' Chuyen ddi mo hinh tang trirdng kinh te theo hadng tang traong xanh^
V U TUAN A N H
r
ang triidng xanh Id mo hinh phdt trien mdi dttdc nhiiu nttdc trin thi gidi theo duoi khdng nhiing gidm phdt thdi khi nhd kinh, gidm nhe tdc dgng tieu ciic cua biin doi khi hdu, md con ndng cao chdt litdng cua tdng triidng, thay doi cd cdu sdn xudt vd tieu diing theo hiidng ben vdng vd cdi thien ddi song cua con ngiidi. Thdng 9-2012 Chinh phu Viit Nam dd phe duyit Chie'n liidc quoc gia ve tdng triidng xanh, trong do khdng dinh "Tdng triidng xanh Id mgt ngi dung quan trgng ciia phdt trien bin vitng, ddm bdo phdt trien kinh ti nhanh, hieu qud, bin vitng vd gop phdn quan trgng thiic hiin Chiin liidc qud'c gia vi biin ddi khi hdu. Bdi viit ndy ldm ro nhitng xu hitdng chuyen doi nin kinh ti'sang md hinh tdng triidng xanh.Tit k h o a : tdng triidng xanh, phdt trien ben vdng, bii'n ddi khi hdu.
Factor Productivity - TFP) vao t a n g trfldng 1. M o h i n h t a n g trfldfng k i n h t e h i d n
n a y
Trong 10 n a m d l u t h l ky XXI, n i n kinh te Viet N a m da t a n g trfldng vdi td'c dp k h a cao, dat trdn 7% binh quan mdi nam, qua t r i n h edng nghiep hda dfldc d i y manh, ddi sd'ng n h a n d a n dfldc eai thidn dang ke, n i n kinh t e hdi n h a p vdi mflc dp eao vdi kinh te' thd' gidi, vi the cMnh tri va kinh te eua da't nfldc trdn trfldng qud'c t l dflpc nang eao. Tuy nhidn, sfl phat trien k i n h t l trong thdi gian qua ehfla b i n vflng. Cha't Ifldng t a n g trfldng, nSng sua't, Meu qua, sflc canh t r a n h cua n i n kinh t l cdn tha'p, cae can dd'i kinh t e vi md chfla t h a t vflng c h l e . T a n g trfldng kinh te Men nay la theo e h i l u rpng, chu yd'u dfla vao vide khai t h a c tai nguydn, lao ddng gia re va bd s u n g vd'n d l u tfl, rapt bp p h a n Idn edng nghidp gia cdng, l i p r a p phu thudc dang kd vao thi t r u d n g xua't k h a u va vd'n d l u tfl nfldc ngoai. Diem dac trflng eua md Mnh t a n g trudng kinh te dd the hidn d mot so kMa eanh cu t h e nhfl sau:
Thit nhdt, t a n g trfldng kinh te dfla ehu ye'u vao yd'u to' vd'n va Iao ddng, yd'u to' hieu qua va n a n g sud't ehilm vi tri ra't tha'p kem.
D a n h gia sti ddng gdp cua cac yd'u td vdh, Iao dpng va n a n g suEtt n h a n to tdng hdp (Total
cho thay, tinh chung trong 20 n a m qua, vdn la n h a n td ehu dao eua sti t a n g trfldng (ddng gdp tdi 46% mflc dp tang trfldng), n h a n to" Iao ddng k h a on dinh (ehid'm ty Id 20%), n h a n td"
t i l n bp edng nghd va quan Iy ehiera 34%, nhflng da ngay cang di xud'ng, raac du trong mdt so it linh vflc nhfl edng nghd thdng tin, v i l n thdng, nang Ifldng, xay dflng, sinh hpc nhflng cdng nghd tien tid'n da dfldc ap dung mang lai t h a n h tflu ro rdt. Trong thdi gian 10 n a m g i n day, tac ddng cua n h a n to' t a n g trfldng theo ehilu sau ehi edn 20%, xa'p xi bang n h a n to lao dpng 2 1 % , trong kM n h a n to'vd'n da tang Ien tdi 59%'.
Thd hai, n i n san xud't dfla vao k h a i t h a c eac ngudn tai nguydn, nhflng hidu qua sfl dung tha'p. Trong cd ca'u n i n Mnh te, eae nganh dtia vao ngudn Itic t u nhien v i n cdn cMd'm mpt ty trpng ldn va xu hfldng giam cham. Ndng, lam nghidp va thuy san, edng nghidp khai khoang n a m 2000 ehid'm 34,3%
GDP, ddh n a m 2013 v i n ehilm 33,1%1
Vu TuSh Anh, TS., Vidn Kinh td Vidt Nam.
1. Vu Tuaii Anh va Nguydn Quang Thai (2011), DSu tu cdng: thuc trang va tSi co c$u. Nxb Tit diln bSch khoa.
2. Tong cue Thdng kd, Nien giam thdng kd nam 2005 va 2013.
1 5
Chuyen H&i mo hlnh tang trudng .
Mac du ndng nghidp Viet Nam da ed nhflng t h a n h ttiu ngoan mue trong t a n g trudng va Viet Nara da trd t h a n h radt trong nhflng nflde dflng d a u v l xua't k h a u gao, ea phd, d i l u , h a t tieu, eao s u trdn thd'gidi, n e n san xud't v i n dfla trdn phfldng thfle san xua't nhd, n a n g sua't lao ddng tha'p va cha't Iupng san p h a m khdng cao. San lUdng t i n h trdn mdi hecta da't trdng trpt, gia tri gia t a n g va n a n g sua't lao ddng tha'p hdn dang k l so vdi n h i l u nude, ke ea mdt so' nflde lang gilng.
