NGHIEN Ciyu KHOA HOC
MOT SO DAC TRtTNG VAN
hOA TAY NGUYEN QUA SANG
t a gCUA NGUYEN NGOC VE TAY NGUYEN
■ Hoang ST Nguy§n*,Le Thanh Toan**
TOM TAT
Quart he van hoa ■ van hoc la moi quan he hitu ca; van hoa cung cap chat U4u cho van h<?c; van hoc gop phdn phdt huy, Ian too, hdo ton van hoa. Sang tdc cua Nguyen Nggc ve Tdy Nguyen la rngt trong nhung sdn phdm tieu bieu cua moi quan he nay. Nhimg thien nhien, ddt nude, con ngudi; nhung phong tuc, le hoi cua vung ddt Tdy Nguyen da duac the hign trong ede tdc phdm cua Nguyen Nggc mot each sink dgng, phong phu, gidu bdn sac. Bdi viet nay nhdm lam sang rd nhung thdnh cong do trong ede sdng tdc cua nha van von gdn bo mdu thft vdi vung ddt nay - nhd “Tdy Nguyen hgc ’’ Nguyen Nggc!
ABSTRACT Some o f Highlands culture features through Nguyen Ngoc’s composition about highlands The cultural - literature relation is an organic - culture relationship provide the material to literary; literary contributes to the promotion, spread, cultural preservation. Nguyen Ngoc’s composition about Highlands is one o f the typical products fo r this relationship. The nature, country, man, customs, festivals about Highlands region are shown in Nguyen Ngoc's works vividly, abundance, richly.
The writing aims to clarify the success in the writer’s compositions - the one who was used to have sticking flesh — the Highlands writer - Nguyen Ngoc.
1. D|it vdn de
1.1. Quan he van hoc - vSn hoa la vin de ly luan, d6ng then la van de c6 y nghTa thuc tiln trong nghien cuu van hoa, van hoc, cung nhu ly luan van hgc. Van hoa la n6n tang tinh th§n cua xa hOi, la dong lire cua sir phat trien. Nghe thuSt la dang boat dong die biet ciia van hoa, vi no c6 kha nang phan anh mpi phuong thiic boat dong cua bSt cu ITnh vuc nao, thdng qua he thdng hinh tuemg. Trong ITnh virc nghe thuat, van hoc dugc xem la nhan to quan trong k it tinh van hoa.
“Sang tao ciia ITnh vuc nghi thu|t nao cung la mbt khau trong toan bo dcri s6ng v3n hoa, nhung nghe thuat van chuong bao gib cung dugc xem nhu mgt ITnh vuc dac biet trong cai dac biet ciia nghe thuat noi chung”[l, tr.34].
Quan he giua van hoa va van hgc lau nay da dugc nhieu nha nghien cuu d l cap den. Song, de soi chilu vao cac tac pham cu the, su nghiep sang tac ciia m6t nha vdn cu the chiing toi thiy con rdt it. Tim hilu dac trung van hoa vung miln qua van hoc la mgt hubng tilp c$n ti'ch ege, h&u ich. Tir each nhin nay, chiing toi di vao dm hieu, nghien cijru nhom d |c trung van hoa vung miln qua cac tac pham, tac gia van hgc tieu bilu. Bai viet nay la mgt trong nhung thanh qua ciia van de ma chiing toi d2 va dang thuc hien.
1.2. Cach tilp can cua bai vilt khong di sau vao goc nhin thi phap hgc, die khao sat cac thanh to vIn hoa Tiy Nguyen tac dgng nhu the nao v2o each nhin, each khai thac con nguoi trong loi noi, suy nghT, hanh dgng...; ma di tu goc nhin van
*TS, Trirdng D ?i hQc Noi vy H i N§i - C ir sd mi^n Trung.
**ThS, Trirdng Dyi hyc N$i vy Hii N$i - Co- sfr mi^n T rung.
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SO 07 - THAnG 05/2015N GH ltN CtfU KHOA H OC I hoa hpc, t\ic xet dSc tnrng van h6a Tay Nguyen
nhir binh dien hipn thuc dugc nha van Nguyen Ngoc the hipn nhu the n^o trong tac phim, thong k6, mo ta su xuat hifn d6 nhu t6n bai viet da neu.
