TRIET HOC, SO 5 (228), THANG 5-2010
K i NIEM 120 NAM NGAY SINH C O A C H D TjCH HO CHI MINH (19-5-1890 + 19-5-2010)
Sir KE THUA VA PHAT TRIEN HOC THUYET MAC - LENIN
«'VE CHU NGHiA XA HOI, VE CON DUONG QUA DO LEN CHU NGHIA XA HOI TRONG TU TUONG HO CHI IVIINH
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D A N G H U U T O A N<*>
De'n vdi hgc thuyet Mdc - Lenin ve chii nghla xd hot, Ho Chi Minh da ke thiia vd tiep thu co chon Igc, van dung vd phdt trien ly ludn ndy mgt cdch sdng tgo, hodn todn xa lg vdi nhdng gi Id gido diiu, kinh vien. Nhiing vdn di ly ludn vd thUc tien xay dUng chit, nghla xa hgi d Viet Nam da dupc NgUdi ludn gidi tren cO sd gan nguyen ly vdi hdnh dgng, ly ludn vdi thUc tien, nhiing nguyen ly phd bien cua chii nghla Mdc - Lenin vdi tinh hoa van hda VietNam vd phuang Dong, dong thdi ndm vdng cdi coi loi, "linh hon song" cua chu nghla Mdc - Lenin Id phiidng phdp Men chiing, tren tinh thdn ndng cao tdc phong dgc lap suy nghi vd tU do tii tiidng. Den vdi hgc thuyet Mdc - Lenin vi chii nghla xd hgi tren tinh thdn vd each tie'p can do, tii tiidng Ho Chi Minh vi chu. nghla xd hgi chinh Id hgc thuyet Mdc - Lenin ve chu, nghla xa hgi d Viet Nam ma ngi dung coi loi Id dgc lap ddn too gdn liin vdi chu nghla xa hgi.
h u chung t a da biet, tii tudng Ho Chi Minh khong p h a i la mot t a p hdp gian ' ddn nhiing y tuSng, nhttng suy nghi cu the cua NgUcJi trong hoan canh lich stt - cu the, ma Id mpt he thdng nhiing quan diem, quan niem vi con dUdng cdch mgng Viet Nam dupc hinh thdnh tren nin tdng chu nghla Mdc — Lenin. Ttt Dai hoi dai bieu toan quoc lan thtt II (thang 2 n a m 1951), Dang Cong san Viet N a m da k h a n g dinh vi tri va vai tro 16n lao cua tU tu3ng Ho Chf Minh ddi vdi each m a n g Viet Nam. Trong cong cuoc doi m6i dat nU6c theo dinh hu6ng xa hoi chu nghia, t a i Dai hoi dai bieu toan qudc lan thtt VTI (thang 6 n a m 1991), Dang da t r a n trong ghi vao Cuong llnh va Diiu le cua minh: "Dang Idy chu nghia Mac - Lenin va tU tuSng Ho Chi Minh lam nen
t a n g t u tuSng, kim chi n a m cho h a n h dong". To'ng ket 15 n a m doi m6i ddt nUdc tren nen t a n g tU tUcing nay, tai Dai hoi dai bieu toan quoc lan thtt IX (thang 4 n a m 2001), mot lan ntta. Dang k h a n g dinh lai dieu nay va chinh thttc xac dinh: TU tiidng Ho Chi Minh la mot he thong quan diem toan dien va sau sac ve nhttng van de cd ban cua each mang Viet Nam, ttt each mang dan toe dan chu n h a n dan den each m a n g xa hoi chu nghla; la ket qua cua sU van dung dung dan va phat trien sang tao chu nghia Mac - Lenin vao dieu kien cu t h e cua Viet Nam, dong thcli la sU ket tinh tinh hoa dan toe va tri t u e thcii dai n h a m giai phong dan toe,
'*' Pho giao sU, tien si, Pho tdng bien t$.p Tap chf' Triet hoe.
DANG HUU
T O A Ngiai phong giai cap va giai phong con ngUdi, xay dUng mot nUdc Viet Nam hda binh, thong nhdt, dan giau, nUdc manh, xa hoi cong bang, dan chu, van minh.
Nhu vay, c6 t h e noi, tU tUcing Ho Chi Minh la san p h a m cua sU ket hdp chu nghia yeu nU6c, truyen thong van hoa n h a n van va thUc tien each m a n g Viet N a m v6i tinh hoa van hoa n h a n loai, dUdc n a n g len t a m cao m6i du6i anh sang cua chu nghia Mac - Lenin. Trong suot qua trinh hinh t h a n h va p h a t trien t u tUcing cua minh ve con dUcJng each m a n g Viet Nam, Ho Chi Minh da ke thtta c6 chon loc va p h a t trien mot each sang tao nhttng tinh hoa van hoa phUdng Dong, phUdng Tay co dien va hien dai. Sau khi den v6i chu nghia Mac - Lenin, v6i phUdng phap luan khoa hoc, each mang va van dung, p h a t trien sang tao ly luan do, phUdng phap luan do vao hoan canh lich stt - CU the cua Viet Nam, NgUdi da nang no len mot trinh do m6i, mot chat lUdng m6i. Noi each khac, nguon gd'c ly ludn quyei dinh budc phdt trien mdi ve chdt cua tU tu6ng Ho Chi Minh la chu. nghla Mdc - Lenin.
That vay, tru6c khi deri v6i chu nghia Mac - Lenin, Ho Chi Minh da mang s i n trong dong m a u cua minh truyen thong van hoa Viet Nam, n h a t la chu nghia yeu nU6c, tinh t h a n "tUdng t h a n tUdng ai", doan ket dan toe, co' ket cong dong da dUdc h u n due qua h a n g nghin n a m dau t r a n h dUng nUdc va gifl nU6c cua dan toe Viet Nam. Va, nhU NgUdi da noi, chinh truyen thong van hoa Viet Nam, chu nghia yeu nU6c Viet Nam da dUa NgUdi den v6i chu nghia Mac - Lenin.
TrU6c khi den v6i chu nghia Mac - Lenin, tU tUcing n h a n nghia cua dao Nho da in dam dau a n trong t a m k h a m Ho Chf Minh, trcl t h a n h mot bo p h a n cau t h a n h tU tudng n h a n van cua NgUdi, bcii NgUdi sinh r a trong mot gia dinh n h a Nho ngheo yeu
nUdc va b a n t h a n NgUdi cung da tttng theo hoc dao Nho ttt nho. Song, khac v6i nhieu n h a Nho dUdng thdi, v6i thUc t i i n cuoc song day bien dong ma NgUdi tttng trai qua trong nhttng n a m t h a n g tim dUdng cttu nUdc, giai phong d a n toe, bang thUc t i i n hoat dong each mang, v6i mot trf tue anh minh, co t a m n h i n xa trong rong, NgUdi da sdm khac phuc, che' ngU tfnh hep hoi, thien can cua cai n h i n d a n toe de di den mot quan niem mdi ve t i n h httu ai giai cap, hudng tdi nhflng gia t r i n h a n van pho quat.
Khong chi the, trUdc khi den vdi chu nghia Mac - Lenin, Ho Chf Minh cdn thau hieu sau sac nhiing giao ly cua dao Phat, nhiJng chu trUdng "ttt bi, hi xa, cttu kho, cttu nan", "cttu n h a n do the" cua dao Phat. Song, vdi NgUdi, nhflng giao ly dd, nhflng chu trUdng ay chi hflu feh khi dUdc stt dung de
"cttu chung sinh r a khdi kho nan", de giai phdng dan toe, gianh doc lap cho To' qud'c,
"dUa giong ndi r a khdi cai kho ai nd le".
