TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HQI s6 10-H1 (242+243)2018
s o SANH NHU'NG MOTIF XAY DUNG NEN HiNH TUONG CHANG TRAI K H O E TRONG TRUYEN C6 T I C H VIET NAM VA A N DO
NGUVeN THI THU TRANG"
Ching trai khde li mdt hinh twang kha phi biin trong kho tang truyen cd tich thi gldl, dwac the hien qua nhiiu motif khac nhau. Qua viec lam rd sw gidng va khic nhau ciia cac motif cau thinh nen nhan vat trong truyen cd tich cua hai dan tdc, chung tdi mudn giii ma nhu'ng biiu hien van hda din tdc in chira ben trong cac motif truyen dd.
Tir khda: Truyen ci tich Viet Nam, motif, chang trai khde, nhirng ngwdl bgn ddng hanh, khic thwdng, Viet Nam, An Bd
Nhgn bii ngiy: 10/10/2018; dwa vio bien tip: 11/10/2018; phin bien: 14/10/2018;
duyet dang: 25/10/2018
L D A T V A N O e
"Mctif la thanh t l nhp n h i t eiia truyen, ec sire s i n g b i n bi trcng qua trinh lyu truyin. O l cc d y g c sifC s i n g nay, motif phai CO cai gl do khae thypng va loi e u l n " (Thompson, 1977: 415).
G i n liln vcri nghien ciru type truyen, viec nghien ciru motif trong truyen k l dan gian eung vo ciing quan trpng.
Bdi motif khpng nhirng eo vai tro c l u thanh c i t truyen ma cdn eo vai tro xay dyng nen nhan vat. Viec nghien ciru motif giup ngycri nghien eiru tim hilu tren mpt pham vi rpng nhilu nen van hda khac nhau, d i n g thai chi ra m l i quan he quoe t l cOa kilu truyen.
Trong bai v i l t nay, chiing tdi tap trung
Trycrng Dai hpc Khoa hpc Xa hoi v^ Nhan v§n, Dai hpc Quoe gia H^ NOi.
lam re nhu'ng motif xay dwng nen hinh twang Chang trai khde trong truyen cd tich Viet Nam vi An Bd. 0 6 la cae mptlf: motif sw xuit than ky la, motif tii nang vwryt trgi - sire khde phi thwdng, motif nhirng ngwdl ban ding hanh khac thwdng, motif chiin cdng va sw ban thwdng, motif Hnh hin cit gliu, motif diu hieu sinh tir
2. MOTIF SLf X U A T THAN K\ LA B i t nguIn tir t h i n thpai, motif s y xuit than ky la r l l quen thupc trpng nhii'ng cau chuyen dan gian v l nhan vat ngyc'i anh hting khlng l l , nhan vat ngycri dpi l i t , chang trai khoe c6 tai...
Chiing ta khong xa la vcri ngypi anh hiing Thanh Giong (Truyen Thinh Gidng) d y g c sinh ra sau khi ba me giam len v l t chan la; hay nhan vat Sp Dira (Truyen Sp Dira) dygc sinh ra
NGUYEN TH! THII TRANG - SO SANH NHIJNG MOTIF XAY DU'NG...
sau khi ba me uong nygc trcng cai sp difa; nhan vat Mdrong Dam trong sir thi E Oe dype sinh ra sau khi ba me an trai eay glifa than va hai hoa rifng tren nguIn thae. 0 kilu truyen Chang trai khde, ehiing ta eung gap nhirng nhan vat co lai lich t h i n ky nhy vay.
Tac gia dan gian da sir dung t y duy t h i n thoai truyin thong d l "thin thanh hoa" nguon goc nhan vat, dem d i n cho nhan vat nguIn g l c t h i n Hnh, d y bao sy xuit hien ciia nhyng con ngypi t i l m an kha nang phi thyo'ng.
Khao sat mpt Ipat ban ke v l Chang trai khpe trong truyen co tich Viet Nam va An Op, chiing toi nhan thiy motif sir xuit than ky la chilm mpt s l lygng Ign trong kieu truyen nay eiia Viet Nam. Motif nay la sir k i t hgp ciia nhifng motif: sy thu thai va sinh np t h i n ky, nhan vat dpt ngpt xuit hien vgi tai la. Nhan vat ra del thypng la k i t qua eiia nhifng m i l giao cam ky dieu glifa the gigl sieu nhien huyln bi va con ngyo'i be nho, eo don. Tuy nhien d day, nhifng y l u t l t h i n ky, sieu nhien khong con dam dae nhy a kilu truyen ngygi anh hiing khong l l , ma xen vao do nhifng y l u t l t h i tuc.
Trong nhilu ban truyen cua Viet Nam, nhan vat ehinh thygng la con ciia gia dinh b l me gia, hilm mupn, c l u khan trpi Phat mai mcri sinh dygc mpt difa pen trai. Oira tre sau khi dypc sinh ra thi an r i t khoe va ldn nhanh khac thyo'ng (truyen Bin anh tai, Bin chang trai khde - Ciu Khiy, Bdn chang trai...).