Nganh khai t h a c khoang san dfldc p h a t trien h i u nhfl theo each tfl p h a t n h i m chu ye'u eho xua't k h i u , keo theo hd qua la cac ngudn tai nguydn khoang san dang hi khai thae Iang phi, can kidt, sfl dung kem hieu qua, moi trudng hi t a n pha, td n a n xa hpi gia tang. So doanh nghidp t h a m gia k h a i t h a c md (thupe td't ca cae t h a n h p h l n kinh td) da t a n g n h a n h tfl 427 doanh nghiep nara 2000 ldn de'n g i n 2.000 doanh nghidp nara 2012, ehfla ke h a n g nghin nhdm tfl n h a n khai t h a c khoang san tfl do khdng dang ky va khdng ehiu sfl giam s a t eua chinh quyen. Trong hdn 4000 gia'y phep k h a i thae khoang san da ed'p, cd ra't it dfl an che' bien sau, n l u co t h i cung la nhflng dfl an ehd' bidn vdi cdng nghd ddn gian, khdng ed gia tri eao v l m a t kinh te. Theo Bao cao giam s a t cua CMnh phu v l viee thflc hien chinh sach, p h a p Mat v l q u a n ly, khai thae khoang s a n g i n vdi bao ve mdi trfldng t r i n h Qud'c hpi ngay 15-8-2012, cd tdi 90% ed sd san xua't, kinh doanh k h a i thae, che' bid'n khoang san vi phara p h a p Mat v l bao vd moi trfldng.
San xua't nang Ifldng sd ca'p t a n g khoang 7,5%/nara trong giai doan 2000-2012, eao hdn so vdi td'c dp t a n g GDP. Nam 2012, san xuat t h a n sach dat 46 trieu ta'n, dau thd 16 tridu ta'n, khi dd't 9 ty m 3 , tdng edng sud't cac n h a may didn khoang 28.000 MW, tdng san lupng didn dat 120,795 ty kWh (trong dd thuy didn 43,9%, nhiet didn khi 33,3%, nhiet didn t h a n 17,5%, nhdp k h a u 2,23%,
ngudn k h a c 3%). dien tieu tbii d l u nguoi d a t xa'p xi 1400 KWh/ngfldi/nani- Ba nganh tieu t h u n h i e u n a n g Ifldng la: cdng nghiep, giao t h d n g va thflong mai dich vu. trong do cdng nghidp tieu t h u n h i e u nha't. chie'm k h o a n g trdn 40% tdng tieu thii nang Mdng h a n g n a m . Mpt so n g a n h cong nghiep tieu t h u nhieu n a n g Ifldng n h u thep. xi mang p h a t trien n h a n h . vfldt qua quy md ma quy hoach dai h a n da phe duyet, hau qua la lam md't can ddi can can nang lfldng quoc gia.
Cudng dp n a n g lUpng eua Viet Nam co xu h u d n g tdng do q u a t r i n h tang cfldng edng nghidp hda. tfl 350 kg dau quy chuan (OE) cho 1000 USD GDP n a m 1990 len 487 n a m 2000 va khoang 955 kg n a m 2007, cao hdn rd't nhieu so vdi cac nfldc phat trie'n.
Hidn tai, cUdng dp n a n g lupng Viet Nam ga'p 1,5 l l n Thai Lan va gap 2 lan mflc binh qudn t h e gidi'. Da so cac nganh cong nghidp la nhflng n g a n h thuoc loai co cfldng dp ndng Ifldng cao,
Tinh toan can dd'i cho thay trong giai doan dd'n n a m 2015. k h a n a n g khai thac eac ngudn n a n g Iflpng sd ca'p trong na6c ludn vflpt trdn n h u c l u , can can nang Mdng eua Vidt N a m nghieng ve xu the xua't kha!u rdng. Song tfl sau n a m 2015, Viet Nam bat d l u thie'u nguon nhien Hdu. 0 phfldng an cd sd, Ifldng t h i e u hut k h o a n g gan 53 trieu TOE n a m 2020 va len tdi 143 trieu TOE n a m 2030. Neu khong cd nhflng nguon mdi bd sung, ty le phu thupc vao nang lUdng n h a p k h i u la 36% n a m 2020 va len den 57% n a m 2030.
N h u vay, tfl sau nam 2020 Viet Nam se chuyen t h a n h nUdc nhap khdu nang Ifldng lcin va mflc do phu thuoc vao nhap kha'u nang Ifldng ngay cdng cao. trong khi gia nang lUdng thd' gidi v i n tang khdng ngflng, chac chan se gdy ap lfle ldn cho ca nganh k m h te l l n mitc 3. Han Qudc sir dunjz 0.317 tah dau quy chuiin cho 1.000 USD nam 2009 vi du kien se g i ^ con 0.233 tan nam 2020 (Ngudn: Chien luac iana truona xanh cua Han Qudc)-
16 Nghien cuu Kmh tes6441 - Thang Z-2015
Chuyen diii mii hlnh tang trudng .
dd a n todn, an n i n h n d n g Ifldng nd'u khdng cd cac bidn p h a p , giai p h a p quyd't Iiet va hflu h i e u ngay tfl bdy gid^.
Cae dang n a n g Ifldng mdi nhfl dia nhiet, nang Ifldng gid, m a t trdi, n a n g Ifldng sinh hpe... dang trong qua t r i n h thfl nghiem, gia t h a n h cdn d i t , ndn chfla phd bie'n.
Nguy ed can kidt ngudn nfldc dd'n nara 2020 do qua t r i n h gia tdng d a n s6 va n h u c l u cho san xua't ngay eang t a n g eao iam cho k h a nang dap flng n h u c l u n a y giara dan. Theo d l n h gia cua Vien Khi tUdng thuy van, mac du tai nguyen nude d Viet Nam la k h a phong phu, tuy nhien, mfle dam bao nfldc t r u n g b i n h / d l u ngfldi rapt nara da giam tfl 12.800 ra^/ngfldi n a m 1990 xudhg edn 10.900 m^/ngfldi n a m 2000, va cd k h a n a n g ehi cdn khoang 8.500 m^/ngUdi vao n a m 2020. Den n a m 2025, Viet Nara ed t h e se trd t h a n h qud'c gia tMe'u nflde vdi mflc nfldc t r u n g binh dfldi 4000m^/ngfldi.
Theo k i t qua danh gia "edn b l n g bao vd va sfl dung ngudn nfldc qud'e gia", tM tong Ifldng nfldc c l n dung eua ea nUde ehid'm 8,8%
tdng lUdng ddng chay h a n g n a m da t a n g ldn 12,5% vdo n a m 2000 va Udc khoang 16,5%
vao ndm 2010. Cung vdi sfl gia t a n g n h u c l u sfl dung nfldc trong cdng nghidp Id nguy cd d nhidm va Iam can kiet ngudn la ra't ldn. Neu ngay tfl bdy gid, Viet N a m khdng ed bien p h a p q u a n ly tdt tdi nguydn nfldc, xfl Iy nfldc t h a i cdng nghiep, nguy cd k h a n h i l m va can kidt ngudn nfldc da dfldc dfl bao trflde Id khdng t r a n h khdi.