Ho Chf Minh cung da bie't de'n nhflng Udc md, k h a t vong vUdn tdi mdt xa hoi cao dep, con ngUdi dUdc hoan thien vdi cuoc sd'ng am no, h a n h phuc d dao Thien chua, bie't de'n chu trUdng cttu vdt chung sinh cua Chua Giesu. Song, vdi NgUdi, k h a t vong dd, chu trUdng do trUdc het phai vi nhflng ngUdi hi ap btte, vi nhiing dan tdc bi de nen, vi hda binh va cdng ly, phai nhdm mvtc dfch cttu loai ngUdi khdi ach no le, dUa n h a n loai den
h a n h phuc, tU do. ,.
Hd Chf Minh cdn biet de'n Tdn Dat Tien - Tdn Trung Sdn va chu nghla Tam Dan cua dng vdi nhflng t u tudng tie'n bo, tfch cflc cua nd. NgUdi d a n h gia cao ly tudng ddc lap, t u do, h a n h phuc cua chu nghia Tam Dan va hdn nfla, cdn cho r a n g chu nghia do thfeh hdp vdi dieu kien Viet N a m . Song, vdi NgUdi, chu nghia Tam Dan, ve cd ban, vdn la t u tudng dan chu t u san, n a m trong he
SUKE THUA vA
P H A TTRIEN HOC THUYET
M A C- LENIN...
t u tudng t u san va cdn nhieu h a n che can phai dUdc khac phuc de ke't hdp vdi tU tudng t u do, binh dang, bae ai cua each mang tU san P h a p t h a n h ly tudng ddc lap dan tdc, tU do, h a n h phuc m a n g tfnh giai cap, tfnh n h a n dan, tfnh dan toe va tfnh each m a n g triet de cua each m a n g dan toe dan chu n h a n dan dudi sU lanh dao cua chfnh dang each mang cua giai cdp cdng n h a n .
De'n vdi nhflng gia tri dfch thttc trong tU tudng n h a n van phUdng Tay la t u do, dan chu, tie'n bo va chat loc nhflng noi dung cd't loi trong tU tudng n h a n v a n nay. Ho Chf Minh da k h a n g dinh quyen sd'ng, quyen tU do, quyen binh dang, quyen mUu cdu h a n h phuc la nhflng quyen vd'n cd cua con ngUdi Viet Nam; r a n g dan tdc Viet N a m cung nhU
"tat ca cac dan tdc t r e n t h e gidi deu sinh r a , binh dang, dan toe nao cung cd quyen sd'ng, quyen sung sUdng va quyen tfl do". Song, khi n h a n ro nhflng gia tri dfch thUc trong tu tudng n h a n van phUdng Tay, NgUdi cung da sdm n h a n r a nhflng h a n che d nen dan chu cua nd, t h a y ro m a t t r a i cua quyen con ngUdi trong che do tU b a n chu nghia.
Ke thtta cac gia tri van hda Viet Nam, van hoa Ddng — Tay dd mot each cd phe phan, chon loc, khdng bao gid sao chep may mdc, khdng khi nao p h u dinh mot each gian ddn, ma ludn cd sU p h a n tfch sau sac de tim ra nhflng ye'u to' tfch cUc, lam giau t h e m vd'n kien thttc cua minh, Hd Chf Minh da den vdi chu nghia Mac - Lenin bang h a n h t r a n g tU tudng dd. Va, khi de'n vdi chu nghla Mac - Lenin, NgUdi da tim t h a y d day cai "cam nang" t h a n ky cho con dudng giai phdng d a n toe, giai phdng giai cap va xay dUng che do xa hoi mdi. Vdi chu nghia Mac - Lenin, Ngudi da di de'n ke't l u a n rang, con dudng di de'n tfl do, dan chu, ddc lap dan toe thUc sfl chi cd t h e la con dudng each m a n g vd san. Rang, chi cd giai phdng
giai cap vd san thi moi t a n g ldp n h a n dan lao ddng mdi dUdc giai phdng va con dudng giai phong dan tdc mdi dUdc md ra, mdi di de'n t h a n g ldi. N h a n t h a y t h e gidi quan, phUdng phap l u a n Mac — Lenin khdng chi la cai "cam nang" t h a n ky, la kim chi n a m cho h a n h ddng, ma cdn la m a t trdi soi sang con dudng each m a n g Viet N a m di de'n t h i n g ldi cudi cung, trong Diidng Cdch menh', NgUdi da qua quye't k h a n g dinh, trong thdi dai ngay nay, "hoc thuyet nhieu, chtt nghia nhieu, nhUng chu nghia chan chfnh n h a t , chae chan n h a t , each m a n g nhat", tlifch hdp n h a t dd'i vdi each mang Viet N a m chf cd tlie la chu nghia Mac - Lenin(l). Sau nay, khi tdng ke't kinh nghiem t h a n g ldi cua each m a n g Viet Nam, NgUdi da k h a n g dinh rang, t h i n g ldi dd la do nhieu n h a n td', nhflng t h a n g ldi dd trUdc he't la nhd thtt vu khf khdng gi t h a y t h e dUdc la chu nghia Mac — Lenin, nhd bie't van dung va p h a t t r i e n sang tao ly l u a n ay vao thUc tien each m a n g Viet Nam(2).
Nhflng k h a n g dinh dd cho thdy t d m quan trong dac biet, vai trd quyet dinh va y nghia budc ngoat ctta chu nghia Mac - Lenin dd'i vdi qua trinh h i n h thanh, p h a t trien va hoan thien ctta tfl tudng Hd Chf Minh. Nhflng k h a n g dinh dd cung cho thay viec ke thtta va tie'p t h u cd chon loc, van dung va p h a t trien sang tao chtt nghia Mac - Lenin cua Hd Chf Minh la ca mot qua trinh g i n vdi hoat dong thUc t i i n ctta NgUdi,, tren cd sd cua thUc tien cacli mang Viet Nam, ke't hdp n h u a n nhuyen ly luan vdi thUc tien, vtta nghien cttu chu nghia Mac — Lenin, vtta hoat ddng thflc tien each mang.
Cd the k h a n g dinh rang, tU tudng Hd Chf Minh n a m trong h e tfl tudng cua giai (1) Xem: Ho Chf Minh. Toan tap, t. 2. Nxb Chfnh tri Quoc gia, Ha Noi, 1995, tr. 268.
(2) Xem: Ho Chf Minh. Scfd., t.lO, tr. 17-18.
DANG HUU TOAN
cap vd san - chu nghia Mac - Lenin, m a n g ban chdt each m a n g va khoa hoc triet de cua he tU tfldng nay, ly l u a n nay. Song, khac vdi nhieu n h a each m a n g khac, khi den vdi chu nghia Mac - Lenin, Hd Chf Minh da ke thtta va tie'p t h u cd chon loc, van dung va p h a t trien ly luan nay mot each sang tao, hoan toan xa la vdi nhflng gi la giao dieu, kinh vien. Trong di san ly luan cua NgUdi, chung t a t h a y NgUdi r a t ft khi trfch ddn nguyen van quan diem, quan niem cua cac n h a sang lap chu nghia Mac — Lenin. Nhflng van de phttc tap, sau sac ctta ly l u i n va thflc tien each mang thUdng dUdc Ngfldi luan giai mot each gian di, de hieu tren cd sd gan nguyen ly vdi h a n h dong, ly l u t o vdi thUc tien, nhflng nguyen ly phd bie'n cua chu nghia Mac - Lenin vdi tinh hoa van lida Viet Nam va phfldng Ddng. Vdi Ngfldi, viec ke thtta va tie'p thu, v&n dung va phat trien chu nghia Mac - Lenin, trfldc he't phai n a m vflng cai cd't loi, "linh hdn sdng" ctta nd la phfldng phap bien chttng.