Trong mpt s l ban truyen khac thi nhan vat dygc sinh ra sau khi ba me
CO mang mpt each than ky hay thcri gian mang thai khac thygng va sinh ng t h i n ky {Chin ching trai kf tai, Chang Voi, Ba chang trai khde, Anh em Prdngpha...).
Truyen Chang Vol ciia dan tpc Thai k l ring: ba me di kiem mang trpng rirng, l l y tay b l e nydc trcng mpt hie flat u l n g ma eo mang ba nam moi sinh ra mpt dira con trai khoe manh (Ninh V i l t Giao va eong s y 1993). Hay trong truyen Ba ching trai khde eiia ngycri Phil La, ngygl vg co mang sau khi hut thir mpt d i l u thulc, chira diing ba nam mdi sinh d y g e dira con trai. Bira be vifa de ra da bilt ehay ra suli tim rira mpt minh (Nhilu tac gia, 2004).
Trong truyen Anh em Prdng pha cua dan tpc E Oe, hai vg chlng ngygi £ Oe s i n g vdi nhau mai khong ed eon ben len keu vcri ong trgi. Trgi thypng cho ngycri vg bay vien thulc, day u l n g h i t bay vien se thu thai. Ngycri vg dang mong chong co con nen da ulng h i t bay vien thulc treng khi di dyang. Ngay sau do ba co mang rll sinh ra bay difa con giira dygng (Oang Nghiem Van va cpng sir, 1994), Con truyen ciia dan tpc H'mpng k l ring: ba me gap mot ba tien toe bac trlng cho ba chin eai banh day, dan m l i nam an mpt cai, nhyng ba m? da quen lgi dan va an mpt luc hit chin cai banh. Sau do, ba co mang, chin thang sau de ra chin dira eon trai khoe manh, dep de khac ngygi. {Chin ching trai kf tii) (Doan Thanh va cpng sir, 1963). Trong mpt s l ban truyen khac ciia ngygi H'mcng, nhan
TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HOI so 10+11 (242+243) 2018 vSt lai d y g c sinh ra tir qua bl ngo nen dyge gpi la chang Bl, nhy truyen:
Ching Bl, Che Hiu.
Kheng nhy truyen eua Viet Nam, nhan vat Chang trai khoe treng truyen cua An Dp thygng x u i t hien mpt each binh thygng vai sire manh phi thy&ng.
Theo chiing toi khao sat, trong tam truyen, chi co hai truyen nhan vat la k i t qua eua s y thu thai t h i n ky do an mot trong nam loai ngu c i c . Chang hoang tir Serdin dung cam sinh ra sau khi me chang - hoang hau an nhifng hat thoc cua mgt vj tu sT dang len vua {Hoing tir Serdin) (Ngo Van Doanh va cpng sy, 1987). Cpn Chang hoang tir Lionheart sinh ra sau khi hoang hau an nhifng hat Ilia mach cila vj dae si gia dya eho {Ching hoing tir cd trii tim sw tir vi ba ngwdi ban) (Steel, 1917). Mpt d i l u thu vj la sir x u i t than than kl cua cac nhan vat chang trai khoe treng truyen cua Viet Nam thygng g i n vo'i nhifng d l an gan gui trong eupe s i n g hang ngay, va ngyo'i ban eho thypng la tro'i hoac t h i n tien.
Con trong truyen ciia An Dp, xa hpi An Dp va tpn giap ec anh hygng Ign d i n c^c tinh t i l t trong truyen. Thee dap Hindu, "ngygi eha khong co con chi dyge nhan thire an tif ngyo'i co dja vi xa hpi b i n g va cae hgn; khi ngycri dp la mpt vi vua, ngycri duy n h i t cc du quyen ban phat thyc pham la mpt vj hiln trilt, va nen la d l chay, kheng ca" (Brockington, 2004: 242). Dieu nay giai thich tai sao hoang tif Serdin va hoang tir Lionheart d y g e sinh ra sau khi hoang hau an mot nhum thoc tif
mpt vj tu si hay tif nhii'ng hat lua mach eua vj dao sT gia ban eho.
Slf ra dd'i ky la cua nhan vgt Chang trai khde la d i l u bao tryd'c ve so phan - mpt cupc dpi phi thyo'ng. Viec khoae len nhan vat mau sac huyln ao cua t h i gigl sieu nhien cung chinh la t h i hien y p c m g eiia nhan dan. Dong tho'i bilu hien mpt p h l n t h i gigl quan eiia ngygi xya v l m l i quan he glifa t y nhien va con ngyo'i.
3. MOTIF TAI NANG VIJ-OT TROI - sire K H 6 E P H I THLfONG VA MOTIF NH&NG UGUCn BAN DdNG HANH KHAC THLfONG
Motif tai nang v y g t trpi va sire khoe phi thygng la sy t i l p n i l motif sir xuat than kir la, tham gia cau thanh nen c i t truyen va nhan vat, phii hgp vo'i sy phat triln ciia nhan vat. Motif nay thypng x u i t hien d nhifng nhan vat anh hiing khong lo, ngygi dpi l i t xau xi CO tai, nhan vat dung sT va ngygl khde tai ba. d kieu truyen Chang trai khde, motif tai nang vygt trpi va sire khde phi thygng x u i t hien a nhan vat ehinh va diep motif viji "nhu'ng ngwdl ban ddng hanh khac thwdng'.
