QUYEN CON NGl/Cn VE MAT TU* PHAP HINH Sy"
T
ren phgm vi todn ciu, nhan thiic vl tinh chat cua nhan quyin dd khing dinh, ben egnh tinh phd biln (Universalitaet), quyen con ngudi cdn mang b-ong minh tinh chat chinh thi, thdng nhit md nhieu tdi liSu qude te vd qude gia ggi Id tinh chat khdng thi phdn chia (Unteilbarkeit). Dieu nay Id chan ly, la quy luat vi nd phii hgp vdi bdn tinh ty nhien vdn CO ciia quyen con ngudi. Tuy nhien tren thuc te, de nhgn thiic, xay dyng phap lugt, nghien ciiu, tuyen truyen, giao due, dao tao va ke cd thyc hien, quyen con ngudi van phdi dugc phan chia. Han nira, sau gan hai muoi nam, ban Tuyen ngdn qude te ve quyen con ngudi, nam nhdm quyen chinh thiic da dugc ghi nhgn vdi mdt danh muc cdc quyin cy thi, md trong dd cdn cd nhirng tieu nhdm quyin can phdi dugc nhgn dien de tiep tyc nghien ciiu vd phat trien. Mpt trong nhiing tilu nhdm quyin dd phai dugc nhgn dien vd ban ludn Id tiiu nhdm quyin vi mat tuphdp hinh su. Day khdng phai Id mgt tieu nhdm quyin mdi. Nd dd dugc ghi nhan mdt each ca bdn trong Cdng udc qude te ve quyen dan sy va chinh tri nam 1966 vdi cac Nglii dinb thu kem tbeo. Mac dii, d nude ta thai gian qua da cd mot sd cdng trinh nghien cim dugc cdng bd, thgm chi cd Ludn dn tien sy vl bdo ve quyin con ngudi trong td tyng hmh sy hogc bing phdp lugt Wnh su... song tilu nhdm quyin nay van chua dugc phdt hien, chua dugc nhdn thirc. Han niia, cdc cdng trinh nghien ciiu da cdng bd d nude ta hiu nhu khdng dugc tiin hdnh tren ca sd ciia Nhan quyin hgc, tiic la mdt khoa hoc dpc lap, khoa hgc vl quyin con n ^ d i . Bdi vi6t nay hinh bdy, tilp can vin dl dudi gdc dg Nhdn quyen hpc.* PGS.TS., Vifin N h i nude va Phap luat.
Pham Van Tinh 1. Xdc dinh npi dung cua tieu nhdm quyen ve mat tu phdp hinh sir
KJii ndi den quyen con ngudi ve mat tu phdp hinh sy, m^t tiiu nhdm quyin dd dugc ghi n h ^ trong Cdng udc quoc te vl quyin ddn sy vd chinh tri nam 1966, thi Igi phdi nhin n h ^ quyin con ngudi theo mpt h$
thdng khdc vdi he thdng phan chia dd dugc dp dung trong "Bp luat qude te ve quyen con ngudi". He thong md chiing tdi mudn noi den d ddy Id he thong quyen ctf ban va quyen phai sinh.
Xet theo he thdng ndy, quyen con ngudi vl mat tu phap hinh sy khdng phdi Id quyen ca bdn md Id quyen phdi sinh. Phdi sinh vi quyen ca bdn bi vi pbgm vd phdi sinh vi qua trinh bdo hd phdp Iy, tiic la giai quyet vu an binh sy, thi quyen ca bdn cua nhiing chii thi nhit dinh cd nguy ca bi ton thuang qua miic can thiet.
Chinh vi vgy, quyin con ngudi ve mat tu phap hinh sy, tuy van van dpng theo quy lugt chung ciia nhan quyen, song Igi cd "ddi sdng rieng biSt", dugc thi hien d hai npi dung md cac qude gia tbdnb vien ciia Lien bgp qude phdi nhgn thiic dugc va thyc hiSn de bdo ddm cho mpi ngudi sdng trong qude gia minh dugc thy hudng. Ddng thdi, day cung la hai npi dung can dugc nghiSn ciai de hodn thien.
N^i dung thu nhdt Id "Bdo hp phdp Iy mpt each hieu qua ddi vdi bit k^' ngudi ndo bj xdm phgm cdc quyin vd ty do da dugc cdng nhgn trong cdc Cdng udc quoc te ve quyen con ngudi".