NgUdi ludn nhac nhd chung t a rang, hoc tap chu nghia Mac - Lenin la hoc tap cai tinh thdn cua nd, hoc t a p lap trUdng, quan diem va phfldng phap cua nd de ap dung lap trudng, quan diem va phfldng phap ay vao giai quye't nhflng van de do thflc t i i n each mang Viet Nam dat ra(3).
Khdng chf the, Ho Chf Minh cdn yeu cau chung ta khi hoc t a p chu nghia Mac - Lenin cdn phai neu cao tac phong ddc Mp suy nghi va tfl do tfl tfldng, t r a n h Id'i "tam chfldng trfch cu", van dung nguyen xi va tin tudng mot each m u quang. Ngfldi cho rang, hoc tap chu nghia Mac - Lenin, tie'p thu va van dung chu nghia Mac - Lenin la de phuc vu each mang, phuc vu Td' qud'c va n h a n dan. "Hieu chtt nghla Mac - Lenin tttc la each mang p h a n cdng cho viec ^ . . . deu phai lam trdn nhiem vu". Rang, chu nghia
Mac - Lenin khdng chf la ly trf, ma cdn la t i n h cam va do vay, "thflc h a n h chu nghia Mac - Lenin" la "ra sttc lam trdn nliiem vu each m a n g va sd'ng vdi n h a u cd tinh cd nghia". "Hieu chu nghia Mac - Lenin la p h a i sd'ng vdi n h a u c6 tinh cd nghia. Neu thupc bao nhieu sach ma sd'ng khdng cd t i n h cd nghia thi sao goi la hieu chu nghia Mac - Lenin dUdc"(4).
De'n vdi chtt nghia Mac - Lenin ttt sfl am hieu sau sac truyen thdng van hda Viet Nam va tinh hoa van hda n h a n loai, Hd Chf Minh da lay tU tudng each mang va khoa hoc cua cac n h a sang lap chu nghia Mac - Lenin lam cdi ngudn ly lu$n, nen tang tfl tfldng chu ye'u va la kim chi n a m cho h a n h ddng. Den vdi chu nghia Mac — Lenin, Ngfldi da ke thtta va tie'p t h u ly l u i n dd mot each cd chon loc, ddng thdi van dung va pliat trien nd mdt each sang tao vao thflc tien each m a n g Viet Nam de tim ra con dudng each m a n g d u n g dan cho each mang Viet Nam, dUa each m a n g Viet Nam de'n t h a n h cong va tien len theo con dfldng xa hdi chu nghia. Do vky, chung ta cd the k h a n g dinh, tU tudng Ho Chi Minh Id chii nghla Mdc — Lenin d Viet Nam; cot loi cua tu tiidng Ho Chi Minh la. dgc lap ddn tgc gdn lien vdi chu nghla oca hpi; tinh thdn dgc
lap, tu chu, doi mdi vd sdng tgo Id mdu mUc ciia tu tudng Ho Chi Minh.
Vay, Hd Chf Minh da ke thfla va tie'p t h u cd chon loc, van dung va p h a t trien mot each sang tao chtt nghia Mac - Lenin d nhflng van de nao? Giai dap cau hdi nay mot each t h a u dao, khoa hoc va sau sac khdng phai la v a n de gian ddn va d l di de'n n h a t trf.
Ve dai the, cd t h e ndi, khi ke thtta va (3) Xem: Ho Chf Minh. Sdd., t.8, tr. 497.
(4) Xem: Ho Chi Minh. Sdd., t.l2, tr. 554.
S U K E THUA v A P H A T TRIEN HOC THUYET M A C - LENIN.
tiep thu, v a n d u n g va p h a t trien chu nghia Mac - Lenin ttt phUdng p h a p tie'p can dung dan, khjoa hoc, ddng thdi luon bam sat thflc tien each m a n g Viet Nam va the gidi, trong qua trinh h i n h t h a n h , p h a t trien va hoan thien tU tudng ctta minh, Hd Chf Minh da dUa r a nhflng l u a n diem sang tao gdp p h a n lam phong p h u t h e m chu nghia Mac - Lenin, n h a t la va trfldc he't la nhflng van de ve cdch mgng gidi phong ddn tgc, ve xdy diing che do xd hoi mdi va con diidng tie'n len chu nghla xd hpi d mot nfldc phfldng Ddng, thuoc dia ntta phong kie'n, kinh te lac hau, ngheo nan, ...
Khdng the ndi ve t a t ca nhflng van de dd, d day, chung tdi chi cd the ndi den viec Ho Chf Minh da ke thtta va tiep t h u cd chon loc, van dung va p h a t trien sang tao mdt sd' luan diem ctta chu nghia Mac - Lenin ve chu nghia xa hdi va con dUdng qua do len chu nghia xa hdi trong nhflng bdi canh lich stt - cu the ctta each m a n g Viet Nam.
TrUdc he't, can p h a i ndi r i n g , trfldc khi de'n vdi hoc t h u y e t Mac ve chu nghia xa hdi - hoc thuyet dUdc C.Mac xay dflng "tren mot triet ly n h a t dinh" cua lich stt phfldng Tay, Hd Chf Minh da tttng bie't de'n tfl tfldng xa hdi chtt nghia sd khai d phfldng Ddng qua "thuyet dai ddng" cua Nhd giao.
Do vay, khi ke thtta va tiep thu, van dung va p h a t trien hoc thuyet Mac ve chu nghia xa hdi, Ngfldi ludn q u a n triet phfldng cham
"xem xet lai chu nghia Mae t r e n cd sd lich stt cua nd, cung cd' nd b a n g dan tdc hoc phUdng Ddng"(5). Ndi ro hdn ve phUdng cham nay, Ngfldi vie't: "Mac da xay dflng hoc thuyet cua minh t r e n mot triet ly n h a t dinh eua lich stt, nhUng lich stt nao? Lich stt chau Au. Ma chau Au la gi? Dd chUa phai la toan t h e n h a n loai" va do vky, "du sao thi cung khdng the cam bd' sung "cd sd lich stt"
cua chu nghia Mac bang each dfla them vao
do nhflng tfl lieu ma Mac d thdi ctta minh khong the co dfldc"(6).
Gifla n a m 1923, Hd Chf Minh de'n Lien Xd va d day, lan dau tien, NgUdi trflc tie'p chttng kien t h a n h cong ctta "chfnh sach kinh te mdi" (NEP) ctta V.I.Lenin, thay ro hieu qua tfch cflc cua nd qua nhflng tiianh tflu bfldc dau ctta n h a n dan Xoviet t r e n con dfldng xay dflng chu nghia xa hoi. Song, vdi phfldng cham da dfldc xac dinh mot each n h a t quan ngay tfl kiii mdi de'n vdi hoc thuyet Mac ve chtt nghia xa hdi, vdi nhflng hieu bie't sau sac ve thflc t i i n each m a n g Viet Nam va vdi t i n h t h a n doc lap, tfl chu, sang tao, Ngfldi da k h a n g dinh chu nghia xa hdi va con dudng tie'n len chu nghia xa hoi d Viet N a m "khong the gid'ng Lien Xd, vi Lien Xd cd phong tuc t i p quan khac, cd lich stt dia ly khac" (7); r a n g con dudng tie'n len chu nghia xa hoi ttt mot nfldc kinh te' lac h a u nhfl Viet N a m chfla tflng cd tien le trong lich stt.
