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SU* DVNG HE THONG TINH DIEM BMWP VA CHi SO SEVH HOC ASPT DANH GlA CHAT
LUQ^NGMOI
T R U C W GNLTdC HE THONG SUOI
TAI VI/CWV QUOC GIA BACH MA -
T H I T ATHIEN HUE
CAO THI KIM THU Vi^n Sinh thdi vd Tdi nguyen sinh vgt NGUYEN QUANG HUY, NGUYEN VAN VINH Truang Dgi hpc Khoa hpc tu nhien Hd Npi
Tren thi gidi, vipc ip dyng cic phuang phap dinh gia chat lugng nude bang bipn phip sinh hpc nhim bd sung hoic thay thi cho cic phucmg phap hda hgc da dugc nghien ciin va ip dung tucmg doi rdng rai. Trong dd, phuang phip sir dung dgng vat khdng xuang sdng (DVKXS) cd Idn lim sinh vit chi thj dya tren he thdng tinh diem BMWP - Biological Monitoring Working Party vi chi sd sinh hgc ASPT - Average score per taxon dugc ap dung d rit nhieu nude nhu:
Anh, Bi, Thii Lan, Han Quoc... U'u dilm chinh cua phuang phip niy Ii de thyc hien, re tien, va die bipt khdng giy d nhiem mdi tmdng.
d Viet Nam, vin dl giim sit sinh hgc chat lugng nude cic thuy vyc nude nggt da dugc de cap it nhilu trong mgt sd tii lieu xuit bin trudc nam 1998. Tuy nhien, phai den nhtrng nim 2000, khi Nguyin Xuin Quynh va cs xay dyng he thdng tinh diem BMWP^'^' v i khoa dinh loai den hp cic nhdm DVKXS cd Idn nude ngpt thudng gap (Nguyen Xuan Quynh, 2001, 2004), thi mdi bit diu thdi ky ung dung rdng rii quy trinh giim sit chat lugng nude cic thuy vyc nude nggt d Viet Nam.
Vudn Quoc gia Bach Ma - tinh Thira Thien Hue nim trong khu vyc chuyen tiep giira hai viing Bic Trung Bd vi Nam Tmng Bg, dugc xem mgt trong nhting nai cd miic do da dangesinh hgc cao. Nhtmg nam gin diy, nhieu nghien ciru ve da dang sinh hgc trong khu vyc da dugc tien hinh. Tuy nhien, cic nghien ciru ve khu he DVKXS cd Idn d nude van cdn tucmg ddi it vi tan man. Ben canh dd, hoat ddng du lich sinh thai dang cd nhirng tic ddng ding ke den mdi tradng ty nhien, die biet Ii mdi tmdng nude. Do do, nghien eiiu trong bii viet niy nham muc dich sir dung phucmg phip ASPT (chi so sinh hgc trang binh) dinh gii chit lugng nude be mat he thdng sudi tai Vudn Qudc gia Bach Ma (VQG) bing hp thdng dilm sd BMWP'^'*'. Cic kit qui nghien ciru khdng chi dua ra din lieu ca bin ban dau ve chit lugng nude, ma cdn cd y nghTa cinh bio nhimg bien ddi tic dgng den mdi tmdng nude tai khu vyc nghien cim.
L THCH GIAN, DJA DIEM VA PHU'ONG PHAP NGHIEN ClTU
Thu rnau DVKXS cd Idn dugc tiln hanh trong thing 4-5/2007 tai 6 dilm dilu tra dgc theo he thdng sudi VQG Bach Ma - Thira Thien Hul. Cic dilm thu mau dugc chi ra tren hinh 1, trong dd cac diem 1 - 4 tuong img do cao tir 831 - 1194m Ii viing diu nguon vi 5 - 6 tuang img dg cao 66-77m cd the coi Ii viing cudi ngudn.
Thu thap mau vat bing phuang phip thu miu quet va thu miu dap nude su dung vgt ao (Pond Net).^Ngoai ra, cdn sir dung vgt tay (Hand Net) dl thu thap vat miu tai cic sinh cinh phu hgp. Vat miu sau khi thu dugc bio quin bing cdn 70° trong cic hop dyng miu.