Ngi dung thu hai Id "Viec xii Iy, gidi quylt vy an hinh su phai dugc diln ra trong gidi hgn cua sy cin thilt vd hgp phdp, bdo ddm cdng khai, cdng bdng, birdc mgt tda dn cd thim quyin, ddc Igp, vd tu, khdng tbiSn vi, ciing nhu phdi dam bao sy ddi xir nhdn dgo va tdn trgng nhan phim vdn cd cua con ngudi".
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Hai npi dung ndy, khi x6t rieng trong tilu nhdm quyin con ngudi vl mdt tu phdp hinh sy, Igi trd thdnh quyen ca bdn vdi hai he thdng quyin phdi sinh tuong irng. Phan bipt nhu vdy chi de nhgn dipn cho diy du vd nhgn thiic cho dung, chir hodn todn khdng cd nghTa dl phdn bi^t gid trj. Bdi vi, khi m^t nhu cau ndo dd ciia con ngudi da dugc cdng nhdn la quyin con ngudi, thi du Id quyin co bdn hay quyen phdi sinh, deu phdi dugc doi xii nhu nhau, tiic Id phdi dugc ton trpng, bdo vi vd bdo ddm cd ddi song thyc (Nguyen tdc Limburg).
2. Khai nipm quyen con ngirdi ve mdt tu- phap hinh sy
Trudc bet, quyen con ngu-fri ve mdt tu- phdp hinh su- (strafjustizicllc Menschenrechte) la mpt khdi ni^m dimg de chi mot tieu nhom quyen con ngudi, cbii khdng phdi each tiep can nhu kieu
"Quyen con ngudi trong tu pbap hinh su"
hay "Quyen con ngudi trong to tyng hinh sy" ma mgt sd nha khoa hpc Viet Nam da 1dm, tiic Id trinh bay "nguyen bdi" quyen vd nghTa vy cua cdc chu the trong td tung hinh sy Id dgt yeu cau ve cdch nghien ciiu quyen con ngudi trong tu phdp hinh su. Quan dilm tiep can quyen con ngudi phdi dugc nhan thiic ro rang rang, quyen con ngudi Id mdt thudt ngu- cua khoa hpc phdp ly ndi chung vd ciia Nhan quyen hpc ndi rieng tiic la, dd ndi den quyen con ngudi tbi phai cd ngudn cua lugt (qude gia ho^c qude te), chii khdng cd quyen con ngudi chung chung, khdng dugc ghi nhdn d bat cir vSn bdn ndo. Sy thyc, quyen con ngudi ve mat tu phdp hinh sy Id mdt tieu nhdm quyen ddc lap, tdn tgi khdch quan, cd ddi sdng rieng trong phgm tni chung - quyen con ngudi dd dugc ghi nhdn trong "Bp ludt quoc te ve quyen con ngudi", dgc biet trong Cdng udc quoc tl vl cdc quyen dan sy vd chinh tri nam 1966 md Viet nam da chinh thirc tham gia tu ndm 1982.
Vgy ban chit phdp ly ciia tilu nhdm quyin ndy Id gi, nhiing quyin cy thi nao
thuOc vdo tilu nhdm quyin nay va ve mat ehd thi, khi ndi "quyin con ngudi vl mat tu phdp hinh sy" la ndi den quyin cua chu the ndo?
Ddy Id nhiing vin de cin vd cd the 1dm rd.
2.1. Bdn chat phdp ly
Nhu trinh bay, tieu nhdm quyen dang dl cgp d ddy dd dugc ghi nhdn trong Tuyfini ngdn qude te vl quyin con ngudi ndm 1948 vd ddc bipt Id trong Cdng udc quoc tl vl cac quyin ddn sy vd chinh tri ndm 1966 do 0ai bgi ding LiSn hgp qude ban hdnh md nude ta gia nhgp tCr ndm 1982.
Tuyen ngdn quoc te ve quyen con ngudi nam 1948, da tuyen bd:
- Tgi Dilu 8 ring: "Mgi ngudi diu co quyen dugc bao vp va benh vyc bdi cac ccr quan tu phdp qude gia cd tham quyen vl cac hdnh vi vi phgm cdc quyen co bdn do Hiln phdp vd phdp lugt quy dinh";
- Tgi Dieu 10 rdng: "Mgi ngudi deu co bing nhau quyen dugc phan xii cong kbai vd cdng bing, trudc mdt toa an dgc lap va vd tu de dugc phdn quyet ve quyen Igi va nhiem vu ciia minh, hay ve nh&ng tdi phgm ma minh bi cdo bupc".