1.3. Hiem c6 nha vin nao trong cuoc doi cam but ciia mlnh lai gan bo mau thit voi vung dat Tay Nguyen nhu Nguyen Ngoc. Tu tu6i thanh xuan den luc dau bac, chua bao gio Nguyen Ngoc th6i suy tu, tim hieu, s6ng sau vdi vSn hod Tay Nguyen; de r6i, san sinh ra nhung dua con tinh than mang dSy hcfi tha cua con ngudi va hcri nCii, hoi s6ng Tay Nguy6n. Nhd van Nguyen Ngoc cung da nhieu 1 ^ khdng dinh vi tri cua van hoa Tay Nguyen trong cac sang tac ve d6 tai nay cua mlnh. Cl bai vidt “Cuoc doi va tac phdm”, ong due ket: “Bao gio su sang tao cung phai c6 nguon goc tu thuc te va dugc khai quat tir nhi6u kinh nghiem s6ng. Sd di toi c6 the vi6t dugc v6 Nup, hinh dung dugc tarn trang, hanh dpng cua Niip la nhd c6 thdi gian dai toi song va gdn bo vdi Tay Nguyen” [2, tr.35l]. Ly giai ve su thanh cong cua nh&ng sang tac ve de tai Tay Nguyen, nha van tarn su “Noi ddn TSy Nguy6n ngudi ta thudng hay nghl, ndi ngay den thien nhien, nui non, rimg ru, canh quan la lung cua no. Tat nhien cai do la dung va cung tac dpng den ngudi mod bude chan den day. Nhung con quan trong hon nhieu, theo toi, la nen vdn hoa cua no (...). Cac dan tpc Tay Nguyen da “edy trdng” tren dat dai niii rung cua mlnh mdt n6n van hoa Idn, cue ki doc dao va d5c sac, lau ddi va ben vung” [2, Qua sang tac cua Nguyen Ngoc, Dat va Ngudi Tay Nguyen dugc hien len kha phong phii, sinh dpng va hap dan. Tir vi tri dia H, s6ng hd, sinh vat, tho nhuong d6n dung cu lao dpng, cong chieng, nha rdng, tinh each song, phong tuc,ll hpi,... tat ca deu “doc” dugc qua sang tac do. Trong pham vi bai viet nay, chiing toi chi gidi thipu mot s6 n6t tieu bieu: Thien nhien hiing vl, nguyen so va trong sach; Van hod lang; Van hoa LI hdi; Van hoa Nha rdng; Van hoa edng chieng.
2. N$i dung
2.1. Thien nhien hung vl, nguydn sot va trong s^ch
Td qude ta la xii sd ciia nhung ngpn nui, dong
sdng. Ddi mii chiem tdi ba phSn tu dipn tich lanh thd va trai dai tren toan l§nh thd la mdt mang ludi sdng ngdi day dac. Ddi nui nhieu nhung canh sic chang bao gid trung lap. N8u nui Ddng BSc thap, rai rac thi nui Tay Nguyen cao, ndi kdt day dSc va hung vT. Trong Tru&ng ca Dam San, chung ta bat gap mpt thien nhien c6 niii rung, sdng sudi nguydn thuy. Trong cac sang tac ve Tay Nguyen cua Nguydn Ngoc, thien nhien khdng con huyen bi nhu trong cac ban Tnrdng ca nda ma gin bo than mat vdi con ngudi. Tuy nhidn, khdng phai vi thd m^ thidn nhidn d3 m it hdt vd nguydn so, du dpi va hung vT ciia no. V in con do mdt thidn nhien Tay Nguydn vdi nhOng dang ve, “due tinh” ridng bidt. Ching h ^ , doan v5n sau day trong Thang Ning Nang: “Mua mua rung Tay Nguyen ai da tung ndm qua, hin nhd ddi... Mdi mua mua lai nhu mdt Ian khai thien lap dia trd lai. Tung trai nui khdng Id dd ap xudng, va tihig day nui dai cao vut mpe Idn”.
Sang tac cua Nguyen Ngpc thudng bj thu hut rdt manh bdi khdng gian thien nhien md: cao rpng va hoanh trang. Trong Rimgxa nu, Nguydn Ngpc da ba Ian midu ta: “Dung tren ddi xa nu Sy trdng ra xa, ddn hdt tdm mat cung khdng thay gi khac ngoai nhung ddi xa nu ndi tiep tdi chan trdi”. Nhu mdt didp khiic, hinh anh rung xa nu mdnh mdng lap lai ba Ian lam ndi bat ve rdng Idn va ki vT, ggi sdc manh tiem tang, bat diet cua con ngudi Tay Nguydn dang ngay ngay ddi chpi vdi ke thu xam luge hung bao. Trong nhung rCmg xa nu ndi tiep dd con c6 hang tram lang nhu lang Xd man cua Tnii dang ngay ngay mai guam giao, cam chdng chd sin ke thu. Cay xa nu bao bpc quanh l^ g , “ndi tiep nhau...” den “hiit tarn mat” da truyen nidm tin cho con ngudi. Tnii di ddn dau cung thly bdng cay xa nu. Mien d it nao anh chien dau cung la mien ddt than thude vi c6 hinh bdng cay xa nu. Xa nu hien ra trude mat, hidn ra trong ky nipm, in sau trong tarn kham Tnii.