Khi sang tao hinh tygng eae chang trai khoe, tac gia dan gian da t h i hien y g c mp chit phac, quan niem tham my cua minh v l mpt m l u anh himg can phai co nhifng pham ehit xirng dang, dd la tai nang hpn ngygi, long dung cam va sire khoe phi thydng, phil hgp vdi thdi diem ljch sir eu the cua tifng dan tpc.
Qua khap sat cac mau k l v l Chang trai khce cua Viet Nam va An 05,
NGUYEN THI THU TRANG - SO SANH NHCfNG MOTIF XAY UUNG..
ehiing tei nhan t h i y h i u h i t eae nhan vat Chang trai khde teat len ve dep ky vl phi thydng, nhit la hinh tygng trung tSm. Nhyng nhifng nhan v§t nay khdng phai la than thanh, khSng phai tat ea d i u co nguIn gee than linh, ma hau h i t hp la nhifng con ngydi the tue.
6/ hp CO Slf k i t hgp tai nang, sire manh cila con ngydi lao dpng vdi kha nang t h i n ky, t i m vdc Idn lap eua t h i lye sleu nhien. M6I trydng dja ly, ljch sir, xa hpi cua tirng viing noi cac dan toe c y tru va sinh s i n g cung tae dpng, anh hydng d i n quan niem cua tae gia dan gian trcng viee hy c l u nhan vat.
Cac nhan vat chang trai khde phai co du kha nang thye hien khat vpng chinh phiJc cac the lire can trd con ngydi trong qua trinh d i u tranh sinh t i n , md mang dia ban sinh tu, xay dyng ban lang, d i t nydc. VI t h i hp thydng ed t i m vdc vygt hon logic thong thygng, khoe manh vo djch va dac biet la ed nhifng tai nang ky la.
Cae Chang trai khde eiia Viet Nam hien len qua r i t nhilu truyen eiia cae dan tpc nhy: Ciu Khiy (cua dan tpc Tay); Ching Vgi con, Chang Bay Hdng (cua dan tpc Thai); Ching Bl, Che Hiu, Siu chang trai khde. Chin chang trai kf tii (cua dan tpc H'mong), Anh em ching Phrdng Pha {ciia dan tdc E De), Biy ching trai khde {ciia dan tpc Cham)... Chang han, chang Nam tay dcng cpc cd ddi ban tay to khoe nhy ban tay sat, cd sire dam nang nhy biia ta; chang Lay tai tat nydc cd cai tai khong lo va r i t khde, thay d y g c nhu'ng ehiic gau ldn;
Chang Mdng tay due mang ed mdng tay sac nhy nhifng chile due {Cau Khiy) (DJng NghiSm Van, 2002).
Chang Che Hau eua dan tpc H'mong sinh ra tir qua bi ngd, mdi sau ngay da cao Idn nhy bo, e l m dao n^ng nam can, c u l c nang tam can de lam ray. Ba chang trai tai gidi k i t nghTa vdi Che H i u la: chang C i t gianh cd tai cit nhifng 6m gianh Idn trai khap niii dli, diu ca d i n g gianh khong l l chi mpt ehuyin hit; chang xe go cd tai xe nhifng d i n g gd Idn ngon ngang khlp noi va vac d y g c ca d i n g go khlng lo;
Chang Due da cd tai due e l l xay bIp h i t eai nay d i n eai khae nhe nhang nhy ngydi ta chat bi vay; chang Nho cay ed tai nho eay Idn; chang Hiit nyde c6 tai u l n g can nydc sdng h i chi trong giay lat (truyen Che Hiu) (Le Trung Vu, 1988).
Nhifng tai nang cua Chang trai khoe dygc the hien d hai phygng dien:
trong cae eupe glae tranh vdi ke thu hung ae va trong qua trinh san xuit ndng nghiep, xay dyng va bao ve lang ban, d i t nyde. Cae truyen ciia dan tpc Tay, H'mong, E Oe... n h i n manh cam hirng ca nggi sire khde, ea nggi tai nang cua nhan vat trong edng eupe ehinh phuc Iti lut, dau tranh vol thien nhien, chiln dau vdi nhan vat thien nhien - ke thii ce phep la. Truyen eua dan tpc Kinh, Thai va H'mong... ngoai cam hirng tren edn ca nggi tai nang va Slf dung cam cua nhan vat trpng cupc d i u tranh xa hpi: d i u tranh vdi chua d i t , vua quan dpc ac, nha giau bee Ipt... Trong cac cupc giac tranh
TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HQI so 10+11 (242«243) 2018 vdl eae t h i lye hung ae, nhan vat Chang trai khde da the hien nhifng pham c h i t dae biet, t i l c i n thilt d l chiln t h i n g ke thii, dd la sire manh, tinh t h i n thygng vd, Idng can dam, tai tri thao lygc va tinh t h i n doan k i t . Vi du nhy cac chang trai khde trong truyen Cau Khay (Chin Cho xdi) la Nam tay ddng cpc, Lay tai tat nydc, Mdng tay due mang vira biet sir dung sifc khde va tai nang dae biet ciia minh, vifa b i l t p h i i hgp vdi nhau d l ha thii v g ehdng yeu tinh.
