi tinh due lai noi lam viec.
D. K. Srtvastava, Progress of Sexual Harassment Law in India. China and Hong Kong- Prognosis jo' Further Reform. Harvard International law Journal, Volume 51 - August 11, 2030, p. 172. _
^ Van phong ILO tai Viet Nam, Quy tdc irng xir cho Viet Nam hy vong gidi quyet quay roi tinh due lai nm Idm viec. Ban tin s6 12, thang 6/2015, tr.l.
QUAY ROI TINH DUCTAL.
Tuy nhien, Khuyen nghi chung sd 19 (ky hpp thu 11, nam 1992) da quy dinh "bao lyc tren co sd gidi, yong dd lam suy yeu hoac tudc doat cac quyen va ty do co ban ciia phy nil, la phan biet ddi x u " va do dd vi pham CEDAW^. Binh dang viec lam cd t h i bi suy giam nghiem ypng khi phu nir bi bao lyc gidi, chang han nhu quay rdi tinh due lai noi lam viec^. Tuyen bd ve xda bd bao lyc ddi vdi phy nir nam 1993 cua Dai hdi dong Lien hpp qudc khang dinh, bao lyc ddi vdi phu nir la vi pham cac quyen va ty do co ban ciia phy nir^.
Trong phap lual qudc te, quSy rdi tinh due la mdt bieu hien phan biet ddi xir ve gidi d muc dp nghiem trpng va vi pham nhan quyer Ke tir khi quay rdi linh dye tai noi lam viec bi xem la mdt hinh thue phan biet ddi xii ve gidi, cac qudc gia da ban hanh phap lual loai bd cac hanh vi quay rdi tinh due trong nhieu ITnh vyc nhu nhan quyen, lao ddng, hinh sy, dan sy, bao gdm cac quy dinh ve chdng quay rdi tinh due, dam bao binh dang va khdng phan biet ddi xir.
a) Ve nhan dien hdnh vi quay roi tinh due tai nai lam viec
Quay rdi tinh due la hanh vi bi cam uong phap lual qudc le. Ngay cang nhieu qudc gia cd quy dinh phap luat ve quay rdi linh due. Cd khoang 50 qudc gia da quy dinh cam quay rdi linh due d cap quoc gia hoac lien bang^. Tinh tir nam 1995 den nay,
ILO, General Recommendation No. 19 on Violence against Women. 1992, Paragraph 7
' ILO, General Recommendation No 19 on Violence against Women. 1992, Paragraph 17,
^ United Nations General Assembly, Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women, General Assembly Resolution 48/104 of 20'^ December 1993. SS'*" Plenary Meeting
' Ministry of Labour - Invalids and Social Affairs of Vietnam - ILO. Research report se.xual harassment
CO it nh4t 35 qudc gia lan dau tien ban hanh Luat Chdng quay rdi tinh duc^. Ben canh dd, luat lao ddng la luat phd bien quy djnh v l q u i y roi tinh dye d noi lam viec. Hon mdt phan ba cac qudc gia quy dinh ve quay rdi tinh due trong phap luat lao ddng . Nhilu qudc gia dieu chinh quay rdi tinh due thdng qua luat binh dang gidi hoac luat chdng phan biet ddi xii"^. Mdt sd qudc gia
at the workplace in Vietnam: An Overview of the Legal Framework. Hanoi, 2013, p.43
(Argentina. Australia, Ao, Bangladesh, Bi, Belize, Canada, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cong hoa Sec, Dan Mach, Cong hoa Dominica, Fiji, Phan Lan, Phap, Dire, Guyana, Honduras, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Nhat Ban, Han Quoc, Latvia, Lesotho, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Mauritius, Namibia, Ha Lan, New Zealand, Na Uy, Panama, Paraguay, Philippines, Ba Lan, Bo Dao Nha, Romania, Slovakia, Nam Phi, Tay Ban Nha, Sri Lanka, Thuy Dien, Thuy ST, Thai Lan, Cong hoa Thong nhat Tanzania. Uruguay, Venezuela).
* D. McCann, Sexual harassment at work' National and international responses. Conditions of Work and Employment Programme, ILO, 2005, p. 17.
Com' Costa Rica, Phan Lan, Panama, Paraguay, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thuy ST (1995); Belize (1996); Guyana, Nhat Ban, Uruguay (1997);
Honduras, Ireland, Israel, Lithuania, Mauritius, 8 6 Dao Nha, Nam Phi. Tanzania. Thai Lan (1998); Fiji, Nhat Ban, Venezuela (1999); Bangladesh, Iceland, Luxembourg (2000); Dan Mach (2001), Na Uy, Romania (2002); Croatia, Malta, Ba Lan, Slovakia (2003), Cong hoa Czech, Latvia (2004).
Ministry of Labour - Invalids and Social Affairs of Vietnam - ILO, Research report sexual harassment at the workplace in Vietnam An Overview of the Legal Framework. Hanoi, 2013, p 44.
(Bi; Canada; Cong hoa Sec; Cong hoa Dominica, Phap, Lat\ia, Lesotho, Mauritius; Namibia; Ha Lan;
New Zealand, Panama; Paraguay, Ba Lan; Slovakia;
Tay Ban Nha, Thai Lan, Malaysia).
'" D McCann, Se.xual harassment at work National and international responses, Conditions of Work and Employment Programme, ILO. 2005, p.23.
