[62 HQi nqhj KHOA HOC VA CpNG NGHg 2007
NGHIEN Ciru TAC DUNG PHOI HOP
CAC CHAT DIEU HOA SINH TRU'ANG L A M TANG DAU QUA,
CHONG RUNG TRAI NON CHO CAY TRONG ,
Tran Hanh Phiic, 'j Phdng Cdng nghe biin ddi Sinh hoc, Vien Sinh hoc Nhiet dai \
Chu Bing Vu, Dang Hong Hanh :
Cdng ty Sinh hoc Ndng nghiep HPC '/.T j
MODAU
Trong qua trinh sinh trudng phat trien, cay trdng khdng nhihig can cac chat dinh dudng CO ban nhu nude, protein, gluxit, lipit, chat khoang... ma cdn can cac chat co hoat tinh sinh ly nhu vitamin, enzym va hoocmon. Trong dd hoocmon giir mdt vi tri quan trong trong viec dieu chinh cac qua trinh sinh trudng, phat trien va cac hoat ddng sinh ly ciia cay trdng. Hoocmon thuc vat (phytohormones) la cac chat huu co cd ban chat hoa hgc khac nhau dugc tdng hgp vdi mdt lugng rat nhd d cac bd phan nhat dinh ciia cay va tir do dugc chuyen den co quan, bd phan khac trong cay, tham gia dieu hoa cac hoat ddng sinh ly, cac qua trinh sinh trudng, phat trien cua cay, duy tri mdi quan he hai hoa giiia cac bd phan trong cay.
Qua nghien cim ban chat ciia cac hoocmon thuc vat, bang con dudng tdng hgp hoa hoc, con ngudi da tao ra mdt loat cac hop chat hoa hgc cd hoat tinh sinh hgc tuong tu nhu cac hoocmon thuc vat lam phuong tien hda hoc dieu chinh sinh trudns, nhat triSn cua cay nham thu nang suat cao, pham chat tdt, dieu khien cay trdng theo nhung dinh hudng mong mudn.
Trong nhdm cac chat dieu hoa suih trudng, hai chat hien nay cd ung dung hieu qua:
a-NAA {axit a- naphtylaxetic)
NAA cd tac dung kim ham su rung la, rung hoa, rung qua [1].
Cdng thuc hoa hgc ciia a -NAA
i
CKCOOH
• ' • 6 a
• ,^K.Tt^
a-NA.-\
GA3 {axit gibberellic)
GA3 cung cd tac dung ngan can su rung la, hoa ciia cay, ddng thdi kich thich sV sinh trudng cua cay, keo dai, tang sinh Lhdi, lam to khoe cudng va hoa [21.
Phin I: CdNG NGHg BigN Ddl SINH HgC 163 Cdng thuc hoa hgc ciia axit gibberellic:
--r
it-
O H
Dua vao dSc tinh cua a - NAA va axit gibberellic can phai nghien cuu tac dung phdi hgp cua chiing de tao ra dugc cac san pham phuc hoi cay sau khi ra hoa, cudng qua dai, khoe, qua phat trien hai hoa de tranh to nhanh, rung trai non.
VAT LIEU VA PHirONG PHAP
1. Khao sat tac dung tuong ho giira GA3 va NAA lam tang dau qua, chong rung trai non.
f ~ Cac khao nghiem dugc lam tren timg nhdm 5 cay ddng deu, liy gia tri tnmg binh.
\._ Dia diem thi nghiem tai Long Khanh - Ddng Nai, tren nhan tieu da bd.
p kg/cay
60 80 lOfl NAA (ppm)
60 80 100 120 GA3 (ppm)
H.I. Anh hu'd'ng cua NAA len nang su^t cay nhan. H.2. Anh hu-crng cua GA3 len nSng suit cay nhan
1
t; Dua tren cac ket qua d hinh 1 va 2, ty le phdi hgp giiia NAA, GA3 dugc chgn la:
' NAA = 1 lOppm, GA3 = 50 ppm.
Bang 1: K i t qua phdi hgp giu'a NAA, GA3 tac dung l^m tang dau qua tren cay nhan.
BHST (ppm) Nang suat (l<g/cSy)
NAA 9,8
GA3 12,5
NAA(110 ppm) + GA3 ( 50ppm) 15,8
^^4 HCii nqhj KHOA HQC VA CdNG NGHg 2007
I
2
Dua tren cac kkt qua nghien ciru dat dugc, mdt san pham dugc dua vao ung dung, kSt hgp vdi cac nguyen td da, trung va vi lugng.
San pham cd ten la NPD.
Thanh phin NPD: N: 8%; P2O5: 4%; K2O: 8%; B, Mg; 0,5%; (Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Mo):
lOOppm; NAA: 1 lOppm; GA3: 50ppm.
