Nguyen Phuong Lifin. Rasa Hdo himg - cot loi trong bdi viet keu ggi ddu tranh...
O202D V i ^ Nghi«n oiu £n o o vd TSv Nam A T»p dil Nehi«n OAJ £n D$ vd Chau A S 6 6 t 9 1 ) , t h ^ 6 - 2 0 2 0 httpyAifeas-vass^ov vn SSN 0866^7314
Rasa Hao hung - cot loi trong bai viet keu goi dau tranh vi doc lap cua Mahatma Gandhi
Nguyen Phmmg Lien' Trudng Dgi hoc Khoa hge xd hgi vd Nhdn vdn, Hd Ngi Ngdy nhgn bdi: 03/07/2019. ngdy gui phdn bien: 22/04/2020. ngdy duyft ddng: 02/06/2020
"A ^ahatma Gandhi da tr& thdnh vt Thanh ve chinh tri trong long ngudi An Dg vd la mgt trong J- V-L nhihig guang mat quyet dinh su thay doi cua the ky XX. Nhirng bdi dien thuyet eda ong da dgt hieu qud loi da trong vi^c ddn ddt cd mgt ddn Igc ldn, phirc tgp ve tu tirgng vd ton gido di ciing mgt con dudng ddu tranh. Mgt trong nhtrng nguyen nhdn cua thdnh cong do Id do dng da dua vdo truyen thong nghe thugi hdng ngdn ndm tudi ciia ddt mr&c minh. (J do, cdm xiic cua con ngirai sau khi tiep nhgn mgt dien ngon dd nhieu the ky dirge dua len hdng toi thtrgng. Va Rasa - cdm thirc - cung dd dirge chudn bi chu todn de gidp cho cdc tdc gid vgn dgng duge toi da ngi hdm eda khdi niem nay. Sue mgnh thuyet phuc. cdm hoa eda "The Quit India (An Dg vimg thodt) ", bdi the. hodn todn cd the ly gidi vd do lir&ng duge khi dp dung ngi hdm cua Rasa Hdo himg de khdo sdt dien ngdn theo phucmg phi^ cua thi phdp hge vd xd hgi hge.
Tii khda: Rasa, dau tranh, Mahatma Gandhi
M^dau
Vao nhtmg ndm Anh qudc ddt ach thdng tri thyc dan len tieu lyc dia An Dp, chua bao gid nen van minh vT dgi hang nghin nam tudi bj Idng nhyc bdi nhiJng ke ngoai bang kieu nggo nhieu den thfi. Vd nd lyc gianh lai nfin dpc lap thdnh cdng da bat dau tu viec tim kiem nhimg siic manh ndi sinh dang bi viii dap la lya chpn cua Mahatma Gandhi.
1. Lira chon con d u ^ g ciin nui5fc - tien trinh boc 16 bang dien thuyet cong khai 77K? Quit India (.An Do xiing thodt) dupe coi la mdt Uong nhung bdi phat bifiu ndi tieng nhat ciia Mahamia Gandhi, xoay quanh mpt phuong cham sau nay dd dianh khdu hieu: "Do or Die" (Hanh dpng hay la chdt). Nhtmg Idi hiing hdn vang Ien ngay 8/8/1942 d cdng vien Gowalia Tank Maidan - Bombay (Mumbai
nguyenphuongi ien vhad@gmai l.com
Nghifin Cliu An Dp vd Chau A. Sd 6 - 2020. U.27-32
^Ngu>en Phuong Lien. Rasa Hdo himg - cor ldi trong bdi viit ki-u ggi ddu iranh...
ngin nay) chinh la minh chiing cho thd\ tu tirdng tm> fin thdng vdn dgt tdi lAm vdc ciia mpt phirang phap phu hpp: sir dyng cam xiic (Rasa) aia ddm ddng de \-an hpc ddnh thirc nhirng khat \png. dfi trd dianh \ii khi each mang khai mdo ca phong trao .\himsa (Bat bgo dwig) da thanh cdng sau thdi diem dd chi 5 ndm.
