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TRONG SACH GIAO KHOA NGUT VAN 8
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Dung hpe Id mdt khuynh hudng ngdn ngU hpe hidn dai x u l t hidn tU nhUng t h I p nidn cudi t h i kl XX va nhanh chdng dupc ddn nhdn cung n h u cd dnh hudng rdng rai d i n cde ngdnh khoa hpe khdc ddc biet Id hUdng n g h i l n eUu t i l n ngdnh ngdn nguf - v i n hpc d l thu nhdn dupe n h i l u k i t qud khd quan. Vide Ung dung phUOng phdp d u n g hpc (ngdn ngU trong quan he vdi ngUdi sCr dung), trong d d cd Ii t h u y l t giao tilp da cung d p t h d m mpt each t i l p c i n va dua lai n h i l u phuong tidn hUu dung cho viec phdn tich tdc p h l m van chuong. Theo dd, t i c p h l m van hpc dupc quan n i l m n h u m d t sdn p h l m giao tiep, I I thdng diep md t i e gid t r u y i n d i n cho ngudi d p c ngudi nghe.
L I m p t n h i n t d giao t i l p , tde pham van hpc cung mang d l y d d nhUng ddc t r u h g cua giao t i l p (dii td giao tiep d i e biet) vd chju sy ehl phoi cda d e quy l u l t giao tiep cung n h u d c nhan t d giao tilp khdc md nhan t d hodn ednh giao t i l p ( n h i n t d ngoai van bdn) tai rat ddng coi trpng.
Theo GS D o HUu Chdu (1), tat cd nhdng gi trong hien thuc n g o l i ngdn ngU t i m ndn hoan ednh rdng cda cudc giao tiep, cua dien ngdn bao g d m nhuYig h i l u b i l t v l t h i g i d i vdt li, sinh II, t i m li, xa hdi, van hda, t d n g i l o , Ijeh sijr, cdc ngdnh khoa hpc, nghd t h u l t . . . d thdi gian v l khdng gian trong dd dang dien ra cudc giao t i l p . Hodn d n h giao t i l p (tUe h i l u b i l t tiln g i l dinh b l e h khoa ve nd) khae nhau vd dupc huy d d n g khde nhau t i i y theo d c n h i n vat giao t i l p vd tuy theo tirng cudc giao tiep eu t h i . Vdi nhu'ng hieu b i l t ndy, nhuhg ngudi trong m d t cdng d d n g ngdn ngU khdng c i n p h i i ndi mpt d e h can k i l t (tUc t u l n thO triet de p h u o n g c h l m v l lupng trong n g u y i n t i c epng tde hpi thoai cCia Griee) m l giao t i l p van dat hieu qud. NgUpe lal, khdng ed nhUng h i l u biet ndy, Idi ndj cd the p h i i r l t d l i m l ngUdl n g h e v i n khdng h i l u h i t . Rat t i l e Id khi phdn
tich vdn b i n , d i e bidt td khi "gidng v i n " n h i l u g i l o v i l n ehUay thu'c dupc r d r ^ t s y chi phdieCia hodn d n h giao t i l p ddi vdi vdn bdn, do d d n h i l u d u n g y n g h i thudt (vd cd t u tudng nghe t h u l t nUa) bj b d q u a .
Trong g i l n g v i n t r u y i n thdng, d c nhd n g h i l n cUu hay nhd gido cung thudng chd ^ khai t h i e d c y l u t d ngodi vdn bdn giup cho vide t i m hieu b i n than van bdn nhU xuat xU, tdc gid .. .Tuy n h i l n , vdi each quan nidm cOa n g d dung hpc, coi t i c p h l m v i n hpc n h u mdt n h i n t d trong he thdng giao tiep, g i n t i l n vOi cdc nhan t d k h I c (hodn d n h giao tiep rdng va hep, hd t h d n g d m xuc, nhan v l t giao tiep...) thi vide tim h i l u tdc p h l m van hpe khdng chi don t h u i n dUng lai d chd hieu b i l t x u l t xU hay t i c gid ma cdn m d rpng tdi n h i l u n h i n t d ngodi vdn bdn khdc. NhCmg h i l u b i l t nay gdp p h l n khdng nhd vao vide gidi ma tac p h l m , d m thu g i l trj cua tdc pham van chuong mpt d e h d l y d i i , trpn ven hon. Co t h i t h I y rd d i l u ndy qua trudng hpp p h l n tich tac pham "Chilu ddi dd"ciia Li Cdng Uan trong sach NgUvdn 8.
