170 Khao sat hf gel polyme dl phan each nuoc trong cac giing khai thac...
KHAO SAT HE GEL POLYME DE PHAN CACH NUOC TRONG CAC GIENG KHAI THAC NGAP
N U O CTANG MONG MO BACH HO
Nguyin Phuang Tiing, Nguyen Thj Phuang Phong Nguyin Hoang Duy, Pham Viet Hiing va Nguyen Qudc Hiing Phdn vien Khoa hpc Vat lieu tai Tp. Hd Chi Minh
TOM TAT
Bdng phirang phdp thir nghiem chai kin vd thir nghiem trong bdu khi quyin nita, cdc tdc gid da buac ddu lira chgn dugc hai hi gel Id cdu triic ciia hdn hgp phdi trdn hai dgng polyme gdc aciylamit khdc nhau vd hi chdt tgo ndi HMTA/PhAc cd thai gian tgo gel vd
dp bin nhiet phii hap di icng dung phdn cdch nude trong tdng mdng md Bgch Hd.
Phuang phdp thdng ke quy hogch hod thuc nghiem dugc sir dung da rdt him ich di thie nghiem vd tdi im hod qud trinh tgo gel. Cdc hiiu irng tuang tdc giica ndng dp polyme vd chdt tgo ndi din thdi gian gel hod vd dp bin gel dd dugc thiet lap vd dua ra dugc phirang trinh hdi quy phu hgp tdt vai cdc kit qud thuc nghiem.
Thai gian tgo gel tdi da Id 13 gia vd dp bin gel tdi do Id 100% ciia hi gel sau khi giir 32 ngdy a nhiet dp 140°C da buac ddu ddp irng dugc yiu cdu ky thudt ddi vai vdt lieu ngdn cdch mrac sir dung cho tdng mdng md Bgch Hd.
DAT V A N D E
Hien tugng ngap nude trong cae gieng khai thac sau mdt sd nam ap dung che do bam ep nude de duy tri ap lye via dang la mdt van nan nghiem trgng trong nganh edng nghiep khai thac dau khi tren the gidi, nhat la khi cac gieng da khai thac d giai doan thir cap. Cac bien phap de kiem soat lugng nude ddng hanh, ndi chung thudng dugc xep nhu la kiem soat mirc do phii hgp, dugc lya chgn tren co sd nguyen nhan ngudn nude va phuang phap xam nhap vao viing can day gieng. Sy lya chgn cae phuang an xir ly bao gdm xir ly phan each nude va cai thien do tham tuomg ddi (cdn dugc ggi la cai thien do tham bat ddi ximg). 0 day chiing tdi chi di sau vao xir ly phan each nude. Cd nhieu cdng nghe dugc sir dung de phan each nude trong cac gieng khai thac, dien hinh la bom nhet xi mang. Tuy nhien, do cau triie ciia xi mang, khd cd the tham nhap sau vao via, khi da ngan dugc nude thi cung ngan ludn dau va kbd phye hdi trang thai gieng ban dau neu qua trinh.
xir ly cd sai sdt. Tir sau nhirng nam 1980 cdng nghe xir ly bang gel gdc polyaerylamit (homo-, CO-, ter-polyme ehira acrylamit) de phan each nude dugc phat trien va sir dung rdng rai tai cac md dau tren the gidi. Do nhirng tinh chat uu viet cua minh, cac he gel gdc polyaerylamit ngay cang dugc phat trien da dang va hieu qua [4].
Md Bach Hd, noi cd than dau d mdng thudc loai ldm tren the gidi va ldn nhat d nude ta da dugc khai thac tir nam 1988, cdng nghe bom ep nude de giii ap suat via dugc sir dung vao nam 1993 va den 1995 bat dau cd hien tugng ngap nude d mdt sd gieng thude tang mdng. Den nay. sd lugng gieng khai thac bj ngap nude ngay cang nhieu, mire do
Tuyin tap bao cao Hgi nghj KHCN "30 nam Dflu khi Viet Nam: Co hgi mdi, thach thde moi" 1 7 1
ngap nude ngay cang trim trgng. Tim tdi va ap dung cac cdng nghe each h' dugc cac khoang ngap nude trong gieng khai thac. giam khai thac nude ddng hanh la mdt \eu cau birc thiet ngay tir khi chi cd mdt vai gieng d tang mdng md Bach Hd bi ngap nude. Tuy nhien, do nhirng dieu kien dac thii ciia tang mdng md Bach Hd nhu; nhiet do cao (140 -
150°C), collector la da granit nirt ne, v.v. nen cho den nay. mac dii da trien khai mdt sd cdng nghe (rat thanh cdng d nhirng Igai md hinh khae tren the gidi) chua cd qua trinh xu ly phan each nude cho ddi tugng nay thanh cdng [1].