Australia (Sex Discrimination Act); Austria (Equality of Treatment Act); Denmark (Gender Equality Act), Finland (Act on Equality between Women and Men. 1995), Germany (Act lo Establish Equality for Men and Women); Guyana
NHA NU'OC VA PHAPLUATSO 12/2016
khac dilu chinh quiy rdi linh due bang luat hinh su (Bangladesh, Costa Rica, Mauritius, Tay Ban Nha, Sri Lanka, Cdng hda Tanzania va Venezuela) hoac phap luat v l quyIn con ngudi (Canada, Fiji va New Zealand)" Nghien cuu cua D. McCann cung chi ra rSng, quay rdi tinh due cd the ddng thdi dupe quy dinh bdi nhieu nganh lual. Quiy roi linh dye bi cam theo phap luat lao ddng va phap luat v l quyen con ngudi (Canada va New Zealand) hoac theo phap luat hinh sy va phap luat lao ddng (Ha Lan)'^
Tdm lai, quay rdi tinh due ndi chung va quay rdi tinh due lai noi lam viec ndi neng bi cam va dupe dieu chinh bang luat chdng quay rdi tinh diJC, luat binh dang gidi, lual chdng phan biet ddi xii, luat lao ddng hoac luat hinh sy.
(Prevention of Discrimination Act, 1997); Honduras (Law on Equal Opportunities for Women), Iceland (Act on the Equal Status and Equal Rights of Women and Men); Ireland (Employment Equality Act, 1998), Japan (Equal Employment Opportunity Act); Republic of Korea (Equal Employment Act), Lithuania (Law on Equal Opportunities); Malta (Equality for Men and Women Act), Mauritius (Sex Discrimination Act); Netherlands (Equal Treatment Act), Norway (Gender Equality Act); Romania (Law on equal opportunities); South Africa (Employment Equity Act); Sweden (Equal Opportunities Act, 1991); Switzerland (Law on Equality); and Venezuela (Organic Law on the Rights of Women to Fairness and Equality)
' 8 6 Lao dong - Thuong binh va Xa hoi - ILO, Bao cao nghien ciru: Quay r6i tinh due tai nai lam viec a Viet Nam: Buc tranh khai quat va khung phap 1^ d l giai quyet, 2013.
http.//ifgs.org.vny'index.php?mac!=News,cntntOI,deta il,0&cntnl01articleid=198&cntnt0lorigid=89&cnlnt 01 retuniid=64, truy cap ngay 10/10/2016
- Ministry of Labour - Invalids and Social Affairs of Vietnam - ILO, Research report .sexual harassment at the workplace in Vietnam An Overview of the Legal Framework. Hanoi, 2013, p.43.
50
Hau hit cac qudc gia tryc tiep cdm hanh vi quay rdi linh due deu dua ra dinh nghia v l hanh vi nay trong luat'"'. Mdt sd qudc gia dua ra dinh nghTa tuong ddi ngan gpn, trong khi nhirng qudc gia khac quy dinh chung chung: "quay rdi linh dye phu nir bi cam".
Nhin chung, cac dinh nghTa ve quay rdi tinh due tai noi lam viec deu dya tren cac diu hieu nhu hanh vi, tinh tinh due, viec lam va dac biet nhan manh yeu td khdng mong mudn, khdng hudng ung hoac trai vdi y mudn cua ngudi bi quay rdi linh due''*. Vi du, muc 2 (g) Luat Viec lam Malaysia (siia ddi, bd sung nam 2012) quy dinh: "Quay roi tinh due la bat ky hanh vi cd tinh chat linh due, bang Idi ndi, khdng bang Idi ndi, hinh anh, ctr chi hoac the chat, hudng tdi mot ngudi ma ngudi dd khdng mong muon va gay ra sy xiic pham, lam nhyc hoac de dga tdi siic khde ciia ngudi dd, phat sinh va xay ra trong qua trinh lam viec"'^ Khoan 1 Dieu 247 Bd luat Lao ddng Canada sira doi lan cudi nam 2016 quy djnh: "Quay rdi tinh due cd nghTa la bat cir hanh vi, binh luan, cii chi hoac tiep xiic/dpng cham cd tinh chat linh due:
(a) Cd the gay ra sy xiic pham hoac si nhuc ddi vdi ngudi lao ddng; hoac la
(b) Ngudi lao ddng tren co sd hpp ly cho rang do la mdt dieu kien cd tinh chat
" D. McCann, Sexual harassment at wort National and international responses. Conditions of Work and Employment Programme, ILO, 2005, p. 1.
'•* Ministry of Labour - Invalids and Social Affairs of Vietnam - ILO, Research report sexual harassment at the workplace in Vietnam An Overview of tlie Legal Framework, Hanoi, 2013, p,47.
Malaysia, Employment (AmendmenO Act 2012 (Act A1419), http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.
dctaiPp_lang=en&p_isn-89543&p_country=MYS&
p_count= 199, truy cap ngay 1/9/2016.
QUAY ROI TINH DUC TAI..
tinh due de cd viec lam hoac co hdi dao tao, thang tiln"'^
b) Ve chu the thuc hien hdnh vi quay roi vd chu the bi quay roi tinh due tai nai Idm viec
Chii the cd hanh vi quay rdi tinh due tai noi lam viec dupe xac dinh kha tuong ddng giira cac qudc gia. Ngudi sir dung lao ddng va ngudi lao ddng deu cd the bi budc tdi quay rdi tinh due tai noi lam viee'^. 0 cac qudc gia phat trien, phap luat ghi nhan bat ky ai ciing cd the la ngudi quay roi tinh dye.
Dd cd the la chii sd hiru doanh nghiep, ngudi quan ly, ddng nghiep, giam sat vien, thanh tra vien, nha tuyen dung'^, nha thau, khach hang...'^
Hau het cac qudc gia xac djnh lao ddng nir la nan nhan chii yeu ciia quay rdi tinh due lai noi lam viec. Ngudi quay rdi tinh due va nan nhan cd the la ngudi khac gidi, nhung ciing cd the la ngudi cimg gidi.
c) Ve trinh tu, thd tuc gidi quyet khieu nai, to cao
Thii tuc khieu nai, td cao dupe xac djnh tiiy thupc miic dp nghiem trpng ciia hanh vi quay rdi tinh due va dupe dieu chinh bdi cac lual khac nhau (nhan quyen, hinh su, dan sy, lao ddng). Cd y kien cho rang, tinh hieu qua va linh phii hpp cua cac ihii luc cd lac ddng den viec nan nhan se khieu nai hay
'" Canada, Labour Code (R S.C, 1985, c. L-2) last amended in 2016, http //laws-lois.jusUcc.gc.ca/
eng/acts/l-2/FullTcxt.hlml, truy cap ngay 1/9/2016.