2. PhUtfng p h a p d u n g hpc n g d n nguT vd nhtirng hieu b i e t n g o a i van b i n v d j viec p h a n t i c h tac p h a m Chiiu ddi do t r o n g sach giao khoa NguT v i n 8
Theo c l u trdc bdi hpc dupc trinh bay trong sach NgU vdn 8 ( t i p 2), t i l p theo p h l n van bdn la p h l n ChCi thich vdi 12 m u c g i l l thich, bd sung nhUng thdng tin ed t i l n quan d i n ndi dung van bdn, giup ngudi d p c ngudi hpe hieu rd hon van bdn n h u nhUng chu g i l l v l d c tdn gpi: Ban Canh, Thdnh vuong, Cao vuong,Tam dai...Tuy nhidn, tU gdc nhin p h l n tlch n g U d u n g h p c van cdn ed mdt sd t h d n g tin ngodi van b i n thudc ve ngCr ednh giao t i l p , d i e bi^t Id y l u t d vdn hda, n l u dupe tdm sdng t d vd k i t hop trong qud trinh gidng v i n se gidp ngudi t i l p nhdn hieu t h I u ddo vd s l u sic hon t u t u d n g nghd thuat cCia dng hung van.
S(i80-THAHG5y2012*l5
m NGHitNciini.
2.1. Con sd 5 vd 3 trong p h l n ddt v i n di cCia
"Chiiu ddi dd": Theo sy t i l p n h i n t h d n g tin t h d n g t h y d n g , ngydi dpc sd ehl h i l u d d I I nhOng cU ti^u Ijch sCr chinh xdc dypc ghi tal tU t h d i Tam hodng Ngu di qua Ha, Thyong, Chu t r o n g Ijch sCrTrung Hoa c6 dai. Thyc t l , nhCmg t h d n g t i n t U g d c nhin vdn hda t r o n g ngU ednh giao t i l p cd t h i k h I l n chung ta phdi xem x l t lai v l hd m d eho ta n h i l u khla canh v i n d l .
Vdn hda V i l t Nam cd t r u y i n cung nhU vdn hda Trung Hoa v d n mang d i m t i n h t h i n t r i l t II n h i n thUe I m d u o n g - t a m tdi- ngO hdnh - t r i l t II v l bdn c h i t v l c l u trde khdng gian vu t r u . D d eung 11 t r i l t ti mang t i n h t d n g hpp giCra khdng gian vd thOi gian vu try, giUa tU duy sd hpc vd hinh hoc, gida cu0c ddi con ngudi vd con sd...