Hdn nfla, nguy ed tiera t a n g cdn xuat phat tfl chd 2/3 Iflu vtic cac sdng d Vidt Nam d l u do cac nflde ldn can kiem soat. Sfl bid'n dpng ddng chay va n h u c l u sfl dttng tai eae nflde lang gieng se cd a n h hfldng trflc tiep tdi can b l n g nflde eua Viet Nam. Day la vd'n de hd't sflc n h a y cam vd trd t h d n h thach thflc rd't Idn trong c h i l n Ifldc sfl diing hpp Iy tai nguydn.
Viet N a m eung se phai doi radt vdi nhiing va'n de tUdng t u do gia t a n g lUdng chat t h a i va d nhiera trong edng nghiep. Theo dfl bdo cua Ngan h a n g T h l gidi, vdi mflc t a n g GDP
khoang 7-8%/nam nhfl hidn nay, thi mflc dd d nhiera mdi trfldng bdi cha't t h a i vao ndm 2020 cd t h e gd'p 4-5 l l n hien nay.
P h a t t h a i cha't t h a i r i n cdng nghiep dfl bao se vdn tang, ba't ch^p nhflng ed' gang trong vide dp dung cdc giai p h a p san xua't sach hdn do vide gia tdng n h a n h hdn sd'lfldng cac cd sd cdng nghiep tfl nay dd'n ndm 2020.
Dac bidt, t i n h chd't eua cha't t h a i r i n cdng ngMdp cung se t h a y doi theo hfldng t a n g dan ty Id chd't t h a i nguy h a i do p h a t trien thdra nMeu ngdnh cdng nghidp radi, nhfl: hda chd't, dien tfl, Ipc hda d l u , det nhudm
Tdng mflc phat t h a i khi n h a kinh cua Viet Nam ndm 2000 la 150,9 trieu td'n kM COg tfldng dfldng (CO^e); t i n h t r e n GDP Id 4,84 ta'n/1000 USD. Mfle p h a t t h a i t i n h t r e n d l u ngfldi cua Viet Nam cdn r i t thd'p so vdi cac nfldc p h a t trien, nhflng da t a n g ldn n h a n h chdng trong thdi gian qua, tfl 0,3 tdh n a m 1990 tdng tdi 1,3 ta'n n a m 2007^ Nam 2010, cac nganh ehinh cd phat t h a i cao bao gdm n a n g Ifldng (113,1 tridu ta'n C02e, cMe'm 66,8% tdng lUdng p h a t thai), ndng ngMep (65,8 tridu t a n COge, cMem 38,9%). Dfl bao dd'n ndm 2030, linh vflc nang Ifldng phdt t h a i tdi 470,8 tridu td'n COae, chilm 91,3% tdng Ifldng phdt thai.
Viet Nam chfla phai Id nflde phai b i t bude giam tdng Ifldng phat t h a i kM n h a Mnh, nhflng vdi td'c dp gia tang n h a n h chdng Ifldng p h a t thai, da c l n phai dat r a mdt each ca'p b a c h yeu e l u sfl d u n g n a n g Ifldng hidu qua, 4. Co mdt nghich ly trong chfnh sach 1&: dii biet chSc chin ring chi vai nam niJa dfi't nu6c se phai nhf^ khiu rong vd than v i nginh than khfing ngiitig b5o cao 16 khi Idiai thac va xuSit Idi^u, nhung nam 2012 thud' xu^t khiu than vin ducrc Chinii phu giam til 20% xudng con 10%
nhu mpt giai phap khuyd'n khich xu&t khiu than. Nam 2010, t6ng giS tri xuit khiu than khoang san cua TKV len ddn 1,4 ty USD- Con sd nay chua bao gdm nhidu tridu mh bi xuit khdu l£lu.
5. M i ^ ph^t thai khf n h i kfnh linh trdn diu ngudi (tih CO^e) nam 2000 binh quan loan thd gidi la 4,5, My l i 20,6, Nga la 10,6, Anh la 9,8, Phap l i 6,0, Tmng Qudc l i 3,8, Viet Nam v i M Dd l i 1,2, Bingladdt 0,3 (Ngudn:
UNDP (2008), Bao cao phit tridn con ngudi 2007-2008).
NghiSn aiu Kinh tff sff 441 - Thing 2/2015 1 7
Chuyan dol mft hlnh tang truang .
thay ddi cd cd'u kinh t e va ddi mdi cdng nghe trong nhting n a m trflde mat.
BANG 1: T o n g Itftfng p h a t t h a i k h i n h a k i n h cf V i e t N a m g i a i d o a n 1994-2010 (triiu tdn CO^e)
N6ng nghigp Nangluong RCmg va thay ddi sir dung d£(t C6ng nghiep Chit thai
Tijng c6ng
1994 Trieu tdn
52,5 25,6 19.4 3.8 2,6 103.9
%
50,5 24,7 18,7 3,7 2,4 100,0
1998 Tneu tdn
57,4 43,2 12,1 5,6 2,6 121,2
%
47,4 35,9 10,0 4,6 2,1 200,0
2000 Trieu ldn
65,1 52,8 15,1 10,0 7,9 150,9
%
43,1 35,5 10,0 6,6 5,3 100,0
2010 Triiu tdn
65,8 113,1 -9,7
169,2
%
38.9 66,8 -5,7
100,0 Ngudn: - Kdt qua kidm kd khf nhi kfnh cdc nim 1994,1998 vi 2000.
- Thdng b&o qudc gia cita Viet Nam lin thu: hai (2010) trong khung khd C6ng udc Idiung cua Lien hpp qudc vd bidn ddi khf hiu.