" Thailand: Labour Protection Act, 1998, Section 16, http.//www. ilo.org/dyn/natlcx/docs/WEBTEXT/4972 7/65119/E98THAO 1 .htm, truy cap ngay I/9/2016.
"* Belize, Protection Against Sexual Harassment Act, 1996. Article 3, http;//www ilo org/dyn/natlex/
natlcx4.detail?p_iang=en&p_isn=46346&p_country
=BLZ&p_count=154, truy cap ngay 1/9/2016.
'^ D. McCann, Sexual harassment at work- National and international responses. Conditions of Work and Employment Programme, ILO, 2005, p.20
khdng. Do dd, nhung thu tyc gay tarn ly e ngai, xku hd cho nan nhan can phai sua ddi"". Ciing cd y kiln cho rSng, phap luat dan sy va hinh sy vdi cac quy dmh chung dupe tiln hanh theo thii tuc thdng thudng la qua phiic tap, khdng dii Imh hoat de dap ung tam ly, hoan canh ciia ngudi bj quay rdi tinh duc^'
Mdt sd qudc gia (Australia, Canada, Finland, Ireland, New Zealand, Han Qudc, Thuy Diln va Hoa Ky) da thanh lap co quan chuyen trach de thyc thi phap lual ve binh dSng va khdng phan biet ddi xii theo gidi tinh Mdt sd qudc gia khac xem quay rdi linh due la vi pham quyen con ngudi, do dd dupe xir ly bdi cac co quan chuyen mdn ve nhan quyen d cap qudc gia (vi du Canada, Fiji va New Zealand). Cac thii tijc giai quyet vu viec quay rdi linh due thudng dupe quy djnh dac biet, tao dieu kien cho viec khieu nai, dieu tra, hda giai, dam bao yeu cau xu ly kjp thdi, bao mat"". Vi du. d Pakistan, cac Ombudsman dupe thanh lap de giai quyet khieu nai ve quay rdi linh due tai noi lam viec""' Trudng hpp hoa giai khdng thanh, cac CO quan nay dupe trao quyen de dai dien cho nan nhan dua vy viec ra Ida va dai dien trong qua trinh thyc hien cac hoat ddng td tung tai tda an" Trong qua trinh giai
' European Commission: General report 1998 of the Legal Experts' Group on Equal Treatment of Men and Women (Brussels, 1999). p. 1 i 2
"' European Commission General report 1998 of the Legal Experts' Group on Equal Treatment of Men and Women (Brussels, 1999). p. 112.
" D. McCann, Sexual harassment at work National and international responses. Conditions of Work and Employment Programme, ILO, 2005, p.29.
"" Pakistan, Protection Against Harassment of Women at Workplace Act 2010, Section 7, hnps:''/www.qau.
edu pk/pdfs/ha pdf, truy cap ngay 1 /9/2016 ' Ministry of Labour - Invalids and Social Affairs of Vietnam - ILO, Research report sexual harassment
NHA NVCfC VA PHAPLUATSO 12/2016
quyet, nhieu qudc gia cho phep nan nhan quyIn yeu c^u mdt dieu tra xnen ciing gidi hoac cho phep cdng doan dai dien cho ngudi lao ddng tham gia vdi yeu cau phai bao mat thdng tin ca nhan ciia nan nhan
Ddi vdi cac qudc gia giai quyet khieu nai thdng qua cac co quan thyc thi phap lual (thanh tra, tda an), cac ben dupe giai quyet mien phi, cac thu tuc ciing dupe dieu chinh phii hpp vdi tinh nhay cam cua hanh vi.
d) Ve cdc bien phdp phong ngira, xir ly vd khac phuc hau qud
De phong ngira quay rdi tinh due lai noi lam viee, hau bet cac qudc gia quy dinh trach nhiem ciia ngudi sir dung lao dpng phai thuc hien cac bien phap phong ngira va hanh dpng ngay lap tuc nham khac phijc hau qua hanh vi vi pham. Tai Malaysia, ngudi sir dung lao ddng cd trach nhiem tim hieu va tra Idi khi nhan duoc don khilu nai.