Theo dd, d c sd c h i n t r o n g ddy sd t y nhidn b i l u t r y n g cho dm vd cdc sd I I b i l u t r y n g cho d u o n g . Tam tdi Id m d hinh b d 3: m d hinh so lupc v l c l u trdc khdng gian vu tru vdi ba v i i n g khdng gian p h d b i l n : trdi, dSt, nude. Ddc bidt, m d hinh bd 5 chlnh t l m d hinh c l u trdc p h d b i l n v l b i n vUng n h l t trong vu tru (Ung vdi 5 n g d n tay, n i m ngdn chdn vd ngu t a n g t r o n g co t h i ngudi). Ngu hdnh cung td eo sd eiia cdch t i n h t h d i gian theo Ijch I m d u o n g (edn gpi Id lich can ehi) t r o n g v i n hda ndng nghidp p h u o n g Ddng (2). Con sd ngu hdnh (sd 5) eung I I con s d ' t h a m thidn tudng d i a ' phdn I n h ti te edn b i n g vu t r u (tl Id dp I m ngdm gidng lua, t l Id tia d u o n g vd tia I m t r o n g thf n g h i l m b i n hat n g u y i n tCf cija hai nhd khoa hpe MT gdc Trung Qude (2) doat g i l l Noben 1957...). NhU v l y , t r o n g v i n hda t r u y i n t h d n g , con sd 3 vd 5 khdng ehl I I hai sd d u a n g t h d n g t h u d n g trong day s6 t y n h i l n md Id nhu'ng con sd b i l u t r y n g eho sy h i t hda, cdn xUng, eho sy t d n tai vUng b i n bdi d d chlnh td con sd tam tdi vd ngu hdnh- m d hinh c l u trdc khdng gian vii t r u .
Khdng p h l l n g l u n h i l n md LI Thdi Td vidn dan trong p h l n dat v i n d l cOa " C h i l u ddi d d ' ndi t i i n g : "Xua n h l Thuong d i n vua B i n Canh ndm l l n ddi d d ; nhd Chu d i n vua Thdnh vuong ba l l n ddi dd. Phdi ddu cde vua thdi Tam dai theo y r i l n g minh md t y tidn e h u y i n ddi?"
AI cung b i l t d u hdi sau khdng n h I m muc dlch hdi, khdng c h d dpi e l u trd tdi md d l ehinh ta ddp dn k h i n g djnh: cdc vi vua ndi tiing anh minh trong sCr sdch kinh d i l n , d i n g td mau myc
mpt t h d i (sCing c6, l l y k h u d n m l u tiln nhdn theo quan ni§m t u t u d n g t r u n g dai) dd khdng tiiy t i l n ddi ddi theo ^ r i l n g m i n h m l d l u vl toi Ich qudc gia d?I sy vdi t i m nhin xa t r d n g r0ng. Vd eosdcho' k i t t u l n d d chinh td t i l n d l vdi nhUng d i n chUng sinh d p n g t r o n g sCt sdch: vide ddi c h u y i n cda ele nhd Thuong, Chu. Nhung h o n t h i , d d ehinh Id sUc t h u y l t phuc cOa nhCfng t i n ddi e h u y i n sdng tao vd hi$u qud l y , md bdn t h i n eon s6 ddi ehuyin da ndi Idn sy t h i n h trj, vUng b i n : 3-5 - con sd tam t i l vd ngu hdnh n h u mPt b i l u tUpng cCia sy tdn tai vCrng b i n n h u chfnh c l u trdc khdng gian vO try!
D d I I t h u I n theo m i n h trdi, y d i n , k i t q u i dem lai phdn t h j n h t l u ddi cho t r i l u dai vd d I t nUdc
2.2. Vj t r i dja v i n hda "trung tdm", 'chdn tu hdi trpng ylu'cOa t h i n h Dai La;
Theo sdt b i n djch cda NXB Khoa hpc Xa hdi, ed t h i t h I y trong p h l n 2: k h I n g d j n h Dal La 11 ndi t d t n h l t d l d d n g dd, t i n h k l l l u ddi cho con chlu, t i c g i l ft n h l t c6 3 t i n k h I n g djnh vj tri 'trung t i m " t h i n g dja cOa Dai La: "Ch? vl mudn ddng dd is noi t r u n g t i m , m u u toan nghidp Idn...";'Hudng gl thdnh Dai l a . . . d v d o n c ^ t r u n g t i m trdi dIt';"...
t h I t td chdn t u hdi cCia b d n p h u o n g d I t nudc*(5).
