t'lfe-
PHAP LUAT - AN NHIH THUUNG NlAI
Dol pho chong ban pha gia doi vdi nir^c CO nen kinh te phi thi triTofng
• TRINH ANH TUAN Ci|c Quan 1^ C^nh Tranh B$ Cong Thtfdng
S au khi trd thdnh thdnh vien chinh thiic cua WTO, cdc DN V»#t Nam d d c6 ctf hgi moi rgng thi
tnidng ra nhieu niidc tren the gidi. Cung vdi syC ndng dgng cua cdc DNXK, cdc chinh sdch ho tnf tich cifc cua cdc ccfquan chiic ndng, hdng Vi^t dd co cho diing vUng chac tg.i cdc thi tnidng tieu thy. trgng diem vd khong chi Id moi quan nggi cho cdc nhd sdn xudt niidc sd tgi md cdn cgnh tranh td't vdi cdc ngudn XK truyen thd'ng nhii Trung Qudc, An Do... Tuy n h i e n , song song vdi viec phdt trien md rgng mgng liidi XK tren todn the gidi thi cdc vu kien thiidng mgi xudt hien ngdy cdng nhieu, nhii: chdng bdn phd gid, chdng trg cap vd tli ve... dnh hiidng nghiem trgng de'n ke hoach tdng tnidng XK vd khd ndng cgnh tranh cua DN Viet Nam. tren thi tnidng qudc te.
Tinh tuf nam 1994 den thang 5/2010, cac DN Viet Nam da phai dildng ddu vdi 35 vy kien ehdng ban pha gia. Trong dd, ta't cd vy kien quan trpng vdi cdc san pham XK cd kim nggch ldn deu lidn quan den thi tnidng chau Au va Hoa Ky nhif vy kien gidy mii da vao thi tnidng EU, vy
2 2 I THUONG m i So 23/2010
kien tdm, cd tra, ca basa vao th}
tnidng Hoa Ky... Hdu het cac vy kien ndy deu cd nhiing tdc ddng tieu cilc rat ldn ddn nhifng van de xa hdi nhil: cdng fin viec lam, thu nhap cho ngiidi lao ddng...
Dien hinh, vy kien vdi Hoa Ky ve cd tra, ca basa va tdm da dan den hau qua hang nghin hd ndng dan nudi trdng bi mac np va nhieu hp bi tdi ngheo. Vu kien giay mii da vdi EU khien cho hang trfim lao ddng mat viec ldm vfi tac ddng den gdn mdt trieu lao ddng trong nganh giay da, trong dd 80% la phy nil.
Trdng cdc vy kien chdng ban phd gia, Viet Nam bl EU, Hoa Ky va mdt sd nvfdc khac ap dat quy che nen kinh te phi thi tnidng (Non Market Economic - NME).
Thyc te nay khien cho cac DN Viet Nam cang gap rdt nhieu bat lpi trong eac cudc didu tra chdng ban pha gia. Bdi viee xac dinh mdt qud'c gia id kinh te' thi tnfdng (ME) hay NME chi nhdm myc dich phyc vu chd cudc dieu tra chd'ng pha gid vd viec xdc dinh nhif vdy do Cd quan dieu tra chd'ng bdn pha gia thyc hien tren cd sd cdc tieu chi hoan toan cd tinh chat ky thuat lien quan de'n khia cgnh kinh te' ciia vy kien chd khdng the hien quan diem ehinh tri.
Theo quy dinh tgi Dieu 2 - Hiep dinh chdng bdn pha gia ciia To chifc thydng mgi the gidi (WTO) "... mdt sdn pham bi cei la ban phd gia khi san pham dd
dtfdc b a n a thi trtfdng NK vdl mtfc gid XK nhd hdn gid tri thong thudng tai thi trtfdng npi dia ntfdc XK. Ciing theo quy dinh ciia WTO tai Dieu 6 (Phdn bd sung thiJ 2 cho dogn 1 Dieu 6 trong Phy luc 1 ciia GATT
1994) "Trong trtfdng hdp hang hod NK tuf mdt ntfdc van tdn tgi the che dgc quyen nhd nUdc, hogt dgng thUdng mgi vd gid cd hdng hod ngi dia do nhd ntfdc quy dinh nen kha ndng sd sdnh ve gid se gfip nhieu khd khfin.