Chung t a da bie't, trong hoc thuyet cua minh ve chtt nghia xa hdi, cac n h a sang l i p chu nghia Mac - Lenin da lam sang td ban chat cua chu nghia xa hoi ttt nhflng kie'n giai kinh te - xa hoi, chfnh tri - triet hoc.
Vdi quan niem duy vat ve lich stt, vdi hoc thuyet h i n h t h a i kinh te - xa hdi, C.Mac va Ph.Angghen, khi k h a n g dinh tie'n t r i n h p h a t trien lich stt cua xa hdi loai ngfldi la qua trinh lich stt - tfl nhien, da chttng minh rang, hinh t h a i kinh te - xa hoi tfl b a n chu nghia t i t ye'u p h a i dUdc t h a y the' bang mot h i n h t h a i cao hdn la h i n h t h a i kinh te - xa hoi cdng san chu nghia, ma giai doan ddu cua nd la ehu nghia xa hdi. Vdi quan ruem nay, cac dng da tttng bfldc xay dflng nhflng
(5) Ho Chi Minh. Sdd., t.l, tr.465.
(6) Ho Chi Minh. Sdd., t.l, tr.465.
(7) Ho Chi Minh. Sdd, t.8, tr.227.
D A N G HUU T O A N
luan diem cd b a n ve chu nghia xa hdi, chi ra nhflng phfldng hfldng p h a t trien chu ye'u va nhflng dac trflng ban chi't cua nd, ma dac trflng cd ban nhi't la xoa bd che' dp sd hflu tfl n h a n tfl b a n chu nghia ve tfl lieu san xua't, giai phdng con ngfldi khdi sfl "tha hoa" do che' dp sd hflu nay gay nen, giai phdng n h a n dan lao ddng khdi tinh t r a n g bi bdc lot ve kinh te, bi ap bflc ve chfnh tri, bi nd dich ve tinh t h a n , tao dieu kien cho con ngfldi cd the p h a t trien mpi k h a nang vd'n cd cua minh vdi tfl each "muc dfch tfl than", li'y "sfl phat trien tfl do cua moi ngUdi la dieu kien cho sfl p h a t trien tfl do cua ti't ca mpi ngfldi", dfla "con ngfldi tfl vfldng quoc ctta ta't ye'u sang vfldng qud'c ctta tfl do".
N h a t trf ve can ban vdi hpc thuyet Mac ve chu nghia xa hdi, khi p h a t trien hpc thuyet nay trong dieu kien chtt ngliia tfl ban tfl t u do canh t r a n h da chuyen sang giai doan ddc quyen va dfla chu nghia xa hdi tfl ly luan trd t h a n h Men thflc bang t h i n g ldi cua Cach mang t h i n g Mudi Nga nam 1917, tihat la vdi "chfnh sach kinh te mdi", V.I.Lenin da k h a n g dinh, chu nghia xa hdi vdi tfl each mdt che dp xa hdi, sau khi da hoan thien se la budc p h a t trien mdi ve chi't, cao hdn va tdt dep hdn so vdi chtt nghia tfl ban.
De'n vdi hpc thuyet Mac - Lenin ve chu nghia xa hpi, Hd Chf Minh da tid'p c i n ly l u i n each m a n g va khoa hpc nay tfl quan nidm duy v i t ve lich stt, tfl hpc thuyet hinh thai kinh te - xa hdi, "chinh s i c h kinh te mdi" va ttt stt m e n h lich stt ctta giai cap cdng n h a n - giai cap t r u n g t a m cua thdi dai mdi. Vdi phUdng p h a p tie'p can nay, Ngfldi da ke thtta va tid'p t h u cd chpn lpc quan digm ctta cac n h a sang lap chu nghia Mac - Lenin ve bdn chdt va muc tieu cda chu, nghla xd hgi khoa hgc. Them vao dd, ttt chu nghia yeu nfldc Viet N a m de'n vdi chtt nghia
Mac - Lenin, Ngfldi cdn tie'p can hpc thuyet Mac - Lenin ve chtt nghia xa hpi tfl chu nghia yeu nUdc va t r u y i n thd'ng van hoa Viet Nam, do, vay, Ngfldi chu trfldng xay dflng chtt nghia xa hdi d Vidt Nam, ngoai b a n cha't va muc tieu cliung, che dp xa hdi dd cdn phai mang sdc thdi Viet Nam cd trong bdn chdt ldn muc tieu va phai cd sU gdn ket chat che vdi doc lap ddn tgc.
De'n vdi hpc t h u y e t Mac - Lenin ve chu nghia xa hdi ttt l i p trUdng yeu nfldc va khat vpng giai phdng d a n tdc, Hd Chf Minh da tim t h i y trong hpc t h u y e t each mang va khoa hpc nay con dfldng c h i n chfnh dd giai plidng dan tpc, giai phdng xa hdi va giai phdng n h a n loai. Ngfldi k h a n g dinh: "Chi cd chtt nghia xa hdi va chu nghia cdng san mdi giai phdng dUdc c i c d a n tdc bi -ip bflc va giai cap cdng n h a n toan the' gidi"(8).
De'n vdi hpc t h u y e t M i c - Lenin ve chu nghia xa hdi ttt mdt con ngfldi ma ldi sd'ng t h a n h cao, dao dttc da a n s i u vao mau thit va ludn coi dao dflc cao ca nha't chfnh la dao dflc each mang, dao dttc giai phdng dan tdc, giai phdng n h a n loai, Hd Chf Minh da k h a n g dinh "thdng lpi ciia chu nghla xd hgi khong the tdeh rdi thang lpi cua cupc ddu tranh trii bo chu nghla cd nhdn" va cho rang, khdng gi "sung sUdng ve vang hdn la t r a u ddi dao dttc each m a n g d l gdp phan xttng d i n g vao sfl nghiep xay dflng chu nghia xa hdi va giai phdng loai ngfldi"(9).
Khang dinh chu nghia ca n h i n la "mdt trd ngai ldn" ctta cdng cudc xay dUng chu nghia xa hdi va do v i y , can p h a i xoa bd nd, tieu diet nd, song Ngfldi khong he p h u n h a n ca n h i n ma t r i i lai, cdn cho rang, "khdng cd che dp nao tdn trpng con ngfldi, chu y xem xet nhflng ldi feh ca n h a n dung dan va bao
(8) Ho Chi Minh. Sdd, t.l2, tr.474.
(9) Ho CM Minh. Sdd, t.9, tr.291, 293.
8
S i r K E T H t T A V A P H A T TRIEN H O C THUYET M A C - LENIN.
d a m cho nd dfldc thoa m a n bang chd' dp xa hoi chu nghia"(10).
De'n vdi hoc thuyd't Mac - Lenin ve chu nghia xa hpi ttt truyen thdng lich stt - van hoa va con ngfldi Viet Nam, Hd Chi Minh da xac dinh chu nghia xa hdi la mot che dp xa hpi m a n g trong b a n t h a n nd bdn chdt nhdn vdn va vdn hod, la mdt giai doan p h a t trien cao hdn chu nghia tfl ban ve van hoa, v l giai phdng con ngfldi. Rang, xay dflng chu nghia xa hpi cdn p h a i p h a t trien van hoa, khoa hoe va giao due de cd t h e bien mdt nfldc ngheo n a n , lae h i u t h a n h "mdt nfldc van hoa cao, ed ddi sd'ng tfldi vui, h a n h phuc" va "ti't ea mpi ngfldi deu dfldc p h a t trien het k h a n a n g cua minh".