N h u vdy, trudc khi cd vj t r i t r u n g t i m chfnh trj, kinh t l , v i n hda ddi vdi e l n u d e Dai La thUc si/Id trung t d m d v l p h u o n g didn dia If - phong thOy nC^. Nhung ddi chieu vdi bdn d d dia ti t u nhiln Viet nam, hpc sinh r l t cd t h i t h i c m I c r i n g khd cd t h i ndi Dai La (Hd Npi ngdy nay) Id trung t i m dupc, vl n d n i m d gida Ble b d , t r o n g khi c h i l u ddi d I t nude k l o tdi t i n m u i C I mau!
Nhung vdi nhirng k i l n thUc v l v i n hda trung dai, ta hodn todn c6 t h i h i l u dUOc d i l u ndy:
ThOr n h l t : vj t r i t r u n g t i m cOa Dai La tdc bIy g i d dOng vdi nghia quy c h i l u h l l n thyc bdi cho d i n cudi t h i kl XVIII, sau cudc p h l n tranh Trjnh - N g u y i n vd sy n g h i d p ' N a m t i l n " cda chua Nguyen Hodng, tdnh t h d nude ta m d i cd sy m d mang, t h d n g n h l t tii Mue Nam Quan tdi Mui Cd Mau (2).
Vdo t h i kt X, khdng gian lanh t h 6 cOa Dal V i l t cd bdn v i n Id khdng gian ciia v i n hda V I n lang- Au lac t r i n n I n c h l u t h d sdng H d n g .
ThCr hai: ' t r u n g t i m " cOng Id m d t b i l u tupng Ua thich cua vdn hda t r u n g dai. Theo Nho gilo, ngudl q u i n xis, b l e di vUong m u d n sal khiln ngudl k h I c dupc thi p h i i "chinh danh"- "danti chlnh ngdn thudn". Suy nghT, hdnh xCr cOa ngUdi
Ifi-XHOAHpCGlAODVC
. NGHIDN C D U Q
qudn t u , bde d l vuong eung phdi khdng dupe nghieng Idch md chinh dao ' t r u n g dung"(3). Vj t r i t r u n g t i m , ngdi chinh giUa Id b i l u t u p n g cho t i n h t h i n "trung d u n g " l y . K h I n g d j n h vi trf t r u n g tdm cua Dai La, LI Thdi Td vUa ehl ra d d I I noi " t h i n g dja" (Ipi ich cho ddn, p h i i hpp vdi v | n t h i m d mang cua nude), vUa k h I n g d j n h ttnh c h i t dung d i n (trung dung) cda quyet sdch mUu phdn thjnh eho dan, vUng b i n cho nude cCia minh. Thdng Long se t r d t h d n h "kinh d d bdc n h l t eOa d l vuong m u o n d d i " khdng chi bdi t h i d I t trung tdm md cdn bdi long ngudi t r u n g chfnh. Khdc vdi thdng Id e l e t r i l u dai trudc, vua t h u d n g chpn noi ddng do cung I I que hUOng minh (Vua Hung- Phong C h l u , An Duong Vuong- C6 Loa; Bd TrUng - M l Linh;
Dinh Tidn Hoang- Hoa LU...), vj vua khai sdng nhd Li da thay ddi quan nidm, l l y Ipi fch cOa d i n , vdn mdnh cda nude Idm tidu chi dinh dd. D i l u dd cho t h I y cd cdi "tdm" vd " t i m " cCia nhd I l n h dao, md d d l y Id bdc d l vuong s i n g nghidp cho mdt t r i l u dai vUng b i n tdi 216 nam, m p t kl nguydn m d i - kl nguyen phuc hUng van hda d i n tdc - x l y dung qudc gia ddc t i p t y ehii h l o hCing sudt mot nghln ndm cua d I t nude ta.