Tuy nhien, phap lual Malaysia khdng quy dinh ngudi su dung lao ddng ed nghTa vu phong ngira, ngan chan qudy rdi tinh duc^'^
Trong khi dd, d Tmng Qudc, khi thyc hien Luat Bao ve quyIn va Ipi ich phu nir (sira ddi, bd sung nam 2005), nhilu linh nhu Giang Tay, Thuong Hai, An Huy, Quang Ddng, Chiel Giang, Tu Xuyen, Giang Td, Ha Bac va Bac Kinh da quy dinh ngudi su dung lao ddng phai cd cac bien phap d l
phdng ngira va ngan chan quay rdi tinh due ddi vdi lao ddng ntr^^
Ngoai ra, cac qudc gia deu khuyin khich ngudi sii dyng lao ddng dua ra cac giai phap phdng ngira quay rdi tinh due va yeu cau ngudi sir dyng lao ddng cd trach nhiem hanh ddng hpp ly nham khSc phuc, den bu cac tdn that, thiet hai cho nan nhan, Theo Luat Viec lam Malaysia (sira dii, b6 sung nam 2012), khi mdt ngudi lao dong khieu nai ve viec bi mdt ngudi lao dong khac quay rdi linh due va da dupe co quan cd tham quyen chirng minh la diing, thi ngudi su dung lao ddng cd quyen xir ly ky luat sa thai ngudi lao ddng vi pham ma khdng can thdng bao; ha bac luong; lam dinh chi cdng viec ngudi vi pham, nghi khdng cd luong trong thdi gian tdi da hai tuan . Luat Viec lam Malaysia ciing quy djnh, ngudi su dijng lao ddng khdng tim hieu thu tuc giai quyet hoac tir chii giai quyet khieu nai ve quay rdi tinh di4C bj phat tiln din 10.000 ringgit^^
Tiiy thupc muc dp nghiem trpng cua hanh vi quay rdi linh due, cac qudc gia dira ra cac che tai khac nhau (hinh sy, hanh chinh, lao ddng, dan sy), nhung dIu tren nguyen tSc chung la dam bao chim dijt hanh vi va nan nhan dupe den bii thda dang cho nhirng thiet hai thi chat va cac ton thuong linh than. Vi du, Luat Bao ve lao
at the workplace in Vietnam- An Overview of the Legal Framework. Hanoi, 2013, p.52
'' Australia, Human Rights and Equal Oppormnity Commission Act. 1986,https://www legislation gov au'-Deiails;C2006C00094/0149d776-b489-4a35-b5a3
;f974e4790bd3,uuycap ngay 10/10/2016 Malaysia, Employment (Amendment) Act 2012 Article 81(b), hnp://,lo org/dyn/natlex/natlex4 detaiP p_lanr^en&p_isn=89543&p_country=MYS&pcou"
nt-199. truy cap ngay 10/10/2016.
52
Ministry of Labour - invalids and Social Affairs of Vietnam - ILO, Research report sexual harassmeiw at the workplace in Vietnam An Overview of the Legal Framework. Hanoi, 2013, p 51.
Malaysian, Employment (Amendment) Act 2012, Article 81(c,e). http //ilo.org/dyn/natlex/nallex4.detai l?p_lang=en&p_isn=89543&p_^counlry=MYS&p^co unt= 199. truy cap ngay 5/9/2016.
Malaysian, Employment (Amendment) Act 2012, Article 81(f), hUp7/iio org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.detail'' p_lang=en&p_isn=89543&p_country=MYS&p^coiJ nt-199, truy cap ngay 5/9/2016.
QUAY ROI TINH DUC TAI...
ddng nam 1998 cua Thai Lan quy dinh ngudi quay rdi tinh due phu nir hoac Ire em bj phat d i n 20.000 baht^". Bd luat Hinh sy Pakistan (sua ddi nam 2010) quy dinh quay rdi tinh dye d bat ky dau ddu bj coi la tpi pham va bj phat tii d i n 3 nam hoac bj phat tiln din 500.000 Rupees, hoac bj ap dyng ca hai loai hinh phat tren^'
2. P h a p luat v l quay roi tinh due tai noi lam viec cua Viet Nam hien nay
0 Viet Nam, quay rdi tinh due lai noi lam viec dupe coi la mdt hinh thirc phan biet ddi xir tren co sd gidi, lam anh hudng xau tdi mdi trudng lam viec, sy binh dSng giiia lao ddng nam va nir, gay ra nhirng tac dpng ve tam ly nhu lo lang, cang thang cho nan nlian, dan den mdi trudng lam viec khdng an toan, nang suat lao ddng giam siit.
Theo Bao cao nghien cuu ve quay rdi tinh due tai noi lam viec nam 2012 do Bp Lao ddng - Thuong binh va Xa hdi thyc hien vdi sy giup do ciia ILO, phSn Idn cac nan nhan bi quay rdi tinh due d Viet Nam la nir gidi (78,2%) va dp tudi trong khoang tir 18 den 30 tudi. Nan nhan ciing cd thi la nam gidi. Cac hinh thuc the hien cua hanh VI quay rdi tinh due tai noi lam viec kha da dang, ed the la hanh ddng (sy ddng cham mdt each cd y, sam so, gui anh lien quan den tinh due...); cu chi (lilc mat dua tinh, nhin cham cham vao mpt bd phan nao do tren co the ngudi khac gidi...); Idi ndi. Tren thuc te, nhieu trudng hpp ngudi bi quSy rdi tinh diJC hoac khdng nhan thiic dupe hoac
Thailand, The Labour Protection Act, 1998, Article 147, http.//www.ilo org/dyn/natlex/docs/
WEBTEXT/49727/651!9/E98THA0i.htm, tmy cap ngay 5/9/2016.
' ' Pakistan, The Penal Code (amended 2010), Article 509, htip://www ilo.org/dyn/natiex/nadex4.detai!?p_
Iang=en&p_isn=86l70&p_classification=01.04, truy cap ngay 5/9/2016.
cam chju vi nhieu ly do (sp mat viec lam, ngupng ngiing, sp dam lieu...) nen khdng khieu nai, td cao. Dac biet, Bao cao da chi ra, 80% nan nhan khdng hieu rd hanh vi nao bi coi la quay rdi tinh due, nhieu ngudi cho rang hanh vi gpi dien, nhan tin, chup hinh khieu dam chua bj coi la quay rdi linh duc^^
De cd CO sd phap ly xay dirng mdi trudng lam viec an toan, lanh manh, Ian dau lien Bd luat Lao ddng Viet Nam nam 2012 da quy dinh ve hanh vi quay rdi linh due lai noi lam viec. Cd 4 Dieu de cap den "quay rdi tinh due", gdm khoan 2 Dieu 8 nghiem cam "ngupc dai ngudi lao ddng, quay rdi tinh due tai noi lam viec"; diem c khoan 1 Dieu 37 quy dinh "ngudi lao ddng bj ngupc dai hoac bj quay rdi tinh dye cd quyen don phuong cham diil hpp ddng lao ddng";
khoan 4 Dieu 182 quy djnh lao ddng giiip viec gia dinh cd nghTa vy "Id cao vdi co quan cd tham quyen neu ngudi sir dung lao ddng cd hanh vi ngupc dai, quay rdi linh due, cudng birc lao ddng hoac ed nhirng hanh vi khac vi pham phap luat"; va khoan 1 Dieu 183 nghiem cam ngudi sir dung lao ddng "ngupc dai, quay rdi tinh diJC, cudng birc lao ddng, diing vu luc ddi vdi lao ddng la ngudi giup viec gia dinh".