Tai nang va sire khde phi thydng cua nhan vat eQng t h i hien rd trong viee san xuat, trj thuy, m g mang khai pha dat dai, lam ra nhilu eua eai, xay dij'ng lang ban yen vui trii phii. Ngydi T^y, ngydi Thai la ey dan trong liia nydc d thung lung nen eae chang trai khde nhy Cau Khay, Voi con... rat gidl lam thuy lgi, dap dap, khgi myong, dya nydc v l rudng. Ngydi H'mpng trlng ngp liia tren nygng ray nen cac chang trai khde rat gldl nho cay, phat riy, xe gd, cat gianh pha rirng vg nygng, c h l n g lii lut, diet trif thii dtr lam hai miia mang, lang ban. Trong h i u h i t cac ban truyen, nhan vat chang trai khde sau khi diet trif t h i lyc hung ae d i u eiing dan ban hang say lao dpng san x u i t , xay difng cupc s i n g I m no hanh phiic, lang ban ddng vui.
Khdng chi dgn thuIn phan anh sifc manh eg b I p , motif tai nang v y g t trpi va sire khde phi thydng treng truyen cua Viet Nam edn dypc nhan manh d tri thdng minh va myu tri hgn ngydi
eua nhan vat Chang trai khde. VI du trong truyen Le Nhw Ho. vua Trung Q u i c thif tai Le Nhy Ho, dpa H i trpng bifa tiec khi l l y d i u ea lam thanh d i u ngydi trcng nhy that, nhyng H i nhin qua la b i l t d i u ea nen cam dua mdc m i t ca r l l xin cam an hoang d l Trung Qudc da eho Ho "an d i u ngydi phygng B i c that la quy"; vua kinh phuc Ho nhyng cho ngydi g i n m i t Ho lai, sau thay Ho cd tri nhd tai gidl nen tha cho Ho. Mpt lan vua Trung Qudc cho trieu sii' t h i n cac nydc den chau va lam l l c l u dao d l c l u mya.
Ho nhd ngydi hang thjt xem tygng trdi bilt la cdn lau trdi mdi mya nen ndi vdi vua: "Xin be ha che xay mdt cai dai cao 10 trygng: tren dd phai s i m du le vat can thilt. Than se chpn ngay t i t trai gidi len dan r l l gpi mya d i n " . Khi h i t thdi gian xay dai thi H i lam l l c l u mya va irng nghiem ngay khiln vua Trung Q u i c r i t kham phuc (Nguyin Dong Chi, 2014).
COng k l v l nhOng chang trai cd sire khde hpn ngydi, nhyng chuyen co tich cua An Op van mang nhieu net khac biet ve dae diem nhan vat. Ta b i t gap trong truyen cua hp cd nhii'ng con ngydi binh dj mang sifC manh khong Id va nhifng ga khong lo t i l m tang sire manh phi thydng. Cau chuyen vi 4 ga khdng Id ciia An Dp k l v l b i n chang trai cd sire vdc khong l l , mdt Chang cd kha nang s i n g tren ddng tro tan; mdt chang ed tai diing del tay nho cay, lam rupng liia, thu hpach liia; mpt chang cc tai diing tay dao eay te, danh rang b i n g eay to;
NGUYSN TH! THU TRANG - SO SANH NHU'NG MOTIF XAY DU'NG..
mpt Chang cd tai cau ca b i n g con vol;
mdt Chang cd tai bydc qua sdng, chan ddng nyde b i n g ddi chan khong lo eiia minh (Parker, 1914). Hay chang Elephen Wrestler trong truyen Ngwdl diu vol ed sire manh cua ngydi khlng l l , edn hai cau hpe trd: mdt ngydi nghiln ddng xu thanh bdt ehi b i n g ngdn eai va ngdn trp va ngydi kia ed t h i kep cay b i n g re cay (Devi, 1915).
Nhan vat chang trai khde trong truyen Ngwdl anh hiing Gumda ciia An Op thi la mpt eau be much lam nghi chan de eiia hoang gia, an rat khde, co tai nang dygc nhifng vat nang hpn eau g i p nhilu l l n , cd the " n i m lay con vol cua b i t ky al va nem nd qua bay dai dygng". Khi cupc chiln glifa Gumda va chu vcl to Idn diln ra, Gumda da b i t gly nd b i n g than pay, nem nd ra dai dypng chi trong tich t i e trydc sy kinh ngac ciia hang ngan ngydi tham dir. Gumda da chiln thing nhyng phai thire hien mpt dieu kien tilp theo eiia mdt vj hoang gia la dl tim va mang dygc xypng ciia ehii vol v l hoang cung. Cau be k i t ban vdi bdn ngydi ban d i n g hanh: ngydi eau ea vdi mdt cay cp Palmyra nhy mpt cay gay;
ngydi c i m cay Pepul ldn nhy mot chile d che cho nhiing ngydi dan dng dang c u l c d i t khdi sire ndng cua mat trdi; hai ngydi dang nydc tir mdt be chira de t y d i tieu (Campbell, 1891).