Niii Ngpk Linh la nidm tu hao cua Tay Nguyen. Trong Rimg xa nu, Tnii dS hai Ian len niii Ngpk Linh, mdi ngay di ba ngiy dudng de ISy da trlng vd hpc chu Bok Hd va l4y da mai vd cho ddn lang mai guam, mai giao danh gidc.
s6
07 - THANG 05/201547
NGH llN CtfU KHOA HOC
Trong Thang Ning Nffng, nha van da ta ti mi han
\h ngpn nui nay va mpt l ^ g ban ciia nguoi Ta Tra.
D8 t^io khong khi linh thieng, nghi^m trang va huySn bi cho cdc cau chuy^n kS, Nguy6n Ngoc thuong ggi nhac mot khong gian nguyen so xa vang. Khong gian do la nhung not l|ng cam thuc, day suy tir, phu hop vdi ti'nh each tram I ^ g ciia nguai mien mii. Do la khong gian lu lang K6ng Hoa nghe Bok Sung ke chuyen Luai gifcrm ong Tu. Do la khong gian dem l ^ g X6 man nghe cu M6t ke chuyen vS Tnii...
Ve dpp nguyen so cua thien nhien, sue song mSnh liet va b it tan ciia thien nhien da 1 ^ phong nin cho ve dep hoanh trang ciia con ngucri Tay Nguyen trong cac sang tac ciia Nguyen Ngoc.
2.2.VSn hoi ling
Trong he thing to chiic xa h6i Tay Nguyen c6 truyen, lang c6 vi tri quan trpng dac biet. Cac dSn t6c a khu vtre nay tniac kia song trong mot dang xa hpi hau nhu tuemg tu nhau: do la xa hoi cpng dong vio giai doan cu6i thai ki nguyen thuy.
Neu CO su khac bipt giua cac dan tpc thi nhung su khac biet do chii yeu a quan he huyet tpc va than tpc. Ngay nay, dau trai qua nhieu bien thien cua lich sii, cpng dong xa hpi co ban ciia cac dan t6c Tay Nguyen vin hiu nhu tuong tu nhau. Do la cac buon cua nguoi Ede, Memong..., cac Poloi cua ngucri Gia rai..., cac Polay cua ngucri Bana, Xa dang... cac gia dinh ciia cac buon, Palay, Palai... tap trung then tiing cum nha a cac suon niii, triin niii, ven su6i chii'khdng rai rac theo xom nhu trong lang ciia nguai Vipt. Co khi ca mdt cpng dong a chung trong mpt ngoi nha dai:
“Nha Tay Nguyen khong bao gia ngan thinh tCmg buong kin rieng bi6t. Nha dai den nam ba chuc met, hang chuc hp cung sinh song, cung cu thong thong tii dau nay diu kia, moi hp mpt cai bep, ca nha la mpt cpng dong th6ng thuong va khang kbit, cii rilng nim chan hoa giua cai chung” (Thang Ninh Nong). Dii tip tuc bd tri nha trong lang khong giong nhau, nhung l6i sing quin cu mat tap la phi biin ciia cac dan tdc Tiy Nguyen. Diiu nay khac vdi nhieu tpc ngudi mien niii a phia B3c. Trong cac sang tac ciia To Hoai vS vimg mii Tay Bac, chiing ta khong thiy
c6 mpt ngdi nhi cpng ding nao. N h i ciia Thong ly Pa Tra (V<^ chong A Phu) vao loai to nhat lang nhung cung dupe phan chia tung khu rieng biet:
“Mi bang hoang tinh. Buoi sang am am trong cai nha g6 rpng. Vdeh bin cung im ing”[3, tr.94].
Noi den van hoa lang ngudi ta thudng liru y din cac tap quan cua lang. Co nhung t|p quan tich epe nhung cung c6 nhung t|ip quan tieu cue.
Dudi thdi phong kien, thu^c dia, nhQng hu tuc thudng rit nang n i d cac lang mien mii. Nha van To Hoai d3 xay dung rat chan thuc va sinh dong nhixng hu tuc d cac lang mien mii Tay B3c. Dpe Truyen Tay Bdc. ngudi dpc d l dang nhin ra mpt Hong Ngai vdi hii tpc cho vay nang 13i, hii tpc trdi bupc tp do cua con ngudi bang ll trinh ma, va nang ne nhat la nhung ke thing tri lang xem chan ly trong mdt cupc xii kien chi la: “Khoi thuic phipn tudn ra c3c Id ciia sd tun hiit xanh nhu khoi bdp...”[3, tr.96]. Dpc cac sdng tac viet ve Tay Nguyen cua Nguydn Ngpc, chiing ta it thay nhung ndi am anh n3ng ne ve cac hii tpc ciia lang nhu thi. Dudi chi d$ cu, lang ciia cac dan tpc Tay Nguyen cung khdng thiiu nhung ke nha giau theo ch3n Phap d i ha hiip dan lang (nhu bon nha giau d lang Ha Ro trong D it nude diing len), nhung c6 12 Tay Nguyen it hii tuc nSng ne nghin ddi han d vung mii phia Bac.
