EN DiUif DUY VA HQC
Sir dung tieu sir danh nhan trong viec day va hpc cac bp mon Khoa
hpc xa hpi & trirofng phd thong
NGUYEN NGHIA DAN
Trung tam Nghien cQu va phat trien TQ hpc
I. DAT VAN DE
Danh nhan la ngQdi ndi tieng dQdc xa hpi suy tdn ve nhan each, dao dQc, lao dpng sang tao va cd anh hQdng tich cUc den each sdng, each nghT, muc dich, dpng ed hoat dpng cua the he tre b mot dia phQdng nho, mot vung, met qudc gia, chau Ipc hoac ca the gidi, nhU Khdng TQ, Gang di, Ho Chi Minh, Chu Van An, Nguyen Trai...
SQ dung tieu sQ danh nhan phue vu giao due the he tre la mot trong nhieu phQdng phap n h i m hinh thanh va phat then nhan each ngQdi hpc tQ tudi tien hpe dQdng cho den sud't ea qua trinh hpc d trQdng, tham chi sudt cuoc ddi^ ngQdi.
II. TIEU SL/ DANH NHAN SL/ DUNG PHUC VU GIAO DUG cd cae dac diem sau:
1. Tieu sddanh nhan la con ngddi cu the
2. Tieu sddanh nhan ndi chung la ddi tUo'ng cija nhieu nganh khoa hocxa hdi va nhan van, chiu tac ddng chi phdi cua moi quy luat ve con ngUdi.
3. Tieu sddanh nhan gan lien vdi hoan canh xa hdi, lich sd cu the, tu dd tieu ehi de tim hieu tieu sQ met danh nhan thQdng la: Thdi dai ma danh nhan ra ddi va sdng, dia phuong eija danh nhan, dan tpc, gia dinh, cong dong vdi eae truyen thdng van hoa, yeu nude, lao dpng; Hanh trang cua danh nhan: hpe hanh, trd IQe vQdt qua, thanh dat, cong hien, eae "diem la" ve mot danh dan nhU truyen thuyet, huyen thoai ve sQ ra ddi eua danh nhan, cac diem tdn tai ve tieu su, nhat la cae danh nhan ljch su, nhung khue mIc ve cudc ddi, ve cai chet khdng ro rang cua danh nhan...
4. Tieu sd danh nhan cd nhung "diem sang" ndi len du'qc xa hoi tdn vinh. ca ngai. Hp ndi tieng ve nhan each dao due.
ve sao tao lao ddng.
III. CAC P H J O N G PHAP SL/ DUNG TIEU SL/ DANH
NHAN PHUC Vy GIAO DUG
TrQde hit, phai theo dung quan diem lich sdkh'i sQ dung tieu su danh nhan. He luan rut ra tQ van de nay la phai bao dam tinh khach quan khoa hoc cCia cac tU lieu dupe sQ dung, NgQdi day phai IQu y ngudi hpe nhQng tQ lieu cdn nghi van ve tieu sQ danh nhan dUdc hpe tap nghien cQu.
Phat huy noi lac cua ngadi hgc trong sddung tieu sddanh nhan phuc vugiao diJC. Tac dpng sU pham giQa ngUdi day, ngQdi hpc va kien thQc khoa hpe ve tieu sQ danh nhan trong phUdng phap giao dtJC cd truyen rat khac vdi phUdng phap giao due tich cQc lay ngUdi hpc lam trung tam,
PhuPng phap day - hpc hien dai ddi hoi ngUdi hpe muon eho tri thQc khoa hpe thuc sU cd tac dung del vdi minh thi phaied qua trinh hpctrithQc, /i/'eu tri thuc, hanh tn thQc (qua trinh dd dUdc neu thanh cdng thQc "KUA"
(Knowledge ® Understand ® Application) hay cdng thQc ma met so nha giao due Viet Nam neu ra la "4H: hoc, hdi, hieu, hanh'. NhU vay, quy trinh cd tinh nguyen tac cua phUOng phap sddung tieu sd danh nhan phuc vu giao due bat dau td luc ngu'di hoc tiep can vdi tieu sudanh nhan, tu nghien cdu, tu hoc cd hudng dan cua ngUdi day, va ket thuc khi ngUdi hgc cd kha nang van dung 'diem sang" cua tieu su danh nhan tac dong hieu qua nhat doi vdi nhan each cua minh. Dd cung la quy trinh phat huy npi IQe eua ngQdi hpc.