Oil ed nhtfng net khae biet nhyng nhin chung mctif tai nang vygt trpi va sire khce phi thydng ciia nhan vat chang trai khce trpng ea truyen eua Viet Nam va An Dp deu t h i hien cai nhin nhan
dap va lae quan cua tae gia dan gian, t h i hien y d c m g ehit phac va quan niem tham my cua nhan dan v l mpt mau ngygi khde tai ba trcng san xuat ndng nghiep va trong chiln dau bao ve ban lang, d i t nydc.
4. MOTIF C H l t N CONG VA SLf BAN THLfdNG
Motif chiln gdng va sy ban thydng rat pho b i l n trong nhii'ng kieu truyen v l ngydi anh hiing, truyen dung sT eiia Viet Nam, nhy ngydi anh hiing Thanh Gidng, Sgn Tinh, Hai Ba Tryng hay trong sir thi anh hiing. Nhu'ng nhan vat ky tai d y g c nhan dan ky vpng nhilu thydng lam nen nhOng ehlen cdng hiln hach.
Trong nhCrng truyen v l Chang trai khde eua eae dan tde it ngydi Viet Nam, chiln ccng ciia nhan vat thydng mang t i m vdc Idn lao va hao hiing.
0 6 chinh la tam vdc va chiln cdng ciia ca cpng ddng. Cac chang trai khde n l u khdng chung sifo diet trif ke thil (yeu tinh, yeu quai hay chim ldn, vua quan dpc ac hay glae ngcai xam...) se bj ke thii g i l t ehit (nhy ba anh em ciia Che H i u bj ma ae nhit vac bung).
Ngygc lai, hp se chiln thing khi cting phdi hgp chat che, hd trg kjp thdi va chung sire tao thanh sire manh Idn.
Truyen Ciu Khiy ke ve chiln cong cua b i n chang trai khde cting hgp sire danh thing yeu tinh, nen motif chiln edng eung d i n g thdi la motif "Con yeu tinh bi danh bai". Trong truyen Che Hiu. Che H i u da b i l t k i t hgp sire manh cua ba ngydi khi Che H i u eung Nho Cay va Hut nydc danh nhau vol
TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HOi so 10+11 (242+243) 2018 th^n gio, t h i n mu-a: Hut nu-oc dung bung hut can nu-dc do t h i n mu'a gio gay lu lut, Che Hiiu dung dao quy chem c h i t hai vcc ch6ng Gio IVlu-a.
Phiin thudng cho Ba anh em la du'p'c hoa thanh t h i n : Hut nu'ac bien thanh t h i n Thu6ng Iu6ng, Che H§u bi§n thanh t h i n S i m , Nho cay bien thanh than Mu-a. Hut nude xu6ng nude d , lam cong viec dem nude len trdi cho t h i n mua de t h i n Mua di chia nude cho cac no'i dung luc (Le Trung Vu, 1998). Chien cong cua ba chang trai khoe trong truyen Ba chang trai tai gioi (H'mong) hay trong truyen Sau chang trai khoe (H'mong) cung la s u hop luc danh t h i n g yeu tinh va p h i n thudng cho ho la dugc ket hon vdi cac co gai xinh dep va cung moi ngudi xay dung ban lang yen vui (Doan Thanh va cong s u , 1963). Truyen Chin chang trai ky tai (H'mong) lai ke v§ chiSn cong eua chin anh em trong cuoc do sue vdi ten vua hung ac va da chien thing h i n . Ten vua doc ac danh phai nhudng ngoi cho ho. Chin anh em ducye lam vua cai quan chin phuo-ng trdi (Doan Thanh va cpng su, 1963).
Truyen Chang Voi cua dan too Thai thi ke lai nhOng chiin cong cua Xin Xay trong cupc giao tranh vdi ke thij co phep la nhu quy Nha hang, thu6ng ludng thanh tinh, chim t h i n . Xin Xay, vdi s u hp'p sue eua hai anh em, da dung gay t h i n {Dao sT ban tang) danh c h i t thuong luing va chim dai bang, danh thing quy Nha hang. P h i n thudng ma dan lang danh cho Chang Voi la dup'c k i t hon vdi co gai dep va
trd thanh chua Mudng (Ninh Viet Giao va cpng s u , 1993). Truyen Anh em Prong pha ke v i chiin eong danh thing quy ac, ho thanh tinh, vua Lua va vua Nude cua bay anh em. Bay anh da i i y dugc bay co gai dep tung bj quy ac b i t lam vg (Dang Nghiem Van va cpng su, 1994). Truyen Bon anh tai lai ke ve chiin eong cua b i n chang trai tai gioi chiin thing muu gian cua hoang 6& Trung Quic va quan linh. Khi vua Trung Q u i c phai tra no, anh eo tai ganh voi da ganh h i t 70 van lang vang, bac, lam cho nha vua chiu t h i t bai trong am muu djnh hai ngudi cua minh (Nhiiu tac gia, 2004).