Khodn 3 Dieu 2 Cdng udc quoc te ve cac quyen dan su va chinh tri, da quy djnh:
"Mdi gude gia thanh vien ciia Cdng udc nay cam ket:
o. Ddm bdo ring bat ky ngudi ndo bi xdm pbgm cac quyin va ty do nhu ducrc cdng nhgn trong Cdng udc ndy, thi diu dupe bdo hg phdp Iy mgt cdch cd hipu qud, cbo du sy xam phgm nay la do hdnh vi ciia nhiing ngudi thira hanh cdng vy gay ra;
b. Tdng cudng nhiing kha nang bao hp phap ly vd bao ddm ring ca quan tu p h ^ | banh chinh ho^c ca quan lap phdp cd thdmi quyen hodc nhiing nha chiic trdch cd thani|
quyin kbdc do hf thdng phdp luat ciia quoc gia quy dinh sg phan quyet ve quyin ciia bat ky ngudi nao yeu cau bao hd phap 1^.
c. Dam bag rdng nhiing nhd chiic trdch cd tham quyen s6 cudng biic viec thyc hien bao hg phap ly da de ra".
QUYJN CON NGUdi vi...
Nhu vgy cd thi hilu, quyin con ngudi
<i mat tu phdp hinh su Id nhiing nhu ciu
•M thilt, cbinh ddng, dugc xd hdi thira nhan
^a phdp lugt (qude te vd qude gia) ghi nhdn, ihiing nhu ciu dugc sinh ra do cd su phgm pi xdm phgm quyin con ngudi trong xd hpi /a trong qua trinh xii ly cdc t0i pham dd, :iing nhu xii ly cdc tgi pbgm ndi chung d noi quoc gia.
Ci miic dp khdi quat, vdn kien qude tS vl
^uyen con ngudi da chi rd hai logi nhu cdu
;o bdn thupc nhdm quyen con ngudi vl mdt :u pbap hinh sy.
Nhu cau thu* nhat la nhu cdu bdo bg phdp ly mdt each hieu qud khi quyen con Igudi bi xam phgm. Nhu cdu ndy ddt ra ihiem vu cho mdi qude gia thdnh vien phdi
;6 phdp lugt quy dinh nhiing banh vi phgm toi xam phgm quyen con ngudi vdi nhiing
;he tdi phu hgp. Nhu vay, nghien ciiu Nhan quyen hpc da bd sung them quan diem nhgn thuc ve cdi ngudn ciia phap lugt hinh su xet ve mat npi dung, ma d nude ta hien nay Id Bp lugt Hinh sy.
Nhu vay cd the khang dinh rang, Iy lugn Nhan quyin hpc khdng cd gi mau thuan vdi ly luan cua Tdi pham hgc hay cua khoa hpc Ludt Hinh sy v^ vai trd quyet dinh cua tinh hinh tgi phgm, tiic Id ly lugn xem tinh hinh tdi pham Id cdi tdn tgi khach quan trong xa bdi, cai quylt dinh sy binh thdnh todn bd cdc khoa hpc phap ly hinh su, ciing nhu todn bg cdc san pham hien hiiu cua cdc khoa bpc do tren thuctl.
Trd lai vdi nhu cau thit nhat, tiic la quyin thii nhit vl mat tu pbap hinh sy yd vin dl dgt ra tilp theo la quyin ndy, quyin dugc bdo hd pbap ly mdt cdch hipu qua khi nhdn quyin bj vi phgm, thudc vl chu the ndo. Day Id dilu de thiy vd cung da dugc quy dinh rd trong Cdng udc. Chu thi cua quyin nay Id bit ky ai, tiic la tit cd mpi ngudi diu cd kha ndng bi vi pbgm vd kbi da b} vi pham thi trd thdnh ngn nhdn, thdnh ngirfri bi hgi. Cho nen, trong tu phap hinh
sy, day Id quyfin cua ngudi bi hgi, ngn nhan tryc tilp ciia t^i phgm.
Nhu cau thir hai Id nhu ciu dugc xii Iy hgp phdp, khdng vugt qud muc cin thilt, tdn trgng nhdn phdm, cdng khai, cdng bing trudc mpt tod dn cd tham quyin, ddc Idp, khdng thiSn vi vd dugc Igp ra tren ca sd phdp ludt (xem Dilu 10 ciia TuySn ngdn nhan quyen ndm 1948 vd Dilu 2, Dilu 14 Cdng udc ndm 1966 vl quyin ddn su vd chinh tri).
