Nghien ciiu - Trao doi
\iBanh gia moi truung nudc song To Lich theo ham luung mpt so kim loai naiig
O TS. NGO THj LAN PHUONG Tnidng Dai hgc Khoa hpc Tu nhien (Trudng Dal hgc Qudc gla Hi Ndi)
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dng Td Ljch nam trong Idng Thu do Hi Ndi dupc coi nhumdt kinh din nu&c thai cdng nghiep vi do thi eua Thanh phd.Nhieu doan nudt sdng cd mau den, rde thai vUt bua bai hai bin bd vi gida ddng. Thdt gian gan diy, cung vdi sund lu: cua Thanh phd, hai bin bdsong Td Lfch da dtfpc ke toan bd, eai ihien dang ki vdmat my quan. Tuy nhiin, sdng T6 Lieh vdi ehiie nang chinh li ndi tiep nhan nu&c thai cua Ha Npi va ntfdc sdng dupc su'dung lam nu&c tudi trong canh tac ndng nghiip nin vdn ludn tiem an kha ning gay d nhiem die biit li eie kim loai ning. Digdp phan lim sing td van de b-en, nghiin edu nay da tien hinh khao sat him lupng kim loai ning trong nu&e sdng Td Lfch vi tim hiiu ngudn gde gay d nhiSm.
DOI TUONG, NQI DUNG VA PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN CLTU
Dor iupng nghiin cut/: Cdc kim loai ndng (Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn. As vd Pb); nudc sdng Td Lich.
Phuong phap nghien cdu:
Phuong phap dilu tra, thu ttiap mlu ngodi thyc i^a: Mau nrfdc sdng dupc Ily ttieo TCVN 5996 - 1995 vao chai nhya PE 500ml. Chl tidu pH dupc do nhanh tai hien frudng; PhUOng phdp nghien eflu frong phdng ttif nghiem: Sau khi phdn loai, kf bleu liep tyc dupc xfl ly di xac d[nh ham lupng kim loai ndng bang ICP-MStai phdng Gidm djnh Hda phdp ly - Vien Khoa hpc hinh sy - Bd Cong an; Phrfong phap xfl If sd lieu: Cae kit qui phan tfch dupc tinh loan vd xfl If tiidng ke fren phin mim MINIT/^ 16.
K§'T QUA VA THAO LUAN Chdt luang nu&c sdng: De dinh gid chit trfpng nudc sdng.
cde mau nude drfpc lay va phdn
lfch ham Irfpng cdc kim loai ndng, tfnh gid trj trung binh vd khoang biln thien roi danh gia so vdl lieu ehuin cho phep hidn hanh.
Trong bang Quy Chuan kJ ttiuat qudc gia v l chat lupng nude mdt cDa Viet Nam (QCVN 08:
2008), ddi vdi pH da dUa ra ngudng d o phep la 6,0 - 8,5 (toai A) vd 5,5 - 9,0 (toai B). Nhrf vdy, d t h i thay tit c i eac mau nudc deu dat chi tieu pH. Nhin chung. ham lupng kim loai ndng trong nudc khdng eao, phan Idn chi xac dinh dUpc lrfpng vit, tham chf khdng phat hien nhrf: Cr, Co, Cu, Pb. Ham lupng Fe tmng binh chi Id 0,470 mg/l ttiap hPn d lieu chuin A l , trong do eung chi cd 4 mau Vrfpt ngudng A2 va 100%
d c mlu dat chuan B1. Ni chl phdt hien lupng vet b tat c i d e mau vdi gia tii rit nho (<a,01mg/l). Gia tii nay d n ttiap hdn rit nhieu so vdi tieu chuin quy t^nh lai QCVN 08:2008. V l nguydn tdZn, chl phat
hien lupng vet rat nho (dao dong trong khoing 0,015 - 0,046mg/l) tiilp hon khi so sdnh vdi nhieu mut tidu ehuan, ttidm d f ttiap hdn rat nhilu ngay d khi so dnh vdi tieu chuin US EPA. Odi vdi /te, kit qua phan t f d d e mau d o gia tii xap xl nhau dao ddng frong khdng 0,024 - 0.036mg/l, eao hon A2 nhung van thip hon 81. Nhrf vay, kit qua nghien cflu chat lupng nude song Td Ljch tai 12 dilm lay mlu dio ttid'y d e ehi tidu khio sat dat tieu d u i n quy dinh.
