^^3_
COUIRAODA TAC B Q N B CiJA DXU T I ; TRUC Tlfp Millie MGOAl...TAC D O N G C U A D A U T ( / TRf/C TI^P Nl/dC NGOAI DEN NANG SUAT CAC
^ DDANH NGHIEP N G A N H CHE TAO KIM LO4I VIET NAM i '• ^ Virmig Thi Thanh TVl, Vu Lf HSng,
Nguyin H6ng Nga, Nguyin Thi VSn Nga*
T6mtit
Muc tieu chinh cua nghien cuu nay la ddnh gid sir tdc d^ng cua ddu ttr true tiep tu nudc ngodi (FDI) den hi?u qud vd ndng sudt cdc doanh nghiep ngdnh che tgo kim loai Viet Nam. Nham giup ngu&i dqc de ddng tiep cgn, mdt nghien curu thijFC nghiem dtcfrc th^c hiin vdi dU li^
ngdnh chi tgo kim logi tir nam 2000-2012 tren ca sa phdn tich ndng sudt nhdn td tdng hap (TFP) udc It/fmgduac theo phtrong phdp bdn tham so, nghien cmi ddnh gid tdc ddng lan tda theo chieu ngang vd kenh lan tda theo chiiu dgc cua^ FDI dd dugc xdy difng tren phgm vi todn qudc v&i cd die lieu cheo vd dit lieu mdng. Kit qud udc lugng chi ra rdng cdc doanh nghiep FDI ngdnh chi tgo kim logi VietNam khong cd tdc ddng tich cue len hieu qud vd ndng suit cua cdc doanh nghiep ngi dia trong ngdnh, thi Men 6 cdc he so biin lan tda ngang, lan tda dgc diu manggidtridm.
Tifkh6a:Chatsio kim loai, phuong phap ban tham so, lan t6a dpc, lan toa ngang, nang suit, tic dong dau tu ttvtc tiSp nuoc ngoai, FDI, TFP. '
l.GicHthlSu
Dau nr trvrc tiSp nuoc ngoai (diu to nuoc ngoai ttvtc ti6p, dju to true tiSp hay diu to nu6c ngoM - FDp la mot dang diu to m4 nhi diu to CO quySn kiem soat ding k^ 6 mi6c ngoai (Markusen vi cOng sir, 1995). FDI "dS cap d6n dau to duac thirc hien dS thu vh loi fch lau dai hay trong dii han to cac doanli nghiep hoat dong ben ngoii nSn kinh ii ciia nha diu to"(S5 tay Cin can thanh toin cila Quy Ti6n te Qu6c tS) FDI phan anh muc tieu dat duoc mot loi ich ISu dai ciia mOt chi the cu tai 6 mat nSn kinh t6 ( madautatriictiep")trongmptdoanhnghiep cuhuomotnSn kinh t6 khic voi n&kinhtS cia nha diu to ("doanh nghiep diu to true tiSp") Lgiichlindainguysu tan t»icuamatm6i quan
he liu dai giOa nhi diu to tnrc tiSp vi doanh nghi&p cflng nhu miic dO anh hucmg ding kl den hoat dpng diSu hinh ciia doanh nghiep. FDI lito quan dfa ci giao dich ban diu gifla hai phip nhan vi tat ci cac giao dich v8n tiSp theo giua hp vi gifla cic doanh nghiep true thupc voi nhau, du c6 to cich phip nhin hay khong.
(Chuindai sanh, OECD 1996,p7-8).
2. Ting quan nghiSn clhi
Thuc tS eho thiy diu ta hrtc tiSp nu6c ngoii (FDI) c6 thS CO loi cho nirdc chii nha bSng each tao ra hiSu iing lan t6a dto cdc phin con 1^ cua n8n kinh tS, ma khong don thuin li mang lai nguan v6n. MOt trong nhung dpng lire cUnli cho chinh phii tren khip thd gioi thu hiit diu to true tidp nu6c ngoai la nidm tin ring sir c6 mat cua FDI s8 giiip doanh nghidp ttong nudc duoc hirdng lpi. Ngan hing Thd gioi (1993) chi ra ring "FDI mang lai lpi ich dang kd cho cac qudc gia: chuydn giao c6n| nghd, quin ly kiln thiic, vi truy cip tidp thi xuat khiu". Nhidu nudc dang phit ttidn se can phii co chinh sach hidu qui hon ttong vide thu htit dong v8n FDI dd thu hep khoing cich cong nghd vdi cac nudc co thu nhjp cao, ning cip I^ nin^ quan ly viphit ttiSn thi trudng xuit khiu. Kdt qui la da khuydn khich cic nudc phit ttidn, dang phit hidn tao ra cic chuong trmh tan kem,chang han nhu giim thud, CO sd ha ting cong nghidp duoc tto cap va miln thud, nhim thu hiit FDI. Tfl nam 1991 din nam 2002, cac nude dang phit triln thiic hidn hon 1.500 thay dli phip l-j thuin lpi cho FDI (UNCTAD, 2003, p.21). Mac dli tim quan ttpng ciia FDI dl lira chpn chinh sach thu hiit, nghidn ciiu thuc nghidm gin day vd tic dpng lan tda FDI cho nhidu kit qui khic nhau.