Nhu vgy, nhin nhdn trSn co sd cua quylt dinb ludn biSn chiing thdy ring, neu nhu quyen thir nhat ciia quyen con ngudi vl mat tu phdp binh su la mdt trong nbiing co sd phdp ly quyet dinh cbo viec hinh thdnh phdp ludt hinh su d mdi qude gia (tinh chinh ddng cda phdp lugt hinh su), tbi quyen thii hai giii vai trd tron ven Id co sd phap ly cho mdi Nhd nude xay dung phap ludt td tyng hinh su ciia minh. Va chu the cua quyen thii hai ndy Id ngudi bi cao bu6c pham tgi.
Nhu vay, xet ve mdt Nhdn quyen hpc, su hipn dien ciia Bd luat Hinh su vd Bp luat Td tyng Hinh sy d Viet Nam, ciing vdi Lugt Td chiic Tod an nhdn dan, Vien kiem sdt nban dan vd Phdp lenh Td chiic dieu tra hinh su, chinh Id sy biSu bien cu the cua viec thyc hipn quyin con ngudi vl mdt tu phdp hinb sy ciia Nbd nude ta.
Cdn xet vl tinh quyet dinh luan bipn chiing ciia cdc khoa bgc phdp ly hinb sy d nude ta, ciing cd dilu can phai ndi cho rd them:
Trong lich su cua xd hpi loai ngudi, tir kbi Nhd nude xuit hien thi viec dau tranh phdng, chdng t^i phgm khdng chi dugc xem Id mdt trong nhiing nhiSm vy thupc cbirc ndng qudn 1^ xd hpi cua Nha nude, ma nd cdn Id nhiem vy dugc nay sinh do cd su hien dien cua tinh hinh tpi phgm trong xd hdi. Vi the, trilt hgc phap quyin Mdc xit khdng dinh ring, tpi pham, tinh hinh tdi pham Id cdi quylt dinh ddi vdi vipc hinh thdnh phdp luat hinb su vd td tung binh sy. Vgy d day cd gi
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mdu thuin vl quan dilm phuang phdp luan?
Xet theo chiiu sau ciia vin dl dang d^t ra, thi ly lu|in chung ciia cdc khoa hgc phdp ly hinh sy d nude ta vd Nhdn quyin bgc r6 rdng cd sy phii hgp tit ylu ve phuang phdp l u ^ nghien ciiu. Bdi vi, nhiing hdnh vi phgm t^i xam pbgm nhan quyen cung Id tgi phgm.
Thi nhung, Nhdn quyin hgc khdng vl the md dimg ngang hdng vdi cdc khoa hgc phdp ly ndi chung, cung nhu khdng ngang bdng vdi cdc khoa hgc phdp Iy hinh sy ndi rieng. Trong he thong cdc khoa hpc phdp ly, Nhan quyen hpc Id khoa hpc bao triim, bao triim cd ve khdch the nghien ciiu, doi tugng nghien ciiu, myc dich nghiSn ciiu... va cd phuang phdp lugn nghien cim.
Tgi sao Nhdn quyen hgc Id khoa hgc bao triim, la khoa hgc "mp" trong hp thdng cac khoa hgc phajj ly? Bdi vi, Nhan quyen hgc Id khoa bgc ve quyen con ngudi, md quyin con ngudi, ve mat bdn chat, Id nhu ciu ciia con ngudi, nhu cau can thiSt, cbinh dang, phd bien, dugc xa hdi thira nhan va phdp ludt ghi nhgn. Ndi each khdc, vi Nhdn quyin hgc Id khoa hpc ve su cong nhgn vd tim ra nhitng bdo ddm de thda mdn nhirng nhu cau cua con ngudi, nhirng nhu cdu cdn thiit, chinh ddng, pltS bien, du^c xd hpi thira nhgn. Tra ldi cho cd dgng ban, vi Nhan quyen hpc la khoa hpc ve dpng luc ciia hanh vi ngudi. Day Id Idi giai theo nguyen Iy ciia Idgich bipn chimg md C. Mdc da tim ra: "Khdng cd ai cd thi lai 1dm m$t cai gi dd md khdng vi mpt nhu cdu ndo dd cda minh"\ Chinh nhu ciu Id "BO D 6 " ciia Nhdn quyin hgc vd cdc Idioa hgc phdp l;y khdc. Hdy xem x^t thyc tl, tir khi tbi gidi thdng nhat dugc vdi nhau de ciing ra mgt tuyen bd chung, dugc ggi Id Tuyen ngdn qude tl vl quyen con ngudi nam 1948 vd cdc Cdng udc, cdc Nghi dinh thu kem tbeo, thi quyin con ngudi trd thdnh mgt bg phdn khdch tbi rd rang ban, cy thi ban va lam diy dii ban cho pbap luat hinh sy (phdp ludt
' C. M i c v4 Ph. Ang-ghen, ToAn t§p, Nxb.