Trong Mua xudn hoa trang, Nguydn Ngoc c6 dd cap ddn mdt tap tpc tra thu mu quang ciia dan lang nai Y Tiic song, nhimg hau nhu khdng phai chu y phd phan m3 nghidng vd kh3c hoa khi chat cua ngudi con trai Tay Nguyen: “Khi ngudi lang md trdi cho Y Tiic, thi lua da ch3y trong hai mat anh. Khdng ndi khdng rang, Y Tiic cam mdt con giao dai, Idn ngdi giua deo Krdng.,.”.
Cau chuy$n cu am dam chi la not nhac tram cho cai dep hdm nay dupe thang hoa: “Tu khi bp dpi vd, lu lang da bd tuc gidt ngudi tra thii trdn deo Krdng. Nhung cu quen nhu ngay xua, ngudi qua ddo cung cii bd mdt nhdnh la vao dong 13 mdi ngay mpt cao...”. Nhung nhanh cay rung hien hoa da thay cho luoi mdc vdi nhOng cupc chem gidt vd ly. Nd nhu tin hi$u tra lai ban nguyen tam linh vi tha va tinh cam 13ng gidng ben chat ciia ngudi dan trong lang Tay Nguyen v3y!
Lang cua Tay Nguydn dupe hinh thanh tiJt
48
s a 07 - THAng 05/2015n6n van minh trong c§y lua kho mrong ray. Do la mpt hlnh thiic xa hoi g ^ nhu duy nhit va cung la c6i ngudn cua nen van hoa ban dia. Ve d?p cua v5n hoa c6ng dong l ^ g trong lao dpng san xuat da tra thanh ve dep doM kSt ciia anh hung ca chdng ke thu xam luge trong thoi dai mdi ciia cac buon lang Tay Nguyen. Su cuu mang dum boc trong lao d6ng, trong quan h6 lang gifing d3 tra th3nh chuan mvre cua gia tri dao due, dao ly va nhan each, nhu mot nguyen tac Idn nhdt cua quan h? c6ng d6ng lang. Trong can doi gao, doi mu6i quay quat cua ca lang, Nup da nhubng s6 luong thuc cua gia dinh minh cho Ghip, cho lii lang, cho con nit... Nup thiSt tha noi voi vg:
“Phai cho Ghip an. B3y gid dang danh Phap, de nguai ch6t doi khdng dugc... mai mot toi di v6 rCmg dao cu mai, be rau an ciang dugc”. Tieu doi truong Y K a - Bin trong Ky niem Tdy Nguyen,
“Ion len khdng c6 me. Mot ong cu dem anh ve nuoi a nha ray”. Anh Giai phong quan Tnii trong Rungxd nu “Cha me no chSt s6m, 13ng X6 Man nay nuoi no. Dai no kho nhung bung no sach nhu nuac su6i lang ta”... Nhu m |t ong Tay Nguyen hut nhuy tu hoa rCmg, tinh cam lang giSng da ket tu thanh tinh cam each mang cao dep, cam ddng.
Goc r6 ciia van hoa c$ng dong cung chinh la chat phi nhieu mau ma, ket dmh nhu d3t do Ba Zan tinh cam Kinh - Thugng, tinh cam vai dong chi Nguai Dang: “Di len ba, chi Lieu cong con chay theo sau, thao cai chan ciia con, tnim len vai anh The... Lieu keo ch3n dap cho anh Th6 tai CO... Ba me bo di riy, ng6i miet vai anh The”.
“Lu lang mang hot ga tdi cho anh The de d3y mgt ro a d3u giuong. Ban dSm, mot thanh ni6n, m6t phu nfi tai a chung voi anh, noi chuyen, hat cho anh ThS khoi buon”. Do chinh 13 sue manh doan kit, dai doan k it ciia truyln thing dan tic Viet Nam.
Lang la dan vi ca ban duy nhdt v l hanh chinh a Tay Nguyin. Nguyin Ngpc da ly giai: “Trong xa hoi c6 truyln TSy Nguyin va din nay vin con rit dam, lang la dan vi ca b3n va duy nhat... Vdi hg, lang tuc la d it nuac, tuc la T6 qu6c. Cpng ding lang doi ciing doi, no cung no. Khong bao gid CO chuyen rieng ai chit doi. Co chit thi cung chit ca lang.” [4, tr.65-71].