Ngoai ra, hanh vi quay rdi linh due lai not lam viec dupe quy dmh cij the lai Thdng tu sd 19/2014/TT-BLDTBXH ngay 15/8/2014 ciia Bd Lao ddng - Thuong binh va Xa hdi hudng dan thi hanh mdt sd dieu ciia Nghi dmh 27/2014/ND-CP ngay 07/04/2014 cua Chinh phii quy dinh chi tilt thi hanh mdt sd dieu cua Bd luat Lao dpng
Trang web dien tu Thu vien Quoc hoi. Van phong Quoc hoi, Dua quay rdi tinh due vdo Ludf Vdn mcr hd, http://dulhaoonline.quochoi.vn/DuThao/Lists/TT _TINLAPPHAP/View_Dctail-aspx''Item!D-935, truy cap ngay 24/9/2016,
NHA NV&C VA PHAP WAT S6 12/2016 vS lao dOng la ngoai giup viec gia dinh.
Theo do, nghiSm c&n ngudi su dung lao dpng v4 cac thinh vien trong h0 gia dinh qujy roi tinh dye d6i v6i lao dong giup vi?c gia dinh vii ngugc l?i (Ichoto 13 Dieu 6).
Vi$c quy dinh vk qujy r6i ttoh due trong Bo luM Lao dong 2012 la m6t buoc tifin quan trpng trong vi$c bao v6 ngu6i lao dOng khoi quiy r6i tinh dye tai nori lam vi$c.
Tuy nhien, theo danh gi4 t6ng kSt 3 nSm (2013-2016) thvc hien B0 luSt Lao dpng 2012 ciia BO Lao d6ng - Thuong binh va Xa h$i, hanh vi "quiy rSi tinh due tai noi \kai vi?c" chua dugc dinh nghia, giSi thich cy th8 n6n van chua thuc su dugc 4p dyng trong cupc s6ng^^. Tinh din nay, chua c6 quy dinh vS ciic thu tuc xvr ly doi voi hanh vi quay r6i tinh due tai noi lam viee. Trong khi 66, phap lu^t lao 4png hi^n h^inh ciing chua quy dinh bipn phdp chi tdi xii 1^ vi pham khi nguoi su dung lao d5ng co hiinh vi quiy roi tinh due doi vdi ngudi lao d0ng vk ngugc lai. Do vay, ca quan nhd nude c6 thim quySn khdng cd can cii dk ap dyng bi$n phap xvr 1^, ngudi bi quSy rdi tinh dye eung khdng dugc khac phyc hlu qua do hanh vi quiy r6i tinh due.
Trude tinh hinh dd, thdng 5/2015, Bd Lap ddng - Thuong binh vd Xa hdi, Tdng Lien dpan lap ddng Vift Nam vd Phdng Thuong mai cdng nghiSp Vijt Nam vdi sy giiip dd cua ILO da cdng bd Bd Quy tac ling xii vi quiy r6i tinh dye tai noi 1dm vi?e.
Myc dich cda Bp quy tic nhSm giup ngudi sii dyng lao dpng vd ngudi lao ddng xdy dyng, l6ng gh^p vao ndi quy, quy chi cia don vi 1dm eo sd cho vi^c phdng, chpng quay rdi tinh dye tai nai 1dm viec, giip phdt
tridn quan bi lap dpng hdi hda, t^o mji trudng lam vi$e lanh manh, an todn, nSng suit vd chit lugng cao. Thep ddnh gid cua dng Gyorgy Sziraczki, Gidm d6c ILO Vift Nam, vipc cdng bd Bd quy tdc Id "mdt bufe tilh ciia Viet Nam trpng cdng cupc du tranh> chdng lai bap lyc trSn eo sd gidi tji noi Idm vidc"^''-
Bd Quy tie ling xu ve quIy rdi tinh d^c t^i nai lam viec da dua ra khdi ni$m va cdc hinh thiic ciia quiy rdi tinh dye. Theo d6,
"quay rdi tinh dye la hdnh vi cd tinh chit tinh dye gay dnh hudng tdi nhdn phim ciia nir gidi vd nam gidi, day Id hdnh vi khong dugc chap nhdn, khdng mong mudn \\i khdng hgp ly Idm xiic ph^m ddi vdi ngu6i bi quiy rdi, vd tao ra mdi tnrdng lam vi^
bat dn, dang sg, thii dich vd khd chiu"". Bo Quy tac cuutig dua ra khdi ni|m noi Idm vi§c khdng ehi bap gdm nhung dja di€m cu th^.
thuc hien cdng vipc nhu van phdng hay nlia mdy, md cdn Id nhung dia diem khde cd lien quan tdi cdng vi^e. Noi lam vi^c d ddy,G6 thd hidu theo nghia rpng, bao gom ca nhiing dia didm hay nhiing vipc cd lien quan den cdng viec nhu: (I) Cae ho^t ddng xa hpi lidn quan den cdng vi^c (tiSe ehieu dai, don tiep dugc doanli nghidp td chiic ddnh cho nhan vidn hojc khach hdng...); (2) Hoi thdp, tap huan; (3) Chuydn di cdng tdc chinh thiic; (4) Cdc biia an lien quan den cdng vi^c; (5) Hdi thpai tren di$n thp?i lidn quan ddn cdng viec; (6) Cae hpat dpng giao tiSp lien quan den cdng viee qua phuong ti£n
Vy Phip chi, B5 Uo dOiig - Thirong binh v4 XS h5i, Dd thSo Bio oSo T6ng kit dinh gia 03 nSm thi hinh BO lu^t Lao dpng, ngiy 24/11/2016.