Den vdi hpc t h u y e t Mae - Lenin ve chu nghia xa hdi ttt cae each tie'p e i n dd, Hd Chf Minh da y thttc mpt each s a u sac rang, each mang xa hpi chu nghia la mdt cupc bilri ddi
"khd k h a n nhi't va sau sac nhi't", bdi chung t a phai xay dflng mdt che' dp xa hdi hoan
toan mdi, xUa nay chfla tttng cd. Rang, "xiy dflng chu nghia xa hdi la t h a y ddi ca xa hdi, thay ddi ca thien nhien, lam cho xa hdi khdng cdn ngfldi bdc lot ngfldi, khdng cdn ddi rdt, mpi ngfldi deu dfldc i m no va h a n h phue"(ll). Do v i y , khi xua't p h a t ttt-dac diem cua Viet N a m la k i n h te' cdn lac h i u , san xuat nhd la chu ye'u, Ngfldi da k h a n g dinh xay dflng chu nghia xa hpi d Viet Nam
"khdng t h i lam m a u dfldc m a phai lam dan ddn"(12). Cung do vay, vdi q u a n niem chu nghia xa hdi khdng t h e chi la fldc md, ly tfldng, ma cdn la cai edn dfldc t h i hidn cu the tttng bfldc ngay d nhiem vu trfldc mat, Ngfldi da xae dinh muc tieu trfldc m a t cua chu nghia xa hpi mdt each thie't thflc, cu the. Vdi Ngfldi, "chu nghla xa hdi trfldc h e t n h a m l a m cho n h a n dan lao ddng thoat n a n b a n cung, lam cho mpi ngfldi cd cdng a n viec lam, dfldc i'm no va sd'ng mdt ddi h a n h
phuc"(13). Vdi Ngfldi, chu nghia xa hpi la
"lam sao cho d a n giau nfldc manh"; "lam sao cho n h a n d a n du an, du mac, ngay cang sung sfldng, ai ndy dfldc di hpc, dm dau cd thud'c, gia khdng lao ddng dUdc thi nghi, nhiing phong tuc t a p quan khdng tdt ddn dan dfldc xoa bd"; "mpi ngfldi dan dfldc ao dm cdm no, n h a d ttt te', dfldc hpc hanh"; "tat ca mpi ngfldi cac d a n tpc ngay cang i'm no, con chau chung t a ngay cang sung sfldng";
"ddi sd'ng vat chi't .va van hoa eua n h a n dan"
ngay cang dfldc n a n g cao va do viy, phai "do n h a n d i n t u xay dflng li'y"(14)-
Nhflng muc tieu trfldc mat, t h i l t thflc, cu t h e dd v l chu nghia xa hdi ma Hd Chf Minh da xac dinh tuy cd khac n h a u v l chi tie't, nhflng ve (lai the thi dd la mpt chd' dp xa hdi m a d dd, "dan lam chu", "mpi quyen h a n h , mpi Iflc Ifldng deu d dan"; d i n giau, nfldc m a n h , tttng bfldc xoa bd bi't cdng, xoa bd bdc lot... t r e n cd sd p h a t trien s a n xudt, n a n g cao van hoa, p h a t trien khoa hpc va giio due. O dd, p h a t tridn k i n h te gan vdi thflc hien chfnh sach xa hdi, cdng bang xa hdi va a n sinh xa hdi; xay dflng quan he binh dang, hflu nghi vdi cac dan tdc, cac qud'c gia t r e n the gidi, t r e n tinh thdn hdp t i e , tdn trpng ddc lap chu q u y i n cua n h a u va t u a n theo nguyen tac cung cd ldi. Xay dflng chu nghia xa hdi la sfl nghiep cua toan dan, do n h a n d a n thflc hien dfldi sfl lanh dao cua mdt chfnh dang each mang.
Xay dflng chu nghia xa hdi la mdt sfl nghiep to ldn, dep de va he't sttc ve vang, nhflng cung hd't sttc phttc tap, ddy khd khan, thtt t h a c h va do vay, p h a i xay dflng
(io) Ho Chi Minh. Sdd., t.9, tr.291.
( i l ) Ho Chi Minh. Stfd, t.9, tr.447.
(12) H 6 Chi Minh. Stfd., t.8, tr.226.
(i3) Ho Chi Minh. Stfd, t.lO, t r . l 7 .
(14) Xem: Ho Chi Minh. Sdd., t.8, tr.226; t.lO, tr.591, 72, 317, 556.
DANG HUU T O A N
tiing bfldc, phu hdp vdi tinh hinh, diiu kien khach quan, khdng the ndn ndng, chtt quan.
Nhfl vay, cd the ndi, tfl quan niem duy v i t v l lich stt, tfl hpc thuyd't hinh t h a i kinh td' - xa hdi, "chfnh sach kinh te mdi" va ttt thflc t i i n each m a n g Viet Nam, khi de'n vdi hpc thuyet M i c - Lenin ve chu nghia xa hdi.
Ho Chi Minh dd dUa ra mgt quan niem khoa hgc, hodn chinh, co he thdng vi chu nghla xa hoi vd con diidng qud do len chu nghla xa hpi d Viet Narn. Quan niem dd khdng chf phu hdp vdi quan diem cd ban cua cic nha s i n g l i p chu nghia Mac - Lenin ve chu nghia xa hdi, ma cdn phu hdp vdi thflc t i i n each mang Viet Nam, vdi nguydn vpng, nhu cdu btte xuc va cd ban tfl ngan ddi cua dan tdc Vidt Nam, p h u hdp vdi quy luat v l con dfldng cich m a n g cua Viet Nam va do viy, dS di vao Idng ngfldi, dfldc mpi ngfldi dan Viet Nam chi'p n h i n va tfl nguyen phi'n di'u cho t h i n g ldi cua chu nghia xa hdi tren di't nUdc Viet Nam. Vdi Hd Chf Minh, chu nghla xa hgi khong chi Id mgt xd hgi ddn gidu, nUdc mgnh, cong bang, ddn chu, dgo diic vd vdn minh, md con Id mgt che do xd hgi Uu viet nhdt trong lich sd nhdn logi, mgt xa hpi tU do vd nhdn dgo, phdn dnh diipc khdt vgng cao cd vd chinh ddng cua nhdn logi. Khang dinh vi the to ldn cua chu nghia xa hdi, NgUdi cho rang, "chiing t a t r a n h dfldc tfl do, ddc l i p rdi ma d i n cfl chet ddi, chet ret thi tfl do, ddc l i p cung khdng lam gi"(15) va do vay, de gifl. vflng ddc l i p , tfl do, de dam bao cho nhan dan lao ddng mdt cudc sd'ng tfl do, i'm no, h a n h phuc, chung ta khong cd con dudng nao khac la phai tie'n len chu nghia xa hdi. Rang, xdy diing chu nghla xd hgi la mgt qud trinh lich sd lau ddi, mdt cong viec
"ri't to ldn, nang ne, va phttc tap", cung la
"mdt cudc chie'n di'u cho'ng lai nhflng gi da cu ky, h u hdng, de tao r a nhflng c i i mdi me.
tdt tfldi" va do viy, "de gianh li'y t h a n g ldi trong cudc chien da'u khdng id nay can p h a i ddng vien toan dan, td chttc va giao due toan dan, dfla vao Iflc Ifldng vi dai cua toan dan"(16).
Dd'n vdi q u a n niem cua cac n h a sang l i p chu nghia Mac - Lenin ve chtt nghia xa hdi, Hd Chf Minh khdng ehi ke thfla va tie'p thu, van dung va p h a t trien quan diem cua cac dng ve dac trflng b a n chi't va muc tieu cua chu nghia xa hdi, m a cdn ke' thtta va tie'p t h u , v i n dung va p h a t trien quan diem cua c i c dng ve con dUdng qud do Un chu nghla xd hpi.