Phan loai ngudn gde eic kim loai
Phin loai theo diim Idy mSu Ket qua danh gii cho thay sy khac bidt v l chat Irfdng mdi tnidng nudc la khdng nhilu. PhUdng phap phdn lfch nhdm phan loai dja diem lay mau se cho Ihly rd hon mflt dp lUdng ding v l ham lupng kim loai ndng trong eae mlu.
Khoang each gifla d c nhdm chfnh dde trung cho mflc dd gidng nhau v l ham lupng giu^ eae kim loai.
Trong phan tieh mau, vdi mflt do tUdng ddng tren 75% thi d the lieh ra thanh cdc nhdm rieng biet,
Cdy phdn loai b Hlnh 1 cho thay, d c mau TL02, TL03, TL09 dtihg rieng bidt d n cac dilm khac cd t h i chia 2 nhdm ehfnh co ham lupng kim loai trong mlu gan gidng nhau nhrf sau: Nhdm 1:
Gdm mlu TL01, TL04, TL05, 3 0 Tdi nguydn vg Mdi frudng | Kyi • Thing 7/2015
fc 0.
34 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
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*
*
•
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f " * Being 1 , Kdt qua phin tich him luang cic
fk 1 K y h i e u TL01 TL02 TL03 TL04 TLa5 TL06 TL07 TL08 TL09 TL10 T U I TLI 2 Average Max Min Rat 99/2008 QCVN 08:2008 A l QCVN 08:2008 A2 QCVN 08:2008 61 QCVN 08:2008 B2 USEPA1999,CMC US EPA1999, CCC
pH 7,8 7,79 7,95 7,79 7,8 7,85 7,63 7,65 7,68 7,7 7,82 7.96 7,79 7,96 7,63
6-8,5 6-8,5 5,5-9 5,5-9
Cr 0,007 0,006 0,004 0,003 0,003 0.003 0,006 0,006 0,003 0,007 0,006 0,007 0,005 0,007 0,003
0,050 0,100 0,500 1,000 0,016 0,011
Mn 0,278 0,221 0,233 0.277 0.281 0,270 0,237 0,234 0,223 0,229 0,230 0,234 0,246 0,281 0,221
Fe 0,432 0,397 0,348 0,396 0.428 0.481 0.479 0.538 0,613 0,543 0,433 0.554 0.470 0.613 0.348
0,500 1,000 1,500 2,000
KLN trong nudc sdng
Co 0,001
-
0,001 0,001 0,002
- -
0,002 Ni 0,012 0,056 0,004 0,009 0,005 0,010 0,005 0.005 0,005 0,006 0,006 0.005 0.011 0.056 0.004
0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100
Cu 0.007 0.006 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.008 0.006 0.008 0.009 0.008 0.012 0.007 0.008 0,012 0,006
0,100 0,200 0,500 1,000 0,013 0,009
76 Lich
Bdn vi tinh: mg/l
Zn 0,029 0,015 0,037 0,017 0,041 0,046 0,036 0,032 0,037 0,038 0,025 0,038 0,033 0,046 0,015
0,500 1,000 1,500 2,000 0,120 0,120
A s 0,024 0,031 0,029 0,032 0,029 0,027 0,028 0,025 0,026 0,028 0,036 0,032 0,029 0,036 0,024 0,100 0,010 0,020 0,050 0,100 0,340 0,150
Pb 0,003 0,001 0,003
aooi
0,003 0,004 0,003 0,003 0,010 0,012 0,002 0,005 0,004 0,012 0,001 0,100 0,020 0,020 0,050 0,050 0,650 0,0025
* /W7 99/2008 - MUc gidi han td'i da cho phip cda mdt sd kim loai nang tmng nudc tudi ban hinh kem theo Quyet djnh sd 99/20Q8/QD-BNN ngay 15/10/2008 cda Bd tmdng Bd NN&PTNT
* QCVN 08:2008 - Quy chuan ky thuit qudc gia ve chdt IUdng nude mit ban hinh theo Quyet djnh sd 16/2008/QD-BTNMT ngiy 31/12/2008 cda Bd tn/dng Bd TN&MT, tmng do:
A1 - Sddung tdt cho miJC dich cap nUdc sinh hoat va cic muc dich khae nhu loai A2, Bl va B2.