Dinh loai mau vit dya tren cic tai lieu dinh loai da dugc cdng bd trong va ngoii nude: bg Phil du -Ephemeroptera (Nguyen Vin Vinh, 2003), bg Cinh tip - Plecoptera (Cao Thi Kim Thu, 2002), bg Cinh Idng - Trichoptera (Hoang Dire Huy, 2005), Menitt Cummins (1996), Nguyin Xuan Quynh (2001), Ding Nggc Thanh, Thii Trin Bai, Pham Vin Mien (1980), Ding Nggc Thanh, Hd Thanh Hii (2001)...
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Quy trinh dinh gii chat lugng nude cho timg dilm nghien cim dugc tiln hanh nhu sau: Xic djnh dilm so BMWP cua moi hg cd mit bing hp thdng tinh dilm BMWP^''', sau dd tinh tdng dilm BMWP bing cich cdng sd dilm BMWP cua timg hp. Dilm so trung binh ASPT = Tong so diem BMWP/tdng sd hg tham gia tinh diem. Tir dd, suy ra mirc dp d nhiem ciia timg diem d\ra vao mdi quan hp gitra chi so ASPT va mirc dg d nhiem (bang 1).
Bdng 1 Moi quan hp giCra chi so sinh hgc (ASPT) va mirc dp d nhiem
Chi so sinh hpc ASPT Mirc dp 6 nhiem
0 Nude cue ky ban (Khong co DVKXS ca Idn) 1 -2,9 Nude rat ban (Polysaprobe)
3-4,9 Nude ban vira (g-Mesosaprobe) hay kha ban 5-5,9 Nuac ban vira (P-Mesosaprobe)
6-7,9 Nude ban it (Oligosaprobe) hay tucmg doi sach o - iO Nuac sach
Qhi chii: Nguon: Environment Agency, UK, 1997; Richard Orton, Anne Bebbington and John Bebbington, 1995; Nguyen Xuan Quynh va cs., 2004.
Ben canh vipc thu thap mau, chiing tdi cdn tien hinh do mpt sd chi tieu thuy ly hda hgc ca ban tai mdi dilm nghien cuu nhu: pH, dp dgc, DO, dp dan... bing miy do 6 chi tieu ciia hang TOA - Model WQC - 22A (Nhit Bin).
II. KET QUA NGHIEN ClTU VA THAO LUAN L Dac tinh thiiy ly hda hpc cac diem nghien cuu
Theo dg cao giam din hr dilm 1 (1194m) tdi dilm 6 (66m), gii tn tmng binh cua cic die t^nh thiiy ly hda hgc diu nim hong gidi han phit friln cua cic nhdm DVKXS d nude. Tai cac diem nghien cim, dp dan va dg dye khdng cd sy khac bipt, hong khi do cic die tinh khac the hipn sy khac
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biet tucmg ddi rd ret (bang 2). Cu thi la, khi do cao cing giim, nhiet do cua nude tang len hi 19''C (dilm 1) din 29,6°C (dilm 6) vdi gia tri trang binh vio khoing 23*'C. Gia hi cua pH trung binh la 7, cao nhit tai dilm 4 (8,6) vi thip nhit tai diem 2 (6,02). Chi sd DO d hiu het cac diem nghien ciru deu cao han 6mg/I, cao nhit tai dilm 6 (6,8mg/l) va thap nhit tai diem 5 (5,3mg/I).
Bdng 2 Mpt so dac tinh thiiy ly hda hgc cac diem nghien ciru
Diem nghien cihi Diem 1 Diem 2 Diem 3 Diem 4 Diem 5 Diem 6 Trung binh
Dp cao (m) 1194 1143 1096 831
74 66 734 ± 529
Nhipt dp 19 18,7 19,2 20,5 28,1 29,6 23 ± 5
pH 7,4 6,02
6,6 8,6 7,14 8,15 7 ± 1
DO (mg/l) 6,3 6,01
6,3 6,41
5,3 6,8 6 ± 1
Dp dan (fis/cm)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ± 0
Dp dye 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ± 0 2. Danh gia chat lugng nude thong qua sinh vat chi thj la DVKXS cd Idn
Ket qui phan tich thu dugc 76 hg thudc 13 bd, 4 Idp va 2 nganh DVKXS: Chan khdp (Arthropoda) va Than mem (MoIIusca). Trong dd, cd 60 hg nim trong he thdng tinh dilm BMWP^'^'. Cic bg cd sd hg chilm uu thi trong hp thdng tinh dilm niy Ii Odonata 10 hp (16,9%), Trichoptera 9 hg (15,3%), Hemiptera va Ephemeroptera mdi bg cd 8 hg (13,6%), Coleoptera cd 6 hg (10,2%), Diptera v i Decapoda moi bg cd 4 hg (6,8%). Cac bg cdn lai cd so hg it han, dao dgng tir 1 den 3 hg. Ket qua dugc chi ra d bing 3.