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^ V5n phong ILO t^i Vift Nam, Quv lac ungxictiio Viet Nam hy vong ^ai quyet quay roi tinh due t^i mrf Idm vi0c. Ban tin so 12, thang 6/2015, tr.l.
^' T6ng Lidn doan Lao dpng Vi?t Nam - B$ t » dOng - Thuang binh vd Xa h^i - VCCI, BO Quy ^ img xix ve quiy roi tinh dye tai noi lini vi^c, 2015, H^NOi.tr.?.
QUAY ROI TINH DUC TAI..
dien ti?^
Ngoai ra, cac hanh vi qu4y roi tmh due cung dugc Bo Quy tic liet ke kha d i y du, bao g6m nhirng hinh thue ehu ylu sau^^:
a) Quay roi tinh due bdng hdnh vi mang tinh the chdt nhu ti6p xiic, c6 tinh dong cham khong mong mu6n, so mo, vu6t ve, cau veo, 6m Sp hay hon, t4n eong tinh due, cuOTig dam, hiSp dam.
b) Quay rdi tinh diic bang lai ndi g6m eae nhan xet khong phii hop \k mat xa hoi, van hoa va khong dugc mong mu6n; nhirng ngu y ve tinh due nhu truyen cucn ggi y yh tinh due, nhirng nhan xet \h trang phuc hay ca the cua mot nguai nao do khi co mat hg hoac huong toi hp. Hinh thuc nay con bao gom ca nhimg loi de nghi, nhung yeu cau khong mong muon hay lai moi di choi mang tinh ca nhan mot each lien tuc.
c) Qudy rdi tinh diic bdng hdnh vi phi lai ndi gom cac hanh dpng khong dupe mong muon nhu ngon ngu co the khieu khich, bieu hien khong dung dan, cai nhin ggi tinh, nhay mat lien tuc, cae cu chi ciia cac ngon tay... Hinh thuc nay ciing bao gom viee pho bay eac tai lieu khieu dam;
hinh anh, vat, man hinh may tinh, cac ap phich, thu dien di, ghi chep, tin nhin hen quan toi tinh due.
Ben canh do, Bg Quy tac cung &h. cap den vai tro, trach nhiem ciia ngucri iao dpng, nguoi su dung lao dong, cong doan, to chiic ciia ngucri sii dung lao dpng, thanh tra lao dong trong viec dau tranh phong.
Tong Lien doan Lao dong Viet Nam - Bg Lao dong -Thuong binh \ a Xa hgi - VCCL Bg Quy tdc img xu ve qudy rdi linh due tgi nai Idm viec, 2015, Ha Noi, tr 6-7.
" Tong Lien doan Lao dong Viet Nam - Bp Lao dong - Thuong binh \ a Xa hoi - VCCL Bo Quy tdc irng xir ve qudy roi linh due tai nai lam viec, 2015, Ha Noi. tr S.
chdng va xii ly hanh vi quay roi tinh due;
buoc dau de cap den quy trinh khieu nai, to cao, boi thudng.
3. Mot so kien nghi
a) Ve nhan dien hdnh vi qudy roi tinh due tai nai Idm viec
Viec dua ra mpt djnh nghia ro rang ve quay roi tinh due tai nai lam viec eo y nghTa quan trgng, la eo so xac dinh co hay khong mpt hanh vi bi xem la quay roi tinh due, la can cu de nguoi lao dpng thuc hien quyen don phucmg eham dut hpp dong lao dpng, can cii de khieu nai, to cao va xii phat. Dua tren dac diem he thong phap luat Viet Nam hien nay, viec quy dinh ve hanh vi quay roi tinh due tai nai lam viee trong phap luat lao dpng la phii hgp hem ca.
Tren co so nghien eiiu kinh nghiem eiia mpt so nuac tren the gioi, theo toi, eo the chpn mot trong hai each dua ra dinh nghTa hanh vi quay roi tinh due tai nai lam viec sau;
Cdch thu nhdt "Qudy rdi tinh diAc tgi nai lam viec Id hdnh vi cd tinh chdt tinh due xiic pham hoac si nhuc dot v&i nguai khdc tai nai Idm viec md nguai do khdng mong mudn. chdp nhdn, gdy ra su bdt on. ddng sa, thii dich vd khd chiu trong mdi trudng Idm viec". Caeh dinh nghia nay neu dugc cac dau hieu ciia hanh vi quay roi tinh due tai noi lam viec va nhan manh yeu to hau qua doi vai moi trucmg lam viec.
Cdch thu hai: "Trong Bo ludl ndy, qudy roi tinh due tai nai Idm viec cd nghia Id hdnh vi cd linh chdt tinh due xdy ra a nai lam viec md nguai bi qudy rdi khdng mong mudn-
a) Xuc pham hoac si nhuc dot vai ngudi bi qudy rdi: hoac
NHA NU'&C vA PHAPLUATSO 12/2016
b) Khien nguai bi qudy rdi. tren ca^ sa hap ly, cho rang dd Id mot dieu kien de cd viec Idm hoac ca hoi ddo tao hoac lai ich khdc ".