Vdo thdl diem chuyen trd \di cdng chiing bdng nr nrdng da kifin dinh den miic trd thanh nhan sinh quan cdt Idi khi gidi quydl \ dn dfi dan tdc d ddt me An Dp \T dgi, Mahatma Gandlii da cd ba bdi phai bieu ga>' chii y trong cdng lugn. Ndu nhu bai ndi d tnidng E>ai hpc Hindu Benaras vao nga\ 4 2/1916 la mpi sy hi?u tri?u ddnh cho nhtJng ui tfiire tre. ihi sy ndi dai cua chu tmong Bat bao dpng vdi Idt ca sy ly gidi hpp ly nhdt, thuyet phyc nhdt Igi xudt hi?n nhu ngudn tu duy chu dao uong bai difin thuyet Dandi Tiidng J (11 3 1930)/ Dandi March Speech va Hgi nghj bdn iron (3010/1931)/ Round Table Conference Speech. Khdng the bd qua mpt thye tc Id, d hai bai dien ihuyfii sau, linh hinh the gidi da ed nhidu budc ehuyen quan Upng klii \u;ii hi?n nhieu eon dudng khae nhau de giai phdng dan lpc ddi \di nhihig viing ddl dang chju dch thdng tri cua chu nghla Ihyc dan (chdng hgn, day la giai dogn hinh thanh Dang Cdng sdn Ddng Ducmg nhu mdl phan hi?u dpe lap ddi vdi Qudc lfi Cpng sdn III, ddng then cting Id luc Dang Cpng san Tmng Qudc dang cd nhung budc ddu tien Uong qud uinh hogl dpng). Nhthig cupc gdp go. nhtmg uanh lugn ciia MahaUna Gandhi vdi Rabindranath Tagore (Mohit Kumar Ray, 2004, p. 150), vet cho dfin cimg, dfiu thfi hifin nhtmg tnin trd ay. Ciin Iuu y rang, cho dil ne phyc lan nhau. sy bdl ddng trong dirdng hudng tmy cdu dpc lap dan Idc giihi hai vT nhan la khdng the phil nhan. Nhat Id khi trong mdt sd lmy?n ngdn dirpc Tagore sdng tde vdo thdi difim sau nay, ta de ddng nhgn tliay sy khdng dch cyc, khdng hoan lhi?n ciia hinh tupng ddng vien Ddng Qudc dgi Uong sd cdc mau hinh tri thuc hi^n dgi ciia dng. Tuy nhien, bang chii kien eiia minh, Mahatma Gandhi van vfmg vang di theo con dudng tu tudng dd chpn. Khdng chi bang nhirng dien ngdn mang tinh \a hpi Uude qudng dai qudn chiing, rai nhifiu ghi chep, thu tir trao ddi rieng ciia ldnh ty vT dai ndy dd cho thdy qua trinh xac tin ciia dng la mpt qud trinh bifin chiing. Sy bien ddi \ a quyel djnh tu tudng ma dng danh trpn cupc ddi de theo dudi la mpt tifin trinli Cling cd sy viing vdng tir nhieu ngudn gdc tu tudng khae nhau, cd tir truyen thdng cua ndn van minh dd sp An Dp ldn tir nhung bifin ddi rpng md ciia the gidi Iiic bdy gid. Vd thdi difim cdng bd sy vdng vdng Uong lu tudng duac lya chpn Id khi An Dg \iing thodt da gay tifing vang ldn lao, khdi ddu cho cao trdo gidi phdng dan lpe ciia Mahatma Gandhi vd Ddng Qudc dai cting nhu nhtmg td chirc each mang tifin bp khae.