Bdng 3
STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Cac hg D V K X S cd Idn n i m trong hp thong tinh diem BMWP^'^' Cac bp DVKXS
Ephemeroptera Odonata Plecoptera Hemiptera Megaloptera Trichoptera Coleoptera Diptera Decapoda Eulamellibranchia Prosobranchia Pulmonata
Tong
Sohp 8 10
3 8 1 9 6 4 4 3 2 2 60
Ty If % 13,6 16,9 5,1 13,6
1,7 15,3 10,2 6,8 6,8 5,1 3,4 3,4 100
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Dya vio phuang phip tinh diem BMWP ciia Viet Nam va tinh toin chi sd sinh hpc ASPT, miirc do d nhiem cua timg diem nghien ciiai dugc chi ra tren bing 4.
Bdng 4 Chi so sinh hgc ASPT va mirc dp d nhiem ciia cac diem nghien cihi
Diem nghien
cihi
Diem 1 Diem 2 Diem 3 Diem 4 Diem 5 Diem 6
So hp tham gia tinh diem
40 40 36 32 2S 34
Tong so diem BMWP
260 249 219 205 173 194
Chi so ASPT
6,5 6,23 6,08 6,41 6,18 5,71
Muc dp 6 nhiem Tucmg doi sach (Oligosaprobe) Tucmg doi sach (Oligosaprobe) Tuang doi sach (Oligosaprobe) Tuong doi sach (Oligosaprobe) Tuong doi sach (Oligosaprobe)
Nude ban vira (P-Mcsosaprobe) Kit qui tir bing tren cho thiy dilm 6 cd chit lugng mdi trudng nude d muc Nuac bdn vita (P-Mesosaprobe) vdi gii tn ASPT thip nhit 5,71. Cic dilm cdn lai deu cd gii tn ASPT Idn han 6, dao ddng tir 6,08 (dilm 3) den 6,5 (dilm I). Chit lugng mdi trudng nude ciia cic diem nay deu d miirc Tucmg doi sgch (Oligosaprobe).
Nhu viy, cd thi ndi chit lugng mdi tradng nude tai mgt so nhanh sudi khu vyc nghien cuu van cdn tuang doi sach, chua bj nhilu tic dpng giy d nhiem. Tuy nhien, gia trj ASPT cung cho thiy vin dl bio vp chit lugng mdi trudng nude tai diy cin dugc quan tam nhieu ban nira: diem Site 6 dang cd chit lugng nude thip nhit d muc bin vira, 5 diem cdn lai deu cd gii tri ASPT d gin can dudi cua mirc Tuang doi sgch - Oligosaprobe (6 - 7,9). Tire la chit lugng mdi tmimg nude ciia nhung dilm niy rit dl chuyin sang mirc d nhilm P-Mesosaprobe,(5 - 5,9). Do dd, cimg vdi chinh sach phit triln du lich sinh thii, VQG Bach Ma cin thyc hien cd hieu qua cic bipn phip bio v? mdi trudng, trinh cac tic dgng tieu eye den chat lugng mdi tmcmg nude do hoat ddng du lich cung nhu cic hoat dgng khic gay ra. Ben canh dd, cdng tic giim sit sinh hpc chit lugng nude cin dugc tien hanh mgt cich thudng xuyen.