Chung ta da bid't, khi xua't p h a t tfl tinh h i n h ctta cac nfldc tfl b a n p h a t trien d phfldng Tay gifla the' ky XIX, trong Phe phdn ciidng llnh Gdta, C.Mac da xac dinh
qua trinh chuyen bie'n tfl chu nghia tfl ban len chu nghia xa hdi la sfl q u i dp t h i n g va trUc tiep ttt chu nghia tfl ban len chtt nghia xa hdi. Van dung ly luan nay ve thdi ky q u i dp, khi xui't p h a t ttt t i n h hinh nUdc Nga nhflng n a m 20 cua thd' ky XX, vdi "chfnh s i c h kinh te' mdi", V.I.Lenin da dUa ra quan niem v l phfldng thttc qua dp gian tiep d nhflng nfldc tfl b a n chu nghia cd trinh dp p h a t trien d mttc t r u n g binh nhfl nfldc Nga.
Vdi phfldng thflc nay, dng cho rang, do cd sd v i t c h i t - ky t h u i t cdn d mttc ye'u kem nen thdi ky qua dd d nhflng nfldc nay la thdi ky qua dp lau dai, khd k h a n hdn n h i i u va phai t r a i qua nhieu bfldc, nhieu m a t k h a u trung gian, ke ca viec can phai stt dung hinh thttc tfl ban n h a nfldc va xem do nhfl nhflng "ni'c t h a n g Uch stt", "mat xfch t r u n g gian", nhflng "chiec cau nhd vflng chae" de tien len chu nghia xa hdi. Va, cung n h u quan niem ctta Ph.Angghen vao ittiflng n a m sau
(15) Ho Chi Minh. Sdd., t.4, tr.l52.
(16) Ho Chi Minh. Stfd, t.l2, tr.505.
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S U K E THUA V A P H A T TRIEN H O C THUYET M A C - LENIN...
khi C M a c da qua ddi, V.I.Lenin da de cap dd'n k h a nang, cpn dfldng qua dp bd qua giai doan p h a t trien tfl ban chu nghia, tie'n t h a n g len chu nghia xa hpi d cac nfldc c h i m p h a t trien vdi dieu kien ben ngoai thi cd sfl giup dS cua cac nfldc xa hpi chu nghia, ben trong t h i ed sfl l a n h dao cua chfnh dang each m a n g cjaa giai ci'p cdng nhan.
Ke thtta va tid'p t h u cd chpn lpc, van dung va p h a t t r i l n mdt each sang tao ly luan v l each m a n g vd san, ve thdi ky qua dp len chtt nghia xa hdi cua eae n h a sang l i p chu nghia Mac - Lenin, xui't p h a t tfl nhflng dac diem Uch stt - cu the eua Vidt Nam - mdt nfldc vd'n la thupc dia, ntta phong kie'n, ndng nghiep lac h i u , san x u i t nhd la chu ye'u, Hd Chf Minh da xac dinh con dudng cdch mgng Viet Nam la tien hdnh cdch mgng gidi phong ddn tgc, hodn thdnh cdch mgng ddn chu nhdn ddn, tien lin chu nghla xd hpi, chtt khdng the tien hanh ngay cudc each m a n g vd san va budc ngay vao thdi ky qua dp len chtt nghia xa hdi nhfl d cac nfldc tfl ban p h a t tridn.
Thflc t i i n each m a n g Vidt Nam da d i i n ra theo dung tfl tfldng dd cua Hd Chf Minh.
Ttt n a m 1930, dfldi sfl l a n h dao cua mdt chfnh dang each mang, ca d i n tdc Vidt Nam da dttng len tie'n h a n h each m a n g giai phdng dan tdc. Vdi t h i n g ldi cua Cach mang t h i n g Tam n a m 1945, t r a i qua cudc k h a n g chie'n chd'ng de qud'c lau dai, vtta k h a n g chie'n, vtta kien qud'c, xay dflng che dp dan chu n h a n dan, Viet N a m da gianh dfldc dpe l i p cho dan tdc, che' dp dan chu n h a n dan dfldc xay dflng ve cd ban. Sau khi hoan t h a n h cudc each" m a n g dan tdc dan chu n h a n dan, each m a n g Viet N a m bfldc vao thdi ky qua dp len chu nghia xa hdi d m i i n Bae ttt n a m 1954 va t r e n ca nfldc ttt n a m 1975.
Ndi rd hdn ve .thdi ky q u i dp len chu
nghia xa hdi d Vidt Nam vdi tfl each "mdt cudc cich m a n g n h a m d a n h t h a n g lac h i u va bdn cung" d l "xiy dflng h a n h phuc mudn ddi" cho n h a n d a n lao ddng, Hd Chi Minh da k h a n g dinh, "nhiem vu q u a n trpng nhi't cua chung t a la phai xdy dUng nen tdng vgt chdt vd ky thudt cua chu nghla xd hpi,... tie'n ddn len chu nghia xa hpi, cd cdng nghidp va ndng nghidp hien dai, cd van hoa va khoa hpc tien tie'n. Trong qua trinh each m a n g xa hdi chu nghia, chung ta phai cai tao nen k i n h td' eu va xay dUng n i n kinh te' mdi, m a xay dflng la nhiem vu chu chdt va lau dai"(17).
Ke' thfla quan diem cua V-LLenin v l kha.
n a n g tie'n t h i n g len chu nghia xa hdi d cac nfldc c h i m p h a t tiien, Hd Chf Minh cung da ndi de'n k h a n a n g "tien thang len chu nghia xa hdi khdng kinh qua giai doan p h i t trien tfl ban chu nghia" d Viet Nam. Song, vdi nhflng hieu bie't sau sac v l thflc t i i n each m a n g Viet Nam, Hd Chf Minh da n h i i u lan d i i u chinh lai sfl "tie'n thang" dd vdi tfl cich "mpt cupc ddu tranh cdch mgng phiic tgp, gian khdvd Idu ddi". Ngfldi nhieu
lan k h a n g dinh: "Tie'n ldn chu nghia xa hdi, khdng the mdt sdm mdt chiiu. Dd la ca mdt cdrig t i c td chttc va giao due". Rang, Viet Nam la mdt nfldc ndng nghiep lac h i u ,
"cdng cudc ddi mdi xa hdi cu t h a n h xa hdi mdi gian nan, phttc t a p hdn viec danh giac"
va "khdng t h e lam m a u dfldc ma phai lam ddn ddn", bdi "chung t a phai x i y dflng mdt xa hdi hoan toan mdi chfla tiing cd trong lich stt dan tpc", "phai t h a y ddi triet de nhflng nep sd'ng, thdi quen, y nghi va thaiih kidn cd gd'c r i sau xa h a n ^ ngan nam",
"phai t h a y ddi q u a n hd s a n xui't cu, xoa bd giai ci'p bdc lot, xay dflng q u a n h e san xui't mdi..., bid'n nfldc t a ttt mdt nfldc ndng
(17) Ho Chi Minh. Stftf., t.lO, t r . l 3 .
11
DANGHUUTOAN
nghiep lac h i u t h a n h mdt nfldc cdng nghiep", "bie'n mdt nfldc dot nat, cflc khd t h a n h mdt nfldc van hoa cao va ddi sd'ng tfldi vui h a n h phuc"(18).