2. Van dung dan tge tinh de dat muc dich cua dien ngon
Cd lc dac difim chung ciia nhung chinh tri gja \T dai thdi bdy gid ndi rieng va Uong lich sii nhan logi ndi chung la biet cdch van dyng dan lpc tinh dfi tgo nen thdnh cdng Uong dicn thuyfil. Gidng nhu Fidel CasUo ldy hdn cdt la Iinh thdn nhiet huyet eiia ngudi Cuba uong tiet tau sdi ddng da quen ihudc noi nhtmg tae phdm vdn hda dan gian, nhu Ho Chi Minh la\ chifiu sau la ehdt lieu bdc hpc cua vdn bifin ngdu vdn quen thupc vdi Ui thirc Viet Nam, MahaUna Gandhi da dya \ao uuyen thdng coi Upng cam thirc. Rasa, da cd nghin ndm tuoi eiia vdn hda An Dp ma dat ldi myc dich ciia mpt dien ngdn chinh tri. Dimg trudc mdl cdng ddng hidu rdt rd ndi nhyc cua canh nd lfi. song van cdn dang loay hoay uong nhiing an ire va mdi hoai nghi lan nhau do khae biet \ c ldn gido da tir hdng nghin ndm nay. Mahatma biet can phdi chpn difiu gi de ndi, ehpn each nao dc phat di thdng diep Uuc tiep dnh hudng den hp, lam cho hp bifin ddi lu tudng va cimg ddng nhat Uong muc dich gidi phdng ddn tpc klidi chu nghTa bd quyen.
Nghifin cim -\n Dp \ a Chau A Sd 6 - 2020. ir.27-32 28
Nguyen Phuang Lien. Rasa Hdo hiing - cdt loi trong bdi viel keu ggi ddu tranh..
Vdi ngudi .Kn Dp, Rasa la khai niem dd Ihanh mdt yeu id tinh hoa cua ttuydn thdng ngan ddi. Khdi ni?m quan trpng nhat, dupc ban luan nhifiu nhat trong thi phdp cd dien An E>d chinh la Rasa, vdi nghTa ban dau la
"\l". mpi kieu \i cua thu rupu thieng Soma khien ngudi ta say sua, ngdy n ^ t , ed thfi nfim vi "gan nhu vj giai Ihoaf'. Trong cac kinh Upanishad cung xuat hien Ihudt ngtir nay vdi nghia khd han chfi la "tinh chat" hay "sy tinhtuy"iRadhakrishna S., 1963, p.215). Trong ^/g^ Veda, Rasa xuat hien nhieu ldn vdi cac nghTa khde nhau, liic thi lir na\' dupc xem la "nirdc", "vi Uai cay", "mau". "dd udng"; khi ttii duoe hifiu vdi nghia "nhya cay, nhya sdng" (Griffith Ralph T.H, 1920, p.29). Cd Iiic "Rasa" dupe nhdc dfin \ di mdl cym lu mang nghTa tirong duong l;i "Rasalala", Uong dd "Rasa" la ddng sdng cdn "tala" la ddy (Griffith Ralph T.H. 1920, U.603). Trong Yajiir Veda, Rasa mang y nghTa la "niem vui" (Griffith Ralph T.H, 1920, p.503); trong Soma Veda, Rasa la
"rupu" (Griffith Ralph T.H, 1920, p.508); cdn trong Athmw Veda thi khai niem nay lgi dupc hieu tlieo ba nghia: "nude ep trai cay", "nhya thao dupc" hay "nhya cua ngu cde" (Winey William Wright, 1905, p. 179).
Rasa cung xual hifin trong Ramayana vdi cac nghTa "hdn hop", "thudc tien", "biia mfi" (Winey William Wright. 1905, p.l41) cdn trong Mahabharata, Rasa iai mang cac nghTa "mpu", "dd udng", "sOa va ba lan"
(Winey William Wright, 1905, p.66)... De diing thdy Id ngay tir nhiing nghia ban ddu, chdt Idng dupc coi Id nipt nghTa so khai nhat ciia Rasa, vdi ham y nhan manh Iinh linh hogl, de bien ddi ciia khdi ni?m.