N G H llN C iru KHOA H OC I
Trong sinh ho^t cpng dong, moi khi nha nao c6 vile liln dugc su dong gop chtmg cua mpi ngudi. GhI rugu quy nhat ciia moi gia dinh dugc dem den chia se. Nilm vui noi buon ciia moi ngudi cung la nilm vui ndi bu6n chung ciia ca bu6n lang. Cai sg Idn nhat ciia con ngudi d dSy 13 mot khi bj bupc phai tach ra khoi cpng dong.
Dieu 3y con sg han ca cai chit.
2.3. V3n hoa L I hoi
LI hpi la mpt ylu to quan trpng trong ddi song xa hpi lo3i ngudi. 6 mdi cpng ddng, mdi dan tpe thi tung net van hoa cua II hpi chua dgng nhung tinh chit, dSc trung rilng bipt, mang hai thd ciia ddi sdng cu thi, phuang thiic lao dpng va mdi trudng tu nhiln. T3y Nguyin c6 mpt nin v5n hoa II hdi h it siic sdng dpng, phong phii, da dMg cua nhiiu dan tdc anh em. No hinh th3nh trong ho3n canh sdng, lao dpng san xuat gan vdi nui rung minh mdng vd tan, “ghi nh|n mdt sac thai van hoa rilng - van hoa 13y con ngudi 13m chii, lay d it trdi 13m khudn mlu, van hoa iy la su hai ho3 ciia nang mua, ciia niii rimg va nuang riy”[5, tr.85]. Kho tang van hoa II hdi giau c6 do xuat hiln vdi tin sd kha cao trong cac sang lac ciia Nguyin Ngpc d tat ca cac thdi ki. Cac ll hdi chii ylu dugc chia thanh hai mang Idn: LI hdi vdng ddi {le thdi tai, li dat tin, II trudng th3nh, II Cling siic khde, II hdi vg, II cudi, II ciing dau dm, II bd ma...) va II hdi ndng nghilp (II chpn d it lam liy, II dot liy, le tia liia - bap, II an cam mdi, II md ciia kho liia, II cau mua, II ciing ta an Giang...). Sau day, chiing tdi chpn khao sat hai 11 hpi d hai cap dp Idn, nhd khac nhau: II thdi tai va le hdi Ning Nang.
Le thdi tai dugc tiln h3nh khi diia be vua Iron thing tudi. Theo quan nilm nhan sinh cua ddng bao Tay Nguyin, diia be chua qua II thdi tai chua phai la con ngudi. Ngudi ta thdi linh hdn qua Id tai d l no thanh ngudi. Linh hdn dd dugc thi hiln qua am thanh cua tilng edng chiing va Idi khin. Am thanh edng chiing tugng trung cho Idi vpng ciia truyln thong, Idi truyln ciia cha dog, md mang tri dc v3 chuyin nhap Idi thi thim ciia niii rung, sdng sudi, dat dai qui huang cho diia be. Am thanh ciia Idi khan tugng trung cho nhiing Idi giao huan cua tin ngudng tarn linh
s607 - THAnG 05/2015
49
di qua 16 tai la ducmg di vao linh hon cua con ngiroi d6 truyln dat, nhSc nha va giri gSm hy vpng. Nhu nguoi trong cuoc, chung kien va yeu m6n, Nguyen Ngpc da say sua ghi lai: Nguod dan ba th6i tai thuong la mot ba dung tuoi - de cho cai nha duac ben chac? - Ba cam mot cupn chi bong, liy ra tir chiSc xa quay, phun gung ma ba dS nhai nat vao d6, rm thoi bay Ian vao cuon chi dat sat vao tai diia be. Vira th6i vua khan...”.
Trong ll thoi tai, ban sSc mang khi chat van hoa dac tnmg ciia con nguoi Tay Nguyen cung duac th8 hien kha ro qua vi?c chon vat.. L6 thoi tai - le tpc van hoa dpp cua dong bao Tdy Nguyen, vira truySn thong, vira hien dai, chijra day khat vpng song, uac ma va hoai bao.
Mua ll hpi Tay Nguyen tap trung va keo dai nhat la d ba thang dSu nam duang lich. Thai ki nay, “hau nhu khong gian khong may luc vang ti6ng chieng cong “Ning Nong! Ning Nang”.
Co le vi vay, hai tir tupng thanh nay duac dimg chi nhihig thang boat dong van hoa dan tpc vod mat dp cao: “Thang Ning Nang” (Khei Ning Nang, ti6ng Ba na)”[6, tr.452]. Trong sang tac cua Nguyen Ngpc, nha van da liy am thanh nay dat ten cho mpt truyen ngan dac sac ciia minh.