Tu nim 1987 khi Luilt Diu ta nudc ngoai dupc ban hinh, din nay ddng vdn FDI chay vio Vidt Nam da ed tie ddng nhanh chdng thiic diy
• m.S V„™g Tli H a d , ra, Th S Vu L« Hing, Th.S NgMyln Hing Nga
E I WlitNLrKINHTE
safes (7/20151
TAC B Q N B COA DAU T U TR|;C T l f r NOflC NGOAI... NGHIEN CllIU IP"" "'^i E S M tdng truong kmh th vd trd thdnh mfit b§ phgin
hftu ca cua nen kinh th. Cung vcd do, FDI thuc ddy qud trinh chuySn dich ca cdu kmh tl, gidi quyet viec ldm cho nguoi lao dgng va ma rpng hgi nh|lp v6i thh gidi. FDI dang dugc xem Id mgt kenh dau tu co tdc dgng khd tich cue vd ldm thay doi hoat d6ng kinh doanh, cung nhu tinh hinh xuat nhap khdu cua \^et Nam. Tmh dhn ngdy 15/12/2014, ViftNam c617.499 dudnc6n hifu luc vai tdng v6n dang ky 250,6 ty USD. V6n thuc hi6n luy kh eta cdc du dn FDI u6c dat 124,5 ty USD, bdng 50% t6ng v6n dang ky con hieu l\rc. Cdc nhd ddu tu nudc ngodi dd ddu tu vao 18/21 ngdnh trong he thong phdn nganh kinh te qu6c dan, trong do ITnh viic cong nghiep che biSn, che tgo chilm ty trgng cao nhdt v6i 139,9 ty USD, chilm 56% t6ng v6n ddu hi, tilp theo Id cac Imh vuc Vinh doanh bat dgng sdn voi 48.1 t^ USD (chilm 19,2% t6ng v6n diu tu), xdy djmg voi 11,3 ty USD (chilm 4,5% tdng von ddu tu). Tinh din nay da c6 101 qu6c gia vd vung lanh thd co ddu tu vdo Viet Nam, trong do dling dau Id Hdn Quoc voi tong von dang ky 37.2 ty USD (chilm 14,8% t6ng v6n ddu hi), Nh^t Bdn tiieo sat voi 36,8 ty USD (chilm 14,7% t6ng v6n ddu tu), tiSp tiieo Idn lugt la Singapore vd Ddi Loan, Britishvirgin Island, H6ng Kong. FDI da co mat d 63 tinh, thanh pho trong ca nuac, trong do thdnh ph6 H6 Chi Minh vdn Id dia phuang ddn ddu trong thu hiit FDI voi 37,9 ty USD (chilm 15% tfing v6n ddu tu), tilp tiieo la Bd Ria - Vi^g Tdu voi 26,7 ty USD (chilm 10,6% tfingvin ddu tu^,HdNOi voi 23,4 ty USD (chilm 9,3% t6ng v6n ddu tu), D6ng Nai voi 21,5 ty USD (chilm 8,6% ting v6n ddu tu) vd Bhih Duong vdi 19,9 ty USD (chilm 7,9% tong von ddutu)'.
Theo Bdo cdo ciia Cue Ddu tu nudc ngodi cho bilt, tinh din hit quy 1/2015, co 267 du dn ddu tu true tilp nudc ngodi (FDI) mdi dugc cdp gidy chung nhdn ddu tu vdi tdng so von dang ky dat hon 1,2 ty USD, bdng 59,4% so vdi cung k^.