Trong nhiing trtfdng hdp nhil vay, cdc bdn lien quan cd the se khdng suf dyng gid hang hod npi dia de so sanh".
Dya trdn quy dinh ndy ciia WTO, mdt sd ntfdc coi nhiing nen NME la nhiing ndn kinh te tdn tai dpc quyen nha nildc va nhd ntfdc can thiep vao cac hogt ddng kinh ddanh cua DN. Khi dd, gia tri thdng thtfdng khdng dtfpc tinh dtfa tren sd lieu ciia DN XK (vi dy: gia ban trong ntfdc, hoac neu khdng cd lai thi dung gia tri thdng thildng til tinh) ma difpc tinh dtfa tren sd lieu ciia "nildc thay the'". Theo quy che ndy, nildc NK suf dyng ngudn dil lieu tuf mpt nildc thuf ba thay the de tinh todn bien dp pha gid. Chang han nhif: trong vu viec dc vit bdng thep khdng ri, Dai Loan dtf(?c li/a chpn la ntfdc thay the cho Viet Nam;
trong vu dien eye vdn-fram lien
quan den Trung Qudc, My dtfpc
chpn la ntfdc thay the.
PHAP LUAT - AN NINH THUUNG MAI
Ve nguydn tdc, nifdc XK cd t h e d a m p h d n vdi nifdc NK de' lya chpn nifdc t h a y t h e . Tuy n h i e n , m d t dieu kien tien quyet de cd quan dieu tra lya chpn m d t nildc thay t h e cho nildc k h a e Id phdi d a m b a d cdc n h a s d n x u a t tgi nildc thay t h e s d n s a n g h p p tdc cung edp cac so lieu de xae dinh gia ciia sdn p h a m tydng t y tgi thi tnidng ndi dia che cd quan dieu tra. Treng khi, cac n h a sdn xudt tgi nildc thay the' cd the' chinh Id ddi thu cgnh t r a n h ciia cac DN d a n g bi dieu tra. Thdng thildng nhiing n h a s d n xudt n a y k h d n g s d n s a n g cung cap t h d n g tin cho cd quan dieu t r a h e a c n h i i n g t h d n g tin hp cung c a p thifdng k h d n g d a n g tin cay. C h i n h dieu ndy da lam cho thud' chd'ng b d n p h a gia dd'i vdi cae h d n g h d a XK tuf cae nifdc cd n e n kinh t e p h i thi trifdng thifdng dilpc tinh cao hdn Sd vdi cac nydc k h d e . Dien h i n h vy k i e n ca tra, b a s a ciia Viet Nam vac thi trydng Hda Ky, trdng qua t r i n h tid'n h a n h dieu tra sd bd, Bd Thildng m g i Hoa Ky da chpn An Dp la nifdc t h a y the' cho Viet Nam. Theo dd Bd Thifdng mgi Hda Ky da k h d n g suf dyng cac sd lieu ve chi phi s a n xuat thyc te' tai Viet Nam m a suf dung cac so' lieu tai An Dp de tinh gia tri thdng thifdng va ke't qua la bien dp p h a gia t a m t i n h cao n h d t ldn tdi 6 3 , 8 8 % .
Trong vy kien c h d n g b d n p h a gia t d m ciia Viet Nam vdo thi t n i d n g Hoa Ky. Theo t i n h t o d n b a n ddu, Bd Thildng mgi Hda Ky lya c h p n An Dp la nilde t h a y the' cho Viet Nam va ke't qud la b i e n dp p h a gia ddi vdi tdm XK ciia Viet Nam la 9 3 , 1 3 % . Tuy n h i e n , sau khi cd y kie'n p h a n ddi cua C h i n h phii Viet Nam ve viec lya c h p n n y d c t h a y t h e n d y , Bd ThUdng mgi Hoa Ky da lya c h p n
B a n g l a d e s h la nifdc t h a y the' t h a y vi An Dp va bidn dp p h a gid d a g i a m d d n g ke' cud'i ciing chi c d n : 4 , 1 3 % - 2 5 , 7 6 % .