HL KET LUAN
Tir kit qui phin tich miu vit DVKXS cd Idn thu dugc d mgt so nhinh suoi VQG Bach Ma trong nim 2007 da xic dinh dugc 76 hg, 13 bg, 4 ldp thupc 2 nganh: Chan khdp (Ajlhropoda) va Than mim (MoIIusca). Trong dd, cd 60 hp nim trong he thdng tinh diem BMWP . Cac bp cd sd hg chilm uu thi trong h? thong tinh dilm niy la Odonata, Trichoptera, Hemiptera, Ephemeroptera v i Coleoptera.
Dua tren phuang phap tinh dilm BMWP^''' va chi sd sinh hgc ASPT cho thiy chit lugng moi yudng nude ciia cic dilm nghien cim nhin chung deu d muc Tuang doi sgch (Oligosaprobe), trir dilm 6 cd chit lugng nude nim d muc Nuac bdn vira (P-Mesosaprobe).
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Gii trj ASPT ciing cho thay van dl bao vp v i giim sit sinh hgc chat lugng mdi trudng nude tai VQG Bach Ma cin dugc quan tam nhieu ban niJa.
TAI LIf U THAM KHAO
1. Hoang Due Huy, 2005: Systematics of the Trichoptera (Insecta) of Vietnam. PhD. thesis.
Department of Biology, The Graduate School of Seoul Women's University.
2. John C. M., Yang Lianfang, Tian Lixln, 1994: Aquatic insects of China useful for monitoring water quanlity. Hohai University Press, Nanjing.
3. Nguyen Xuan Quynh, Clive Pinder, Steve Tilling, 2001: Dinh loai cic nhdm ddng vat khdng xuang song nude nggt thudng gap d Vipt Nam. NXB. Dai hgc Qudc gia H i Ndi.
4. Nguyen Xuan Quynh, Clive Pinder, Steve Tilling, 2004: Giim sat sinh hgc mdi tradng nude ngpt bing dgng vat khdng xuang sdng cd Idn. NXB. Dai hgc Qudc gia Ha Ngi.
5. Merritt R. W., K. W. Cummins, 1996: An introduction to the aquatic insects of North America. Kendall/Hunt Publishing company, Iowa.
6. Dang Nggc Thanh, 1974: Thuy sinh hgc dai cuang. NXB. Dai hgc va Trung hgc chuyen nghiep, Ha Ndi.
7. Dang Nggc Thanh, Thii Tran Bai, Pham Van Mien, 1980: Djnh loai ddng vat khdng xuang sdng nude nggt Bic Viet Nam. NXB. Khoa hgc vi Ky thuat. Ha Ngi.
8. Dang Ngpc Thanh, Ho Thanh Hai, 2001: Ddng vat chi Viet Nam, tap 5. NXB. Khoa hgc vi Ky thuat. Hi Ngi.
9. Cao Thi Kim Thu, 2008: Systematics of the Vietnamese Periidae (Insecta; Plecoptera).
PhD. Thesis. Department of Biology, The Graduate School of Seoul Women's University.
10.Nguyen Van Vinh, 2003: Systematics of the Ephemeroptera (Insecta) of Vietnam. Ph.D thesis. Department of Biology, The Graduate School of Seoul Women's University.
USING BMWP SCORING SYSTEM AND ASPT INDICES T O ASSESS WATER QUALITY OF SOME STREAM COURSES IN BACH M A NATIONAL PARK,
THUA THIEN HUE PROVINCE
CAO THI KIM THU, NGUYEN QUANG HUY, NGUYEN VAN VINH SUMMARY
The BMWP score system for Vietnam and ASPT indices has been applied to assess the water quality of some stream courses in Bach Ma National Park, Thua Thien Hue province. The study was earned out in April-May of 2007. As the result, 76 macroinvertebrate families, belong to 10 orders, 4 classes and 2 phyla (Arthropoda and MoIIusca) were recorded. Among these families, 60 families belonged to the list of BMWP^"" scoring system. The composition covered some predominant families, such as Odonata, Trichoptera, Hemiptera, Ephemeroptera and Coleoptera. Based on the scoring system and ASPT index showed that Site 6 possessed a water quality level of Quite Polluted (/3-Mesosaprobe), where as others had the same level of Fairly clean (Oligosaprobe). This index also suggested that biological monitoring of water quality should be a major environmental concern in Bach Ma National Park