Den khi viel Natyasastra, Bharata dua ra khai niem Rasa vdi nghTa Id "cam thiic". Ong dua ra 8 bhava (thirdng tinh): Rati (yfiu duong), Hasa (hai hudc), Soka (dau budn), Krodha (uic gian), Utsaha (hung manh), Bliaya (sp hai), Jugupsa (kinh tdm), Vismaya (nggc nhien, cdm phuc). Ian lugt tuong img vdi 8 Rasa (cdm thiic): Sonrgara (ai tinh). Hasya (hai hudc, vui nhpn), Karuna (cam thuang), Raudra (gian dii), Vira (hao himg, hiing Ining). Bhayanaka (sp hai), Biphaisa (kinh tdm), Adbhuia (thdn phyc, myet dieu, sifiu phdm). Sau ndy, trang tdc phdm Hrdayadarpana, Nayaka lgi binh luan ve khai niem Rasa Ufin mdt quan diem mdi. Theo dng. "Uong kich ndi rifing va trong vdn chuong ndi chung, nliung cdm xiic md nhung eon ngudi cd nhdn thfi nghidm Uong ddi sdng da dupc tlie hien d mirc dp cao nhat, ud nen cd nghTa khai quat, dcm lai khoai cam tham my va cudi cung dat gid tti gidc ngd, kliien chimg ta thirc tinh, ngimg dinh nhtmg cdm xuc, xiic dpng trail tlie mang tinh do anh, ddi lira" (Phan Thu Hien, 2006, U.82). Quan diem nay cua Nayaka dupc Dhananjaya ke thira ttong cudn Dasanipaka. Tae phdm ndy da md la Rasa Uong mdt bang bifin thifin gdm bon khu vyc cam xuc mong img vdi mdi tnrcmg thii dich hoac thugn lpi nhdt dinh. Rasa dupc phdn logi thanh bon cam \iic la Yfiu thirong, Hao himg, Ghe sp, Tiic gidn. Ngodi ra, ke tiep bdn cam xuc nay la bdn cam xiic a hgng Ihir sinh: Hai hudc. Than phyc, Sp hdi vd Thuong cam.
Abhinavagupla, mdt uiet gia ddng thai Id mdt nha dii phap hpc ndi tieng ciia An Dp, thi cho rdng: mpi khai gpi dfiu la kliai gpi xiic cam, cho dii kliai gpi chu dfi hay khai gpi hinh tupng thi cudi cimg ciing dfiu trd thanh khoi gpi Rasa. Cdn Rupagosvamin, Uong cudn Ujjvalanilamani, igi coi Simg tin (Bhakti) la Rasa chu yfiu vdi nhthig hinh Iliiic da dang cua tinli yeu linh thdnh; Simg tin Dang tdi cao Id tinh yeu gidi thoat cdi difi gidi chdn thuc khdi nhiing rdng budc ttin tiic va cung chinh Id sy cim rdi. Jaganatha, Uong cudn Rasagangadhara, Igi cung cdp cho Rasa mdt nghia mdi. Ong cho tho ca la "su the hifin qua hinh thirc am Ihanh mpt tu tudng tho mdng ndo dd ciia sy cam nghiem; sy u ^ m suy mdng ddi vdi m mdng tha ca dd nhu nipt hinli thirc thidn dinh, tao ra nidm lac thu tinh cdm sieu myet... mang tinh phi ngd, thuan khifii, ttong ueo"
(GN De\7. 1992. p.65).