Viet Nam da tiiu hiit dugc 1,837 tf^ USD v6n FDI trong do, lihh vuc xay dung, bat dgng san
ddn ddu vdi 203 tiieu USD ddng ky mdi^.
Tmh luy kl din tiiang 11/2014, ridng ngdnh cdng nghidp chl biln, chl tao tren cd nudc da thu hut dugc 9.407 d\r an vdi tdng ydn dang ky len tdi 138,5 ty USD (chilm 56% tdng vdn FDI dang ky cua cd nudc). Quy mo vdn binh quan mdt du dn cua nganh cdng nghidp che bidn, che tao Id 14,7 tri?u USD, cao hon quy nid blnh qudn mdt du dn FDI ciia toan qudc. Den cudi nam 2014, CO tdi 80/101 qudc gia va viing lanh thd cd du an FDI t^i Viet Nam dd diu tu vdo ngdnh cdng nghidp chd bidn, che tao. Ddn dau 80 qudc gia vd vung ldnh thd ndy la Nhdt Bdn, cd 1.282 dudnva30,58ty USD vdn ddutu ddng ky, chilm 22,1 % tdng vdn dau tu dang ky (Cue Diu tu nudc ngodi, 2014).
Bdn c ^ nhung nghien ciiu dinh tinh viia kl tien, chung ta se didm qua mgt vdi nghidn ciiu dinh lugng lien quan din tdc dOng FDI den nang suit doanh nghiep ndi dia. Nguyen Khde Minh vd c0ng sir khi xem xet vai trd ciia lan toa cdng ngh^ trong hgi tu nang sudt da dd xudt xdy dyng cdc biln bieu thi kdnh truyen tdi tidn bO cdng nghd tir doanh nghi&p cd nang sudt cao sang doanh nghidp cd nang sudt thap vd lugng hda dugc dnh hudng ciia lan tda cong nghe. Hd Quynh Hoa vd cOng s\r da xay dung md hinh udc lugng hdm sdn xult theo md hinh bdn tham sd vdi cdc biln gidi thich Id cdc bien bidu thi cdc kenh lan tda FDI vd cac bien bidu thi d^c trung doanh nghiep dd xem xet tac dgng ciia doanh nghiep FDI din cac doanh nghidp d dia phuang trong nghidn cihi vd tdc dgng ciia FDI Idn ndng sudt vd hdi tu nang suit d cdp dO doanh nghidp cua ngdnh chd tdc.
Ddc dilm chung ciia cac doanh nghidp ngdnh chl tao kim loai d Vidt Nam phdn Idn tang trudng ddu ra chii ydu dua vao vdn vd lao ddng, su ddng gdp cua cdc ydu td nang sudt nhdn td tdng hgp TFP hidn nay con nhd vd chua thuc su ddng ddu trong ndi luc phdt trien. Trong khi dd trinh dd cdng n ^ e dugc coi Id ddn bdy cho su phdt tridn cdn thdp. Tuy nhien ddi vdi cdc doanh nghidp FDI trong ngdnh ndy vdi sd vdn ddu tu
I Tinh hinh Ska ta nirdc ngoii t^i Yi^t Nam http://fia.mpi.gov.vn/TinBai/2569/Tinh-hinh-DTNN-tai-Viet-Nam-nara-20I4 tii ngiy 21/06/2015
^ FDI tic dOng the nio den kinh ti Vi$t Nam? http://vnmedia.vn/VN/kinh-doanh/doanh-Dghiep/fdi-tac-dong-the-nao-den-lanh- te-viet-nam-26-3638589.html c§p nhat ngiy 26-05-2015
Stf 6817/2015) QUANLYKINHTf E ]
I W l MBHl£NCflUTBAOPtfl_
Idn hon, lai cd tiinh d0 cdng nghd cao hon so vdi cdc doanh nghi&p thugc cdc tiidnh phdn kinh td khde - ndn day la ngudn luc quan trgng giiip cho cdc doanh nghifp ngdnh chd t^io kim lo^i Vidt Nam phdt hidn. Cdu hoi d^t ra la lieu cac doanh nghiep nOi dia nganh chd tao ldm loai cd till dugc hudng igi gi khi cd su xudt hign cua cdc doanh nghiep FDI? Nghidn ciiu nay phdn ndo di tim cdu trd ldi cho vdn de ndu tren.