Caeh dinh nghTa thii hai ngoai neu dugc cac dau hieu ciia hanh vi quiy r6i tinh due tai noi lam viec con nhan manh viee cam quay roi tinh due mang tinh trao doi. Theo do, ngucri su dung lao dpng, nguai giam sat, nguai quan ly hay dong nghiep gay anh huang din eac Igi ich ciia nguoi lao dpng de d6i \ky su thoa thuan ve tinh due la trucmg hgp quay roi tinh due.
Hai each tren la each thuc chu yen ma cac quoc gia lira ehpn de djnh nghia hanh vi quay roi tinh due tai noi lam viec. Moi each thiic CO uu diem rieng va deu phan anh dugc cac dau hieu ea ban ciia quay roi tinh due tai noi lam viec.
Theo cac dinh nghTa tren, quay roi tinh due tai noi lam viec c6 hai dau hieu:
(1) Pham VI thuc hien hdnh vi la nai lam viec
Noi lam viec la tat ca eac noi ma nguoi lao dpng lam viec, trong gia lam viee hoac lam them gid. Noi lam viec eo \hh la mot noi CO khong gian dong hoac md, tTnh hoac dong, la noi ngudi lao dpng tam viee, ra/vao noi lam viec. Nai lam viec d day dugc hi6u theo nghTa rpng
(2) Tinh chdt qudy rdi tinh due Hanh vi phai co tinh chdt tinh due va khong dugc mong mudn. Ddu hieu "khong duoc mong mudn" dupe xac dinh nSu^^ (i) Ngudi bj quay roi the hien ro thai do khong mong muon; hoac (ii) Ngudi bi qudy roi cam thay bj si nhuc, xiic pham hoac bi de
.T.,,uL>uij ui iviuiifjuwer ano 1 ransmigratu Indonesia - ILO. Guidelines on Sexual Harassment Prevention at the Workplace. April 20] I. p.6
dga bdi hanh vi do; hoac (iii) Ngudi thyc hien hanh vi quay roi co dii can cii de dy doan dugc ngudi bi quay roi se cam thay bi xiic pham, lam nhuc, xau ho hoac de dga.
Viec danh gia mpt hanh vi co kha nang xiic pham, lam nhuc hoac de dpa la mpt danh gia mang tinh khach quan, dua tren boi canh binh thudng ngudi bi quay roi se co cam nhan nay.
Nhung hanh vi thong thudng, phii hgp ve mat van hoa, xa hoi khong bj coi la hanh VI quay roi tinh due. Hanh vi c6 tinh chat tinh due duge ben kia dap lai hoac ty nguyen tiep nhan khong bi xem la hanh vi quay roi tinh due.
b) Ve chd the thuc hien hdnh vi quay rdi vd chd the bi qudy roi tinh due tai nai lam viec
Quay roi tinh due eo the xay ra vdi tat ca mpi ngudi. Dan dng va phu nii deu co the la nan nhan hay thii pham ciia hanh vi quay rdi tinh due tai noi lam viec. Thii pham va nan nhan cd the khac gidi hoac ciing gicri.
Hanh ddng quay roi tinh due nay cd the dien ra giu'a chii doanh nghiep/ngudi quan ly/ngudi giam sat va ngudi lao ddng (day la quan he dpc, cd yeu to phu thudc) hoac giiia nhirng ngudi lao ddng vdi nhau (quan he ngang), giiia chii doanh nghiep/ngudi quan ly/ngudi lao ddng vdi ben thii ba (doi tac, khach hang, cac nha eung cap dich vu, ngudi xin viee...).
c) Ve thd tuc khieu nai, to cdo hdnh vi qudy roi tinh due tai noi lam viec
Xuat phat tu dac diem cua vu viec quay rdi tinh due tai noi lam viec, cae thii tuc khieu nai, td cao can dam bao nguyen tac cdng ly va binh dang. Hai ben, nan nhan va ben bi cao bupc cd hanh vi quay rdi phai co su can bang ve thdng tin. Cac ben deu ducrc 56
QUAY ROI TINH DUC TAI..
thdng bao ve viec khieu nai, td cao va qua trinh giai quyet nhimg vdn dd nay. Mdi ben se duge lang nghe va cung cap thdng tin phan hoi lien quan ddn khidu nai, td cao.
Trong trudng hgp nan nhan eo yeu cau thi eac thii tuc khieu nai, td cao cdn bao mat.
De dam bao nguyen tae cdng ly va binh dang, thii tuc khieu nai, td cao can don gian, hieu qua; theo do, can quy djnh ro eac bude khieu nai, td cao, thdi han giai quydt, thu tuc dieu tra, thii tue khang eao len co quan cd tham quyen cao han.
Theo quy dinh cua phap luat Viet Nam hien nay, trinh tu thii tuc giai quyet vu viee quay rdi tinh due dupe ap dung theo thu tuc giai quyet eac tranh chap lao ddng ca nhan.
Thii tuc nay bat dau bang thii tuc hda giai, neu khdng thanh se khdi kien ra tda an.
Trong dieu kien hieu qua hda giai thap, phap luat khong quy dmh thii tue dac biet cho cac vu viec quay rdi tinh due, nan nhan se e ngai ma khdng khieu nai hoac khdi kien. Vi vay, phap luat can can nhac giai phap xay dung he thdng ca quan chuyen trach giai quyet quay rdi tinh due. Trong trudng hgp chua eo co quan chuyen trach, can xay dung mdt thu tuc dac biet, linh hoat trong giai quyet vu viee quay rdi tinh due tai nai lam viec dam bao cdng ly, binh dang va bao mat.
d) Ve cdc bien phdp phdng ngira, xu ly vd khdc phuc hau qud
De phdng ngira hieu qua quay rdi tinh due tai noi lam viee, can xac dmh rd trach nhiem ciia ngudi lao ddng, cdng doan va ngudi sir dung lao dpng.