Thd ba, md Mnh tang trfldng Mnh te' cua Vidt Nam dtia vao lao ddng cd nang sua't tha'p. Vdi the' raanh v l sdlUdng ddng dao lao ddng tre, Viet Nam dd tap trung san xud't va xua't k h i u nhflng nganh thara dung lao dpng nhfl nhflng nganh det raay, da gily, c h l bie'n ndng Iam thuy san va nhflng nganh t h u cdng my nghe. Nhd dd, Viet Nam da giai quye't dflpe n h i l u vide Idm cho rapt bd phdn ldn Iao ddng nhdn roi, tiing bfldc nang eao ddi sd'ng cua ngfldi dan, tao r a rapt khoan thu nhap ldn cho qud'c gia va thuc d i y kinh t l tang trfldng. Tuy nhidn, lfle lUdng lao ddng hidn ed trinh dd dao tao n g h i nghidp thd'p. Tinh ehung trong nen kinh td', nara 2010 cM cd khoang 40% so' Iao ddng da qua dao tao dfldi eac Mnh thfle khae n h a u (phan Idn d trinh dp sd cd'p), trong dd trong nganh ndng lara ngu ngMdp cM cd 15,5%, edng nghiep 78%, xdy dting 41% vd dieh vu 67%^. To chflc Lao ddng qud'e t l (ILO) ddnh gia ndng sud't Iao ddng eua Viet Nara nara 2013 thude nhdra thdp nhd't Chdu A - Thai Binh DUdng: thd'p hdn Xingapo g i n 15 l l n , thd'p hdn Nhdt 11 l l n va H a n Qud'c 10 Ian, cM b l n g mpt phan nam cua Malaixia va hai p h l n nara eua Thai Lan.
Dang lUu y la td'c dp tdng cua ndng sud't lao ddng dang cd xu hfldng giam di. Trong
giai doan 2002-2007, ndng sudi Iao dpng tdng t r u n g binh 5,2% moi nam, nhUng k l tfl n a m 2008, td'c dd t a n g n a n g sud't trung binh hang n a m cM edn 3,3%.
Viet Nam da bfldc vao thdi ky dan sd'vang, nhflng chat lfldng ngudn n h a n liic th^p. Day la d i l u rd't dang Io ngai trong d i l u kidn nin k m h te' tri thflc.
2. C h u y e n d o i m o h i n h t a n g trfldng t h e o hudfng t a n g tritdrng x a n h Md hinh t a n g trfldng cua Viet Nam vd'n chu yeu nhd sfl dong gdp cua Iao ddng trinh dp tha'p, vdh va tai nguyen Id'y xuat khau iam dpng Iflc va dude Mch boat bdi ludng vdn d l u t u nUdc ngoai da khdng cdn phu hdp.
Trong qua t r i n h t a n g trUdng kinh te, cac ngudn Ifle n a y dfldc k h a i thdc triet de va co nguy ed can Met dan. Ndng suat cua nin kinh td tha'p do it ed sti ddng gdp cua ylu to cdng nghd va mflc dp "tinh" eua ngudn nhan lUe. Yeu c l u doi mdi md M n h kinh t l vd tai ca'u t n i c lai nen k i n h tl" theo hudng phat trien theo c h i l u sau, tiet kidm tai nguyen, di 6. Quy hoach phat tridn nhin luc Viet Nam giai doan 2011-2020. Quydt dinh sd 1216/QD-TrG cQa Thii tudng Chtnh phu ngay 22-7-20 U.
1 8 Nghiin aiu Kinh Iff sff 441 - Thing 2/2015
Chuyen Hii mo hlnh tang trudng.
l i l n vdi n d n g eao cdng b l n g va tid'n bd xa hdi, bao vd mdi trUdng va dat hieu qua toan dien eao, dfldc dat r a nhfl nMem vti hdng d l u cua thdi ky p h a t trien s i p tdi d Viet N a m .
Tdng trudng x a n h da dfldc n h i l u nfldc lfla chpn la cMe'n Ifldc quoc gia trong p h a t trien kinh t e xa hdi. Nd khdng cM ddn t h u i n la vd'n d l giam p h a t t h a i mdi trfldng ma nd da dfldc hieu rdng hdn. Dd la mdt rad M n h p h a t trien mdi vdi chat Ifldng tdng trfldng cao, ed ca'u san xud't va tieu dung Men dai, ben vuiig va cai thidn ddi sohg eua con ngfldi. Tang trfldng x a n h Id each thflc p h a t trien phu hdp vdi yeu c l u ddi mdi md Mnh t a n g trfldng vd tai ca'u trflc n i n k i n h td' Viet Nam trong giai doan sap tdi. Thdng qua thflc Men t a n g trfldng xanh, cd t h l h i n h t h a n h cd ca'u k i n h te' ed hieu q u a tdng hdp k i n h t l , xa hpi va radi trfldng eao, dp d u n g ngay eang n h i l u cdng n g h e x a n h , M n h t h a n h Ioi sohg x a n h va t i e u d u n g b e n vflng, gdp p h l n eai t h i e n ddi sd'ng moi m a t cua n h d n dan.
T a n g trfldng xanh bao gora n h i l u phfldng hfldng p h a t t r i l n cac hoat dpng kinh te', ma thy theo d i l u Men cu t h e cua moi nfldc, mdi dia phUdng, moi thdi ky ed t h l ehpn Ifla de thflc Men. Dd la; sfl dting nang Ifldng tai tao, ndng cao hieu qua ndng Ifldng va dp dung eae cdng nghe cac-bon thd'p t h a y t h l eho nhien Heu hda thaeh; giara pha rflng va d i y m a n h trdng rflng; p h a t trien ndng nghiep, thuy san b i n vflng; sfl dung hdp ly vd nang eao hieu qua sfl dung tai nguydn, trong dd quan trpng h a n g d a u la t a i nguydn nfldc; dp dung cac cdng nghd tien tie'n t i l t kiera nang Ifldng va nguydn v a t lieu, giam rae t h a i va phat trien cdng n g h e tai ehe vd ldm gidu tdi nguyen;
h i n h t h d n h Id'i sd'ng dd t h i ben viing va p h a t t r i l n cae t h a n h pho" sinh thai, trong dd cd he thd'ng giao thdng cae bon thd'p... Bdn canh do, edc nd Itic trong ddm p h a n qud'c te ve bie'n ddi khi h a u cung dang tie'n tdi nhflng cd e h l hd trd cae dfl a n giam phdt t h a i va hd'p t h u khi nhd Mnh.
Tdng trfldng x a n h la each thflc phdt trien p h u hdp vdi yeu e l u ddi mdi rad Mnh tdng
trfldng va tai c^u t n i c n i n kinh te Viet Nara trong giai doan s i p tdi. Nam 2012, CMnh p h u Viet Nam da phd duydt CMe'n lUdc qudc gia v l tdng trfldng xanh cua Viet Nara^.