Nhieu he gel gdc polyaerylamit da dugc cdng bd trong cac tai lieu [ 2 - 4 ] . Trong dd.
mdt sd he gel dugc de xuat img dung trong via nhiet do cao [4. 5]. Cac he na>' bao gdm:
gel gdc polyme, phenol formaldehyt, lignilsulphonat. copolyme styren-butadien dugc tao ndi vdi peroxit hu'u co va he gel gdc polyaerylamit vdi he chat tao ndi gdc phenol/formaldehyt. De giam ddc hai ciia he phenol/formaldehyt ngudi ta da diing nhieu hgp chat it ddc hai hon thay the phenol va formaldehyt trong he chat tao ndi. Vi du nhu formaldehyt cd the thay the bdi hexamethylene tetramine (HMTA). glyoxal, hoae 1-. 3- hoac 5-trioxane. Cac hgp chat thay the phenol bao gdm phenyl acetat. phenyl salicylat hoae hydroquinon hay mdt sd chat khae [6].
Tuy cd kha nhieu tai lieu cdng bd ve cac he gel dugc cho la ben d nhiet do cao.
nhung cho den nay, chua cd mdt cdng bd nao ve thir nghiem gel d nhtrng dieu kien tuong ty nhu d tang mdng md Bach Hd (nhiet do gieng 140 - 150"C, da chua - granit niit ne hang hde, ap suat cao, do mudi cao. v.v...). Dya tren cac dac thii ciia ddi tugng sir dung, chiing tdi tien hanh nghien cu'u thii' nghiem de dua ra he dung dich tao gel tdi uu dap img dugc cac yeu cau ky thuat de ra ciia XNLD Vietsovpetro ddi vdi vat lieu phan each nude.
Cac thu nghiem dugc tien hanh theo phuang phap thu nghiem chai va Ihu nghiem dudi ap lye khi nito (Hinh 1). Thdi gian gel hda dugc danh gia bang each quan sat trang thai gel tao thanh theo chuan Marathon. Ben canh dd, thiet bi kinh hien vi dien tir quet dugc sir dyng de khao sat hinh thai hgc cac gel tao thanh. Tren ca sd mdt sd he dung dich gel dugc lya chgn tir bai phuang phap thir nghiem vira neu. chimg tdi sir dung phuang phap tdi uu hoa thyc nghiem de dua ra he dung dich tao gel tdi uu viia dap img dugc thai gian tao gel va do ben gel sau 32 ngay giu' d nhiet do 140°C, vii'a dam bao dugc gia thanh nguyen lieu canh tranh khi dua ra img dung cdng nghiep.
Hinh 1: He thong thii nghiem gel dudi ap luc khi nito
174 Khao sat hf gel polyme de phan each nude trong cac gieng khai thac...
Phenol va formaldehyt tuong ddi de dang tao ndi vdi cac polyme. Tuy nhien, do cd ddc tinh eao nen hien nay da ban che sir dung cac hda chat nay tren gian. HMTA da chimg minh dugc kha nang thay thi formaldehyt trong nhieu urng dung. PhAc duge de xuat de thay thi phenol do cd ddc tinh thip. Khi phdi hgp PhAc vdi HMTA da keo dai dugc thdi gian tao gel ngay ea trong viing nhiet do cao, cho san pham gel cirng va ben viimg. Co che tao gel dugc de xuat theo so dd Hinh 7.
