Khai thac, sur dung ...
Sfl gia t a n g khai thac cae Ioai v | t lieu xay dflng n h i m phuc vu cho n h u c l u xay dflng ha t a n g nhfl n h a cfla, dfldng sa...
Thdng qua nghien cflu ve xu hfldng tren the gidi, Newman va Kenworthy (2007) cho rang nhiing ndi co mat dp dan sd thap thfldng can dung nhieu hdn v l nguyen, nhien, vat heu (tinh theo binh quan d i u ngfldi) so vdi nhflng ndi cd mat do dan sd cao de dap flng cung nhu c l u ha tang. Ndi each khac, dan cfl sd'ng tap trung thfldng it td'n kem hdn ve d c loai v^t lieu xay dflng. Trong khi dd, tai Viet Nam, nhin chung dan cfl thfldng sd'ng rai rac, nha't la d c vung ndng thdn va cac vung mien nui, kdo theo dd nhu cau ldn de xay dflng ha t i n g giao thdng. Cach bo tri dan cfl nhfl vay gdp p h i n gia tang khoi Ifldng vat heu xay dflng phuc vu cho viec xay dflng ed sd ha ting.
Cac so' lieu cho thay, trong giai doan 1980 - 2010, td'c dp sii dung nguyen nhien vat lieu (6,67%/nam) tfing nhanh hdn td'c do tang dan so (1,41%/nam). Cac loai vat hdu sinh khoi tfl ndng, Iam san vfla phuc vu eho nhflng nhu clu cd ban ciia con ngfldi va phuc vu cho cac ho^t ddng kinh te. Ciing trong giai doan nay, tdc dp tang dan so' cham hdn so vdi td'c dp tang trfldng kinh te (6,69%/nam). Cac so' lieu d hinh 3 cho t h i y tang trfldng GDP va tang trfldng DMC cd mm quan he kha chat che,
t h e hien sfl p h u thuoc vao khai thac cac nguyen nhien vat lieu.
2.3. Hieu qud sii dung vd cudng do si dung nguyen, nhien, vat lieu Mac du gia t a n g khdi Ifldng sfl dung nguyen nhien vat heu, vide stf dung cd hieu qua ehung cung la v l h de c i n ban. Hieu qua sfl dung nguyen, nhien, vat lieu dfldc the hien bang gia tri G D P dfldc tao ra tren moi ddn vi DMC. Nhin chung, trong giai doan 1986 2011, hieu qua sfl dung nguyen, nhien, vat lieu tai Viet Nam it cd sfl chuyen bid'n, n a m 1986 la 0,73 ty ddng/tln va de'n n a m 2010 ciing mdi chi dat 0,76 ty d6ng/t&
(tinh theo gia n a m 1994).
Cfldng dp sfl dung nguyen, nhien, vat lieu dfldc hieu la ty Id DMC trong td'ng san pham qud'c ndi. Day la chi tieu p h a n anh cin bao nhieu nguyen, nhien, vat lieu dd tao ra ra6i ddn vi GDP. Cac sd' Ueu hinh 4 cho thtfy cfldng dp sfl dung nguyen, nhidn, vat Ii§u cua Viet Nam d mfle cao hdn so vdi cac nitdc trong ASEAN. Doi vdi Vidt Nam, cfldng do sii dung cac loai tai nguyen nay cd xu hi(6i^
giam xudng trong cac n a m 1980 - 1990 v^
t a n g len trong giai doan 1990 - 2010. Sil t a n g hay giam ve cfldng dp stf dung tai nguyen trong d c giai doan nay la nhu clu k h a i thac va sfl dung d c loai nguyen nhien vat h e u n h a m t a n g trflcing kinh te.
HINH 4: Crfctag d o suf d u n g n g u y e n , n h i e n , v a t l i e u c u a m o t s o nfldc ASEAN Ddn vi: tan/1000 USD, gia c d d i n h n a m 2005
Nguon: SERI (2015).
48 Nghien cdu Kmh Iff sff 445 - Thing 6/201S
Khai thac, siif dung
Lien q u a n d e n cfldng dp stf dung cac Ioai tai n g u y e n t r o n g t a n g trfldng kinh te, trong thdi gian g a n day, cac n h a nghien cflu dfla ra t h u a t ngfl "tach t a n g trfldng k i n h t e r a khdi viec sfl d u n g q u a mflc tai nguyen va gay d n h i l m mdi trfldng" (decoupling). Viec tach rdi cd t h e la tach rdi tfldng ddi, tflc la khi viec sfl d u n g t a i nguyen/tac dong tdi mdi trfldng cham hdn td'c dp t a n g trfldng kinh te, tach rdi t u y e t doi la sfl giam tuydt ddi ve sfl dung tai nguyen/tac ddng tdi mdi trfldng t r e n mdi ddn vi t a n g trfldng. Tach rdi t u y e t ddi la muc tieu va la thfldc do d^ d a n h gia ve t a n g trfldng x a n h .