Trong thdi ky 10 n a m tdi, muc tieu cua chie'n lUdc t a n g trfldng x a n h la duy tri td'c dd t a n g trfldng k i n h te', n d n g cao hidu q u a sfl d u n g t a i nguyen t h i e n n h i e n ddng thdi giam cfldng dp p h a t t h a i khi n h a kinh, bao ve mdi trfldng, tflng bfldc tao d i l u Men de ehuyen sang n e n k i n h te' x a n h , p h a t t r i e n b i n vflng dd't nfldc.
Trong thdi ky tfl nay den n a m 2020, Vidt Nara t a p t r u n g vdo 3 rauc tieu ehu ye'u trong ddi mdi md Mnh t a n g trfldng va tai cd ca'u n i n Mnh te: (1) t a n g cfldng sfl dung n a n g Ifldng sach va n a n g Ifldng tdi tao, giam cfldng dp phat t h a i cac-bon; (2) x a n h hda san xud't;
(3) xanh hda loi sohg va thuc d i y tidu dung b i n vflng.
Trong trien vpng dai (de'n n a m 2030), rauc tieu dat r a la phai thie't lap dfldc day du n i n t a n g vat chd't, ky thudt, ngudn n h a n Itic va t h e che phu hdp dd thttc hidn phd bid'n phfldng thfle tdng trfldng xanh.
De thtic hien raue tieu xanh hda san xua't, can t a p t r u n g vao nhflng ndi dung trpng diem sau ddy:
Thd nhdt, x a n h hda san xud't thdng qua s i p xep lai cd ciLu, dac biet b a n ehe' phdt trien nhflng n g a n h kinh t e p h a t sinh eh^t t h a i ldn, gay d n h i l m , suy thoai mdi trUdng.
Thtic hien mdt chie'n lupe "edng nghiep hda saeh" la ngay tfl b a n d l u phai quy hoach sti phat trien cdng nghiep vdi cd ca'u n g d n h nghe, edng nghe, thie't hi bao dam nguyen t i c thdn tMen vdi mdi trudng; tieh ctic n g a n ngfla vd xfl ly d nhidm cdng nghiep, xdy dting n i n "cdng nghiep xanh".
Dd cd cd'u Iai n i n kinh te, trUdc h i t c l n r a soat quy hoach tong the phat trien kinh td' xa hdi eae vung trpng diem, quy hoach phat trien 7. Quydt dinh sd 1393/QD-Trg cua Thii tudng Chfnh phu ngay 25-9-2012.
Nghiffn aiu Kmh tff sff 441 - Thing 2/2015 1 9
Chuyen dill md hlnh tang truoing .
eac ngdnh kinh te', dac biet la nhuiig nganh tdc ddng manh me tdi radi trfldng, nhara bao dara phat trien edng ngMep ben viing, bao dam sfl dling t i l t Mem tai nguyen tMen nMen, kidra soat d nMem va quan ly chat thai mpt each ed Meu qua.
Nhflng tieu ehuan mdi trfldng can dfldc dfla vdo danh muc tieu chudn tMd't ydu nhat d l lfla chpn eae nganh n g h i khuyen khich d l u tu, cdng nghe san xu^t vd san pham, quy hoach cac khu edng ngMdp, khu ehd' xuat va xdy dling cac kl^ hoaeh phdng ngfla, ngan ehan, xfl ly va Mem soat d nMdm. Phai flu tidn phat t r i l n edc nganh edng ngMep sach, than tMen vdi mdi trfldng. P h a t trien va d i y manh vide sfl dung cdng nghd, tMdt bi bao ve mdi trfldng tMch hdp va tien tie'n.
Nhting khu, etim edng ngMdp va nhflng khu Mnh td' mdi xay dflng phai dupe t M i t kd' va xay dting theo nhflng tieu ehuan "xanh" v l mflc phat thai kM n h a kiiih, xfl Iy eac chat thai va didn tieh khdng gian xanh. Trong thdi gian d i n hd't n a m 2015, nhiing khu, cum cdng ngMep dd ed phai dfldc eai tao de dap flng nhflng tieu e h u i n xanh.
Mpt so' ngdnh Mnh t l cd tae dpng raanh me tdi moi trfldng nhfl nang Ifldng, khai thae md, xdy dting, giao thong van tai, du lich phai sdm xay dflng va thfle hien nhflng chfldng trinh h a n h dpng n h i m bao dam phat t r i l n b i n vflng, trong dd dae bidt chu trpng tdi vide flng dung nhflng edng nghe khai thae va e h l bid'n tien tie'n eho phdp t i l t kidm tai nguyen thien nMen, sfl diing it cac-bon, giam Ifldng phat thai vd d nMlm, cai tMen radi trfldng smh thai.
Tdng tnidng xanh thflc Men trong rapt so' nganh trpng diera ed the theo nhflng hfldng nhfl sau:
- Ddl vdi nganh san xua't vat heu xay dflng.- Ioai bd d i n xi mang Id dflng va cac n h a may cu, lac h a u ra khdi he thdhg. Doi vdi cae n h a may mdi, sfl dung cdng nghe tien tiln, tfl dpng hda d mflc cao, l i p dat ddng bd cac tMet hi t i l t kidra ndng Ifldng (Id hdi t h u hdi nhiet, ddng ed cd bid'n t i n . . . ) .
C H phat trien eae nhd may quy md cdng suat ldn; toi tMeu khdng nhd hdn 1.000 tail clanhke/ngay. Ve m a t ky t h u a t san xud't xi mang, phai dat cac cM tieu tien t i l n v l tidu hao nhien hdu, nguyen Heu, dien nang, vat lieu, ndng dp bui eua kM thai, cfldng dp tieng dn, mflc dd tfl dpng hda.
Trong san xuat gach, tfu tien phat trien san xud't vat hdu xay khdng nung tfl cac nguyen Ueu nhfl xi mang, da mat, eat va tro xi nhiet didn theo hUdng cdng nghe Men dai, quy md ldn, Mch thflde Idn, n h e de thay the dan gach xay san xuat tfl ddt set nung.