Matxccrva, T.3,tr. 245.
ngi dung) d mSi quIc gia tbdnb vien. Ddy rfi rdng Id eg sd 1dm cho Dilu 8 Bg lugt Hinh sy bipn hdnh ciia Vipt Nam can phdi dugc bfi sung cho hodn chinh.
, Trd Igi vdi bdn chat ciia quyin con ngudi vl m§t tu phdp hinh sy, dilu cd thS dugc nit ra d day Id gi?
Tugng ling vdi hai nhu cau ca bdn, tiic Id bai quyen ca ban ciia con ngudi vl mat tir phdp hinh sy nhu da neu, vipc nghien ciru ciing phdi dugc thyc hipn tren hai ITnh vuc cua phdp luat hinh sy:
- Tren linh vy:c phdp ludt hinh sif ve mgt npi dung, van de dugc ddt ra Id, he thong 272 t§i danh hipn cd trong Bg ludt Hinh sir cua Nha nude ta can phai dugc soi chieu dudi gdc do Nhdn quyin hgc de xdc dinh xem cdch phan nhdm tgi phgm nhu vgy da phii hgp chua vd ddc biet phai sodt xet xem cdc quyen dugc bdo hd phap ly trudc mgi su vi pham ddi vdi quyen vd tu do ciia con ngudi dd dugc thyc hipn diy dii va dung miic can thiet hay chua?
- Trin ITnh vuc phdp lugt td tung hinh su, viec nghien ciru phdi dugc tien hdnh tren ca sd xem xet Bg lugt Td tung Hinh sy hien hdnh da thoa mdn dugc nhu ciu ca bdn thii hai den miic ndo, tire la quyen dugc yeu cdu xu ly hgp phap, cdng khai, cdng bing... va dugc ddi xii nhan dgo, tdn trgng nhan phim da dugc ghi nhgn diy dii vd cd nhiing bao ddm thich ling hay chua?
2.2. Djnh nghia
Vdi cdch nhin nhgn vin dl nhu da trinh bdy d tren, khdi nipm quyen con ngvfri vl mat tu phap hinh sir cd the dugc djnh nghTa mgt cdch dan chieu nhu sau:
Quyin con ngirM vl m$t tir phap hinh sir Id mgt tilu nhdm quyin dugc ghi nhan trong ban Tuyen ngdn qude tl vl quyin con ngudi ndm 1948 va dgc biet trong Cdng udc quoc te ve cac quyin dan su va chinh trj nam 1966, phan anh vl cac quyin phdi sinh tir nhu cau dugc bao hg phap ly mgt each hieu qua tnidc mgi vi phgm ddi vdi cdc quyin con ngudi da dugc ghi nhgn va dugc xii I^
QUYEN CON NGUdl VE..
cQng nhu ddi xii hgp phap, khdng vugt qud miic cin thiet (khi phai dp dyng bien phdp cuang che), tdn trgng nhan pham, cdng khai, c6ng bdng trudc mdt tod an cd tham quyin, dpc lap, khdng thien vi va dugc Idp ra tren CO sd phap luat.
3. HS thong q u y i n va chii the quyen con ngudi ve mat tir phdp hinh s y
Cdch nhin nhgn quyen con ngudi v l mdt tu phdp hinh sy nhu vua trinh bay d tren dd cho thay nhiing mdi quan he bipn chiing ciia khai niem can dinh nghTa. Mdi quan he bipn chiing ndy the hien cy the nbu sau:
Thii nhat, doi vdi he th^ng chung cua quyin con ngudi xet theo hai tieu chi ca bdn vd phdi sinh, tbi quyen con ngudi ve mat tu phdp hinb sy Id quyen phai sinh;
Thir hai, ddi vdi hp thdng rieng cua minh, quyen con ngudi ve mat tu phap hinh sy Igi CO quyen ca ban va quyen phai sinh rieng.
3.1. Quyin Cff ban
Bdng ngbiSn ciiu vdn kien qude te ve quyen con ngudi, ket hdp dp dyng phuang phap phan tich logic bien chiing, chiing tdi da di den nhdn thirc ring, quyen con ngudi trong tu phdp hinh su Id mpt tieu nhdm quyen dpc lap vd khi ndi den nd, tbi trudc bet phai ndi den "quyen dugc bdo hd phap ly mdt each hieu qud khi cd sy vi pbgm quyen con ngudi xay ra" va ndi den "quyen dugc xii ly hpp phdp, cong khai, cdng bang trudc mdt tod an dpc lap, hgp phap va vd tu, ciing nhu dugc doi xir nhan dao va tdn trgng nhdn pham".