Chi so tach rdi stf dung tai nguyen (DI) dfldc HINH 5: X u h f l d n g v e c h i s o DI
t i n h nhfl sau: DI = (%tang trfldng sfl d u n g t a i nguyen/ %tang trfldng k i n h te); n l u DI >
1: t y Id t a n g trfldng t a i nguyen cao hdn t a n g trfldng k i n h te (phu thudc vao t a i nguyen), n l u 0 < DI < 1 : t a c h rdi tfldng ddi, n l u D <0:
tach rdi tuydt ddi. H i n h 5 t h e hien chi sd DI cua Viet Nam trong d c n a m 1986 - 2010, vdi con so' t r u n g binh cho ca giai doan la 1,0 va chi sd' DI cd xu hfldng giam cham. Xu hfldng n a y h a m y cac ap lflc dd'i vdi t a i nguyen va mdi trfldng se cdn ldn va keo dai n e u nhfl khdng ed viec day m a n h t a n g hieu q u a sfl dung tai nguyen, dac biet la chuyen ddi cd d u k i n h te' n h a m giam k h a i t h a c t a i nguyen.
e u a V i e t N a m g i a i d o a n 1986 - 2010
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Ngudn: Tinh tif so lieu SERI (2015) va T6ng cue Thong ke.
Cfldng dp sfl dung tai nguydn giam cham phan a n h qua trinh chuyen b i l n cham trong viec nang cao hieu sii dung tai nguyen, tflc tao r a gia tri gia t a n g ldn hcfti t r e n mdi ddn vi tai nguyen. Hieu qua sii dung tai nguyen thap hay cfldng dp sfl dung tai nguyen cao trong nen kinh te la do nhieu nguyen nhan. Cac nghien cflu SERI (2009), SERI (2011) va U N E P (2011) chi r a rang d c n h a n to chfnh d i n de'n sfl thay doi hieu qua stf dung tai nguyen la thay ddi v l cdng nghe va thay ddi d u t n i c cua nen kinh td'. Trinh dp khoa hpc - cdng nghe cham phat trien la thach thfle de d i thien hieu qua sfl dung tai nguyen. Hieu
qua sfl dung tai nguyen tha'p ciing phan a n h k h u vflc ndng nghiep chiem ty trong v l n cdn cao va/hoac ty trong cua d c nganh cdng nghiep t h a m dung tai nguyen cdn Idn, ndi each khac d c nganh cd h a m Ifldng t h a m dung khoa hpc-edng nghe phat trien cham. Vidt Nam da trai qua hai thap ky tang trfldng kinh te vdi d c eon sd k h a an tfldng, song h a m Ifldng cdng nghe cua d c san pham xua't k h a u cdn t h a p va trong g i n 20 n a m qua h a u nhfl khdng d sfl thay ddi (Ngan hang The gidi, 2013). Cd ea'u kinh te' chuyen dieh cham va gia tri gia tang tren mdi ddn vi d i u vao san xuat cdn thap (Nguyin Ngpc Sdn, 2011).
Nghiin cdu Kinh Iff sff 445 - Thing 6/2015 4 9
Khai thac, sul dung
3. Nhiifng t h a c h t h i i c , n g u y cfl dd'i vdri moi trfldng
Viec khai thac va sfl dung d c loai nguyen, nhien, vat lieu dang dat r a nhieu van de ddi vdi mdi trfldng. Cac sd heu tfl hinh 6 phan anh mdi quan he gifla tang trfldng kinh te, sfl dung nguyen, nhien, vat heu v l tdng
HINH 6: Xu hfldng v e t a n g t r f l d n g k i n h t e , DMC v a p h a t t h a i COg t a i Viet N a m
lifdng phat thai COa tai Viet Nam trong vong khoang 30 nam qua, trong dd tdng mflc phat thai CO2 ngay cang ldn va d xu hfldng eao hdn so vdi tdc dp tang trfldng kinh t l . Dilu dar^ h ngai dd la cfldng dp CO2 tinh theo GDP cd xu hfldng tang tfl 0,14 kilo tan/ty ddng nam 1990 Ien 0,28 kilo tlh/ty ddng nam 2010 (hinh 7).