2.3. "Tram m u o n dua vdo sy thudn tien cCia d o t l y d l djnh c/idd"("tram due nhan t h U i ^ a / o / d t dinh q u y l t cu"):
Day la mpt cau ndi thudc loai it thdng tin cdm xdc nhat vd it t i n h "quan p h u o n g " nhat cCia bdi 'chieu". Cd te vl vdy, ngudi giao vidn van cung c h I n g m i y khi de tam khai thdc thdng didp ndy.' Nhung dat vao ngU ednh giao t i l p , qua lang kfnh van hda, ta lai thay t h d n g didp lap lanh mau sac cda tin hieu t h i m m i . Trong cdu ndi h i i n tdnh, khiem tdn nhU mpt tdi ndi t h u d n g ndy tai I n ehUa ft n h l t hai tU khda van hda.
ThU nhat Id t U "dIt". Vdi mdt dan tdc sdng b i n g ndng nghidp, dat vd ciing thidng lieng. Dat ta khdng gian sdng t u n h i l n , eung Id ddi tupng lao dpng d l u tidn eua ngUdi ndng dan. D i t eho ta cCia cdi, cai dn, su sdng. Tde ddt, tdc vdng. Dat t r d thdnh bleu t u p n g cho nCra p h l n vu t r u : "am"
(trong I m duong) va nUa the gidi (Me- dat me).
Theo NgiJ hdnh, dat t u p n g t r u n g b i n g hdnh Thd, cd sd bleu la 5 {$6 ngu hdnh) vd m l u bleu: vdng- mau cOa hoang t r i l u , tUpng trung cho Vua (vua ndng nghidp cd mdu t r i l u phuc ta mdu vdng eCia dat), n i m d trung tdm, giUa 4 phuong, 8 hudng.
Nhu vdy, «dlt» vdi vua vdn Id phdi d vj trf «trung tdm» rdi. Vd dUong nhidn, d I t td quan trpng.
ThU hai 11 "chd d". Ngudi d i n ndng nghidp, do n g h i nghidp ddi hdi p h i i song dinh cU ( d n ed thdi gian d l thu hoaeh thdnh q u i ) , ndn r l t coi trpng chd d (khdng gian sdng nhdn tao- mdi trudng nhdn tdc): "an cu, lac nghidp" (2). Trong dnh hudng eiia"tUtrUdng vdn hda" "chd d" v d ' a n , tac" cd mdi quan he qua lai vd l i m ndn hidn tUpng
" x l m thue", " t h i m t h I u " v l nghTa. Vdi ngudi d i n ndng nghiep, "an lac" nghTa l l c d " c h d d " t d t , vdcd
"chd d " t h u l n tidn, duong nhien Id "an lac"!
"Chd d " vdi b l e di vuong, do chinh I I noi ddng dd. NhUng d d l y , Li Thdi Td khdng dting "d?
djnh q u y l t d d " (djnh dd) md diing "di dinh q u y l t cu" (djnh chd d). Vi vua d l u t r i l u LI da tU trdn ngai vdng budc xudng, t i l n lai g i n hon vdi mudn ddn t r i m hp qua d e h ndi d i n da, gan gui, g i l n di md I m dp, t h i n tinii n l y . D i l u dd eung t h I t n h l t qudn vOi nhUng bdc bach d m xiic thuong d i n , vl d i n d trdn: "Tram r l t dau xdt v l viec dd, khdng the khdng dOi ddi". Cung khdng cd gi la khi Li Thdi To Idn l i m vua l i l n xda t h u l 3 nam cho ed nude, xda bd t h u l cdn t h i l u d e nam trude eho nhCTng ngudi gid y l u , gda bua, m d edi...; LI Thdi Tdng v i l t "chilu xa t h u l " : "neu tram hp d l u no dO thi t r i m cdn lo gl t h i l u thdn?" vd dich than cay rudng d l ' c d gao lam t l p h l m de t h d eung nhd tdng m l l u " va
"neu guong cho thidn ha". T r i l u Lf ndi t i i n g la mdt t r i l u dai gdn lien vdi sy nghidp ddi mdi, dupe e l
"thidn thdi, dja Ipi, n h i n hda", phdt huy tinh t h i n
"khoan, gidn, an, tac'vdi "tdng n h i n thuong dan"
sang tdng (4).