Hai quyen ndy, chiing tdi xem Id hai quyen ca ban ciia tilu nhdm quyen con ngudi ve mat tu phap hinh su, trong dd quyen thii nhit Id quyen ciia tat cd mpi ngudi. Xet v l mat chii the trong tu phdp hinb sir, thi ddy chinh Id quyen cua ngudi bi hgi, tiic la ngudi "bj xam phgm cdc quyen va tu do nhu dd dugc cdng nhdn trong Cdng udc quoc te ve cdc quyin dan su vd cbinh tri"^.
Xem: khoan 3 Di^u 2 Cong ir6c quIc tl v^ c4c quy^n dan sy \k chinh trj nSm 1966,
Cdn quyen thii hai Id quyin ciia ngudi xam phgm quyen con ngudi vd Id quyin ciia ngudi pham tgi ndi chung.
Trong mgt xa hdi nhu xa hdi Viet Nam ngdy nay, lay ddn chii, cdng bing va cdng Iy 1dm trpng, thi hai quyen c a ban nay cd quan be mat thiet vdi nhau vd khdng h i ddi lap nhau. The nhung viec tdn trpng, bdo ve vd bao ddm thuc hien dugc hai quyin ndy theo diing nguyen tic Limburg la vin d l khong phdi dan gian, dgc bipt ddi vdi quyin tbii hai.
Bdi vi chii the ciia quyen thir hai khdng rd rang va dn dinh nhu chii the cua quyin thii nhat. Thdng thudng, de cd the xdc dinh dugc chinh xdc tren thyc te chii thi ciia quyin thir hai, ngudi ta phai tien hdnh mdt gud trinh chiing minh vdi rat nhilu cdc vdn dl phdp ly cd ly thuyet vd thyc te phiic tap. Qua trinh nay chinh la qua trinh td tung binh su.
Tom Igi, di kem vdi hai quyen ca ban dd neu ciia quyen con ngudi ve mat tu phap hinb sy la cdc quyen cd lien quan khac md chiing tdi ndi cho ggn lai Id quyen phai sinh.
3.2. H^ thdng quyen phdi sinh 6 day cd mpt van de d l phat sinh tranh luan. Tbeo logic ciia he thdng hai yeu to ca ban va phai sinh, thi ling vdi quyen co ban ciia tieu nhdm quyen ve mat tu phdp hinh sy Id chii tbi CO bdn (da dugc neu d myc 3.1). Vdy ung vdi quyen phdi sinh cd chii the phai sinh hay khdng? Vi du, d l xdc djnh sy that ciia vu an hinh su, phdp luat nude nao ciing cho phep mdi va hdi ngudi lam chung (nhan chimg). O nude ta cdn cho phep dan giai ngudi lam chiing. Vdy quyin con ngudi ciia ngudi 1dm chimg cd thudc vdo tieu nhdm quyen con ngudi v l mat tu phdp hinh sy hay khdng?
Theo he thdng ma chiing tdi nhin nhdn dugc tren co sd cua cdc vdn kien qude te ve quyin con ngudi vd theo phep tu duy logic bien chiing, thi cau tra ldi la "khdng". Dieu dd cd nghTa ring, ngudi lam chiing ciing nhu ngudi phien dich, nguyen don dan sy vd nhiing ngudi cd lien quan khac, ke cd ludt su bdo cbu-a d i u la cdc chii t b i kbdc nhau trong tu phdp hinh sy (td tung hinb su), nhung hg
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NHA NUdc VA PHAP LUAT S6612012 Idiong phdi Id chCi th^ cua quy^n con ngu6i ve m^t tu phdp hinh s\r.
Chii thi cua quyin con nguiri vi m$t tir phdp hinh str chi c6 hai: ngu6i b] h^i cua t$i ph?im vd ngu6i ph?m tOi vdi cdc ten gpi ichdc nhau trong qud trlnh t6 tyng hinh s\r vd thi hdnh dn hinh s\f.