Q u a n t r p n g h d n cd Hea Ky vd EU (2 dd'i t d c q u a n t r p n g n h a t ciia Viet Nam h i e n nay) d e u k h d n g ed cdc quy d i n h rd r a n g ve viec lila c h p n nifdc t h a y the', n d n khi chila cd vy k i e n xay ra, c a c DN s d n xua't va XK ciia Viet N a m k h d cd t h e d y d e a n , de p h d n g tnfdc difpc b i d n dp p h d gia de h p cd c a c gidi p h d p dieu c h i n h gid XK, gia b a n tgi t h i trtfdng trong ntfdc n h d m logi bd nguy cd c a c eude didu t r a chd'ng b a n p h a gia ed t h e xdy r a . Tuy n h i d n , t h e o quy dinh cua EU va Hoa Ky, t r o n g m d t n y d c NME, c a e n h a XK Viet Nam vdn cd the' yeu cdu dypc h y d n g dd'i xiJ ME n e u n h y h p cd t h e chufng m i n h dypc hp h o g t d p n g t h e o c a c dieu k i e n ciia ME. CP quan didu t r a c h d n g b a n p h a gia se suf d u n g c a c so lieu chi phi s a n x u d t t r o n g nildc ciia ridng n g d n h dd de t i n h bidn dp p h d gia.
Ddi vdi EU, c a c DN p h a i dila cdc b a n g chufng chiing m i n h dilpc nhiing ye'u to, cy the': Cdc quye't dinh ciia DN lien quEtn de'n gid cd, chi phi va n g u y e n lieu ddu vdo k e cd n g u y e n lieu thd, chi p h i ky t h u a t va nhfin cdng, gid tri ddu r a , d d a n h t h u b d n h a n g va ddu tif; difpc d y a r a n h d m d d p ufng vdi n h i i n g bdo h i e u t h i tnfdng vd t i n h t r g n g cung - cau vd k h d n g cd stf c a n t h i e p d d n g ke n a e ciia Nha nildc dd'i vdi c a c quyet dinh n a y va chi p h i chd n g u y e n lieu e h i n h ciia d d u v a c p h d i p h d n a n h dilpc m p t cdch cd b d n gia tri t r d n thi t n i d n g ; Cac DN p h d i cd m d t he thd'ng sd s a c h kd' t o a n rd r a n g , dtfpc kiem t o a n m d t cdch dpc l a p t h e o tieu c h u a n ke' t o a n qudc te'
va dilpc a p d u n g cho t a t ea m y c dich; Chi phi s a n x u a t va t i n h h i n h tai c h i n h ciia DN k h d n g p h a i chiu nhifng sai lech d a n g k e do h e thd'ng ME tnfdc d a y m a n g lgi, dgc b i e t la lien quan tdi s y gidm gid tri ciia tdi s d n , c a c logi phe' t h a i k h a c , b a n td'ng b a n t h d o va t h a n h t o a n t h d n g qua h i n h thufc bdi thifdng c a c k h o d n np; Cdc DN dilpc de c a p d t r d n p h a i t u a n t h e o luat p h a sdn va lugt sd h d u tai s a n de bdo d a m t i n h c h d e c h d n ve m a t p h d p ly vd t i n h dn d i n h cho h o g t d d n g ciia DN; Viec chuye'n ddi ty gia hd'i ddai p h d i dilpc t h y c h i e n t h e e ty gia t r d n thi t n i d n g . . .