Ngodi kit ludn vd tdi lidu tiiam khdo, kit cdu cua nghien ciiu g6m 5 phdn. Tilp theo phin gidi tiii6u, nghien ciiu sd frmh bdy Phuang phdp nghien ciiu vd mo hinh udc lugng bao gdm phuong phdp bdn tham sd cua Olley-Parkes (1996) de udc lugng ndng sudt nhdn tl tdng hgp TFP; xdy dung cdc kenh lan tda theo chidu ngang vd kenh lan toa theo chidu dgc (lan tda n^gc vd lan tda xudi) tii FDI cd thi tac ddng den ndng suit cdc doanh nghiep ngdnh che tao kun lo^i; md td sd li§u va cudi ciing Id kit qua nghidn ciiu.
3. Phvtmg phap nghidn c ^ vd md hinh irdclugng
3.1 Dii liiu nghiin cuu
Du h$u dugc sic dung dl nghidn cuu trong bdi Id dii lieu tii cdc cudc dieu tra doanh nghidp hang nam do Tdng cue Thdng ke thuc hi$n tii nam 2000, lien tiep cdc nam den nam 2012 vdi cdc thdng tin chii yen ve loai hinh doanh nghiep, lao dOng, tdi sdn, doanh thu, khau hao, Igi nhu|n... Cdc bien gid tri da dugc gidm phat.
Bdng cdn ddi lien ngdnh (10) nam 2007 dugc sit dung de tinh cdc biln lan tda cua FDI.
Trong nghidn ciiu nay, gia trj gia tang dugc sii dung dl udc tmh nang suit nhdn td tdng hgp.
Gid tri gia tang khdng cd sdn md cdn dugc tinh todn tir nhung thkih phin lign quan. Theo dd gia tri gia tang dugc tinh bang hidu cua tong sdn lugng vdi cac ddu vdo trung gian. Tuy nhidn, dii lidu ve chi phi s ^ xuit dl tinh diu vdo trung gian khdng cd sdn frong bg du li§u. D I khde ph\ic dilu ndy, theo Tdng cue thdng ke dua ra, gia tri gia tang dugc xdc dinh bdng tdng hai thdnh phin Id: (i) thu nhdp ngudi lao ddng vd (ii) chi phi thud vdn. Theo dd, frong nghien ciiu nay, gid fri gia tang dugc do ludng frgn co sd each tiep can nhdn tl tiiu nhdp md se quylt dinh tiiu nhdp cua ngudi lao d^ng vd vdn mgt cdch rieng
^ QUiblLYKINHTE
TAC DQNG COA D 4 U TUTRI;C Tigp NUaC NGOAI...
bidt. Cdc ddu vdo trung gian dugc diing ldm bi8n dilu khiln dl udc lugng ndn^ suit nhdn to tdng hgp tiieo ky thu|lt bdn tham so va dugc xdc dinh bdng vigc iiy tdng doanh thu trii di gid tii gia tdng d gia cd dinh.
3.2 Md hinh u&c lugng
3.2.1 Md hinh xdc dinh dg do ndng sudt theo TFP
Chiing tdi dd thirc hidn cdc udc lugng TFP d cdp dg doanh nghi&p theo phuang phdp cua OUey Pakes (1996) vd phuang phap Levinshon-Petiin(2003).
Sii dung ede phuang phdp dd ndu thi nang suit nhdn to tdng hgp (TFP) cho doanh nghidp i vdo ndm t dugc xdc dinh nhu sau:
TFPi=Y,-p,l,-p,u+PJcu
Trong do TFPu Id logo cua TFP, Z, Id logo cua sdn lugng ddu ra thi^c ti cda doanh nghi&p i tai thai diem t.
Md hinh bdn tham sd do ludng nhdn id tdng hgp (TFP)-Thu tue u&c lugng v&i Hieu chinh Olley-Pakes
Udc lugng bdn tham so cua cdc tham sd hdm sdn xudt do Olley-Pakes (1996) dugc sii dung dd xudt dl tinh tdi vin dd ndi smh cua viec lua chgn dau vdo ciia doMih nghidp. Sdn lugng dugc xdc dinh la gid tri gia tang cdn diu vdo Id lao ddng vd vdn.