Khang dinh thdi ky qua dp len chu nghia xa hdi bd qua giai doan p h i t trien tfl ban chu nghia d Viet N a m la mdt thdi ky lich stt lau dai, ddy khd k h a n vdi nhflng nhiem vu lich stt trpng dai nhfl v i y , Hd Chi Minh cung da chi r a nhflng n h a n to'bao dam thflc hien t h a n g ldi sfl nghiep ldn lao nay.
Nhflng n h a n td' dd la: Gifl vflng va tang cfldng vai trd lanh dao cua Dang; nang eao vai trd quan ly cua Nha nUdc; phat huy tinh tfch cflc, chu ddng cua cac td chttc chfnh tri - xa hdi; x i y dflng dpi ngu c i n bd du dflc, du tai, du k h a n a n g d i p flng nhflng ddi hdi ngay cang cao cua cdng cupc x i y dflng chu nghia xa hdi.
Cung vdi dd, Hd Chf Minh cdn ludn nhac nhd chung ta phai hpc t i p kinh nghiem cua cac nfldc anh em, nhflng khdng the ap dung nhflng kinh nghiem i'y mdt each may mdc, bdi Viet Nam cd nhiing dac diem rieng,
"khdng the gidng Lien Xd" va do viy, "cd the di con dfldng k h i c de tie'n len chu nghia xa hdi"(19). Ngfldi ciing ludn nhac den t r u y i n thd'ng lich stt - van hoa cua d i n tdc, dac diem dia ly, tai nguyen va the chi't, tinh thdn con ngfldi Viet Nam. Tfl do, Ngfldi yeu cdu chiing ta phai neu cao t i c phong ddc l i p suy nghi, tim tdi s i n g tao, nam vflng lich stt - van h o i dan tdc, thi'u hieu dia ly va con ngfldi Viet Nam, chd'ng giao dieu, r i p khudn kinh nghiem nfldc ngoai.
V l budc di ciia thdi ky qud dp, Hd Chf Minh cho rang, Vidt Nam x i y dflng chu nghia xa hdi "ttt h a i ban tay trang", "khd k h a n cdn nhieu va l i u dai" va do viy, phai cd nhflng bfldc di thich hdp. Mac du chUa cd diiu kien de lam ro nhflng bfldc di dd, cu the h o i chung, song NgUdi da k h a n g dinh.
thdi ky qud dp d Viet Nam phdi qua nhiiu budc, "bfldc ngan, bfldc dai, tuy theo hoan canh" va "chd h a m lam mau, h a m r a m rd",
"di budc nao viing chae bfldc i'y".
Qua dp len chu ngliia xa hdi ttt mdt nfldc ndng nghidp lac h a u lai bi chie'n t r a n h t a n pha n e n bien p h a p tot nhi't dd thflc hien sfl nghiep nay, thep Hd Chi Minh, la kei hpp cdi tgo vdi xdy dUng tren tdt cd cac llnh vUc, lay ocdy dUng ldm chu chot vd lau ddi. Va, vdi q u a n niem chu nghia xa hdi la sfl nghidp cua dan, do d a n va vi dan, Ngfldi da k h a n g dinh phiicfng thiic ocdy diing chu nghla xd hpi hieu qua nhi't la "dem tai d i n , sflc d i n , cua dan de l a m ldi cho din", ddng vien toan dan, td chttc va giio due toan dan, nhi't la phai "dfla vao liic Ifldng vi dai eua toan dan", dfldi sfl l a n h dao cua Dang, de cai tao va xay dflng chd' dp xa hdi mdi.
Vdi quan nidm nhfl v i y v l Idng dan, sttc dan, trong tfl tfldng Hd Chi Minh, dpng liic chu. ye'u nhdt de p h a t trien di't nfldc, x i y dung"thanh cdng chu nghia xa hdi la phdt huy eao dp sdc mgnh dodn ket cua cd cpng dong ddn tpc t r e n cd sd ctta khd'i lien minh cdng - ndng - trf thttc, dfldi sfl l a n h dao cua Dang. Vdi NgUdi, doan ke't la cai lam r a sttc manh, "doan k i t la sttc m a n h cua chung ta", "doan k i t la sttc manh, doan kdt la t h i n g ldi", la "then chdt cua t h a n h cdng" va do vay, chi cd t r e n cd sd "dodn ket, dodn ket, dgi dodn kef, chttng t a mdi cd dfldc "thdnh cong, thanh cdng, dgi thdnh c6ng'(20) trong cdng cupe xay dUng va p h a t t r i l n di't nfldc theo con dfldng xa bo' ,:iu nghia. Y thttc mdt each sau sac de'n nhfl v i y sttc m a n h cua khd'i dai doan ket toan dan, trong sud't nhflng n a m t h i n g l a n h dao toan dan xay (18) Ho Chf Minh. Sdd., t.8, tr.228, 493, 494.
(19) H6 Chi Minh. Sdd., t.8, tr.227.
(20) Ho Chi Minh. Sdd., t.7, tr.392; t . l l , tr.22 154- t.lO, tr.607.
12
SUKE THUA VA
P H A TTRIEN HOC THUYET
M A C- LENIN...
dflng chu nghia xa hpi, Ngfldi da khong ft lan k h a n g dinh, de x i y dflng t h a n h cong chu nghia xa hdi. Dang phai r a sflc phdt huy sdc mgnh cua khdi dgi dodn ket dan tpc, bdi vdi Ngudi, xay dflng chtt nghia xa hdi khdng p h a i chi la v i n de giai ci'p, ma cdn la vdn d l d i n tpc, khong phai la sfl nghiep rieng cua cong nong, cua Dang, ma cdn l i sU nghiep chung cua toan d i n tdc.
Vdi NgUdi, cd xay dflng t h a n h cdng chu nghia xa hpi mdi t a n g cfldng dUdc sttc m a n h d i n tdc, mdi gifl vflng dfldc ddc l i p d i n tdc va ngfldc lai, chi cd t r e n cd sd gifl vflng ddc l i p d i n tdc, t a n g cfldng sttc m a n h dan tdc mdi cd dfldc t h a n h cdng t r e n con dfldng x i y dflng chu nghia xa hdi. Cung do vay, khi ke thfla va tiep t h u cd chpn lpc, van dung va phat trien s i n g tao q u a n diem cua cac n h a s i n g l i p chu nghia M i c - Lenin ve vi'n de dan tdc, chtt nghia d i n tdc vao thUc tien cich m a n g Viet Nam, NgUdi da k h a n g dinh, "chu nghla dan tpc" vdi tfl cich chu nghia yeu nfldc va tinh t h a n d i n tdc c h i n chfnh cua n h i n d a n Viet Nam, cai da dUdc h u n due qua h a n g n g a n n a m lich stt va von la mdt Iflc Ifldng t i n h t h a n vd g i i ctta d i n tdc Viet N a m trong c i c cupc di'u t r a n h chd'ng ngoai x i m , bao ve ddc lap d i n tdc va do viy, la cai khac v l cha't so vdi chtt nghia d i n tdc sdvanh, vi ky cua giai ci'p tfl san ma lich stt da len i n , cic n h a s i n g l i p chu nghia M i c - Lenin da phe p h i n , chfnh Id mpt "dpng life ldn ciia ddt nUdc"t^V) Viet Nam khdng chi trong cich m a n g giai phdng d i n tpc, ma ca trong cdch mgng xd hpi chu nghla. Vdi Ngfldi, "yeu Td qud'c, yeu n h a n d i n phai g i n lien vdi yeu chu nghia xa hdi, vi cd tien len chu nghia xa hdi thi n h a n dan minh mdi ngay mot no i'm them, Td qud'c mdi ngay mdt giau m a n h them"(22).