Nghien cim An Dp va Chau A. Sd 6 - 2020. tt.27-32 29
NguN'cn Phuang Lien. Rasa Hao himg - cdt loi trong biii viitkeuggijl^j!i!!2!!i^
Khi n ^ e n ciiu \dn hpc An Dp theo j^uong phap hien dgi, nhinig nha ngwi ngii hpc ciing quan tam den khai nifim Rasa d chieu hudng de cao ngudi tifip nhan tac phdm van hpc. Theo cuon Panini '.•• •:''"""""• ^ ^ ^ dupc hpp nhdt tir hai >fiu td. "Ra" nghia la "lo gi\'e" (dua den, dua ra) cdn "sa" la "motion" (sy chuyfin dpng.
chuyen djch). 6 day ro rdng la ndi den s\^ thay ddi \ i: tam hdn cua ngudi dpc, ngudi xem. Ben cgnh n ^ a chinh thi "'rasa" cdn cd mpt logt nghTa khae. Vdi vai trd dpng lir. Rasa mang y nghTa: chay. lani udt mpi v(it, dam chdt ldng, thudng thiic hoac nem gia vi; vdi vai trd ciia danh tir. Rasa cd cac nghTa: nude, chat Idng ma thugt, vj ngon, chdt ldng, nude xdt, dd gia \i. khoai lac. sy vui sudng, nifim hgnh phuc. sire hap dan, thu vj, tinh lao nhd, ve dep. Cdn iheo tu difin ciia Monier Williams thi Rasa lgi ed cac nghTa: gdm rdng. kfiu la, khde Idc, phat ra tidng. dpi lai, ihfiL.. thupc \'fi dpng tir; cdn cac nghTa: vi cay trai. vi qud. chdt long hay dung djch, phdn tdt nhdt hay hodn hdo nhdt eiia mpi thii... ihudc \ i danh tir (Aple. V. S, 1973, p.465). Cd thfi thay la cdc nha ngdn ngtr hpc hifin dai da sii dung each thirc eua van hpc An Dp cd dgi de tgo nen mpt npi ham rpng hon cho khai ni?m Rasa va ddng thcri nhan manh vai trd ciia ngudi tifip nhdn ngay trong each thirc lya chpn cdc Idp n^Ta cua khai niem. Cg the Id khi dua ra cac nghTa thupc ve dpng tir cua Rasa, Moner Williams da Igo thanh mpi chudi phdn iing manh mfi ciia ngudi dep nhan. Khi so sdnh thi phdp hpc phuong Tay vdi thi phdp hpc An Dp, K. Viswanathan cung dd dua ra cdc cap phgm trii tuong ddng vd nhdn mgnh sy tuong img giQa Katharsis va Rasa chinh Id dac difim chung: Emotional effect (hi?u qud xuc cam).
Nhiing thdng ke tren cho ihay, hifiu qud xuc cdm, vd keo theo dd la hieu qua ciia thay ddi nhan thirc, Id dieu ngudi An E)p vdn ddl ra nhu mdi quan tam hdng ddu ddi vdi mpt dien ngdn, cy thfi ban la mpt tdc phdm cd tinh v5n chuong. Va d day, vdi tu each la mdl tac pham mang tinh chinh luan, mpt edng cy dau tranh dn hda phil hpp vdi chdn ly da dupe lya chpn, Ahimsa, thi dat tdi nhtmg hifiu qua ngdn tii trfin gdn nhu la yeu Id bdl bupc ma ngudi viet'ndi da ddt ra cho minh. Tir dd, nhtmg ddi hdi vfi phuang di?n ngh? thuat tu sue ctia ngdn tir sfi la yfiu cau tdt yeu di cimg.
3. SIIC manh cua ngon tir chua dung Rasa manh lift
Ddu khdng hogt dpng vdi tu each mdt nhd nghien ciiu, phfi binh nghe thugt, yeu td cdn ban ciia quan niem Rasa cting khdng cd gi xa la ddi vdi Mahatma Gandhi. Cd le vi thfi ma dfi md dau cho bdi vifit, dng tryc tifip tac dpng den sy chii y cua ngudi dpc bang each mong mudn ngudi nghe cd cimg diem nhin vdi minh:
"Tmde klii thdo luan \ ^ nghi quyet, hay de ldi dgt Uude cdc bgn mdt hay hai (difiu) ve cdi md tdi mudn cdc bgn hieu ro rang \a can nhac chung hi diem nhin gidng nhu Idi da ddt minh vao vi tri cdc bgn. Tdi xin ph^p cdc bgn can nhdc nd hi diem nhin cua tdi, bdi vi neu eac bgn dat tdi difiu do, cac bgn se bupc phdi tifin hanh tal cd nhCnig gi tdi ndi. Nd sc la mdt nhiem \TJ \'T dai" (Before you discuss the resolution, let me place before you one or two about things. I want you to understand two things very clearly and to consider them from the same point of view from which 1 am placing them before you. I ask you to consider it from my point of view, because if you approve of it. you will be enjoined lo carry out all I say. It will be a great responsibility) (M.