HINH 7: Cfldng d o CO2 t r e n GDP (kilo t a n / t y d d n g , g i a 1994)
Ngudn: Tmh til &6 Mu SERI (2015) v^ T6n$ cue Th6ng ke.
Qua trinh khai thac va sfl dung d c loai nguyen, nhien, vat li^u tac ddng va mflc dp cua nd tdi tai nguyen va mdi trfldng dfldc t h i hi$n nhfl sau.
• Dot vdi sinh khdi
Vide khai thac d c loai vat heu sinh khd'i t^o ra nhflng ap lflc doi vdi mdi trfldng dfldi dang suy thoai da't, d nhiem nfldc mat va nfldc n g l m do sfl dung hda c h i t va thudc bao ve thfle vat. Hdn nfla, ngudn nudc cung trd nen khan h i l m hdn bdi sfl dung de phue vu cho canh tac. Viec khai thac dd'i vdi lam nghiep tac ddng tdi he sinh thai, d i n tdi m i t da dang einh hpc.
• Dd'i vdi nhien lieu hda thach Hoat ddng khai thac nhien lieu hda thach, dac biet 11 khai thac than, lien quan trflc tiep de'n da't dai va dd la d i t , da thai ra mdi trfldng xung quanh. C h i n g ban, d Quang Ninh (ndi khai thac than tfldng ddi bai ban nha't), de khai thae bang cd gidi d quy md d n g nghidp dudc 1 tan than b i n g cdng nghe
Id thien (chi tinh binh quan cho khau khai thac, chfla ke den che bien) b i t bude phai:
khoan xuong long d i t sau 0,3m; no khoang 3kg min; bdc xuc Ien 12m^ d i t ; van chuyin 12m^ da't nay di r a khoang 3-4km ddi vao bai thai; van ehuyin t h a n d i n ndi c h l bien vdi cfldng do khoang 4-5km; bdm thai ra moi trudng khoang 2m^ nfldc b i n ; tieu hao khoang lOkwh dien; tieu t h u khoang 1,5kg xang, d i u , md; t h a i r a 1kg c h i t thai khd tieu hiiy (Idp d td, vd binh l c quy, d i u md thai...).
Ddi vdi eha't thai nguy hai, thdng ke 27 ddn vi khai thac t h a n tai Quang Ninh cho thiy Ifldng cha't t h a i nguy hai phat sinh trong 1 thang khoang 13,5 t i n l c quy va 80 t i n diu thai. Trong 1 n a m Ifldng d i u thai khoang 960 t i n va 162 tail l c quy (Nguyen Thinh Sdn, 2012).
Viec sfl dung nghien lieu hda thach, k^o theo phat thai CO2, gay nen hi§u flng nha kinh. Theo bao d o lEA (2014) p h i n ldn (90%) hieu flng n h a kinh la do COj, trong d6 69% khdi ludng CO2 dfldc p h a t thai ra 11 tif
5 0 Nghiin aiu Kinh Iff sff 445 - Thing 6/2015
Khai thac, sur dung ,
viec tieu t h u n a n g Ifldng; t h a n chi chiem 29% nguon cung n a n g Ifldng toan e l u nhflng chie'm tdi 44% tdng p h a t t h a i COg cua Knh vflc n a n g Ifldng. Cung theo bao d o nay, tai Viet N a m , khdi Ifldng COg cua n a m 2012 (142,9 t r i e u ta'n) t a n g 638,9% so vdi n a m 1990 (17,2 trieu t i n ) , COa tfl t h a n chie'm 46,54% so vdi tdng so' cua n a m 2012. Vay nen, viec gia t a n g sfl d u n g n h i e n lieu hda thach ndi c h u n g va t h a n ndi rieng cd nguy cd gia t a n g Ifldng COg.