Chudn bi mdu: Dung djch polyme duge cho vao dng thuy tinh (khoang 1/3 the tich dng), sau dd eho vao lugmg cin thilt chit tao ndi hoae tryc tiep hoae d dang dung djch dam dae. Thdng thudng dung djch dam dac ciia chit tao ndi dugc hoa tan trong nude da dugc khir ion dl dl dang cho vao dung djch polyme. Dung dich ldng hoae dam dac ciia chit tao ndi dugc cho vao dung djch polyme bing micropipet. Ong thiiy tinh chira dung dich tao gel dugc loai khi bing each syc khi nito 10 phut rdi mdi day nap. Cac dng thuy tinh dugc ii d nhiet do ein thilt trong tu dilu nhiet va sau dd giir 32 ngay d nhiet do
I40°C. Dac biet, toe do tao gel dugc ghi nhan sau mdi gid trong ngay dau tien, sau mdi ngay trong tuan dau tien va sau mdi tuan trong thang dau tien. Ca ehudi cac he dung djch tao gel dugc xay dung va thir nghiem theo ciing mdt each nhu vay.
Cac miu khao sat trong thiet bj dudi ap lye nito cung dugc chuan bj tuong ty nhu da trinh bay d tren. Cae dng nghiem chju nhiet cd dung tich 15ml dugc nap khoang 1/3 the tich dung djch tao gel rdi de trong binh nhd bang inox cd nap van vdi gioang kin. Tren nap ed lap van thdng vdi binh nito. Cho vao cac binh inox nay mdt chut nude de tao mdi trudng truyen nhiet. Ap lye nito dugc giir trong sudt qua trinh khao sat la 7atm, bao dam nude va dung djch tao gel khdng bj sdi trong viing nhiet do thir nghiem. Gia nhiet tir 35°C den 140°C theo tdc do l°C/2 phiit. Cac mau (dugc lay ra sau timg gid d ngay dau tien, timg ngay d tuan dau tien) duge de ngugi rdi giam ap, md ra va khao sat tde do tao gel bang each quan sat theo chuan Marathon. Loai bd cac mau da quan sat xong de de phdng shock nhiet. Mau cudi ciing dugc quan sat sau khi giir 32 ngay d nhiet do 140°C.
Tren co sd cae mau da duge khao sat va lya chgn khi cd thdi gian tao gel, do ben nhiet ciia gel tao thanh dap iing dugc yeu cau ky thuat ciia XNLD Vietsovpetro cho vat lieu phan each nude [8], chiing tdi sir dyng phuong phap quy hoach hoa thyc nghiem dl dua ra thanh phan hdn hgp tao gel tdi uu. Do hdn hgp tao gel bao gdm dung djch polyme cation CPAM, polyaerylamit non-ion NPAM va he tao ndi HMTA/Phenylaeetat, ndng do eiia mdi loai polyme va ndng do cua mdi chat tao ndi thii nhat (HMTA) va chit tao ndi thu 2 (Phenylaeetat) deu cd nhiing anh hudng rieng din thdi gian tao gel va do bin nhiet eiia gel tao thanh.
TOI UtJ HOA
Tdi uu hoa va kiem soat qua trinh gel hoa ddi hdi su hieu biet viing vang vl su tac ddng ciia cae yeu td thyc nghiem din cac tinh chit cua gel tao thanh. Phin mim thdng ke viet bang ngdn ngii lap trinh Pascal da dua ra cac md hinh toan hgc dya tren cac dir lieu dap img. Ham dap img duge do d day la thdi gian tao gel va do ben gel. Thdi gian tao gel duge xac djnh nhu la thdi gian can thiet de dung djch tao gel dat dugc miic do cimg G theo chuan Marathon. Do ben gel dugc xac djnh theo hai tieu chuan (a) lugng nude tach ra tir he gel va (b) do ciing cua gel. Vdi mau gel ran, eiing, khdng chuyen dgng khi lip
Tuyin tap bao cao Hgi nghj KHCN "30 nam DSu khi Vift Nam: Cff hgi mdi, thach thde mdi" 175 nguge va hoan toan khdng tach nude thi cd do ben la 100%. Polymer sir dung trong cae thye nghiem la hdn hgp CPAMrNPAM theo ty le 2:1.
Dua vao mdt sd kit qua thir nghiem so bg, chiing tdi chgn cae bien sd thyc nghiem nhu sau: (a) Nong do polyme (Zl) biin thien tir 1% den 2%; (b) Ndng do HMTA (Z2) biin thien tir 0,1% din 0,4%; (c) Ndng do PhAc (Z3) biin thien tir 0,25% din 1%. Nhimg bien sd duge gia djnh la khdng ddi bao gdm qua trinh ii tir 30°C den 140°C (vdi tdc do gia nhiet la 5°C/10 phut va giu- d 140°C trong 32 ngay). De thyc hien quy hgach can 2^ = 8 thyc nghiem (3 yeu td), mdi yeu td bien thien theo 2 mirc, mirc tren la +1 va mirc dudi la -
1, sau dd thyc hien thye nghiem yeu td toan phan.