- Ddl vdi nganh san xud't thep.- cM d l u tu!
sfl dung cae Ioai cdng nghe t h i l t bi Meu susCt cao, sua't tieu hao nang Ifldng it nha't phai bdng mflc t r u n g binh td't nha't eua t h l gidi hien nay.
- Ddl vdi nganh ddt, nhupra va may m$c;
eac dfl an xay dflng nhd may mdi phai tMdt ke l i p dat t h i l t bi Men dai tiet kiem nang Ifldng, giam tinh t r a n g chay non tai, quan Iy npi vi tdt, t h a y thd' cac tMet bi kem Mdu qua, tai stt dung cae ngudn lfle va nang Ifldng, tdi flu hoa q u i trinh san xuat sfl dting nang Ifldng, bd'tri day c h u y i n ddn gian, hdp Iy, tdi t h i l u hda cac t M i t bi van chuyen t n m g gian, Itia ehpn tMit Id hdi, nhudm, may may, he thd'ng xfl Iy nfldc thai vdi cdng nghd Mdn dai, nang sua't cao, tieu hao nang Ifldng thd'p, Ifla ehpn tMit bi trao ddi nMdt tien tien, Meu qua cdng nghe Men dai, hieu qua trao ddi nMet cao, trd liic hd thd'ng thap, tieu hao it nang Ifldng, Mdu qua t h u hdi nMdt cao, t a n dung nhiet thai d^
phat didn.
- Dd'i vdi ngdnh san xud't bdt va gia'y; cln dau t u mdi cac dfl an n h a may san xul^t hot giay cd cdng sudi Idn de ting dung cdng nghfi tien tie'n, thiet hi Mdn dai, quy trinh cdng nghe khep kin, dap flng dilu Mdn v l edc cM tieu kinh te vd bao ve radi trudng. Cae dfl an nay can dfldc quy hoach d l u tU tai vung nguydn lieu trpng dilm, dau tU theo tttng giai doan.
Dd'i vdi cac dti I n d l u tU md rdng va d l u tiJ chilu sau, vfla thtic Mdn rad rdng san xuat, da dang hda raat hang, vfla tien h a n h nang cao
20 Nghiffn cuu Kmh tff sff 441 - Thing 2/20tS
Chuyen ffoi mo hlnh tang trUoing .
chat Ifldng san phara, flng dting cdng nghe va tMdt hi Men dai, t a n g nang sua't lao ddng, giam gia t h a n h , huy ddng nang Ifle quan Iy va Iao d d i ^ ky t h u a t s i n cd mdt each Meu qua.
- Ddl vdi nganh edng nghidp hda chat: sfl dung cdng nghd tien tidh, tfl dpng hda d mflc cao, ldp dat ddng bp cac tMdt hi tie't Mem nang Ifldng, phat trien cac n h a may quy mo cdng s u i t Idn, ngMdn cflu stt dung than cara rapt each Mdu qua trong san xullt phan dara thay t h l d i n t h a n chd!t Ifldng cao.
Thit hai, xanh hda san x u l t b l n g each giam mflc tidu hao nang Ifldng trong boat dpng san x u l t , v a n tai, thfldng mai, ddng thdi eai tMdn hidu su^t va hidu qua sfl dung nang Ifldng.
- Giam mflc tieu hao nMen heu va dien t u dflng eua cae n h a may nMet dien hidn hflu.
- T i l t Mem didn trong td't ea cac linh vUe san xuSft va stt dung (edng ngMdp, xay diing, thfldng raai, dieh vu, vd gia dung).
- Cae n h a raay xi mang Id quay, cac cd sd cd Ifldng nMet thfla Idn trong ngdnh san xuat thep, Mydn cdc c l n ap dung e d i ^ nghd t h u hdi nMet thfla eho san x u l t dien, nhd vdy cd the e l t bdt ngudn eung didn tfl Ifldi eho cae nhd may ndy.
- Giam mflc tieu t h u nMen hdu cho mdi kildmdt vdn tai d cdc loai hinh vdn tai bang edeh dp diing cae cdng nghe mdi.
- Loai bd cac edng nghe eu, lac hdu tieu t h u nMeu nMdn heu r a khdi hd thdhg san xud't va stt dung nang Ifldng.
- Xdy dflng cac ed sd vdt c h i t c l n tMet nhdm t h u hdi kM me tan tai cle rad than de tdn dung lam nMen heu cho san xud't didn.
- Ap dung cle cdng nghe de tang k h a nang tdn t h u d l u tai cac md da khai thae h i t d l u .
Thd ba, d i y manh khai thdc cd Meu qua cac ngudn nang Mdng tai tao va ndng lUdng mdi n h i m ttmg bude gia tang ty trpng cua cae ngudn nang Ifldng sach nay trong san xud't va tidu t h u ndng Ifldng cua qudc gia.
- Thay ddi cd cd'u ngudn nang Mdng theo hfldng giam nang Ifldng cac-bon, tang cae ngudn nSng lUdng sach; Uu tien xay dflng cae
n h a may thuy didn rapt each hdp ly; flu tien phat tridn, khm thac va sfl dung kM tMen nMen; khuye'n kMch phat trien ngudn dien sfl dung nang lUdng radi, tai tao.
- Tang cUdng tuydn truyin, khuyen kMch va hd trd cac doanh ngMep va cdng ddng san xud!t cdc ngudn ndng Ifldng radi va tai tao de cap eho eae khu viie vflng sdu, vung xa, bidn gidi, hai dao. Ldng ghep stt dung n d i ^ Mdng radi va tai tao vao chfldng trinh t i l t Mdra nang Ifldng va cac chfldng trinh muc tieu qudc gia khac nhfl chfldng trinh didn kM hda ndng thdn, trdng rflng, xda ddi giam nghdo, nfldc saeh...
- Khuyin kMch cac doanh ngMdp xdy dting cac cd sd tMch hpp de san xui't, l i p rap, sfla chiia eae loai tMet hi ndng Ifldng radi nhU dun nfldc ndng, thuy dien nhd, ddng ed gid, h i r a kM sinh vat... d nhflng ndi cd d i l u Men. Hdp tae mua edng nghe eua cac nfldc da phat tridn dd l i p rap cac tMet hi cdng nghd cao nhfl pin mat tKii, dien gid..., tttng bfldc lam phu hdp va tien tdi lap rap, che'tao trong nfldc.