3.2.2 Cdu true cdc bien bieu thi ^^c kenh truyin tdi dnh hudng cua FDI
Vd m^t phuang phdp ddnh gid tdc dOng ciia FDI din cdc doanh nghifp ndi dia thi vdn de quan frgng Id cdn phdi xdy dung dugc cdc kdnh tuyen tdi dnh hudng ciia lan tda cdng nghe den cac doanh nghiep frong nudc. Cdc kdnh tuySn tdi cin xdy dung sd dugc md ta ehi tiet nhu sau:
- Biln ddc Idp Horizontal (Hor) cho bilt miic do tham gia ciia nudc ngodi frong nganh dd vd duge tinh bdng t^ frgng vdn nudc ngoai binh qudn cua tit cd cdc doanh nghi$p frong nganh, frgng sd Idy bang ty frgng ciia sdn lugng tiing doanh nghidp frong sdn lugng ngdnh:
Horizontal
Sfes (7/201 SI
TAC D Q N G COA D X U T U T R U C T I I P NUflC NGOAl... NGHIJNCIJIUTBP""^' | T O T Trong doYiji la sdn lugng diu ra thuc tl. Do
v|ly, gid tri cua bien Hor tdng theo sdn lugng ciia doanh nghidp dau tu nudc ngodi vd t^ frgng vdn nudc ngodi ttong cdc doanh nghi^ ndy.
Trong do FSi/i Id phdn chia von nude ngoai cua doanh nghidp i ttong ngdnh j thdi gian t, chi iniie dd tham gia ciia doanh nghiep FDI ttong tdng sd vdn cua doanh nghiep ngdnh chl tao kim loai.
- Biln dgc l^p Backward (Back) lan tda ngugc: bidu thi miic dg tham gia ciia nude ngoai frong cdc nganh ma ngdnh cung cdp ddu vdo cho chiing cd cdc doanh nghiep md chiing ta dang nghidn cuu, vd do vdy nd sS phdn dnh mirc dd hgp tdc giua cdc nha cung cdp ndi dia vdi cdc khdch hdng Id doanh nghiep da qude gja. Nd duac tinh nhu sau:
Backward ,, - g ^.t Horizontala^
Trong do a,* Id t^ frgng cua sdn lugng ngdnh j dugc cung cdp cho ngdnh k, nd dugc nit ra tii ma ttdn I-O (2007) vdi 2 chft sd.
- Bien dgc lap Forward (For) lan tda xudi:
bidu till miie dd tham gia ciia nudc ngodi vdi ben mua t^i dia phuang Id cdc doanh nghidp chd tao kim loai, dugc dinh nghla nhu sau:
Forwj,= Y,^j„Horizoltal„
Trong dd phdn ty Id Sju cua dau vdo cua ngdnh chd tgo kim loai j mua tu nganh 1 d thdi gian t.
Cdc ddu vdo mua d bdn ttong ngdnh chl tao kim loai hi loai, vi nd dd dugc bao hdm frong biln Horizontal.
- Biln dgc lap Supply backward (Sback) ndm bdt gid thilt cua Markusen vd Venables dugc xay dung theo cdch sau:
Sbackwardji = ^ B^i^Backwardi,
IkhlUJ
Trong dd phdn t^ Id 5,,, ciia ddu vdo ciia nganh j (ngdnh chd tao kim loai) mua tft ngdnh 1 d thdi gian t md din lugt nd lai cung cdp ddu vdo cho cdc doanh nghiep nudc ngodi. Nhu da dinh nghia Backward bilu thi cho muc do tham gia cua nudc ngodi frong cdc ngdnh md ngdnh cung cdp ddu vdo cho chiing. L*it (lao ddng cd ky
nang)- tdng thu nhdp binh qudn cho mdt cdng nhMi d xi nghi?p i thdi gian t.
D I xem xdt mdi tuang quan gifta nang suat doanh nghidp vd su hien didn ciia phia nudc ngoai frong ngi bg ngdnh dd hoac cdc ngdnh giai doan sau ciia chudi sdn xuit, chiing ta dp dung cdch tiep can m4,da dugc cdc nghien cftu trudc ddy su dung vd udc luang mdt so dang khac nhau cua phuong trinh. Do dd, md hinh bdn tham sd ddnh gia tdc ddng ciia FDI den nang suit nhdn td tong hgp (TFP) cdc doanh nghidp nganh chd tao kim lo^ii cd the dugc md td:
LnTFPi=a + piLnKi + ^iLnlci -t- ^iLnvngi + P^LnLi + pskli + PeFSi, 1- piHorizontaljt PsForwardji + ^^Backwardjt + j9io Sbackwardji +a,+ a,-t £„
Vecta cdc biln bilu thi cdc nhdn td ben frong doanh nghidp g6m cdc biln ddc l|p dugc cho nhu sau:
Vng = 1 - (Vdn chu sd hftu/Tdng ngu6n vdn) = Tdng ng/Tdng tdi sdn, bilu thi v6n vay tft bdn ngodi.