A2 - Dung cho muc dich cap nifdc sinh hoat nhting phai ap dung cdng nghe xd ly phii hgp; bao ton ddng thtic v$t thdy sinh, hoic cic muc dich sd dung nhu loai Bl vi B2.
Bl - DOng cho muc dich tudi tieu thdy igi hoic cac muc dich sd dung khic cd ydu ciu chat lugng nudc tuang tu hoic cic muc dich sd dung nhu loai B2.
82 - Giao thdng thup va cac muc dich khic vdi yeu du nudc chdt iugng thap.
' US EPA - US EPA (1999) National recommended water quality criteria.
CMC - Criteria maximum concentration.
CCC - Criteria continuous concentration.
(-) Khdng phat hien.
Tdi nguydn vd Mdi tradng | KV1 • Thing 7/2015 3 1
Hinh 1. Phan tich nhdm phin loai dia diim lay miu
TL06, TL07 va TLII; nhdm 2: Gom cde mau TL08, TL10vaTL12.
Phin loai theo cac thinh phin mau Phin tieh tuang quan
Phan ti'ch Irfong quan gifla eac d P chl tieu phan tfch danh gia sy Irfong dong ve ngudn gdc gifla eae nguyen td. Vdi P 0,01, d c nguydn td d gia trj cao (0,5 r 0,9) Id d c cdp Co - Mn va Fe - Pb. Nhu vay, eae nguyen td ndy cd t h i Id do tfl cung mpt ngudn gdy 6 nhilm.
Bang 2. Sang ma trin hi sdtUdng quan Pearson's
Nhdm 2: Vd] dde trUng la nguydn Id Cr va Ni.
Nhdm 3: Dde trung cho nguyen t l Mn va Co, Nhdm 4: Ode tning tho hai nguyen to As va Cu.
Hlnh 2. Phin tich nhdm phin loai him lugng cac kim loai nang
t
B^taV^tflnahta
Phan tich nhdm
Trong phdn tfch nhdm CA, dya vao mflc dd gidng nhau ve d c nguydn td cd thi ehia thanh eac nhdm trfdng flng. Phdn tieh d c kim loai ndng theo nhdm ttiu dupc dd thj bilu didn mfle dp tuong dong efla d e kim loai nhu Hinh 2. Tfl hlnh tren cho thay, vdi mflc dp tuong dong chl khoing 50% da eo sy phan chia ra d e kim loai nghidn eflu thanh 04 nhdm rieng biet nhusau:
Nhom 1: Ode tnmg cho nhdm nay la cae nguyen td Fe, Pb va Zn.
3 2 Tdi nguydn vd Mdi trudng | KH-Thing 7/2015
Vdi ddc linh giong nhau ve sy xuat hien cfla cic kim loai trong mlu (khoing 75%). cic nguyen Id gSn nhu khdng d n lien quan chi d n hai nhom Co - Mn va Fe - Pb. Kit qua nay hoan loan ttiing ldp vdi kit qui phdn tfeh tuong quan.
KET LUAN
Kit qua nghien cl!fu chat lupng nrfdc sdng To Ljch tai 12 dilm lay mau eho thay cac chi tieu khao sal dat lieu chuan quy djnh. Nhin ehung, ham Irfpng kim loai ndng trong nrfdc khdng cao. phin ldn chl xae djnh drfpc Irfpng vet, thdm chf khong phat hien nhU Cr, Co, Cu, Pb. Oanh gia theo i^a dilm lay mau de phdn loai nguon gdc kim loai cho thd'y cae mau lay lai cac dja dilm khdc nhau nhifng cd mfle dp tuong ddng eao ve ham Irfpng cdc kim loai nang. Oanh gid theo thanh phin mau bing phdn tich tuong quan va phan tfeh nhdm deu cho thay mfle dd Irfong dong gifla eic nguydn td kim loai khdng eao. chl cd cdp Co - Mn vd Fe - Pb nen edc nguyen td nay ed t h i la do lfl cung mdt nguon gdy d nhilm.
TAI LI|U THAM KHAO
1. Bp NN&PTNT (2008), Quy djnh quan iif san xudt, kinh doanh rau qua va che an toin. Ban hanh theo Quyet djnh sd 99/2008/QD-BNN ng^y 15/10/2008.
2. Bd TN&MT (2008), Quy ehuin ky thuit qudc gia vi chat iugng nudc mit. Ban hanh theo Quylt djnh sd 16/2008/QO-BTNMT ngSy 31/12/2008."