2.4. C l u hdi quan t h i n : "Cdc khanh nghi thi ndo?": Khdng khd khan de de ddng nhdn ra, do td cdu hdi t u tU: hdi sau khi da p h l n tfch, t i p t u l n dCi day d l mpi ngudi d l u thUa n h i n rd rang q u y l t djnh ddi d d la tat yeu vd dung d i n . Nhu vay, d u hdi ndu ra khdng n h I m muc dfch hdi (nghi van) m l ehl ed dang d u true hinh thdc cua d u hdi m l thdi. Trong thyc te sCf dung, nd n h I m muc dich tde dpng den ngydi nghe - ts^rc ngudi dupc hdi- " d c khanh", d d l y Id q u I n t h i n v i n vd b l quan t r i l u dmh, md rdng ra id m u d n ddn, t r i m hp. D l y chinh td dia hat cua ngU d u n g hpc. Trong trudng hpp nly, phdi xem xet t h d n g diep dUdi gdc nhin ngU dung, dat nd trong quan he vdi ngudl sU dung mdi ed t h e thay h i t cde c h i l u kich vd khla canh y
Sti80-THiiNG5/Ztt12*17
Q NGHlENClirU-
nghTa, bao gdm ed ndi dung thdng tin v l elm xuc, tdc dpng...(1).
Mdt vdn bdn xdt trong h0 thdng (khdng ddt trong quan hd vdi ngudi sCr dyng, trong trang thdi "hoat ddng"), sd khdng tfnh din sy cd m|t cda ngydi dpc ngUdi nghe, bdi dd Id nhCmg ylu td ngodi vdn bin. Nhung theo ngUdyng hpc, dd chfnh Id nhUng nhin td giao tilp, thdng thuOng se tdn tal d dang tilm ning, tilm In. Khi tdc gil
"Chilu dOi dd'edng khai ddt clu hdi: "Cle khanh nghi t h i ndo?" Idm eho nhin v|t giao tilp "ngUdi nghe" ly trd thdnh tudng minh, hi^n hinh qua vdn bdn. Nhu vly, khdng edn td mpt minh vi d l vuong vdl cdng tdnh cua minh, md nhu cd cd bd quan, vin vd, quIn thin hlln hl^n xung quanh, birt khi vilt, Ngudl d l tudn nghT din hp, eoi nhu hp dang cd mIt. Hdi ^ kiln cua hp Id tdn vinh t h i didn ngudl ddi thoai, td thdnh cdng trong "chiln lupc Ijch sy dyong tfnh'cda giao tilp. Sao ngudl ta ed t h i khdng ddng Idng Cing hp chd tryong cCia ngUdi ludn nghT din minh, vl minh vd tdn trpng minh?