CJ Tay Nguyen, day la luc lua riy da tu6t xong, thoc da dong vao kho. Con nguoi muon cam on, tra an cho nhung luc lupng v6 hinh da giiip hp lam mua. Diu chua d6i dao nhung hp cving khong con sp doi nua vi mod thu hoach, hp thanh thoi nghT den cac moi quan he vod thien nhien, to tien, nguoi s6ng va nguod chit. Nguoi Gia rai CO cau hat n6i len khong khi ciia mua le hpi nay:
Dua pan blan ble ia hao.ia hang Ranang blang, kcrtang hud bang klao blan...
NghTa la:
Chin thang ra mo hoi, mo ke Ba thang nghi ngai an udng thodi mdi.
Le hpi thuong dien ra vod nhieu nghi ll khac nhau. Nha van Nguy6n Ngpc da chon each hanh le ciia nguoi To Tra de mieu ta, nhu muon giri gam thong di?p van hoa dac sac, day sire cu6n hiit nay, moi gpi mpi nguod hay mot lln din voi Thang Ning Nong TSy Nguyen: “Thang Ning Nang To Tra khong chi c6 tilng cong chieng.
Con c6 rapt phong tuc la liing khac ntta: den
thing do, vao mpt ngay nhat dinh, ca ling vut bo lai het mpi thii ma cong cupc tien hoa hang van hay hang tripu nim da dem Ira cho nguoi: riu rua, dao mac, nha ciia, chieng che, gao bip, n6i nieu... T it ca, tit ca.... nguod ta noi ngay truac ca quin ao nua, ca ling theo g ii ling keo nhau di vio rung that siu. Cl do hp hii gpi linh hon to tien v l cung minh v i hp sing lai dai song nguyen thuy, hai lupm v i sin bit. Muod ngiy, c6 khi nua thing, hay rapt thing. De lim gi viy? Nguoi ta bao diy la tro ve vai to tien va tu nhien, tim gpi con ngudi trong suoi song cpi nguon do...”.
Thang Ning Nong cua Nguyen Ngpc qua la nhu mpt bio vat quy trong kho bio ting van hoi dan tpc viy!
XS hpi truyin thong ciia cic din tpc a Tay Nguyen ca ban li xa hpi cong dong cuoi then ki nguyen thuy, nen van hoi le hpi con mang tinh h in nhien, giao hoi veri trai dat, thin linh, chira phii nem trai nhieu cay ding cua xa hpi c6 giai cap nhu cic dan tpc anh em khic a mien Bac (nguai Muong, nguod Thii, nguod Tiy...). Bed viy, viet ve van hoi ll hpi Tiy Nguyen, gipng van ciia Nguyen Ngpc luon ho hod, trong veo.
Van hpc chiing ta dang can rat nhieu nhung trang viet bao luu vin hoi mien niii nhu the!
2.4. V in h o i N h i rdng
Noi din vin h o i Tiy Nguyen li noi den nha rong. N hi rong khong bilt da c6 mat tu liic nio, gan bo miu thit vai cu din nhu cam an, nuac uong. No li net dep van hoi rieng ciia buon ling Tiy Nguyen, li hon cot cua ve dep sinh boat cong dong.
sin g gifta Truong Son bao la hung vi, trong nen kinh tl tu cung, tu cip suit hing thien nien ki, nhi rong ciia cu din bin dia Tay Nguyen dupe lim tu nhung nguyin li|u c6 sin, tot nhit trong rung Tiy Nguyen: cot, sin li go cim lai, giang huong; vich phin li ciy 16 6; mii Ipp bing tranb sang; diy bu6c bing song, may... Giua khung canh kh6ng gian ki vT ciia niii nirng, mii nha r6ng cao viit, ving 6ng miu tranh hien len tren phong nin kh6ng gian xanh tham, hoinh tring cua mii rung luon li m$t hinh anh nen tho, la niem tu hio ciia bu6n ling. Trong Ddt nif&c dimg len, Rimg xa nu, Ngudi dung si du&i chan niii Chu
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SO 07 • THANG 05/2015NGHIEN q jru KHOA H OC I
Pong... ta diu thiy nhutig su ki?n trpng dai ciia doi ngircri, cua buon lang diln ra tai nha rong.