N i u trong truyen eo tieh eua Viet Nam, chiin cong cua nhan vat the hien sue manh cua tap the, cpng d i n g , thi trong truyen cua An Dp, chien cong thudng g i n liin vdi tai nang eua nhan vat chinh. Cf nhieu truyen cua An Dp, Chang trai khoe va nhung ngudi ban dong hanh da trai qua r i t nhiiu cupc phieu luu qua nhiiu vung d i t va vuong quoe khac nhau. Trong moi cupc phieu luu do, Chang trai khoe giit ehit hoac danh bai nhiiu con quai vat khae nhau, p h i n thudng eho m i i l i n chiin thing la mpt nang eong chua, nhung chang d i u tu c h i i . Chang da de cho nhung ngudi ban cua minh k i t hon vdi nhung nang cong chua do, roi cho hp d lai bao ve hoac tri vi vuo'ng q u i c , con minh tiip tue eupe hanh trinh. {Ngwai tho gom thong mmh, Cau chuyen ve bon ga khong lo, Chang hoang tw co trai tim
NGUYEN THI THU TRANG - SO S A N H NHLfNG MOTIF XAY DU'NG...
SW tir vi ba ngwdi ban. Hoang tir Serdin). Mpt s l truyen thydng lap lai tinh tilt: nhii'ng ngydi ban ddng hanh thay phien nhau ehuan bj blfa t i l . Mpt eon quai vat l l y thire an va nhirng ngydi ban d i n g hanh ndi ddi la tai sao bifa t i l khdng d y g c chuan bj. C u l l eiing d i n lygt Chang trai khde ehuan bj bifa an. Chang phat hien ra eon quai vat va ly do khdng hoan thanh nhiem vu eiia nhifng ngydi ban va danh bai con quai vat. Tai nang vygt trpi cua nhan vat chinh dygc nhan ra thdng qua each giai quylt eae nhiem vu khd khan va chiln thing. Tuy nhien cung khcng the phu nhan vai trd cua nhifng ngydi ban d i n g hanh trong k i t c i u hinh tygng nhan vit ciia truyen An Op. Bdi hp chinh la nhtfng ngygl trg thu gliip d d khi nhan vat chinh gap nan d phan sau ciia truyen de c u l l cting nh§n vat ChSng trai khde dyge hdi sinh va s i n g hanh phuc ben nang edng chua xinh dep.
Cd the noi, motif chiln cong eiia nhan vat Chang trai khde da p h i n nao the hien tinh t h i n dean k i t cpng dong, Idng can dam va truyin thong d i u tranh ciia cac dan tdc Viet Nam va An Dp. Nhan vat chang trai khde trd thanh mpt hinh tygng ky vT ma chiln edng hao hiing cua hp la sy k i t tinh sire manh, tri tue eua ea nhan va cdng d i n g , eua khat vpng chinh phuc thien nhien va ehiln thing nhifng t h i lyc hung ac. Cudc hdn nhan vdi ngydi con gai dep dygc ciru thoat bdi nhan vat va trd thanh ngydi dirng d i u lang ban hay trj vi a|t nydc la p h l n
thygng cao quy nhat ma dan gian danh cho nhan vat ngydi khde tai ba.
Day la mpt k i t thdc cd hau mang tinh phd quat ciia the leal truydn eo tich, mang y nghTa ly tygng hda.
5. MOT S 6 MOTIF KHAC TRONG TRUYEN C O A A N DO
Ben eanh nhirng motif tygng ding vdi Viet Nam nhy chiing tdi da phan tich d tren, kieu truyen Chang trai khde eua An Dp edn ed nhtfng motif khac tieu b i l u ma truyen cua Vidt Nam khdng cd. Dd la cae motif iinh hin dwac cat gliu, diu hieu sinh tir tham gia vao k i t c l u hinh tygng nhan vit.
Motif linh hdn dwac cat gliu la motif kha quen thude trong eae eau chuyen v l ngydi anh hting. Tir nhtfng nghien eiru ciia Frazer, chung tdi nhan thay motif nay x u i t hien r i t da dang trong nhilu truyen ke dan gian tren t h i gidi.
NguIn g l c cua motif nay b i t nguIn tif quan niem v l linh h i n ben ngoai (external soul) eua ngydi nguyen thuy.
Ngydi nguyen thiiy cho ring linh hin ed t h i tam thdi v i n g mat khdi t h i xac ma khdng gay tir vong. Tuy nhien, sy v i n g mat tam thdi ciia linh hin thydng gay ra nhiiu nguy hiem, vi linh hdn lang thang ed t h i chju nhilu rui ro khae nhau trong tay ke thti. VI vay trong nhifng hoan canh nhy thi, ngydi nguyen thuy dya linh h i n cua minh ra khdi eg the va girl nd d i n mpt ngi c i t g i l u an tean, mue dieh la de dya linh hen trd v l trong eg the khi sir nguy h i l m da qua. Hoac n l u hp kham pha ra mpt s l ngi an tpan tuyet dli, hp ed the b i n g Idng de linh hdn eiia
TAP CHl KHOA HpC XA HQI s6 10+11 (242+243)2018 hp g do vTnh vien. Lgi Ich cua dieu nay la, neu Hnh hon khdng bj nguy hgi d ngi ma hp da giri nd, thi ban than ngydi dd se bat tif; khdng gl ed t h i g i l t ehet than the ngydi dd, vi cuoc song eua anh ta khdng d trong nd (Frazer, 1890).