Mdt khIe, cung theo ngCr dyng hpc, clu hdi Idm xult hidn cdc nhdn v l t hdi thoai 6 ddy cung id Idm xult hlln thdi gian phdt ngdn, md thdi gian phdt ngdn ludn td thOI hidn tai (1). QuIn thin vin vd, nhin d i n khdng chi ed mdt khi Ly Thdi Td vilt hay doe "Chilu ddi dd" md b i t eU khi ndo, ngay cd 1000 nam sau, clu hdi l y van vIng vIng ben tai ta. Vd sy hlln hlln cua Ngudi, cung nhu bdeh tfnh dupc Ngudl hdi din, vdn nhu dang trudc mdt. Ly Thdi Td d l budc ra khdi v i n bin 'chilu", ddng hdnh cting t h i h i chung ta. Vd bin 'chilu'tU vdn bdn 'chit" da thdnh van bdn "sdng". Hdnh vl hdi, dti khdng cd hi^u It/c d Idi nghi vin, nhung l^i cd hiiu luc bdi Idi (1) t h i hidn tinh thin d i n chii, t h i n din ciia vj vua Td vuong trilu Ly, khIng djnh vl^eddi dd Id thuln'y trdi"(tuln theo quy ludt khieh quan), hpp tdng din v l vl Ipi Ich cOa din, cCia nude; thIt chit mdt quan h$ vua tdi, cd hidu lye tdc ddng manh m l din ngydi dpc ngudi nghe, tao ndn hl^u Crng ddng cdm, ddng tinh, ddng thuIn xuyin sudt khdng gian vd thdi gian, khdng chi giCra vua tdi nhl Lyeda nam 1010 ma edn Id giUa ngudl tdnh dao eao nhlt vdi nhdn dan minh, trong mpi thdi dai, cho d i n hidn nay. SUc manh cdng edm vd cCing r^ng Idn vdl t i m vdc vQ try. Dd cQng Id cdi t i m cda vj Thdnh de anh minh, cd d l nhin
xuydn sudt slu cdl vd t i m Idng thIu d i n ngdn ddt...Mpt ngdn ndm sau, nghe tal "Chilu ddi dd", ta v3n ed cdm gidc dang d i p tdi vua Ly, nhu tudng si nhd Trin ddng tdng khIc hai ehU'SIt Thdt" vdo tay d i p 1^1 tdt Hich thidng Hdng ciia Trin HUng D?o, n h u d c bd lao ddng thanh "xin d l n h " d l p Idi vua Trin hdi v l hudng ddi phd vdi gi^c ngoai xlm, nhu hdng van qude din ddng bdo dip tdi Hd ChO Tjeh sdng 2/9/1945 tai vudn hoa Ba Dinh...
3. K^t l u i n
Xu hudng nghiln cUu lidn nglnh dang trd thdnh mdt xu hudng t i t y l u trong thdi dai biing nd thdng tin vd phdt triln khoa hpc cdng nghd hi^n nay. Vi$c nghiln cOru lidn ngdnh vdn hda- ngdn ngO^- vdn hpc cOng khdng Id ngoai II.
Nhu'ng thdnh tyu mdi cOa ngdn ngO^hpc hidn dai, ddc bidt Id ngUdyng hpc d l gdp phln khdng nhd vdo vile nghidn eUu v i n hpc eung nhu day vdn, hpc vdn trong nhd trUdng.
Hi vpng ring, nhUng thdng tin md chiing tdi trinh bdy xung quanh v i n bdn "Chilu ddi dd' cda L^ThdlTd trong sleh Ngu" vdn 8 vdi phUOng phdp ngU dung hpc, khdng chl gdp phln khSng dinh If tudn trdn md cdn I I sy chia s i vdi d c thIy cd gilo vd cde em hpe sinh, ddng gdp thdm mdt cdch nhin mdi, ngd hlu ciing tdi dupc gin hon dnh sdng l i p Ilnh cCia dng "hiing v i n thidn e6'- nllm tuhdocuavin hdaDai Vidt v l din tdc ta.
TAILIEUTHAMKHAO
1.06 HUu Chlu, Ngdn ngUhpc dai eifijng, tip 2, NXB Gilo dye Hd Ndi, 2000.
2. Trin Ngpc Thdm, Ca sd vdn hda Viit Nam, NXB Gido dye Hd Ndi, 2000.
3. Nguyen Vdn Ngpc Trin LI Nhdn, Cd hgc tinh hoa, NXB Vdn hda, Hd Ndi, 1992.
4. Nguyen Dd-eThln, Di tfch lich si^Tvdn hda din Dd, Hd N$l, 2008.
5. NgCf vdn 8. NXB Gilo due HI Ndi, 2010.
SUMMARY
The article analyzes the methods of linguistic pragmatics (i.e. language in its relation with users) and understandings outside the text on the basis of the analysis of the work Edict on the Transfer of the Capital (Chiiu ddi dd) in Language of Literature textbook of Grade 8.
I B • KHOA HOC GliD DUG