Nha rong xuat hien trong Ddt nuac dinig len mudi bay Ian. No la hlnh tuong ciia uy quyen tuyet ddi, la bidu hipn thieng lieng nhat cua cpng d6ng dan tOc. Nha van Nguyen Ngpc da khai thac toi da khong gian nay dS tao khdng khi thieng lieng cho cau chuyen ke ve nhung nguoi con Tay NguySn anh hung. Ngon liia nha rong luon mang sue am anh Ion. No la diem hoi ty, la sue n6ng truyen din, soi sdng. Xung quanh ngon lua huyen ao do, Bok Sung da bao lln ke chuyen Lu&i guam 6ng Tu. Cau chuydn nho mang y nghia Ion, ket tu dung khi va tarn long cua nguoi dan TSy Nguyen vdi song nui que huong, voi dong bao nguoi Kinh anh em. Ben bep lua bap bung d nha rong, Nup d§ giang giai c ^ ke cho dan lang hi6u v6 ke thu xao quyet, ban chuyen danh phap, chuyen lam ray sdm, noi chuyen each mang, chuy6n d6c lap, chuyen Bok H6 lanh dao ca nude danh Phap. Tai nha rong, Nup thuc tinh tinh thin each m?ng cho din ling Be
ta, Ba-Lang. Trong Rimg xd nu, dudi anh sang cua lua xa nu trong nha rong, tieng cu Met tram vang: ”Chem”! Xac cua bon thing Due da nam dudi luoi guom, ca lang X6 man bat dau ddng khdi. Ben bep lua nha rdng, dan ling X6 man lu lugt keo nhau din mung Tnu trd ve ling: “Com nude xong, tir phia nhi Ung (tiic nha rong) c6 ai diy danh len mot hoi mo dii ba tieng...”.
Trong Ngieai dung sT du&i chan nui Chu Pong, Nguyen Ngoc due kit: “Suot m iy muoi nam, trong can nha rong ndc nhon nhu mot mui tin dung sung dudi chan nui Chu Pong, hing chuc the h i noi tiep nhung thiiu nien, thanh niin ling niy thudng quiy quin bin bep lua hdng, nghe cu Xdt k i v i cuoc ddi cua dit nude, song nui, cua din toe Gia Rai”. Chinh tai noi day, cu Xdt da trao cho Ko long nhung bi mat v i mui ten A - kam gia truyin d i anh tra thu cho din toe:
“Dim do, khuya lim trong nhi rong, ben bip lua bap biing, trong tiing gid bien gidi gio n't, mot mai dau bac pho nghiing xudng bin mot mii toe xanh. Gid phiit trang nghiim iy, long trpng nhu mot buoi an thi: cu gii Xdt ngoai tarn muoi tuoi ddi trao lai cho em be Ko Long muoi bdn tu6i
ba mui tin thude dpc A - kam gia truyin”. Ngon lua nhi rong da trd thinh ngpn lua thieng cua tri tu$, tai hoa va lim gift nhOng gia tri truyin thong ngin ddi.
Nha ring k it tu truyen thong ciia bat khuat, nghia tinh ciia bao the hi. N hi rong la “quang trudng” cung la “to i an” phin xu diing sai, li chuin rauc cho nhung ung xu ciia con ngudi Tiy Nguyin; li trung tarn chi huy chien dau, chi d?o sin xuit, ddng thdi cung li noi diin ra nhung boat ddng tin ngudng v i li hdi cua c^ng ddng.
That xuc ddng khi: “Anh Bok Hd treo giua nhi rdng, dudi la cd. Mdi budi sang, trude khi lin chdi canh gac, trude khi di ra ray, lu ling tap trung d nhi rdng chio Bok Hd” {Dat nir&c dung len).
Co th i noi, nhi rdng li khdng gian thuc su quan trpng trong viic nudi dudng tarn hdn ngudi dan Tay Nguyin. Dyng dupe khdng khi Tay Nguyen qua kieu khdng gian dpc dao, Nguyin Ngpc qua la c6 mdt vdn sdng sau sic va mot niim say m i that su ddi vdi manh dit con nhieu bi an ay. Ngdi nha rdng di vio ca tiem thuc, tarn linh ciia con ngudi, mai mai” bao dudng” hp trong ve dep edi ngudn.
2.5. V in hoa C ing chieng
C5 nude ta, nhiiu dan tdc cd van hoa edng chiing, nhung tap trung nhit li d cac dan tpc Tiy Nguyin. Cdng chiing c6 mat trong tit ca cac budi li hdi Idn nhd. Cdng chiing ngin vang sudt cude ddi cua mdi ngudi trong cdng ddng. Lpt long me, tiing cdng chiing d i “khai thdng” cho dua be nhin ra su ra ddi cua nd qua le “thdi tai”. Cu thi, dua tri Idn dan theo nhip cdng chiing im vang ciia li hdi vong ddi: trudng thanh, trao vong, mung sue khoe... Trong van hoa Tay Nguyin, cdng chiing cd mat tu thdi tiin su. Trong buc tranh sinh hoat ciia budn lang E D i (TriroTig ca Bam san), cdng chiing da ngan vang khdng ngdt. Am thanh ky ciia tiing chiing nhu lay ddng ca khdng gian, lam ngung dpng cude sdng ciia mpi vat. Tur ngitn ddi nay, qua bao biin ddi thSng tram ciia Iich su, qua bao biin ddng ciia budn lang, tiing cdng chiing van hoa quyen trong gid mii, may ngan Tay Nguyin, trong tarn hdn ngudi xii mii!