Chuc nang chung cua phuang phap giao due la thdng tin (cung cap thdng bao du lieu), hoach dinh va dieu khien (dinh hudng, chi dan ngudi hpc su dung tu lieu), kien tao (tac dong true tiep den ngudi hoc, den viec hoc de giup ngudi hpc tu tao ra nhu cau, thai dp, tU danh gia hoat ddng va k i t qua hpc cua minh). Ngudi day cd the su dung cac KT nang hoac he thong kl nang (cd ngu'di goi la
DAY VA HOC NGAY NAY SO 8-2009
phu'dng phap, cd ngu'd|gpi la thu phap) nhU thuyet trinh, dat eau hdi, hudng dan thao luan hoac sQ dung cac phddng tien kT thuat nhQ phim anh... de tang dp true quan khi nhan thQc tri thuc (d day la tieu su danh nhan).
Trong thUe te, du ed ehuan bi td't viec thQc hien quy trinh cd tinh nguyen t i c nhu da ndi tren, ngQdi day tat nhien phai su dung viec thuyet trinh them tu lieu ve tieu su danh nhan, cung cap nhung thdng tin ve "diem la" eija danh nhan,,. Tuy nhien, ngQdi day phai ludn ehtj y gdi van de cho ngUdi hpc suy nghT, tQ nghien cQu, tu hpc de tiep can tdt nhat tieu su danh nhan mot each ehu ddng, tQc lam cho ngQdi hpe chtj dpng ITnh hdi van de.
Dudi day xin di vao met vai v i n de cu the:
- Hai mQc dp eua phQdng phap sQ dung tieu sQ danh nhan phuc vu giao due.
+ Tieu sddanh nhan duac xem nhUmdt ndi dung khoa hoc duac an dinh trong chuang trinh hgc
Trong khoa hpe xa hpi nhan van nhU triet hpe, van hpe, lich sQ... tieu sQ danh nhan dQde xem nhQ met npi dung hean chinh su dung de day - hpc. Vi du, hpc ve Khdng Mac, nhat dinh phai nghien cQu ve tieu sQ danh nhan Khdng TQ, Mac Tu, hpc tQ tQdng dao dQc Hd Chi Minh nhat djnh phai nghien cQu ve tieu sQ Hd Chi Minh, Trong ljch sQ hoac van hpe sQ Viet Nam, khi hpc ve eupc khdi nghTa Lam SPn hoac van hpc the ki XV nhat dinh phai nghien cQu tieu sQ danh nhan Nguyen Trai... Tieu su danh nhan treng mue dp nay thu'dng dude sQ dung toan dien theo cac tieu ehi nhQ da neu tren day, dong thdi va tat yeu phai neu cac npi dung cd ban cua tu tudng, eua cong hien khoa hpe, hpe thuyet ndi tieng, tac dpng sau sac cija tu tu'dng, cong hien khoa hpc dd trong thQc tien xa hpi du'dng thdi eung nhu sau nay. Vi du, ve Khdng TQ, phai neu hpc thuyet ve dae "Nhan" etja dng, quan he giQa "Nhan" va "Le"... hoac cd'ng hien ve giao due hpe eua dng; hpc ve Nguyin Trai phai neu tU tu'dng
"nhan nghTa" eua ong... NgQdi day phai hQdng dan ngudi hpe doe, nghien cuu b i n g each gdi ra nhung van de khd, phai tim tdi suy nghT trao ddi vdi ban doe. Ddn cQ ve Nguyen Trai van de ve cai c h i t bi tru di tam toe cua dng trudc day thudng khdng dude cae sQ gia phong kien lam rd, lai cdn bia dat chuyen "rIn bao can" de che day am mUu xau xa ctja Nguyin Thj Anh va gian than trong nha trieu dinh nha Le la mot van d i can dupe ngu'di hpe va tap the lam ro, nhan thuc day du, Cd nhung danh nhan viet tu truyen eua minh, Dd la tai lieu trung thUe nhit cija danh nhan can nghien cuu thao luan, tranh thu de hieu sau s l e hdn, SQ chuan bi va hudng d i n eho ngQdi hpe tu nghien cuu, viec d i xuat nhung van de eho ngu'di hpe va tap the ngu'di hoc thao luan, tranh luan, nhan thQc dung la cdng viee ddi hdi nhiiu ed g i n g va sang tao eua ngu'di day. Trong phu'dng phap sQ dung tieu su danh nhan phuc vu giao due dao tao thee phudng phap cd truyen, ngudi day khdng vat v i v a chi can truyen thu met chieu cho ngu'di hpc,