- Nha nfldc c l n ban h a n h cac cMnh sdch de day nhanh vide sfl dung phd bieh nMen hdu sinh hpe (ethanol va bio-diezel) trong linh vflc giao thdng. (Hien tai, nMen heu cho xe cd gidi ehu y l u la xang va dau diesel. Vide sfl dung nMdn Ueu sinh hoc, kM tMen nMen nen (CNG), kM' d l u md hda Idng (LPG) thay the xang dau truyen thd'ng cMd'm ty Id rat nhd vd mdi gidi b a n d rafle dp ngMen cflu thfl ngMem).
P h a t trien thi trfldng edng nghe nang Ifldng tai tao, Mnh thanh nganh cdng ngMdp san xudt may radc tMdt hi, va cung cdp dich vu trong nfldc.
Thd tli, xanh hda san x u l t ndng, lara ngMdp, thuy san.
- Trong trdng trpt: tdp trung vao eae ky t h u a t canh tac eai tid'n, ap dung quy trinh tfldi tieu tidt Mdm nfldc t r o i ^ san x u l t Iua va cac cay trdng khae, sfl dung phan hda hpc va thuoc trfl sau hdp Iy. Thflc Men cac boat d d i ^ hd trd ndng dan trdng lua cai t i l n ky t h u a t de giam 30% vide sfl dung phan hda hoe, nflde va thuoc trfl sau.
Nghiffn cOu Kinh tff sff 441 - Thing 2/2015 2 1
Chuyen iii mo hinh tang triffing,
Chuyen ddi mdt phan didn tieh ddt 2 - 3 vu lfla nang s u i t t h i p tha'p sang md hinh canh tae Ilia - ca, Iua - tdm.
Phat trien cac edng nghe xfl ly va tai sfl dung phu p h i m , p h i thai trdng trpt vao cac ehu trinh khep k m (nhfl ehan nudi, trdng ndm, lam nguyen heu cdng ngMep). N h a n h chdng dp dung cle edng nghe xfl Iy rdm r a de ehd'm dflt tinh trang dot rdm r a tren canh ddng.
- Trong ehan nudi: flng dung cdng nghe cao, thay ddi khau p h l n thflc an ehan nudi gia sue, gia cam, thuy san; phd bien rpng rai edng nghd xfl ly phe thai ehan nudi t h a n h biogas va phan bdn hflu ed; phat trien cdng nghe kM sinh hoc sfl dung de bie'n ehdt thai chan nudi ed hai eho mdi trfldng thanh ngudn nang lfldng hflu ieh, gdp p h l n giam tMeu kM phat thai gay hieu flng nha kinh, ddng thdi tai sfl dung c h i t thai cd Meu qua cho eay trdng.
- Trong lam ngMdp.- tridn khai rdng chfldng trinh giara suy thoai riing (REDD) va ddy raanh trdng rflng, nang cao chat Ifldng rflng, tang kha ndng ha'p thu kM CO2 cua rttng, tang sinh khdi dd tang tich trfl eae hon. Phdt tridn rflng tren da't trdng, doi nui troc, rflng ngap raan, rflng c h i n cat, c h i n sdng ven sdng, bien.
- Trong thuy san: dieu cMnh va chuyin ddi cd c l u tdu thuyen khai thae de tiet Mdm nMen heu; cai tidh edng nghe den chieu sang trong ddnh bat d l nang eao san Ifldng va tiet kiem nang Ifldng; ap dung eic quy trinh nuoi tien t i l n d l tidt Mera thflc an, nang Ifldng va giam phdt thai chat hflu cd.
- Trong thuy ldi: ndng eao Meu sud't cde tram bdm; tridt dd t a n dung kha nang sfl dtmg eae he thdhg thuy ldi t u chay de tiet Mem nang Ifldng bdm nfldc.
Thd ndm, xanh hda san xua't bang each ddi mdi cdng nghd, ap dung phd b i l n san xuat saeh hdn.
Hidn nay, ddi mdi cdng nghd d Viet Nam edn d i l n r a qud eham chap. Nhflng t h a n h tflu mdi cua khoa hpc edng nghe la nen tang de thflc hien t h a n h cdng eon dfldng tang trfldng xanh.
- Ap dung san xudt sach hdn trong cdi^
ngMep: Chinh phu da ban h a n h Chfldng trtnh qud'e gia v l san xuat sach hdn, trong dd dat ra mue tieu Id: deh n a m 2020, 50% ed sd san xuat cdng ngMep ap dung san xuat saeh hdn; eac cd sd san xuiLt cdng ngMep dp dtmg san xudt sach hdn tidt kiem dfldc tfl 8 - 13% mflc tieu thu nang lUdng, nguyen heu, nMen heu, vat li§u tren ddn vi san pham; 90% doanh ngMep vita va ldn cd bd phdn chuyen trach v l san xudi;
saeh hdn; 90% eac Sd Cdng thUdng cd can b6 ehuyen trach du ndng lUc hUdng d i n dp dung san xudt sach hdn cho cac ed sd san xuat cdng ngMep.
De thiie Men dUdc mtie tieu nay, can phoi hdp ddng b" cac ceng vide: tuyen truyiin, giao due nang cao n h a n thfle v l san xuat saeh hdn eho cac ca'p, nganh, dia phfldng, ed sd san xult edng ngMep va cdng ddng ddn cfl; hoan thien hd thdhg cd che', ehinh sach, phap Iudt thiic d i y san x u l t saeh hdn trong edng ngMep; nang cao ndng lfle eho edc cd quan quan ly, td chdc tfl va'n va cd sd san xui't cdng ngMdp trong vi@c ap dung san xudt sach hdn; phat trien mang Ifldi cac td ehfle hd trd san xuat sach hdn trong cdng ngMdp.
- Tdp trung d l u tfl ngMen eflu, phat trien va flng dung cdc cdng nghd xanh nhfl:
+ Cdng nghd nang Ifldng xanh (tilt kidm ndng Ifldng hda thach, tai tuan hoan nang Ifldng trong san x u l t cdng ngMep, giam phat thai, nang Ifldng mat trdi, nang Ifldng gio, nang Ifldng h a t nhdn, nang Ifldng thuy trilu).
+ Cdng nghe vat heu va xdy dflng (vat hfiu khdng nung, vat Heu thay the gd, e h l tac vdt lidu truyen thdhg bang cdng nghd eao, tda nha thdng minh, tda nhd xanh ...).