Dd'i vdi Hda Ky de dilpc hildng dd'i xuf ME, DN XK p h a i ddng thdi chufng m i n h difpc rdng: Khdng cd s y c a n t h i e p ciia C h i n h p h u trong viee d a t gia va s a n lildng h a n g h o a ddi vdi m d t thi trydng n h a t dinh; T o a n bd n g a n h cdng n g h i e p do do ca n h a n h o a c m d t n h d m cd n h a n sd hilu; P h d n ldn d d u vao ddu dilpc m u a vdi gia t r e n thi t n i d n g .
T h e o c a m k d t ciia Viet Nam khi gia n h a p WTO, Viet Nam se bi coi la nifdc NME de'n he't ngdy 3 1 / 1 2 / 2 0 1 8 , t n i t n i d n g h p p Viet Nam chufng m i n h , gidi t r i n h difpc vdi c a c ntfdc t h a n h v i e n ciia WTO t h e o c a c quy d i n h ciia ndi l u a t ciia h p r d n g n e n k i n h td' Viet Nam la ME. Do d o , trong k h o a n g thdi gian t n l d c m d t , Viet Nam p h d i c h a p n h a n s y t h a t la v d n sd bi Hoa Ky, EU vd m d t so nifdc coi la ntfdc cd NME.
De dd'i p h d vdi t h a c h thufc va h g n che nhiing t h i e t hgi do cdc t r a n h c h a p thtfdng mgi gay ra, eP q u a n C h i n h phii vd DN c d n cd nhiing phtfPng a n va gidi p h a p cu t h e . Thed dd, Ddi vdi C h i n h phii:
Thd nhdt, t h u c d a y cai e a c h n e n k i n h td' d i n h ^*^
THUONG M4I So 23/2010 I 2 3
P H A P LUAT
- AN NINH THUUNG MAI
hildng thi t n i d n g va c u n g luc, chu ddng van ddng, giai trinh c a c t h a n h vien WTO cdng n h a n Viet Nam Id m d t n d n ME s d m n h a t cd t h e . Tinh de'n nay, Viet Nam da dilpc 2 3 nildc t r e n the' gidi cdng n h a n la nildc cd n e n kinh te' thi tnidng; Thii: hai, chii dpng de nghi r a s o a t va didu c h i n h dd'i vdi cdc dieu k h o d n WTO cd lidn quan d e n ndri NME difdi s y didu chinh ciia Hiep dinh chd'ng b a n p h a gid ciia WTO.
Hien nay, WTO d a n g t r o n g qua t r i n h rd sodt Hiep d i n h C h d n g b a n p h a gid va ddy la cd hdi tdt de Viet Nam p h a t huy vai t r e la t h d n h vidn ciia WTO de' d a u t r a n h , yeu cdu cd cdc quy d i n h sufa ddi bd sung d a m bdo stf cdng b d n g vd rd r a n g trdng qud t r i n h d p dung c a c b i e n p h d p chd'ng b d n phd gia, chd'ng trp c a p vd t y ve trong tilPng lai; Thd ba, C h i n h phu c a n xem xet nghldn cufu xay d y n g m d t h e t h d n g c d n h b a o sdm ve c a c vy k i e n chd'ng b a n gia gia, chd'ng trp cap va t y ve de ede DN XK chii ddng cd cdc b i e n
p h a p p h d n g t r a n h n h d m h a n che cdc vy kien cd t h e xdy r a . Thd tU.
cdc cP quan q u a n ly n h d n y d c c d n d a y m g n h cdng t d c tuydn truydn p h d bie'n p h d p lugt ve chdng bdn p h d gid, chdng trp cap vd t y ve de n a n g cao n h a n thufc cho cdng ddng c a c DN Viet Nam.