Gandlii, 1942). Cach md ddu nay ciia Mahattna Gandhi da tan dung mpt loat diep tir "place", "consider",
•^inl of \ie\\'".. xuat hi^n ldi thieu hai Ian trong nhting cdu vdn dai lien kfit chat chfi, sy tdn trpng vd dfi cao tinh chu dpng cua ngirdi nghe uong khi khdng dinh dp quan Upng ttong nhi?m vu ciia hp la cai ma ngudi
\iet/ndi mudn dgt tdi.
Nghifin cuu An Dp va Chau A. Sd 6 - 2020. u.27-32 3Q
Nguyen Phuang Lien. Rasa Hdo himg - cdl loi trong bdi viet keu ggi dau tranh...
0 nhihig phdn tifip theo ciia bdi diin thuyfit, quy lugt dimg diep rir de ket ndi ttd nen nhip nhdng hon khi di kem \ di nhihig cau vdn cd cau tnic ngii phEq) dua trfin tinh chu quan de danh thuc Rasa la mdt logt nhiing ten rifing vd thdi gian cu thfi. Nam 1920 dupc nhac ddn ttong cdu Uiic "I was in 1920" (Tdi ttong nam 1920) nhu mpt sy nhdn mgnh ve thai diem quan Upng trong qua khii; ddng thdi vdi viec dimg cym lir Ahimsa nhieu lan uong bai vifit cimg vdi ngdi nhan xung God (Chiia trdi/Thanh) thue sy tao nfin dgc tnmg nfing ciia An Do.
mpi quoc gia ma tdn gido da bao Uiim len vdn hda. Nhac den Nga va Trung Qudc trong khi nhan manh phuang cham hanh dpng dn hda ciia Dang Qudc dai, Mahatma Gandhi chae chan da khifin ngudi nghe cd nhihig lien tudng cy tiifi ve tinh hinh thuc Iai cua the gidi dfi Rasa Hao himg van cd co hdi trdi day.
Nhac den thdi gjan bj cam tii ciia ban than, Mahatma Gandhi de cap den Cach mang Phap va Cach mang Nga dfi tgo nen mdt tuong quan so sanh cho nhiing ddng bao ciia dng. Mdt ngir dieu ty hdo khdng gidu ndi da vang len khi dng khang dinh: "Tdi tin ring trong Iich sir the gicri, khdng cd mpt cudc ddu Uanh dan chu vi ly do ndo cd tinh chan thyc han cupc ddu Iranh ciia chiing ta" (I believe that m the history ofthe worid, there has not been a more genuinely democratic stmggle for fi-eedom than ours) (M. Gandhi. 1942). Ldi lfi trdn day nhifit huyel va niem tin cua Mahatma Gandhi bdc lp trong npi dung ciia mdt cau gidn di: "Mdi ngudi sS la dng chii/ngudi thay ciia chinh minh" (Everybody will be his own master) (M. Gandhi, 1942). Dan chii, qua tir
"democratic" dupc dng ldp di lap lgi cimg lcri keu gpi "tdi mdi cac bgn tham gia hdm nay" dd cang lam cho sy tha thiet ttd thanh dudng din dfin Rasa Hao himg ttong ldng ihinh/khan gia.