Mac du khdi Ifldng k h a i t h a c va sfl dung cac Ioai n h i e n lieu h d a t a n g cao, kem theo dd la cac tae ddng tdi mdi trfldng, nhflng Viet Nam v l n tdn tai cd ehe trd gia, kiem soat gia dd'i vdi t h a n , xang d i u , d i e n \ . . . Trich d i n sd' lieu cua Cd q u a n N a n g Ifldng qud'c t l , U N D P (2014) vdi nghien cflu cd tieu de "Bao d o T a n g trfldng x a n h va Chinh sach tai k h d a n h i e n lieu hda t h a c h d Viet Nam" cho r i n g cac khoan trd gia n h i e n lieu hda t h a c h d Viet N a m dao ddng trong khoang 1,2 - 4,49 ty USD moi n a m trong giai doan 2007-2012. Cac so' lieu nay dfldc tinh toan dfla t r e n so s a n h vdi va cho tha'y tha'p hdn mflc gia t h d gidi, chu yeu do viec kiem soat gia va d a n h t h u e mdi trfldng t h i p . Viec trd gia cd xu hfldng it tao r a ddng lflc de ngfldi tieu d u n g sfl d u n g t i l t kiem d c loai nhien lieu hda thach. Hdn nfla, trd gia nhien lieu hda t h a c h ngay cang dfldc cdng ddng qud'c t e thfla n h a n la Mm h a m t a n g trfldng xanh bdi lam cho cae n a n g Ifldng saeh, n a n g Ifldng tai tao khd canh t r a n h dfldc ve m a t chi phi vdi n a n g Ifldng dfldc san xua't tfl nhien lieu hda thach.
• Ddi vdi vdt lieu xdy diing
Cac sd lieu t r e n cho tha'y t a n g n h a n h v l khd'i Ifldng k h a i thac vat lieu x l y dflng (da't, d t , sdi, da vdi...). Da vdi dfldc sfl dung chu yeu de san xua't xi m a n g n h i m dap flng n h u c l u xay dflng ed sd h a t i n g ngay cang Idn.
De s a n x u a t r a 1 t i n xi mang c i n khoang 1,4 t a n da vdi va q u a t r i n h nay tieu hao n a n g Ifldng, kdo theo dd la t h a i r a khi CO2, vdi mdi t i n xi m a n g t h a i r a 400kg CO2
( K r a u s m a n n va cdng sfl, 2009). Ngay trong q u a t r i n h k h a i t h a c da vdi va s a n xua't xi m a n g ciing p h a t sinh r a khdi bui, gay d n h i l m khdng khi va he q u a la gay r a d e benh ve hd h i p . Dieu nay gay r a cac t h i e t h a i ve kinh te do a n h hfldng d i n sflc khde nhfl chi phi k h a m , chfla bdnh va cd t h e a n h hfldng tdi san xua't (gian doan san xuat, giam hoac m a t k h a n a n g lao dpng). Nghien cflu cua Dinh Dflc Trfldng, Le T h a n h H a (2013) da t i n h t h i e t hai ve kinh te' do d nhiem khdng khi t a i n h a may xi m a n g Bim Sdn (Thanh Hda). Ke't qua cho t h a y t r u n g binh mdi hd d vung d n h i l m chiu thiet h a i quy r a t i l n la 1,072 tri§u ddng/nam (tinh n a m 2010), bao gdm thiet h a i v l do chi phi y te' va ehi phi cd hdi do phai k h a m chfla benh.
Tong thiet h a i cho ea vung d n h i l m (phfldng Ba Dinh va Lam Sdn) la 19,43 ty ddng.
• Dot vdi quang kim logi
Viec k h a i thac d c Ioai q u a n g kim Ioai thfldng phai dung d c hda c h i t de tuyen khoang gay n e n d nhiem do d e hda c h i t . Trong cac mo thid'c sa khoang, bieu hien chinh cua d n h i l m hoa hpc la Iam due nfldc bdi b u n - set Id Iflng, t a n g h a m Ifldng cac ion s i t va mpt sd khoang vat n a n g . Viec k h a i t h a c va tuyen quang vang p h a i d u n g de'n thudc tuyen ehfla t h u y ngan, ngoai ra, cac nguyen to' kim loai n a n g nhfl asen, antimoan, cac Ioai quang sunfua, ed t h e rfla liia hoa t a n vao nfldc. Vi vay, d nhiem hoa hpc do k h a i t h a c va tuyen q u a n g vang la nguy cd dang lo ngai dd'i vdi ngudn nfldc sinh boat va nfldc ndng nghiep.
4. M o t so' gfli y c h i n h s a c h
De hfldng tdi t a n g trfldng xanh, viec cai thien hidu qua sfl dung tai nguyen va giam khd'i Ifldng sfl dung tai nguydn cd y nghia q u a n trpng.