K{, -vdn ciiahangi,ngdiihj (ngdnh chd tao kim loai) nam t, duac dinh nghia la gid tri cua tdng tdi sdn ddu ndm, dugc gidm phdt. FS« - phdn chia vdn ciia nhd diu tu nudc ngodi frong hang i, ngdnh j ndm t.
L: Lao ddng kli - mftc frang hi vdn fren lao dgng hang i, ngdnh j nam t, xdp xl ^(Tdng vln/Lao dgng)
Cdc bien bidu thi cdc kdnh truyen tdi FDI ddn cdc doanh nghidp ngdnh chd tao kim loai nhu dugc dinh nghia d frdn (bien Fs, Hor, For, Back, Sback).
Cdc ket qua udc lugng vd thdo lufln Trudc het ta kidm fra lieu cdc gid thuydt chu ydu cua tiep can OP cd thda man khdng, nghia Id, diu tu tdng mdt cdch dan didu theo cdc mftc tang TFP dugc do ludng vdi cdc quan sdt diu tu duang khdng? Ta udc lugng md hinh dnh hudng cd dinh d muc doanh nghigp cua loga tdng ddu tu cua TFP vd cdc biln gia tiieo nam nhu Id cdc bien gidi thich vd dilu chinh eho cdc cum cua bit ky biln ndo. Hd s6 udc lugng cho loga cua
Sir 68 (7/2015) QU&NLYKINHT^ Q
I I B I l i i WfiHltHCMlIBAOBft TAC BQWG CAA DAU TtfTRtfC Tifr Nl/liC MGOAl...
TFP 14 0,0000 cho toan m l u vk khde khong & xuit cho b6 s6 li?u cua c4c doanh nghifp nganh mfic f nghla 1%, vk do do chi ra ring la hop ly chS tjo kim loji cr cgp d? doanh nghi?p a Vi$t khi su dung tilp ciin OP d6 udc lugmg ham sSn Nam.
B i n g 1: Xf6c luang TFP ciia c&c doanh nghiep n g i n h cbi t^o kim lofi b i n g phmmg p h i p ban tham s6
Bien Lnl Lnk Fs Hot For Back Sback Kl Lc Vng Tdng s6 quan sat S6nhdm
TFP ird'c lugng tir phiromg p h i p OUey-Pakes (Ban til lam biin dilu khiin)
He so 0,0204**
(0,0083) -0,1767***
(0,0063) 4,7878**
(2,0672) -9,9049***
(0,7726) -0,0148***
(0,0020) -0,0075***
(0,0028) 0,0196***
(0,0051) 0,000028***
(8.00e-06) 0,0013***
(0,00008) 0,1021***
(0,0159) 54526 13989
TFP irdc lirgmg tir phuong p h i p Levlnshon-Pertrin (D^u v i o t m n g gian l i m bien dieu khiin)
He so 0,0734**
(0,0346) -0,0133 (0,0337) 8,8807**
(3,6883) -4,9003***
(1,0079) -0,0117***
(0,0027) -0,0015 (0,0042) -0.0016 (0,0070) -0,0000931 (0,0001566) 0,0413***
(0,0105) -0,1180***
(0,0213) 49286 13193
Ghi chu: Phuang phdp bdn tham s6 ggi chung cho phuang phdp u&c lugng TFP bdng phuang phdp OUey - Pakes vd phucmg phdp cda Levinshon - Petrin.
** micey nghta 5%: ***; micey nghia 1%
^
I I f KINH T£ Sii 611 (7/20191TAG DQNG CIJA D ^ U T U TRI/C Tigp Wl/flC NGOAl... NBHlgNCflUTP"""'*' I f f i i l Tft Bdng 1 cho thdy he s6 ude lugng cua diu
vdo lao dgng duang vd cd y nghia thing ke 5%.