Chae chan khdng phdi ngau nhifin md mdt logt nhtmg cum tir md dau cho cdc cau van ciia bdi dien thuyfil Id nhiing trgng ngu: ve bdn than ngudi ndi: Speaking for myself, as I view the sintation. ! know, I feel my self, Hinh nhu khi nhac dfin nude Anh ttong bai ndi cdng la liic dng dimg nhthig cau udc don gidn ciia thii ngdn ngii tir xa Ig da thdnh nipt yfiu td dfi thdng nhat An Dp nay cho mdt myc dich khde hSn. Ket ndi Ihanh cdng xiic cdm khdng chi bdng mdt cdu tnic logic, dng cdn tac ddng dfin ngucri nghe bdng nhirng xiic cam rifing tu ciia chinii minh. Ldng tin cua quan chimg danh cho dng liic nay da cho dng ddc quyfin dy, dgc quydn ciia mpt ngudi lanh dgo dupc tin cay, dupc loan dan tdc giao phd quyen chpn hudng di, ndi each khde la chpn dgo ly cho che dp mdi. Nhu bat ky mpt chinh tri gia tinh iao nao khde d nhtrng qudc gia mat ten tten bdn dd vi vi Qi, vai trd cua vimg ddt thudc dia, Mahatma Gandhi khdng dinh cudc dau tranh ciia nhdn dan An Dp Iiic na;
khdng chdng lai ngircri Anh ciing nhu van hda Anh ma la "chiing ta dau vdi chii nghia de qudc ciia hp". Ciing gidng nhu sy sang sudt vd tliiic thdi khi kfiu gpi dodn ket gitra hai tdn giao Idn d An Dp, khi "qufin di nhirng khae biet" (forget the othemess) gitra dgo Hdi va dgo Hindu ma "nghT ve bdn than chi nhu mdt ngudi An Dp"
(think of yourselves as Indians only), Mahatma Gandhi khdng chi van dyng each ndi ma cdn cho thay vfi dep Hdo hung ciia nhirng y tudng vT dai, vupt khdi nhihig ranh gidi ciing nhac thdng thudng. Khi dng lifin tyc nhdn mgnh bdng sy say sua cua ngir dieu: "Once you realize this you will forget the differences between the Hindus and Muslims, and think of yourselves as Indians only, engaged in the common stmggle for independence" (M. Gandhi, 1942), trong sy lien kfit nhip nhang ciia nhting tir tao nen nhac tinh, y ttidng se chuyen chd cam xuc trong each danh gia mang tinh an du "dinh udc/eam kfit \'di cudc dau tranh chung dfi gianh dpc lgp". Sy sang sudt khi dng ty danh gia Ahimsa - khai niem dng dd theo dudi sudi cupc ddi chinh tri ciia minh Id "ldi bifit Ahimsa ciia chung ta khdng hoan hdo ra sao va chiing ta van cdn xa y tudng dd den mirc nao, nhung vdi Ahimsa, khdng cd that bgi sau cung hay thua tt^n." Nhirag tri thirc Idn ciia An Dp dfiu da nhin vao ljch su cua cha dng hp md nhan ra rd rang hau qud cua nhiing cudc chifin tranh va cd nhirng cudc ddu
Nghien ciiu An Dp vd Chau A Sd 6 - 2020, U.27-32 31
^ \gu>cn Phuang Lien. Rasa Hdo himg - cot lot trong bdi viet keu^iddfjj!}}!!!:::.