K h a n g dinh vai trd dpng lUc cua viec xay dflng va p h i t h u y sflc m a n h cua khdi dai
doan ket d i n tpc trong cong cupc x i y dflng chu nghia xa hpi, Hd Chf Minh cdn ndi de'n viec phdt huy sdc mgnh cua con ngiidi vdi tfl cich ca n h a n ngfldi lao ddng. Bdi theo Ngfldi, sflc m a n h cdng ddng dfldc h i n h t h a n h ttt sflc m a n h cua c i n h i n , thdng qua sflc m a n h ctta tttng c i n h i n va do v i y , mud'n p h a t huy dfldc sflc m a n h ctta cdng ddng, phai tim r a cac bien p h i p khdi day, phdt huy dpng lUc cua moi cd nhdn. Trong cich m a n g giai phdng d i n tpc, NgUdi luon yeu cdu Dang p h a i huy ddng dfldc sttc m a n h ly tfldng, tinh t h a n (long yeu nfldc, tinh t h d n d i n tdc, chtt nghia a n h hung,...) cflng nhfl p h a i dem lai ldi feh v i t chi't (rudng di't, cdm ao, n h u cau v i t c h i t h a n g ngay) cho ca cdng ddng va cho mdi c i n h i n . Y thflc ro xay dflng chu nghia xa hpi la di vao mdt t r i n tuye'n mdi va do viy, Ngudi cung ludn yeu cdu Dang phai biet kfch thfeh nhflng ddng Iflc mdi, dd Id quan tdm den lgi ich cd nhdn chinh ddng cua ngUdi lao dpng vd lay do ldm dpng lUc xay dUng chu, nghla xd hpi.
Khang dinh vai trd dpng Iflc ctta viec quan t a m de'n ldi feh ca n h a n chfnh dang ctta ngUdi lao ddng, song Hd Chf Minh khdng coi dd la phfldng thud'c van n a n g cd t h e chfla khdi bach benh. Cung vdi viec d l cao ldi feh c i n h i n chfnh d i n g , Ngfldi cdn k h a n g dinh vai trd to ldn ctta viec phdt huy quyin ldm chu v i y thdc ldm chu cua ngiidi lao dpng, bao gdm q u y i n lam' chu sd hflu, lam chu q u i t r i n h san xui't va p h a n phdi, coi dd cung Id mpt dpng lUc quan trpng cua cdng cudc xay dflng chtt nghia xa hpi. De p h a t h u y q u y i n lam chu va y thttc lam chu cua ngfldi lao ddng, theo Ngfldi, trfldc het Dang phai thUc hdnh ddn chii rdng rai.
(21) Ho Chi Minh. Sdd., t.l, tr.466.
(22) Ho Chi Minh. Stftf., t.9, tr.l73.
13
DANG HUU
T O A Nthflc h a n h d i n chu ca trdng Dang l i n trong ddi sd'ng xa hdi, va coi dd la "cai chia khoa van nang cd the giai quye't mpi khd khan" (2 3) trong cong cupc x i y dUng che' dp xa hpi mdi.
Coi thUc h a n h d i n chtt la mdt ddng lUc, vdi quan niem: "Khong sd thieu, chi sd khdng cong bang; Khong sd ngheo, chi sd long dan khdng yen"(24), Hd Chf Minh cdn coi thUc hien cong bang xd hpi cdng Id mpt dpng lUc trong cong cupc xdy dUng chu nghla xd hpi.
Ngoai nhflng dpng Iflc dd, trong sudt nhflng n a m t h i n g l a n h dao cong cudc x i y dUng chu nghia xa hpi d Viet Nam, Hd Chf Minh cdn nhieu l a n ndi den vai trd lanh dao cua Dang, hieu Iflc q u a n ly, cd che, chfnh sach cua N h a nfldc va vai trd cua cac td chttc chfnh tri - xa hpi khac trong he thd'ng chfnh tri. Ngfldi luon coi viec p h i t huy mpt each cd hieu qua, p h i t liuy mpt cich thUc sfl vai trd to ldn cua cic to chflc chfnh tri - xa hpi nay, nhi't la vai tro lanh dgo cda Ddng, la mpt dpng liic he't siic quan trgng cua sU nghiep xay dflng chu nghia xa hdi.
Nhfl viy, CO the ndi, tren cd sd ke' thfla va tiep thu cd chpn lpc, van dung va p h a t trien s i n g tae hpc thuyet Mac - Lenin ve chu nghia xa hdi, v l con dfldng q u i dp len chu nghia xa hdi vao thflc t i i n cich mang Viet Nam, Hd Chf Minh da dfla ra mot quan niem mdi v l chtt nghia xa hpi va con dfldng qua dp len chu nghia xa hdi phu hdp vdi bdi canh lich stt - cu t h e ctta cich m a n g Viet Nam. Tfl tfldng ctta Ngfldi v l chu nghia xa hpi, v l con dudng qua dp len chtt nghia xa hdi bao gdm nhflng van de het sttc cd ban v l chien Ifldc v i s i c h Ifldc ctta cich mang xa hdi chtt nghia, v l nhflng d i e trflng ban chi't va muc tieu cd ban ctta chu nghia xa hdi va v l phUdng hudng, bfldc di, c i c h
thttc cung n h u dpng luc cua sfl nghiep x i y dflng chtt nghia xa hpi d Viet Nam. ThUc te ctta nhflng t h a n h cong va thi't bai trong cdng cudc xay dflng chu nghla xa hpi hdn 60 n a m qua d Viet N a m deu da chttng minh nhflng quan diem, tU tfldng cd b a n cua Chu tich Hd Chf Minh ve chu nghia xa hdi, ve con dudng qua dp len chtt nghia xa hdi d Viet N a m la hoan t o i n dung dan va sang tao. Chfnh vi v i y , gid day, trong cdng cupc xay dUng va doi mdi chtt nghia xa hpi, mac du dien ra trong mpt bdi canh v i dieu kien ma ca d Viet N a m l i n t r e n pham vi toan t h e gidi da cd nhieu thay ddi so vdi sinh thdi Hd Chf Minh, nhflng quan diem, tfl tfldng cd b a n ctta Ngfldi ve chu nghia xa hpi, v l con dudng qua dp len chu nghia xa hdi d Viet N a m , cflng toan bp di san tU tfldng ctta Ngfldi, v i n la "tai san tinh t h a n to ldn" khong chi ctta Dang Cong san Viet Nam, ma cdn cua ca dan tpc Viet Nam tren con dudng xay dflng mdt nfldc Viet Nam d i n giau, nUdc m a n h , xa hpi cdng bang, d i n chu, van minh. Khong chi the, nhflng quan diem, tfl tfldng dd va ca t o i n bp di san t u tudng cua Ngfldi v i n l i cd sd ly l u i n va phUdng p h i p l u i n , la kim chi n a m cho chung t a tie'p tuc suy nghi, sang tao de tim ra nhflng h i n h thflc, bfldc di, cich lam trong tinh h i n h mdi va do v i y , viec l i m sd'ng dpng tfl tfldng Ho Chf Minh trfldc mpt thflc tien mdi de ttt dd, gdp p h d n lam phong p h u t h e m ly l u i n v l chu nghia xa hdi khoa hpc d thdi dai ngay nay ndi chung, v l cdng cudc doi mdi da't nii'dc *-'' jo dinh hfldng xa hdi chtt nghia d Viet N a m noi rieng, cd the k h a n g dinh, la v i n de het sflc thie't thflc, vtta cd ban vtta ci'p bach.Q
(23) Ho Chi Minh. Sdd, t.l2, tr.249.
(24) Ho Chi Minh. Sdd., t.l2, tr.l85.