N i l m tin nguyen thiiy ve linh hon ben ngoai da di vao truyen ke dan gian mpt each tif nhien, giong nhy mdt sw phan anh trung thanh eiia the gidi treng tam tri ngydi nguyen thuy. Thep Frazer, ngay ttr dau, cau chuyen v l Hnh hdn ben ngoai ciia ngydi nguyen thOy da dyge tat ea eae dan tpc Aryan tif Hindpostan ke dydi nhilu dang.
Mpt dgng r i t p h i b i l n cua nd la: "Mpt t h i y phil thiiy, khong l l , hoae t h i n tien khac la bat tir vl anh ta giir linh h i n cua minh an xa d mdt ngi bl mat;
nhyng mdt nang cdng chiia xinh dep, ngydi ma anh ta b i t giif trcng lau dai me hpac ciia minh, da t i l t Id bl mat cua anh ta che ngydi anh hiing, ngydi tim ra Hnh hdn, trai tim, cudc s i n g , hogc cSi chet ciia thay phii thuy (warlock) (vi nd d y g c gpi khac nhau), va pha huy nd, d i n g thdi gilt c h i t thay phu thuy" (Frazer, 1890: 950).
Nhifng cau ehuy#n nhy t h i eung c6 trong tri tygng tygng cOa ngydi An 0 6 . Trong kieu truyen Ching trai khoe, metif linh hdn cit giau eung ed dang thifc typng tij' nhy vay. Linh hen ciia quy Jinn trpng truyen Chang hoing tir cd trii tim sw tir va ba ngwdl ban la mpt eon ong chua d y g c cat giii' d eay dan dpe, ngi ed mpt eon ch6 va mpt eon ngya canh giir ngay dem. Trydc
eon ngya la dong xygng va tryde eon chd cd mpt ddng eo. B i t eir al c6 cSy ggy dai va thay doi vj tri d i n g ed sang ben con ngya va dong xygng cho con ehd thi se khdng gap khd khan khi di qua. Mudn g i l t dyge ccn quy phai v y g t qua hai con vat dd ma khdng bj thypng tich, sau d6 tree len cay va g i l t c h i t eon chim sao da hdt trong l i n g vang tren nhanh cay eao nhit, m g nd ra va giet con ong chiia trong dd. Chi c i n g i l t d y g c con ong - linh hdn eat giau eiia quy, thi con quy t y nhien phai chiL Sau khi nghe dygc cau ehuyen ciia eon quy va nang edng ehua v l linh hon eiia nd, hoang tir Lionheart da v y g t qua nhtrng thii thach khd khan tren va b i t dyge con chim sao da. Khi dd con quy b i t d i u cam nhan chuyen ed gi dd dang xay ra. Khi hoang tir g i l t eon ong cung la liie quy Jinn chit. Trong truyen nay, ngoai Hnh h i n ciia quy Jinn cdn cd linh hon eiia Hoang tir Lionheart n i m trong vat hd menh la thanh gygm chang ludn mang ben minh. Cudc s i n g ciia hoang ttr phu thude vao thanh g y g m dd. Khi thanh g y g m bj dot ehay, hoang tir cam thay eg t h i nhy bj lira ddt. Khi mpt dinh tan rdi khdi thanh g y g m va lan ra, ngay lap tifc d i u hpang tir rgi xudng d i t (Steel, 1917). Trpng truyen eua Ceylen, Hnh h i n e l t g i l u eiia ga khong Id cua d i n g tro tan cung d y g c dat trong thanh g y a m . Khi thanh gygm bj nem vao ngpn liia dang ehay trong Id s y d l , ga khdng Id bj b i t tinh va nga xudng {Cau chuyen vi bdn ga khong id) (Parker, 1914). Trong truyen Ngwdi
NGUYEN TH! THU TRANG - SO SANH NHU-Nti iVIU 1 Ih XAY U l / N t j . .
tha gom thdng minh, ngydi vg da t i l t Ip vdl mu phil thuy gia v l linh h i n eua Chang Balga dyge elt giir trcng mui ten eua anh ta. Ngay hdm sau, khi Balga di san, mu phil thiiy nhat mpt eai Ing go eho mui ten vao trong dd va dit. Ngay khi miii ten bde chay, cgn s i t t i n cdng Balga khi dang d trong rirng va anh ta chit (Elwin, 1979).
Mdt dang thirc khae eiia linh h i n ben ngoai dypc gpi la Ma thdng bao cudc sing hay Dau hieu sinh tir (the life tpken). Trong dd, sy biln dang cua chit ldng, s y been ri cua vu khi, sy heo iia cua cay, hoac sy phai mau cila hoa la d i u hieu nguy h i l m , benh tat, hoac eai c h i t eiia ngydi ma c h i t Idng hoac vat t h i cy ngu. Tuy nhien, trong hau h i t cac trydng hpp, khi ma thdng bap eupe s i n g la trung tam cila cau chuyen, dd la k i t qua cua mdt giai doan van hda t i l n bp. Nd mang tinh thdng bap sy s i n g chir khdng trye tilp cho bilt rd rang ring d l i tygng dd la nai cy ngu cua linh hdn.