Bang 1: Cac bien so va ham dap ung cho qua trinh gel hoa Thiiv nghiem
Al A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 AlO A l l
Cdc yen lo md hod X,
- +
- +
- +
- + 0 0 0
X|
- - + + - - + + 0 0 0
X, - - - - + + + + 0 0 0
}. gio-
18.5 11.0 15.5 •
8.5 12,0 11.5 10.0 6.0 12.00 12.10 12.10
}; %
62 90 80 92 75 88 82 90 90 88 92 Vdi, X .=
AZ.
Phuong trinh hdi quy duge eho bdi:
Y= bo+ b,X, + b2X2+ b3X3+ b,2X,X2+ b,3X,X3+ b23X,X3+ b,23X,X2X3 (1) Cae he sdbdi quy bo, b|, b2, ...., b|2, .... bn.i_n dugc xac djnh theo cdng thirc:
N^ N J=l A^' vdi m, i, i': sd thii ty yeu td i, i', m = 1 ... k.
Kiem tra tinh y nghia cua eae he sd hdi quy
Gia trj trung binh tai mirc co sd dugc tinh theo cdng thiic:
Ii:
i=]
m
(m la sd thi nghiem d tam)
176 Khao sat hf gel polyme dl phan each nude trong cac giing khai thac...
Phuong sai tai hien: S^ • Tinh eae gia trj t theo cdng thiic:
T(y--Yy
m-l
'^^S,
'u'-s
b..,
h
s = - ^
^, yfN
Cac he sd hdi quy ed y nghia khi tj, tjp > t(p_t) vdi t(p t) dugc tra ciiu tren bang thdng ke theo chuan Student.
Kiem tra su tuomg thich cua phuong trinh hdi quy vdi thue nghiem theo chuan S' '
Ficher: F -
s:
y{Y-Yy . . ,
Vdi 6";. la do lech chuan du S] = ——'•—'•—, trong dd N - sd thue nghiem; he sd hdi N -\
quy cd y nghTa; Y^ va Yj la cae gia tri thye nghiem va tinh toan tai thi nghiem thir i [9, 10].
Tir cac sd lieu trong Bang 2, cac tinh toan tren may tinh (sir dyng ngdn ngu- Pascal) da nhan nhirng ket qua sau:
1. Thdi gian gel hoa
Vdi bo = 11,625; b, = -2,735; b2 = -1,625; bj = -1,75; b|2 = -0,375; bi3 = 1,25;
b23=-0,25; b,23 =-0,5
to= 130,7; t, = 26,7; t2= 18,3; t3= 19,7; t,2 = 4,2; t,3= 14,1; t23 = 2,8; t,23= 5,6
O day ti2, t23 < 4,3, do dd cac he sd bi2, b23 khdng cd y nghia. Phuong trinh hdi quy tim dugc la:
Yi = 11,63-2,38Xi-1,63X2-lJ5Xi'^l,25XiXi^-0,5X^X2X3 (2) 2. Do ben gel
Vdi bo= 83,0; b, - 7,0; b2 = 4,3; b3 = 0,8; b,2= -3,3; b,3= 1,8; b23= -2; b,23 = 2 to= 117,4; t, = 9,9; t2= 6,0; t3= 1,1; ti2 = 4,6; t,3= 2,4; t23- 2,4; t,23 = 2,8
0 day t3, ti3, t23, ti23 < 4,3 do dd cae he so b3, b|3, b23, b|23 la khdng ed y nghia Phuang trinh hdi quy tim duge la:
Y2 =83,0+ 7,0X1 + 4,3X2 - 3,3X,X2 (3)
D l khao sat sy tuomg thich ciia phuong trinh (2) va (3) vdi thyc nghiem, phan tich Ficher's F da dugc thuc hien. Tir cac sd lieu trong Bang 1, cac tinh toan da cho kit qua sau:
FthLTc nghiem (thoi gian tao gel) = 12,83; F,h^rc nghiem (do bin gel) = 5,81
Ddi vdi fl = 4 va f2 = 2 va d mire do cua p = 0,05 gia trj eiia Ficher F tir bang thdng ke chuin la Fo,o95 (4,2) = 1 9 , 3 .