Trdch nhicm ciia ngudi lao ddng: phai tim hilu va trao ddi vdi nhimg ngudi lao ddng khac vd chinh sach cua doanh nghiep ddi vdi hiinh vi quay rdi tinh due tai nai lam
viee. Khi thdy bi quay rdi tinh due, ngudi lao dpng cdn chu ddng luu giir cac chimg cir va cd thd de nghi cdng doan dai dien cho minh thue hien cac thii tuc khidu nai, to cao va dd nghi bdi thudng.
Trdch nhiem cua to chicc cdng dodn:
dam bao thuang lupng tat ca cac vdn de lien quan tdi qudy rdi tinh due tai doanh nghiep mdt each cdng bdng va minh bach; dua cae npi dung nay vao trong chucmg trinh tuyen truydn, phd bidn giao due tdi mgi ngudi lao ddng; cung cdp thdng tin, tu van va dai dien eho ngudi lao dong bj quay rdi tinh due hoac bi khieu nai, td cao cd hanh vi quay rdi tinh due.
Trdch nhiem cua ngudi sir dung lao ddng: can thue hien tdi thieu hai nghia vu:
(1) Xay dung quy chd xir ly ddi vdi quay rdi tinh due tai noi lam viec va phd bien ddn tdt ea ngudi lao ddng; (2) Khac phuc hau qua mdt each hgp ly neu quay rdi tinh due xay ra. Ngoai ra, ngudi sir dung lao ddng can ehii ddng phdng ngira bang each dua vao noi quy cac bien phap bao ve va khac phuc hau qua ddi vdi cae nan nhan hi quay rdi tinh due; tich cue giam sat va loai bd tat ca cac hinh thiic quay rdi tinh due khdng mong mudn; dam bao tat ca ngudi lao ddng va ben thu ba (khach hang, ngudi xin vice, nlia cung cap dich vu...) khdng bi quay rdi tinh due,
Ngoai ra, can chii trgng cac bien phap nhu truyen thdng, giao due, xay dung eac thda udc tao ddng tap the bao gdm npi dung cu the ve phdng ngii'a va xu ly quay rdi tinh due tai noi lam viec.
Tiiy vao mire dp nghiem trgng ciia hanh vi quay rdi tinh due, che tai duge ap dung cd the la che tai hinh su (phat ticn, cai tao khdng giam giir, phat tii cd thdi han,..), hanh
NHA NU^dC VA PHAPLUATSO 12/2016
ehinh (canh cao, phat tidn, true xuat...), lao ddng (khidn trach, keo dai thdi han nang bac luong, chuydn lam cdng vide khac, each chiic, sa thai) hoac bdi thudng dan su.
Ngoai ra, viee lira chpn ap dung che tai con phu thupc vao mong mudn ciia nan nhan, mirc dp an nan, hoi han ciia ngudi vi pham.
Ben canh do, eae bien phap khac phue hau qua khac ciing can duge ap dung tuy
thudc vao dieu kien, hoan canh cu the. Vi du, ndu nan nhan bi ha chuc hay bj tir ch6i thang chuc trai phap luat thi can xem xet phue hdi chiic vu hoac xem xet bd nhiem, ddng thdi boi thudng eae ton that ma hp co quyen dugc hudng; loai ra khdi hd so nhung nhan xet bdt Igi nay sinh tu sy quay rdi; dp ngay nghi phep bd sung neu can theo yeu cau cua ca quan y te...
(TiSp theo trang 6 - Quyin im lang trong to tung hinh su)
canh sat vj tri khau siing, va Tda quyet dinh sir dung Idi khai va ehung eii nay de chdng lai bj eao, vi canh sat da khdng tham van anh ta'^. Ro rang, trong trudng hgp neu tren, bj cao khdng bj ep budc dua ra cau tra Idi cd tinh bupc tdi, nhung anh ta da bi Idi ndi ciia canh sat tac ddng dan den viee dua ra Idi khai chdng lai chinh minh. Va tda an da sit dung chirng cir nay vi bi cao khdng bj ep huge dua ra Idi khai. Do do, phap luat can can nhac quy dinh ve viec nay sao eho de vira cd the dam bao duoc quyen im lang, vira dam bao dugc tinh khach quan ciia thii tuc td tung hinh sir.
Khoan 5 Didu 66 BLTTSHS nam 2015 quy dinh; "Ngudi lam chimg khai bao gian ddi hoac ni chdi khai bao, trdn tranh viec khai bao ma khdng vi ly do bat kha khang hoac khdng do trd ngai khach quan thi phai
chju trach nhiem hinh sy theo quy djnh ciia Bd luat Hinh sy". Nhu vay, ngudi lam chung tir chdi khai bao khi cd ly do bat kha khang hoac do trd ngai khach quan thi khdng phai chiu trach nhiem hinh su. Tir do suy ra, ngudi lam chirng eung ed quyen im lang, nhung cd dieu kien. Tuy nhien, ly do bat kha khang va trd ngai khach quan dupe hieu nhu the nao? Trudng hop dang thyc hien mdt tdi pham nhung lai la nhan chung cho mdt tgi pham khac cd dugc xem la trudng hgp bat kha khang hoac trd ngai khach quan khdng? Neu la khdng thi luc nay nhan chung lai roi vao trudng hgp ty bude tdi chinh minh. Do dd, can ban hanh van ban hudng dan ve trudng hpp bat Icha khang va trd ngai khach quan ddi vdi viec tir chdi khai bao ciia nhan chiing de bao ve quyen im lang eiia nhan chung.
Jay M. Fejnman, Ludt 101 Moi diSu ban can biet ve phdp ludt Hoa Ky (Nguyen Hong Tam, Tr5n Quang Hong, Nguyen Thi Thanh dich, Nguyen Dang Dung, Vu Cong Giao hieu dinh), Nxb. H6ng Diic, Ir. 510.
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