2. Phirong phap khao nghiem
Phucmg phdp bo tri thi nghiem: Cac thi nghiem dugc bd tri theo khdi day du hoan toan ngau nhien vdi 5 lin nhic lai doi vdi cay hang nam (rau mau) va hoan toan ngau nhien vdi 3 lin nhic lai ddi vdi cay an trai (nhan). Dien tich d thi nghiem tir 50 - 100m' phu thudc vao timg loai cay.
Cac thi nghiem dugc bd tri tren d ldm khdng lap lai, dien tich d cac d thi nghiem tir 5000 - 1000m tuy thudc vao timg loai cay trdng. • j
Cdc chi tieu theo doi:
Cac yeu td cau thanh nang suat.
r r
Nang suat thuc thu va hieu qua kinh te.
Ky thuat sic dung phdn khao nghiem:
15 -20ml NPD/1 binh xit 8 lit, xit 3 lan each nhau 7-10 ngay sau ra hoa.
KET QUA VA THAO LUAN f a) Hieu lyc cua NPD tren cay nhan:
+ Thi nghiem I: ''
n y
Dia diem : Long Khanh, Ddng Nai .;
Gidng : Nhan tieu da bd (4 nam tudi) '} • Dit : Xam
Thdi vu : 2004 t . Ndi dung thi nghiem: cd ddi chung
Nen (1kg NPK 20-20-0 + 1kg 16-16-8) ddi chimg.
+ Ket qua thi nghiem:
Bang 2. Anh hu'ang ciia phan bdn 1^ NPD d4n cdc y4u t6 ciu thUnh ndng suit nhdn tr§n
dit xdm (gia tri trung binh).
Cong thu'c D6i chu'ng
NPD
Sd chum/ cay 52 57
Sd trdi/ chum 34 55
P.IOOtrdi(kg)
1.06 1.17
Nhan xet: Cdng thuc dugc xir ly phan bdn la NPD cd sir khac biet nhd ve sd chiun nhan tren cay. Nhung cd sai lech Idn (cd y nghia thdng ke) so vdi ddi chimg \k so trai/chiim. Chimg td NPD da lam tang kha nang dau trai nhan, ngoai ra khi phun NPD,
trgng lugng ciia trai ciing Idn hon so vdi ddi chung. Jj
1^'
^ pnan I: CdNG NGHg BigN Sdl SINH HgC
fe- 165
Bang 3. Anh hu'ang cua phan bdn la NPD d i n nang suit nhan tren d i t xam
(gia trj trung binh).
Cong thu'c Doi chifng
NPD
Nang sudt (kg/cay)
19,95 32,2
Nang suat tang (kg/cay)
12,25
Nang sudt tang (%)
61,4
Nhan xet: Phan bdn la NPD cd hieu luc rd ret, lam tang dau qua, chdng rung trai
? non, tang kich thudc va trgng lugng trai. Cu th8 NPD da lam tang nang suit nhan rd ret tren dat xam trung binh 61,4%.
Bang
Nghifm thirc Doi cJiLfng
NPD
4. Hifu qua kinh t l cua san phim NPD d i n cay r
Nang suSt (tan/ha )
7,15 8,10
Ndng s u i t tang (tan/ha )
0,950
T6ng thu tang (I.OOOd)
3.800
hdn tren ddt xam.
T6ng chi tang(*) (I.OOOd)
440
L(y\ tang (I.OOOd)
( 3.360 1
Ghi chii: Gia phan bon la NPD tai thdi diSm 2004 la 5.000 d/lOOml, gia nhan 4.000 d/kg.
(*) Chi phi phan bdn la va cdng lao ddng.
r Nhdn xet: Sir dung san phim NPD da lam tang nang suit nhan tii 750 - 1.500kg/ha va tang muc Idi cho ngudi trdng khoang 3-6 trieu ddng/ha.
+ Thi nghiem 2:
Dia di^m : Chg Gao, Ti6n Giang
Gidng : Nhan tieu da bd (4 nam tudi) Dat : Phil sa
Thdi vu: 6/2004-12/2004
Nlu (0,35 N + 0,32 P2O5 + 0,43 K2O) - Ddi chung + Ket qua thi nghiem
Bdng 5. Anh huo-ng cua NPD d i n mgt s6 y l u td cdu thdnh ndng suit nhan tren ddt phu sa.