Thi t n i d n g XK d e p h d n g vd t r a n h c a c b i e n p h a p c h d n g b a n p h d gid, chd'ng t r p c a p c u a nildc ngodi. Trong trtfdng h p p cd cdc vu kien xay ra, cdc DN XK m d t m a t cdn chii d d n g p h d i h p p vdi c a c cP q u a n dieu t r a c u a nifdc NK d e trd ldi cfic b a n cau h e i e u n g c a p t h d n g tin so lieu c d n thie't, m a t k h d e t d n g cifdng phd'i h p p vdi n h a u t h d n g qua viec (1) thd'ng nha't xay d y n g m d t c h i e n lifpc dd'i p h d c h u n g cho t o a n n g a n h ; (2) chia s e cdc ngudn lyc t h d n g tin s a n cd... (3) phd'i h p p x a y d y n g cdc l a p l u a n de chufng m i n h c a c d a c t r y n g ciia thi tnfdng t r o n g n g a n h s d n x u a t n h d m gidm n h ^ t h i e t h g i , chi phi do vu kien gay r a .
Phd'i h p p vdi c a c cd q u a n
q u a n ly n h a nildc de d a u t r a n h lya c h p n nildc t h a y t h e phii h p p vdi dieu k i e n ciia n g a n h s a n x u a t t r o n g nildc de d a m b d o giii b i e n dp t h u e c h d n g b d n p h d gid d mufc h p p ly. Duy tri h e t h d n g sd s d c h k e t o a n m i n h b a c h dilpc k i e m t o a n dde l a p phii h p p vdi He t h d n g c h u a n mtfc k d t o a n qude te IAS de tdi da h d a cP hdi dilpc x e m xet cdng n h g n n g a n h c d n g n g h i e p t h e e dinh hildng thi tnfdng. Ngeai ra, ede h i e p hpi, td chufc n g a n h h a n g cdn p h d t huy vai trd cua m i n h trong viec dieu h o a s a n x u a t , k i n h d o a n h giila c a c t h a n h vien, t r a n h gay khiing h o d n g thufa, t h i e u , n h i i n g t h a y ddi b a t ngd t r e n thi t n i d n g . Ty gidc cha'p h d n h cdc quy che,- c h i e n lilpc XK ciia n g a n h , h i e p hdi. Ngoai ra, cdc DN c d n lien k d t vdi n h a u de cd gid XK h p p ly, k h d n g c g n h t r a n h vdi n h a u n h a m g i a m gia t g o dieu kien p h a t s i n h c a c vy k i e n c h d n g b a n p h a gia ttf p h i a c a c n g a n h cdng n g h i e p ndi dia ciia nildc NK do gia NK t h a p •
GIAI PHAP PHAT TRIEN...
(Tiep theo trang 19)
b d n , xay dyng t h y d n g hieu thiiy s d n Viet Nam, t r d n h t n i d n g h p p b a n p h a gia, gay d n h hildng d e n m a t b d n g gia cd chung.
Chinh phu thtfc h i e n hieu qua ehii trifdng b i n h c n gia ddi vdi cdc m a t h a n g thufc fin c h a n nudi;
b u d c c a c DN p h a i c d n g k h a i , m i n h b g c h ve gia.
DN che' b i e n XK ca t r a va ngifdi nudi p h a i cd sy h p p tac, ho trp ldn n h a u ve gia ca va ngudn nguydn lieu. T r a n h t r y d n g h p p mdi b d n vi lpi ich rieng m a p h a 2 4 I THUUNG M4I So 23/2010
vd h p p ddng tidu thu s a n p h a m da difpc ky ket, d a e b i e t cac DN edn p h a i ky h p p d d n g b a o tidu s a n p h a m tif ddu vy t h e o ke h o a c h sdn xuat de ngifdi nudi yen t a m s d n xudt va t h u a n lpi h d n trong vdn dd vay vdn ddu tif.
Viec t h d n h l a p Hiep hdi c h d bie'n thiiy s a n cap viing lam trung t a m lien ke't cac hogt ddng p h d t trien edng nghiep che b i e n thiiy s d n giila cae dia phifdng se p h a t huy sufc m a n h ndi lyc. Tuf dd, tgo dieu kien ho trp l a n n h a u giila cP quan qudn ly n h d nifdc, DN chd' bie'n vdi ngifdi nudi cd tra, ca b a s a t g c didu k i e n c h e n g a n h cdng nghiep ehe' b i e n cd tra, ca b a s a t a n g tdc trong thdi gian tdi •