1. Co ca'u san xuat dien ciia Viet Nam nam 2013 nhir sau; nhiet dien than: 23,19%; nhiet diSn t^ dSu va khi;
27,46%; thiy dien; 43,21% va nang lucmg tai tao chi 6,14% (Phan Thanh Tiing, 2014); c^c con s6 nay phan Snh dien duoc san xu£t tit nhien lifiu hda thach chiem tren 50% tdng san luong
Nghiin cdu Kmh li sff 445 • Thing 6/2015 51
Khai thac, suf dung
Thd nhcit, thuc d i y chuyen ddi each sfl dung sao cho t i l t kiem, hieu qua theo hfldng Ioai bd d i n nhiing nganh cd cdng nghe lac h a u , t h a m dung t a i nguyen; k h u y i n khich, thuc day d i u tfl, ddi mdi, ap dung cdng nghe sach, d n g nghe cao, t h a n thien mdi trfldng trong d c nganh k h a i thac, c h l b i l n t a i nguyen; d i y m a n h thfle hien cac bien phap giam c h i t thai trong s a n xuat, t a n g cfldng t a i sfl dung, tai che c h i t thai sau s a n x u i t va tieu dung. Day la nhiing mue tieu tdng quat n h i m giam viec khai thac va sfl dung d c Ioai nguyen, nhien, vkt heu.
Thd hai, bd tri dan cfl hdp 1^ n h i m h a n che vide phai xay dflng d c ket ea'u ha t i n g . Tflng bfldc chuyen dich sang sfl dung cac Ioai vat lieu t h a n thien vdi mdi trfldng va d c loai vat lieu mdi trong xay dflng cd sd h a t i n g .
Thit ba, tiing bfldc xda bd kiem soat gia va gia tang ap lflc v l t h u l mdi trfldng dd'i vdi d c loai nang Ifldng ndi chung, nhien Ueu hda thach ndi rieng n h i m tao r a ddng lflc vide sfl dung t i l t kiem, cd hieu qua dd'i vdi chung./.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Dinh Diic Tmdng, Le Thanh Ha (2013), Luang gid thiel hgi siic khde cdng dgng do 6 nhiSm khdng khi ctia nha mdy xi mdng Bim Son, tinh Thanh Hda;
Lucmg gii t&i nguyen v i mOi Inrtmg: Til ly thuyft de^n ling dung tai Viet Nam; Nxb Giao thOng van tai, Hk NOi.
2. Ngan hang The gidi (2013), Tgo thudn lm thuang mat. tgo gid tn vd ndng cao ndng uc cgnh tranh - Gaiy cho chinh sdch Idng Irudng kinh te cua Viel Nam. Bu cSo nghien ciiu.
3. Nguyen Thanh Scm (2012), Mdt soy kiin vitktc trgng chinh sdch vd dexudt djnh hudng qudn ly. sirdung ben vdng tdi nguyen khodng sdn Vi^t Nam; Bao cao tham luan tai HOi thao "Viec diuc hifin chmh sach, phap lu|i vi quan ly, khai thic khoang san gin vdi bao ve mOi truong"
do Doan giam sit cua Oy ban Thudng vu Qu6c hoi ifi ehiJc ngay 2-3-2012 tai Ha Noi.
4. UNDP (2014), "Ting truong xanh va chinh sadi tai khoa v6 nhien lieu hoa thach d Viet Nam - c3c kiSn nghi v^ 10 trinh cai each", Du i n UNDP v6 Chlnh sach tai khda ve nhiin iieu hda thgch vd phdl thai khi nha kiiA dViet Nam - Giai dogn IL
5. lEA (Intemational Energy Agency) (2014), COI Emissions from Fuel Combustion (2014 Edition). Paris,
6. Krausmann F., Gingrich S. Eisenmenger N.K.-H.
Erb. H. Haberi, and M. Fiseher-Kowalski. 2009, GrawAi in global materials use, GDP and population during tht 20 th century. Ecological Economies 68 (10 ): 2596 - 2705.
7 Newman P. and Kenworthy J. (2007), Greening Urban Transportation. Worldwateh Institute State of the World; Our Urban Future New York & London; W.W, Norton & Company.
8. SERI (Sustainable Europe Research Institute) (2015), Global Resource Extraction J980 to 2011. Online
9. UNEP (2011), Decoupling natural resource use and environmental impacts from economic growth, A Report of the Working Group on Decoupling to the Intemational Resource Panel.
52 Nghien cdU Kinh iff sff 445 - Thing 6/ZOlS