Didu ndy hdm f khi cdc doanh nghidp ndi dia gia tang lao ddng thi ndng sudt cua doanh nghidp Cling sd tang. Ddi vdi ddu vdo vdn thi he so ude lugng thu dugc cd f nghia ihdng kd cao vdi mftc y nghia 1 % nhung mang diu dm.
Tdc dgng ciia FDI thdng qua cdc biln bidu thi cac kenh lan tda ngang, dgc va ngugc cung cho thdy cdc hd sd cua cdc biln Hor, For, Back, Sback ddu cd f ngbia thing kd cao d mftc y nghia 1%. Hd sd biln Hor mang diu dm la vi:
khi cd su xuat hidn cua cac doanh nghidp nudc ngodi frong ngdnh chl tao kim loai khiln xdy ra hidn tugng chdy mdu chdt xdm. Nhung ngudi lao ddng ldnh nghd, cd kinh nghidm cao ciia cdc doanh nghidp frong nudc chuyin sang cdc doanh nghidp nudc ngodi. Dilu ndy ldm dnh hudng tdi nang suit sdn xudt ciia ede doanh nghiep frong nudc, chi phi nhdn cdng cung cd xu hudng tang do cdc doanh nghidp nudc ngodi fra cdng cao han. Khi xuit hidn cdc doanh nghidp FDI thi tgo dOng luc cho cdc doanh nghiep dia phuong phdi cdi tiiidn dl cd thi canh ttanh va dftng vftng ttdn thi trudng. Tuy nhien dd thu hut FDI thi Chinh phu Viet Nam dua ra nhieu uu dai ve thue nhu thud thu nhdp doanh nghi$p, thud sft dung dit...theo Nghi dinh 108/2006/ND-CP vd quy dinh ehi tilt va hudng ddn thi hmih mdt sd didu cfta Lu^t Ddu tu, lam cho cdc doanh nghidp ttong nudc khd cd the canh ttanh vd mdt di thi phdn. Hd sd cua bien For ciing mang ddu dm, dilu nay dugc gidi thich nhu sau: Do cdc doanh nghidp FDI cd trinh do cdng nghd va ngudn nhan luc tdt cd thd t^o ra nhihig sdn phim chit lugng cao. Khi cdc doanh nghiep FDI cung cdp diu vdo cho cdc doanh nghiep ngi dja tM cdc doanh nghidp khd hdp th\i dugc dan tdi gidm ndng suat sft dung cdc diu vao ndy. Mgt didm cdn luu y^ nfta^ la thudng thi cdc doanh nghiep FDI se ydu can diu vdo chdt lugng tdt, giao hdng dftng, dft, phft hgp vdi cdng nghd cfta doanh nghidp, tft dd cac doanh nghidp ndi dia ndu mudn cung cap ddu vdo cho cdc doanh nghidp FDI thi phdi tvr cdi thidn len. Nhung ttSn thi trudng vdn cdn tdn tai mdt s6 doanh nghiep FDI chua tdt, sft dung ddu vdo cd chdt lugng thdp hodc hdng gia, hdng nhdi khidn cdc doanh 8^68(7/2015)
nghidp ttong nudc khdng cd ddng lyc tao ra sdn phim cd chdt lugng cao, didu ndy ldm ^idm nang suat cua cac doanh nghi&p, tiic Id he sd cfta biln Back am. Cudi ciing, hd sd cfta bidn Sback - lan tda ngugc cung thi lai mang gid tri duong, do yen cau ddu vdo cfta doanh nghidp FDI cac ngdnh khiln cdc nha cung cdp ndi dja can phdi ndng cao chdt lugng san phdm, didu nay thuc ddy cdc nhd cung cap ngi dia dau tu vd san xudt cac ddu vdo theo cdc tidu chudn chit lugng cao han. Vide ndy khdng chi cd mgt tdc ddng duong len ndng sudt ciia cdc nha cung cdp ngi dia ma cdn cd thi kich thich nang sudt cua cdc khdch hang doanh nghiep ngi dia ttong ngdnh chd tao kim loai ciiahg.