Vi thi, cdc quyin phdi sinh 6 ddy dirge hiiu Id nhOng quyin c\i the, dirge "chiit xuAt" tir quyin con nguM co bdn vi mjt tu phdp hinh str. Nhihig quyin ndy dd dugc ghi n h ^ hodc sS phdi duge ghi nhdn trong phdp ludt quoc ti vd quic gia vi quyin eon ngu6i.
a. Quyin phai sinh tit quyin dugc bao hophaply
Theo quy dinh tai ichodn 3 Diiu 2 C6ng udc quic te ve cdc quyin ddn su vd chinh trj ndm 1966, thi "bat cii nguM ndo bj xdm pham cac quyen vd ttr do nhu dugc cong nhdn trong Cong uoc ndy, deu dugc bdo hg phdp ly mgt cdch hi$u qud".
Tai khoan 2 Dieu 5 con quy djnh;
"Khong dugc phep han chi hodc huy bo cdc quyen co bdn cua con ngudi da dugc eong nhdn hoac hien ton tai d mgt quoc gia thanh vien cua Cong udc nay tren ea sd Ludt dieu udc, cdc quy dinh phdp luat hodc tap qudn vdi cd Id C6n^ udc ndy khong cdng rihdn nhiing quyen ay hodc eong nhan d mire dg thap hon".
Tir nliihig quy dinh tren cho phep nit ra mgt so ket ludn nhu sau:
Thil nhat, nguon ciia Ludt ve quyin con nguoi khdng chi Id "Bg ludt quic ti vi nhan quyen", md cdn cd phdp lujt quoc gia, ddc biet nhu Hiin phap. Vd vi nguyen tdc, quyen eon ngudi tren thttc ti chi cd thi bdng hodc nhiiu hon s6 lugng quyin dd dugc ghi nhan trong cdc vdn kifn qude ti vi quyin con ngudi;
Thit hai, bdo hg phdp ly mgt cdch hieu qud, tlie Id khong nhdt thiit tdt ed cac quyin con ngudi diu phdi dugc bdo hg bdng phap ludt hinh s^. Cd quyen dugc bdo hd bdng cdc phdp luat khac (dan s\r, kinh ti, lao dgng ...).
Nhung phdp luat hinh su la phap ludt bdo vf,
nd ludn ludn cd "bdn tay dai", nSn mpi quyin con ngudi, niu bj vi pham d miie dO nghiem trgng, tile Id d mile dg tgi pham thi deu dugc phdp ludt hinh sir bdo hg;
Thu ba, "Cdc quyin vd tv do cua con ngudi" dugc ndi trong Cdng udc phdi 14 nhOng quyin cy thi, dugc ghi nhdn trong phdp ludt quic te vd phdp ludt qude gia 6 nhttng hinh thdc biiu hi?n cu the, rd rdng, chii khdng phdi quyin cgn ngudi chung chung, ma ho.
Tdm lai, khi quyin con ngudi bi vi ph^m d miic dg tgi pham thi quyin dugc bdo hg phdp 1^ mdt cdch hieu qua - mgt trong hai quyin con ngudi co bdn ve mdt tu phdp hinh su - dugc th6 hi^n cu the d edc quyen ciia ngudi bi h^i.
Nhu vay, tu viec nghien ciiu Nhan quyen hgc ddi vdi quyen con ngudi ve mdt tu phdp hinh su dd dan den khdng dinh ring, mpt trong hai tr^ cot cua to tun^
hinh sir phdi la ngtrcfi bf hgi, neu xet ve mdt chii th€ trong tu phdp hinh su noi chung vd trong td tyng hinh sir ndi rieng.
Quan diem nay se 1dm cho "bg mdt" td tyng hinh su phdi thay ddi, chii khdng thi di tinh trjng ngudi bi h?ii "chim sdu" trong he thing cdc chii the tham gia td tyng hinh sir nhu quan diem eiia phdp luat td tyng hinh sy hi$n hdnh, cung nhu quan diim cua cdc cong trinh khoa hgc dd cdng bd d nude ta, ki cd cdc gido trinh Ludt to tyng hinh su a nude ta dd vd dang thi hien.
Cdc quyin cua ngudi bi hai trong ti tung hinh sy chinh la edc quyen phai sinh tir quyin con ngudi vi tu phdp hinh su - quyin dugc bdo hg phdp l-^ mgt each hi?u qud.
Cdc quyen dd bao gdm:
- Quyin cd ngudi dai dien hgp phdp;
- Quyin cd luiit su tu vdn phap ly va bi$n hg (ggi tdt la quyin cd ludt su);
- Quyin dugc dua ra dd vat, tdi li?u chiing minh thi?t hai vd ySu cdu;
- Quyin dugc thdng bdo vi kit qud diiu tra;
QUYEN CON NGUOI VE...