Trong kieu truyen Chang trai khde, motif dau bleu sinh tir cd sy g i n bd htfu eg vdi motif linh hon dwac cit giiu. Bdi khi Hnh hdn elt giau cua chang trai khde bj pha huy thi dau hieu sinh tir chinh la d i l m bao cho nhtfng ngygi ban ddng hanh bilt ma d i n eiru. Trong truyen Cau chuyen vi bin ga khong li, trydc moi l l n ra di, ga khong l l eua dong tro tan thydng trlng mdt eay chanh va dat mdt bong hoa sen xanh vao mpt ehau nydc d i y rdi ndi vdi m l i ngydi ban: " N l u ed
chuyen gi x i u xay ra vdi tdi thi cay chanh se heo hoac chit, hoa sen xanh eung se phai mau. Khi dd phai tim k i l m tdi" (Parker, 1914: 165). Khi ga khong Id c h i t , nhtfng ngydi ban ddng hanh t h i y d y g c dau hieu d cay chanh va hea sen xanh. Hp lap tire len dydng tim k i l m anh ta. Treng truy$n Ching hoang tir cd trai tim sw tir vi ba ngwdi ban, trwac khi tif biet nhiing ngydi ban, hoang tif Lionheart dua cho moi ngydi mdt cay lua mach, yeu c l u phai eham sdc va nudi dydng can than. Neu cay liia ru xudng thi eung la lue hoang tir gap d i l u xau va hay din giup. Cay lua mach dygc col nhu d i l m bao eua s y thjnh vygng hay kho khan se d y g c bilt tryde. VI t h i , ngay khi d i u hoang tir rgi xuIng dit, cay lua mach ma chang trae eho nhtfng ngydi ban cung dpt nhien hee ua (Steel, 1917). Trong truyen Ngwdi diu voi, Elephantwreslter tang eho ngydi hpe trd thanh k i l m ciia minh va dan dp giif nd can than. Neu thanh kilm cc mau chay ra thi khi dd anh ta dang gap nguy hiem va hay d i n giiip. Khi Elephantvi'reslter gap nguy hilm, mau b i t d i u nhd gipt tif thanh kilm. Mpi ngydi lap tire tdi ciru cting dpi quan hiing manh va tha t y do eho Elephantwreslter (Elwin, 1979).
Nhtfng nhan thire xa xya eua eon ngydi treng van hda nguyen thuy da trd thanh c h i t lieu d i y bi an cho nhirng cau chuyen dan gian. Nd the hien n i l m tin vao s y t i n tai b i t tir cua linh hdn va eiia con ngydi trong t h i gidi t y nhien. Tif dd eho ehiing ta thay
TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HOl so 10-H1 (242..243) 2018 motif linh hin dwryc cat giiu va motif diu hidu sinh tir ia nhtrng motif co xya chira dyng nhii'ng tinh tilt, ehi tilt lien quan d i n phong tuc tap quan, n i p song ciia cac dan tdc d An Dp va tren t h i gidi. D i l u nay p h i n nap t h i hien khat vpng b i t tir eiia nhan dan vdl meng m u l n nhan vat anh hting trg thanh ngydi lam ehu xir sd, lam chii dat n y d c mai mai.
6. K^T LUAN
Qua khap sat k i i u truyen Chang trai khde va nhifng motif ehinh xay dyng nen nhan vat, chiing tdi t h i y k i t eau cua truyen thydng tuan theo k i t c l u dac tryng eua truyen co tich t h i n ky:
sir van ddng eiia e l t truyen, thdi gian, khdng gian xeay quanh nhirng sy kien mptif s y xuit than ky la, tai nang va sire khce phi thydng ciia nhan vat, ldng dung cam va chiln ccng cua nhan vat, motif linh hdn d y g c c i t g i i u va metif d i u hieu sinh tir. Ngoai nhifng motif chinh tren
ehiing ta edn t h i y long ghep vao dd nhtrng motif bo trg giai thich rd them ve nhan vat nhy: motif sinh ra tif qua bl, motif sir thu thai t h i n ky», sir sinh nd t h i n ky, motif nhtrng ngydi ban d i n g hanh khac thydng, mctif ccn yeu tinh bj danh bai, mptif thydng eho Idng dung cam, motif tai sinh...
Kiiu truyen Chang trai khde trong truyen co tich Viet Nam va An Op mpt mat mang dang p h i b i i n v i chu d i , k i t c i u , nhan vat; mat khae, hinh tygng chang trai khce va ndi dung eua edt truyen cd nhyng dang thirc phong phii theo mdi trydng sinh thai, cam quan lich sir, van hda - too ngydi ciia tifng dan tpc cu t h i . Nhyng nhin ehung, h i u h i t cac ban truyen v l Chang trai khde cua hai nydc v i n mang pheng each hao himg, ky vT vdi nhifng nhan vat mang ve dep h i n nhien chit phac, t y g i tre, mang t i m vdc, chiln cdng va sire manh cua ca edng d i n g . Q
TAI LIEU TRICH D A N
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