+ Cdng nghe ed khi giao thdng van tai (dpi^
cd sfl dung nang Ifldng mdi, it phat thai, he thdhg d i l u h a n h giao thdng thdng minh...).
+ Cdng nghe ndng, Idm, sinh hoc feidng c ^ trdng, canh tac vd ehe biln ndng lam thuy san).
+ Cdng nghd hda hoc xanh (san x u l t chat deo tdng hdp tfl nguyen hdu thiic vat de tidu
22 Nghien aiu Kinh tff sff 441 - Thing 2/2015
Chuyan ffdi mo hinh tang trudng.
buy, san x u l t tfl nguyen lidu tai sinh, xfl ly chd't t h a i dpe hai, san xudt it hoac khdng cd phu p h a m va chat thai, san xudt tieu thtt it nfldc va eae hda cha't khae...).
+ Cdng nghe xfl Iy chat t h a i (tai chd' chdt thai, phdng ngfla vd tieu h u y chat t h a i ddc hai).
Thd sdu, cd cac bien p h a p td chflc thflc Mdn Men quyet va d i n g bp.
De chuyen ddi sang n i n kinh te xanh, ddi hdi Vidt N a m phai thtic hidn ddng bp ede nhdm giai p h a p , nhfl tuydn t r u y i n , ehuyen ddi cd cd'u k i n h td', xay dung mdi trudng p h a p Iy, thflc ddy ddi mdi cdng nghe, phdt t r i l n n g a n h dieh vu mdi trfldng, p h a t t r i l n cdc ngudn ndng Ifldng sach, xay dflng y thflc con ngfldi... Trong dd, giai p h a p v l ngudn Iflc dau tfl ddc bidt q u a n trong vi doi mdi md Mnh t a n g trfldng theo dinh hfldng x a n h la qua trinh vfla phai n a n g cao hidu qua eae Iinh vflc cua n i n kinh t l t r u y i n thong (trdnh xao trdn v l m a t kinh te' xa hdi), vfla phai chuyen dich ngudn Iflc sang eac Iinh vflc mdi ed Mdu qua k i n h te eao hdn, t h d n thien vdi mdi trfldng vd p h a t trien b i n vflng hdn. D i l u dd ddi hdi phai huy ddng, tdp trung, dau tU ngudn Iflc va cd c h l tdi chinh mdt each phu hpp.
D I hfldng tdi mdt md hinh tdng trfldng xanh, vai trd cua n h a nfldc la c l n thiet. De n h a nflde ddng vai trd d i n d i t qua trinh t a n g trudng x a n h , n h a nUdc phai cd mflc dp tfl chu tfldng ddi, phai cd mdl quan he tUdng hd vd cpng s m h vdi khu vtic tU nhan. Trong md Mnh hfldng tdi n i n kinh td' xanh n h a nfldc can cd cd ehe' d l xod bd nhflng rdo can doi vdi cac k h o a n d l u tU xanh, flu tien d l u tU vd ehi tieu cua Chinh phu trong nhflng Knh vflc kich tWch x a n h hda eae thdnh p h l n kinh t l , t h u h u t d l u t u ciia k h u vflc tfl n h a n vdo kinh te xanh.
Ngudn vdh d l u tfl trflde hdt phai b i t ngudn tfl tai chinh edng, thdng qua cdc gdi M'eh tMch de d l u tfl cho eae khu vflc kinh t e x a n h va tai cd cd'u nen kinh t^, la'y dd lam ddn bay d l tao sflc Ian tda, ddn ddt cac ngudn
vdh tfl n h a n (se cMe'm vai trd chinh trong giai doan sau).
Ve cMnh sach vung, c l n t h i d i l m dp dung cd che chinh saeh dae thu, dot pha eho mpt so"
k h u vtte, dia phfldng cd tiem nang va cd hdi dap flng yeu c l u cho p h a t trien xanh, t r e n cd sd do r u t kinh nghiem v l ehinh sach va tao ngudn Iflc, ddng Iflc de dp dung t r e n p h a m vi rdng.
Ve cMnh sach ngdnh, cd thd phat huy Idi the so sanh nhfl ndng nghiep sinh thai, da dang hda vd phat trien eae ngudn n a n g Ifldng saeh, ed k h a nang tai tad tfl thien nhien;
p h a t trien du Iich giai tri, sinh thai, nghi dfldng chat Ifldng cao.
V l hdp tae quo'c td', c l n t i l p tuc t r a n h t h u sfl hd trd v l tdi chinh ciing nhU ky t h u a t tfl cdng ddng qud'c te' eho cae khu vflc kinh t e xanh, vi hien nay tfu tidn cua eae td chflc qud'c td' vd ngudn vd'n ODA cua eac nflde p h a t trien dang ehuyen dich vao Knh vflc nay. Viet Nam can dac bidt quan tdm xay dting quan he vdi cae n i n kinh te' phat trien, cac n i n kinh t e di dau trong xu hfldng t a n g trfldng xanh cua thd' gidi nhfl Han Qud'c, Nhdt Ban d chau A; Dfle, Dan Mach, Hd Lan d chdu Au, My v.v.
Cuoi cimg, c l n xay dting cd chd', ehinh sach flu dai tdi da (vl vd'n d l u tfl, thud', pM, ha t i n g da't dai,...) de khuye'n kMch eac t h d n h p h l n kinh td' trong va ngoai nflde d l u tfl phdt trien eac linh vflc cua kinh te xanh, p h a t tridn n a n g Iflpng saeh bao ve mdi trudng, xfl Iy rac t h a i va doi mdi edng nghe t h a n thien vdi mdi trfldng. Ddc bidt, CMnh phu c l n uu ddi v l cMnh saeh de phdt t r i l n khoa hpe - cdng nghe t h a n thidn vdi mdi trfldng./.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Chfnh phli Viet Nam (2012), Chidn lupc qudc gia vd ting trudng xanh d Vidt Nam.
2- Chfnh phu Viet Nam (2014), Chuang trinh hanh ddng qudc gia vd ting trudng xanh.
3. UNEP (2011), Hudng tdi ndn kinh td xanh: Lp trinh cho phat tridn bdn viing vi giam nghdo, Nxb Ndng nghidp. Ha Noi.
Nghiin cOu Kmh tff sff 441 - Thing2/2015 23