• Quyfin de nghi thay ddi ngudi tiSn lanh td tyng, ngudi giam dinb, ngudi phien lich;
- Quyin de nghi miic bdi thudng vd cdc )ien phdp bdo dam bdi thudng thipt hai;
- Quyen dugc tham gia phien tod, dugc y minh b:inh bdy y kien tranh luan hoac nhd Igudi khac trinh bay y kiln tranh lugn tgi phien tod d l bao vp quyin vd Igi ich hgp jhap ciia minh;
- Quyin dugc Ichilu ngi quyet dinh, hdnh vi tl tung cua ca quan, ngudi cd thim quyin tiSn hanh td tyng;
- Quyin dugc khang cao bdn an, quyet dmh cua tod dn v l phan bdi thudng cung nhu vl hinh pbgt ddi vdi hi cdo;
- Quyen dugc yeu cdu khdi td vu dn binh s\r trong nhiing trudng hgp nhit dinh do phap luat quy dinh md phdn bupc tdi van thu6c CO quan cdng td;
- Quyin cua ngudi bj bgi dugc thira k l . Nhu vgy, so vdi Dieu 51 Bd luat Td tyng Hinh su hi§n hanh, nhiing yeu ciu sau day cSn dugc bo sung, sira ddi.
Mpt Id. bd sung:
- Quyin cd ludt su tu van phdp Iy vd bien hp;
- Qu^yln nhd ngudi kbdc (lugt su) trinh bay y kien tranh ludn tgi phien tod de bdo ve quyin vd Igi ich hgp phdp ciia ngudi bi bgi.
Hai Id, siea ddi:
Khoan 3 Dilu 51 nen sua thdnh mdt quyen - quyin dugc yeu cdu khdi td vu dn hinh su trong nhiing trudng hgp ludt dinh md phan bupc tpi van thudc c a quan cdng td.
Ba Id, huy bd:
Khoan 4 Dilu 51 can phdi dugc buy bd.
b. Quyin phdi sinh tie quyin ca bdn thu hai - Quyen duprc xu ly hop phdp, cdng khai, cong bdng... cUng nhu duprc ddi xu nhdn dgo va tdn trpng nhdn phdm
Quyen co ban tbii hai se dugc xem xet d ddy vd cdn ghi nhan Igi cbo diy du Id:
"Quyen dugc xir ly vd phdn xet cdng khai, cdng bang trudc mgt tod dn cd tham quyin, ddc lap va khdng thien vj, ciing nhu dugc ddi xii nhan dgo vd tdn trgng nhan phim vdn cd ciia con ngudi" (xem Dilu 8 Tuyen ngdn qude te v l quyen con ngudi ndm 1948 vd Dieu 10, Dieu 14 Cdng udc qude te ve cdc quyen ddn sy vd cbinh tri 1966).
N I U nhu quyin ca ban thii nhit Id quyin ciia ngudi bi hgi do hdnh vi pbgm tgi xam phgm quyen con ngudi va ciia tpi pham ndi chung, thi quyen ca ban thii hai nay la quyen ciia ngudi pbgm tpi xam pbgm quyen con ngudi, cung la quyen ciia ngudi pham tdi ndi chung.
Do dac thu cua chii the thir hai, chii the ciia hdnh vi phgm tpi thudng khdng rd rdng, khdng dn dinb, phdi trdi qua mdt qud trinh ddc biet, qua trinh td tyng hinh sy mdi cd t b i xdc dinh dugc, nen he thdng cdc quyen phdi sinh ciing khac vd co hai muc dich cung song hanh, tiic Id vira phai tgo dieu kien thuc hien tot nhat quyen cua ngudi bi hai (xir ly diing ngudi, diing tpi, diing phdp ludt vd khdng bd Igt tdi pham), vira phai tgo dilu kien d l trdnh oan, sai. Vi the, cd lugt phap qude t l va luat phdp nude ta da tgo dyng dugc mgt he thdng cac quyen phdi sinh, mdt be thdng ludn cd nhu cau dugc hodn thien hod.
Hien nay, he thdng ndy d nude ta da dugc thilt k l tren c a sd bdn trgng thdi cua ngudi phgm tdi, phii hgp vdi cdc giai doan tir thip d i n cao ciia qua trinh nhan thiic trong td tyng binh sy vd dugc bdo ddm thyc hien bing nhilu nguyen tac cua td tyng binh sy cung nbu bing cac lugt td chire cac co quan tu phap hinh sy nhu ca quan dieu tra, vien kilm sdt nhan dan va tod an nhan dan.