+ Tieu sudanh nhan dugc xem nhu mdt hinh mau. mdt tam gudng sang, sinh ddng deg'iao due mdt mat nao dd theo yeu cau cua chuang trinh hoc
MQc dp nay thQdng ap dung trong viee minh hoa, neu gQdng hoac v i nhan each dao dQc hoac v i nhan each sang tao lae dpng ctja cae danh nhan, Trong khoa hpc xa hpi, n h i m minh hea met thdi ki lich sQ, van hpc, met hpe thuyet triit hpe, ngudi ta thu'dng sQ dung tieu su eae danh nhan ed lien quan d i n ndi dung chudng trinh hpe. Vi du neu cae mdn de eua Khdng Tu, thu'dng d i cap d i n tQ phoi (Nhan TQ, Tang TQ, TQ TQ, Manh Tu) va cae danh nhan nay ed nhu'ng "diim sang" trong nhan each. Thudng gap nhat la day - hpc v i dao dQc, giao due cdng dan tieu sQ sQ danh nhan thQdng dQde neu tdm tit vdi "diem sang" eua danh nhan dd d i giao due ngQdi hpe. Thi du, hpe ve Idng thudng ngQdi, ed the neu cac danh nhan la t h i y thudc (nhQ Lan Ong, Tue TTnh...), ve tdn sQ trpng dao ed the neu eae danh nhan ve thay giao (Chu Van An...), v i trung thQc cd the neu eae danh nhan la cac nha khea hpc trung thuc (nhu Galile, Pharaday.,,), ve sang tao cd the neu nhQng nha khoa hpc, nha thd...
(New/ton, Anhxtanh, Nguyen Du...). Cach thQc hien cd hieu qua la dua ra nhQng cau chuyen xac dung nhUng li thu, hap dan ve tieu su cac danh nhan dd. d day, can l i n g chu de giao due vao tieu sQ danh nhan. NhQng gudng song ve Idng yeu nQdc, yeu khoa hpe, lao dpng sang tao, cac dQc tinh thudng ngUdi, khoan dung, trung thQc, khiem tdn, gian di, can kiem liem chinh... khong thieu trong tieu su cac danh nhan nude ta eung nhQ d chau a va tren t h i gidi.
Dac diem Idn nhat eija tieu sQ danh nhan la con ngudi cu the vdi nhQng diem sang trong nhan each dao due, nhan each sang tao. Trong khi sQ dung tieu sQ danh nhan de giae diJC ngQdi hoe nen ehu y kit hdp chat che nhan thud khea hpe v i tieu sQ danh nhan vdi truyen cam (ve phia ngudi day) va cam thu ( v i phia ngQdi hpc) b i n g nhQng kTnang tac dpng d i n tinh cam, tam li cua ngQdi hpc, Cd the sQ dung eae loai hinh nghe thuat de thuc hien yeu c l u nay (tU truyen cua danh nhan, van thd eua danh nhan, kich ban san khau, dien anh trung thQc dude xay dQng v i cac danh nhan, nhOng ca khue ca ngdi danh nhan, tham quan nghien cuu di tich van hoa lich su cua danh nhan,.,), TQ nhan thQc li tinh, khoa hpc k i t hdp vdi tac dpng tam \\ {truyen camvk cam thu), ngudi hpc ed t h i ed rung e l m khi t i i p can tieu sQ danh nhan, ed kha nang tao d ngQdi hpc sQ tdn vinh danh nhan nhQ "thin tudng" khdng phai de chiem ngUdng kinh phuc ma quan trpng hdn la hpc tap, noi gudng, ap dung nhung "diem sang" eua danh nhan tuy thee kha nang phan dau eua minh. Cho nen, n i u ed thieu sdt trong kT nang tao nen su truyin cam va cam thu khi hpc tieu sQ danh nhan, thi c h l e c h i n hieu qua dao tao se bi ban che,
IV. KET L U A N
Tren day la mdt npi dung rIt li thu di sau vao mot van d i cu the va van dung phQdng phap hien dai eua giao due va dao tao, lay ngu'di hpc lam chu the eua qua trinh tu hpe, tu nghien cuu ve tieu su danh nhan. Trong bai nay, ehung tdi ehi xin neu trpng diem cot Idi cua phuong phap. mong dude trao ddi vdi ban dpc.
DAY VA HOC NGAY NAY SO 8-2009