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NGHIEN CffU KHOA HOC
La ngirai am hieu sau sac van hoa Tay Nguyen, ySu Tay Nguyen, nha van Nguyen Ngpc da yeu luon ti6ng c6ng chieng xao xuyen long nguoi do. Chua c6 tac pham nao viet rieng ve cong chieng, nhung hau nhu trong cac sang tac ve Tiy Nguyen, tac pham nao cua Nguyen Ngoc cung c6 sir gop mat cua am thanh cong chieng. Dac biet, trong Thang Ning N m g, tieng c6ng chieng la am huong chii dao goi thurc ki nipm, lay d6ng h6n nguoi. “Thang Ning nong o Tay Nguy6n la lung nhat la ti6ng cong chiSng...
Su6t ngay su6t d^m la tieng c6ng chieng tCr suon nui ben nay vang len, vong qua sucm mii ben kia, lai dpi lai suon nui ben nay vang vpng nhu ti6ng ngan nga cua hon dat, hon rimg, hon nui va song...”. Khdng song bang ca tarn hon, tri 6c va con tim voi am vang cong chiSng Tay Nguyen thi khong the nao viet dupe nhung doan van sau ling, cam dpng din nhu vay!
3. Ket luan
Tay NguySn vdi b l day lich si> hang nghin nam da hinh th ^ h va luu gift nhilu gia tri van hoa doc dao. Sang tac cua Nguyen Ngpc la nhung phac hoa chan that, sinh dpng v l van hoa Tay Nguyen, dem den cho nguoi doc nhung hieu bilt ve Tay Nguyen khac han voi nhung nha van truoc day dS vilt ve mien niii v^i dan tpc thilu so. Voi Nguyen Ngpc, ve dep ciia con nguoi Tay Nguyen vira dam da b ^ sac dSn tpc, vira nhuan nhi cac yeu to thoi dai. Con nguoi thuc su la mpt
bp phan cua tp nhien, binh ding va gin kit voi hj nhien, tao n6n h ^ g loat gia tri nhan ban doc dao ciia van hoa Tay Nguyen. Trong quan he van hoc - van hoa, van hpc phat huy vai tro sMg tao nhung mo hinh nhan each, sdng tao nhiing gia tri van hoa. V6 dep van hoa thien nhien Tay nguyen, ve dep van hoa lang, van hoa le hpi, vSn hoa nha rong, ve dep cac nhan vat nhu cu Mit, Anh Niip, Tnu, Mai,... la nhOug mo hinh nhan each, la nhftng con nguoi tien tien, la ly tuong tham my c6 gid tri neu guoug cho cd mpt thI h?
thanh nien cac dan tpc trong khang chien ching giac ngoai xam va xay dyrag cupc song moi.
Voi cac tac pham viet ve Tay Nguyen, Nguyen Ngpc da g6p phan xung dang lam toa sang van hoa Tay Nguyen, lam cho viing van hoa nay hoa vao su da d ^ g , phong phii cua van hoa Viet Nam. Tay Nguyen la mpt viing dat rong Ion cua To quoc, viing dat anh hung, nhung de hieu biet h it v l Tay Nguyen thi thdt la kho. Nguyen Ngpc tarn su: “Toi la ddn ding bing, tir be nhin ISn mien niii thay xa xoi...”. Xuan Dieu ciing da tumg noi “Cung nhu xa qua nen ta chi thay niii in nhu mpt mieng bia”. Cac sang tac cua Nguyen Ngpc lam cho chiing ta gan lai voi Tay Nguyen, hieu nhieu hon ve van hoa Tdy Nguyen, thay dupe net tuong ding cung nhu net khac bi?t trong ban sic van hoa chung ciia cac dan tpc Viet Nam.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
[1] Truong Luu (1999), Van hoc trong hanh trinh van hoa, NXB Van hoa thong tin, HaNpi.
[2] Ha Minh Dire (1998), Nha van noi ve tac phdm, NXB Van hpc, Ha Npi.
[3] Nguyin D5ng Manh (chu bien), Nguyin Van Long (1998), Van 12, NXB Giao Due, HaNpi.
[4] Nguyen The Khoa (2002), “Nguyen Ngpc - Nhung suy tu 6 tuoi Nhan sinh thit thap”, Bao Nguoi Ha Npi.
[5] Kon Turn - dat nude con ngir&i, Gido trinh dia phuemg hoc Tinh Kon Turn, NXB Da Nang.
[6] Tran Quoc Vupng (2000), Van hod hoc - Dai cuemg vd ca sd van hod Viet Nam, NXB KHXH, Ha Npi.
[7] Nguyen Ngpc (2009), Nguyen Ngoc tdc phdm (tap 1; tap 2; tap 3), NXB Hpi Nha vdn, Ha Npi.