Cong thirc Ooi ciiLrng
NPD
Sd c h u m / c a y (churn)
37 45,7
S6 trai/ cay (trai) 28,7 39,8
P.IOOtrai (kg) 1.02 1.15
Nhdn xet: Tuong tu kit qua ve hieu luc cua phan bdn la tren dat xam. Tren dat phii sa, phan bdn la NPD da anh hudng tich cue den mdt sd yeu td cau thanh nang suat: lam tang sd chiim /cay, lam tang dang kk sd qua tren chiim, ddng thdi trgng lugng trai ciing tang.
' ' Bang
Cong thiPC Ooi chifng
NPD
B
6. Anh hu-dng cua NPD din ndng sudt nhdn tren ddt phu sa.
Nang s u i t (tin/ha) | Nang s u i t tang (tin/ha) 8.80
13,3 4,5
Nang s u i t tang (%)
51,1
166 H$i nghj KHOA HQC VA CONG NGHg 2007
b) Anh hudng cua NPD den nang suat cay dua leo:
+ Thi nghiem:
Dia dilm : Hoc Mdn, TP. HCM Gidng : Dua leo (F 133) Dit : Xam
Thdi vu : He thu
Ndu (0,2 N + 0,08 P2O5 + 0,15 K2O) - Ddi chung + Ket qua thi nghiem:
Bang 7. Anh hu'ang cua sdn pham NPD din ndng s u i t cay du'a leo (gia U-i trung binh).
Cong thOc Ddi chLcng
NPD
Nang s u i t (kg/cay) 20,25
25,5
Nang s u i t tang (kg/cay)
5,25
Nang s u i t tang (%)
26,0
Nhdn xet: Xir ly san phim NPD cho dua leo, nang suat tang len ro ret tir 25 - 26%
Bang 8. Hieu qua kinh t l cua san pham NPD tren cdy du'a leo (gia tri trung binh).
Nghiem thupc Ooi chi>ng
NPD
Nang suit (tin/ha )
20,25 25,5
Nang s u i t tang (tin/ha )
5,25
Tong thu tang (I.OOOd)
7.875
Tdng chi tang(*) (I.OOOd)
910
LQ'i tang (I.OOOd)
6.965 Ghi chu: Gia NPD: 5.000 d/lOOml.
(*) Chi phi them ve phan bon va cong lao dong.
c) Anh hirdng ciia NPD den cay kho qua:
+ Thi nghiem:
Dia dilm : Hoc Mdn, TP.HCM Gidng : Khd qua (2 miii ten dd) Dit : Xam
Thdi vu : Ddng xuan 2004
N l u (0,2 N + 0,2 P2O5 + 0,1 K2O) - Ddi chung + Ket qua thi nshiem:
Bang 9. Hieu qua kinh t l cua san phim NPD tren cay khd qua (gia tri trung binh).
Nghifm thCrc
Ooi chLfng NPD
Nang suat (tin/ha )
Nang s u i t tang ( t i n / h a )
Tong thu tang (I.OOOd)
Ting chi tdng(*) (I.OOOd)
22,65
25,25 2,60 5.200 335
L<7i tdng (I.OOOd)
4.865
Ghi chii : (*): Chi phi them ve phan bdn va cdng lao ddng phim thudc NPD.
1
Phin I: CdNG NGHg BigN Ddl SINH Hgc I 5 7
Nhdn xet- Su dyng san phim NPD da lam tang nang suit tir 2-3 tin/ha va lam tang miic Idi cho ngudi trdng khoang 4-5 trieu ddng/ha.
KET LUAN
Qua nhimg kit qua khao nghiem ddi vdi cay nhan, dua leo, thi NPD diu cho kit qua rit tdt so vdi ddi chiing. Chl phim NPD cd tac dung tang nang suit so vdi doi chiing nhu:
+ Ddi vdi cay nhan tang 50-60%
+ Ddi vdi cay dua leo tang 20-30%.
+ Ddi vdi cay khd qua NPD lam tang nang suit tir 2-3 tin/ha va tang miic Idi ciia ngudi san xuat tir 4-5 trieu ddng/ha.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Nguyen Quang Thanh, Nguyen Manh Khai, Trin Hanh Phiic - Etylen va ung dung trong hrdng trgt. NXB Ndng Nghiep Da Nlng, 1999, P.7 -15.
2. Pham Van Cdn - Cac bien phap dieu khien sinh trudng, phat trien, ra hoa, kit qua cay an h-ai. NXB Ndng Nghiep, 2005, P. 142-156.
3. Renther W, Smith P. E, Shanivon L.M.: Cay an qua nhiet ddi. Tap 2. NXB Khoa Hgc Va Ky Thuat. Ha Ndi 1973.
4. Burg S. P, Burg E.A. The intemation between auxin and Ethylene and its role in plant growth// proc Nat. Ac. Sci. USA - 1966 - Vol.55, Nl - P.262 - 262.