Tuyin tap bao cao Hgi nghj KHCN "30 nam D5u khi Vift Nam: Cff hgi mdi. thach thuc mdi" 177 Boi vi Fiiurc nuhiem < Fp-icher- Cac pHuong triuh hdi quy tim dugc (2) va (3) cho thdi gian tao gel va do bin gel la phii hgp tdt vdi thuc nghiem.
Phuang trinh (2) cho thiy ring thdi gian tao gel giam khi cac ndng do cua polyme, HMTA. PhAc gia tang. Trong khi dd do ben gel lai gia tang ciing trgng dieu kien nhu tren (phuong trinh (3).
Cac sd lieu trong Bang 1 cho thay thi nghiem sd 9 gan viing tdi uu. Do dd. 20 thi nghiem khae nhau da dugc tien hanh de tim ra dieu kien tdi uu cho he dung dich tao gel.
Nhu vay, chiing tdi chgn viing lan can: Zl (ndng do polyme, %): 1,4 - 1,6; Z2 (ndng do HMTA, %): 0,2 - 0,3; Z3 (nong do PhAc, %): 0,4 - 0,6.
ST T
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Bang 2: Ma Xo
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
X, + + + + - - - - -1.682 + 1,682
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
tran qu>
X2 + + - - + + - - 0 0 -1,682 + 1,682
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
' hoach thuc n Xi
+ - +
- +
- +
- 0 0 0 0 -1,682 + 1,682
0 0 0 0 0 0
X,2 + + - - - - + + 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ghiem ctia X,3
+
+ - - +
- + 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
X23 +
- - + + - - + 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
qua trinh tao Xi'
+ + + + + + + + 2,828 2,828
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Xf + + + + + + + + 0 0 2,828 2,828
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
^el theo Box-Hunter Xi
+ + + + + + + + 0 0 0 0 2,828 2,828
0 0 0 0 0 0
-' / (Gelation nine)
8 8,2 11,5 11,6 8,5 9.0 11,6 12,0 9,5 10,5 15.3 9,2 11,5 12,0 12 12.3
12 12.5 12.2 12,0
Y(Gel
strenglh)
100 92 99 90 95 90 93 85 85 95 95 98 90 100
99 98 99 98 99 99 Phuang trinh hdi quy mu (theo Box va Hunter):
= b„ + b,X, + b2X2 + ... + b„X„ + b,2X,X 2 + ... + b,„,„X,„,„. + b, ,X,- + ... + b„„X„„- (4) 0 day:
b..=
^<:Yy,-o^:j.xiY-.h^a;Y.^j-b,=a;Y.^j^.,h,=a^xiY, +a,Y^Y.Ky, -"vZ^;
l=i '=1 /=! '=1 /=l ,=| ,=| ,=| ,=l
Tir sd lieu trong Bang 2, cac phep tinh da dugc thyc hien va cho ra cac kit qua sau:
178 Khao sat he gel polyme d l phan each nude trong cac giing khai thac...
(5) 3. Thdi gian tao gel
Vdi bo = 12.19: b, = 0: b: = -1,7; b, = 0: bp = 0; b,, = -0: b., = 0- b,, = -1.02: b . . = 0,23; b33 =-0.4
Phuong trinh tdi uu trong he toa do X:
Y , = 12,19 - 1,7X2- l , 0 2 X r - 0,23X2-- 0,4X3' Phuomg trinh tdi uu trong he toa do Z:
Y , = - 4 4 , 8 7 + 7 6 , 5 Z , - 2 5 , 5 Z r - 5 , 5 Z 2 - 2 3 Z 2 ' + 1 0 Z 3 - IOZ3' Gia ti-j cyc dai Y, la 13 gid d Zi= 1.5%; Z. = 0,2% va Z, = 0.5%
Gia tn cue tieu Y, 11 gid d Z, = 1,4%; Z. = 0,3% va Z3= 0.6%
Vdi Z, = 1,4 - 1,6%; Z2 = 0,2 - 0,3%; Z3 - 0.4 - 0.6%
Be mat dap img nhan dugc Y, d thdi gian phan irng cd dinh a Z, = 1.5% (Minh 8)
il3 12.5 s-
(6)
11.5
tT.avs
0.60
Nong do Ph.Ac (%) Nong do HMTA (%) Nongdo HMT.A ("/„)
, , , . - ' • • 0 . 4 5 0 . 5 5
N(in<;d() I'hAc (%)
Hinh 8: Be mat dap iing ciia qua
trinh tao gel theo thoi gian tao gel Hinh 9: Be mjit dap ting ctia qua trinh tao gel theo do ben gel
4. Do ben gel
Vdi b„ = 98.38; b, = 2,25: b. = 1.02; b, =-3.4: b | : = 0 ; b p , - - 0 : b . , = 0 ; b , , =-3.1 b22 = -0,8;b33 = - l , 3
Phuong trinh tdi uu trong he toa do X:
Y2= 98,38 + 2,55X, + 1,02X2- 3,4X3- 3,1 X f - 0,8X2"- 1,3X3" (7) Phuo-ng irinh tdi uu trong he loa do Z;
Y2 = - 6 4 , 0 4 5 + 219,75Z,-77,5Z,-+50,2Z2-80Z2-+ 15,5Z3-32,5Z3- (8) Gia tri cue dai Y, la 100% d Z, = 1.42%; Z, = 0.3% vii Z, = 0,4%
Vdi Z, = 1.4 - 1.6%; Z2 = 0,2 - 0,3%; Z3 = 0.4 - 0,6%
Be mat dap img nhan dugc Y2 d thdi gian phan img cd djnh a Z, = 1.42% (Hinh 9).
Cac ket qua cho thay trong viing lan can. do bin gel ldi da cd the dai dugc la 100%
gia tri thdi gian tao gel thay ddi tir 11 din 13 gid. Cac kit qua thu dugc cd the dap ima tdi
Tuyen tap h:io cao Hgi nghj KHCN "30 nam D5u khi Vict Nam: Co hgi moi, thach thde moi" 1 7 9
mdt sd \eu cau ky thuat doi vdi vat lieu phan each nude cua XNLD Vietso\petro (thdi gian tcio gel: 10 - 18 gid. do bin nhiet sau 32 ngay giir d nhiet do 140"C).
Thdi gian tao gel tdi da la 13 gid va do ben gel tdi da la 100% cua he gel sau khi gid 32 nga>' o nhiet do 140"C da bude dau dap img dugc yeu cau ky thuat ddi \di \ at lieu ngan each nude su dung cho tang mdng mo Bach Hd.
Mdt sd tinh nang khae cua gel tao thanh: kha nang chiu chenh ap. kha nang phuc hdi do tliam dau se dirge thu nghiem trong thdi gian tdi.
KET LUAN
• Bang phuong phap thir nghiem chai kin va thu nghiem trong bau khi qu} en nita da bude dau lya chgn dugc hai he gel la cau tnic cua hdn hgp phdi trdn hai dang pol_\me gdc acr} lamit khae nhau \'a he chat tao ndi HMTA/PhAc cd thdi gian tao gel \ a do ben nhiet phii hgp de irng dung bit nude trong tang mdng md Bach Hd.
• Viec sir dung phuang phap thdng ke qu\' hoach boa thuc nghiem da rat hiru ich de thu nghiem va tdi iru hoa qua trinh tao gel. Cac hieu qua tuo'ng tac giua ndng do p o h m e
\'a chat tao ndi den thdi gian gel hoa va do ben gel da dugc thiet lap va dua ra phuomg trinh hdi quy phii hgp tdt vdi cac ket qua thyc nghiem.
• fhdi gian tao gel tdi da ciia he gel la 13 gid a cac ndng do: pohme - 1.5%. HMTA - 0,2% va PhAc - 0.5%. Do ben gel tdi da cua he gel la 100% a cac ndng do: polyme -
1.42%. HMTA - 0.3% va PIL^C - 0.4%.
• Cluing tdi se tiep tuc tim ra dieu kien tdi uu cho thdi gian tao gel \'a do ben gel bang each ket hgp hai ham dap img de xa) dyng dugc ham mong mudn qua thira sd bat dinh Lagrange. Qua ham mong mudn nay. chimg tdi se xac dinh thanh phan cua he dung djch tao gel cd thdi gian tao gel va do ben gel phii hgp de img dung cho dieu kien nhiet do cao, ap suat cao ciia tang mdng md Bach Hd.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
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September 2002. p. 1 - 6.
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