Ddi vdi cdc biln ddc trung doanh nghidp, he sd cfta cdc bien ndy deu duong vd cd y nghla thong ke eao vdi mftc y nghia 1 %. Cu the, bidn KI cho biet khi tang h$ sd ttang bi vdn fren lao d^ng thi sd thftc ddy tdng nang suit cdc doanh nghidp ndi dia. Mac dft cd hidn tugng chdy mau chdt xdm khi xudt hien cdc doanh nghiep FDI nhung nhftng ngudi lao dgng ldm vice tai cdc doanh nghidp frong nudc vdn cd ca hdi hgc hdi ndng cao trinh do vd ky nmg ldm viec leun tang ndng sudt doanh nghiep khi doanh nghiep gia tdng ddu tu vdn. Neu trinh do lao ddng cdng cao thi doanh nghiep cdn tang luang eho ngudi lao dgng de gift chdn hg, dieu do ciing tao ddng lire cho ngudi lao ddng ldm vide hidu qud, tft dd gdp phdn gia tang nang sudt doanh nghidp, thd hidn d he sd udc lugng bien Lc duang. Ngodi ra, md hinh ciing cho thdy rang viec sft dung vdn vay tft ben ngodi cd tac ddng tdt den vide tang nang suat doanh nghiep vi bien Vng cho he sd udc lugng duang.
5. Ket luan
Bdi viet ndy tun hieu vd mat thuc nghidm tdc ddng lan tda cua FDI ddn ndng suit cdc doanh nghidp ngdnh che tao kim loai Vidt Nam. Sft d\mg md hinh ban tham sd dl udc lugng TFP theo hai phuang phdp Olley-Pakes vd Levinshon-Petrin. Kit qud cho Ihiy tdc ddng cfta FDI din tdng trudng nang suit nhdn td tdng hgp Id dm, tiic la frong ngdnh chl tao kim loai, cdc doanh nghiSp frong nudc khdng dugc hudng Igi tut viSc thu hftt FDI vdo nganh.
QUANLYKINHTE Q
^ ^ f f l NCHIEN ecu TRAO fltfl TAC DQNG COA B^U T U T R U C TigP NUOC NGOAL.
TAI Up] THAM KHAO Tiing Vift
• Ha Qu^Tih Hoa, Dodn Thanh Son, Trdn M?inh Diing, Nguygn Anh Tuylt, Dinh Thi Hdng Thdu, 'Tac ddng cfta FDI Idn nang sudt vd hdi ti^
nang suit d cdp do doanh nghidp cua ngdnh chd tdc". Hgi tu nang suat, hieu qud vd hdi tu thu nhdp theo viing, NXB Khoa hgc va ky thudt. Ha Ndi.
• Nguyin Khde Minh, Ky ylu h^i thdo khoa hgc, 2015, Hdi tu nang suit, tiln luong, hi8u qud vd TFP theo virng, trudng Dai hgc Kinh tl qudc ddn vd Quy phdt trien khoa hgc vd cdng nghd quoc gia.
• Nguyen Khde Minh, Pham Khdnh Linh vd Nguyen Bd Hung (2014),"Tdc dOng cfta lan tda cdng ngh§ den tdc do hOi t\i ciia ngdnh Phi kim", KT&PT.sd209tiiang 11 nam 2014. Tr. 95-101.
ISSN. 1859-0012.
• Nguyen Thj Tue Anh vd cdc c^ng s\c, "Tdc ddng cua ddu tu t\rc tilp nudc ngodi tdi tang tiiidngkinhtedVietNam",d\rdnSida, 2/2006.
TilngAnh
• Abraham, F., Konings, J. & Slootinaekers, V.
(2006),*'FDI spillovers, firm heterogeneity and
degree of ownership: Evidence from Chinese manufacturing",Working Paper, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven.
• Aiticen, B. J. and A. Harrison. 1999,"Do Domestic Fums Benefit from Direct Foreign I n v e s t m e n t ? E v i d e n c e f r o m Venezuela",American Economic Review 89:
605-618.
• Akinori Tomohara, Kazuhiko Yokota,"Does Foreign Dfrect Investment Benefit Domestic Companies via Increased Productivity:
Horizontal, Backward, and Forward Lmkages",Workmg Paper Series Vol. 2006-07 May 2006.
• Nguyen Khac Minh & Nguyen Viet Hung (2008),"Foreign direct investment and productivity growth in some sub-industries of Vietnam's manufacturing firms, 2000-2005:
Semi-parameter approaches". Proceedings of Growtii, structural change and policies in Vietnam since Doimoi 89-103.
• Ping LIN, Zhuomin LIU, and Yifan ZHANG,"Do Chinese Domestic Firms Benefit from FDI Inflow? Evidence of Horizontal and Vertical Spillovers", China Economic Review 20.4(2009): 677-691.
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