ttanh. Hang ngan cupc npi chien keo dai gitia nhtmg nhdm ngudi uxing Ijch sir la sd lupng ldn ban rat n iicu so \di sd lan ma nhthig tpc ngudi himg manh noi day phdi ddi mat \di ngogi b;uig. Phai ching v\ the mpt lya chpn khdng tdn mau xuong dfi gidnh Igi dpc lap la dpng ea sdu xa dfi dng nd Iyc han gdn dfin tgn '-"'^^S nhung dieu ttidng nhu bdt kha? Chimg muc uong each danh gid, nhin nhan chinh minh Igi eang kliicn cho xuc cam ciia nhimg ngudi dang ldng nghe thdng hoa ma chgm ngudng cua Rasa Hao himg. ciia Idng nn khi lya chpn con dirdng ly ttrdng. Va bang sy nhgy cam ciia mdt con ngudi uyen bac. xen khap Uong bai ndi la nhihig cau tnic an dy day gpi md, cho ngudi nghe nhung ca hpi dc lien mdng xa hon nua vfi tirong lai cua chinh minh, cua dan tdc minh thdng qua nhihig lya chpn vd each hanh dpng ciia ngay hdm nay.
"Ngudi ta cd the cudi. my thfi, dd la myen bd cua tdi" (People may laugh, nevertheless that is iny claim) (M. Gandhi, 1942) Id cdch dng kdt thuc bai difin thuyfit theo each thgt ty tin. Khdng qud dai nhung trdn ddy xuc cam, ngdn tir gidn dj, dfi hieu ma vdn khdng thidu vang nhiing dyng cdng cua ngh?
thugt ngdn tir. bai difin thuyfit hodn thanh Udn vai trd theo each that an mpng. Va cdng vifin Gowalia Tank Maidan gid day da dupc ddi tfin dfi mang ten bdi difin thuyfit nay (August Kranli Maiden/August Revolution Ground), dd chinh Id minh chiing hiing hdn eho siic sdng cua bai dien thuyfil trong ldng ngudi dan An Dp sau hon nira the ky trdi qua.
Ket luan
Sy vT dai ciia mdt con ngudi lya chpn chinh Ui lam sy nghiep cua cudc ddi minh ttong nhtrng ndm Ihdng gian nguy nhat ciia ljch su mdl qudc gia nhu Mahatma Gandhi, ma d Uudng hpp nay cdn la mpt nen vdn minh lau ddi bdc nhat ciia lich sii nhan Ioai, thyc tfi, khdng phai Id mdt ngau nhifin tinh cd cua ddng lich sir.
Trdi lgi, hun diic nfin nhimg tdi ndng kiet xuat den thfi, each quyet dinh va Iya chpn nhdn lay gi tir kho tdng Unh hoa dan tpc chae chdn la mdt diem quyfit dinh. Biet van dung dimg each, dung liic sire mgnh ciia ngh?
thuat ngdn hi dc dat tdi nhiing muc dich ldn lao cho ca cpng ddng khdng chi la cdu chuyfin ciia nhiing cugc cdch mgng ttong qua khu, ma cdn la bai hpc dfi con ngudi ttong ky nguyen mdi ciia cdng nghe hieu rd hon sue mgnh can bdng ciia tu duy he thdng, ciia sy ket hpp gitra khoa hpc ty nhifin va khoa hpc xa hdi thdng qua mdl tac pham chinh lugn thanh cdng.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Apte. V S (1973), Sankril - English dictionaiy, Panini's grammar. Motilal Banarsidass, New Delhi.
2. G N. Devy (1992), After Amnesia • Tradition and Change in Indian Literary Criticsm, Orient (Longman) Blackswan. London.
3. M. Gandhi (1942). The Qiiil India (An Do \vng thodt), htlps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OuitJndia^spcech, ngay tmy cap 6/7/2019.
4. Phan Thu Hifin (2006). Tlii phdp hoc c6 diin An Do. Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hoi, TMnh pho H6 Chi Minh.
5 Radhakrishna S. (1963). Tlie Principal Upanisad. Brhadaranyka, London.
6. Griffith Ralph T.H (1920), Tlie Hymns of Rig Veda, Beneras Pulishers, New Delhi.
" Mohii Kumar Ray (2004), Studies on Rabindranath Tagore, Nice Printing Press, New Delhi 8- Winey W illiam Wnght (\9Q5). Athr\-a Veda. Havard Oriental Series, Havani University.
Nghicn cim An Dp va Chdu A. Sd 6 - 2020. tt.27-32 32