Song dao d Viet Nam thi ky X
Ha Manh Khoa'
' Vien Sii hpc, Vipn Hkn lam Khoa hpc xa hpi Vipt Nam.
Email: hamanhkhoa® yahoo .com. vn
Nhan ngky 12 thing 8 nSm 2018. Chip nhan dang ngky 13 thing 10 nam 2018.
Tdm tat: Vao thdi Tiln Le nam 983, vua Le Dai Hdnh da cho tien hdnh dao song tir Dong Co den Ba Hoa. Song dao nay d Thanh Hoa, noi s6ng Ma (tu huypn Yen Djnh) din sdng Bd Hda (d huyen TTnh Gia). Do la tuyin dudng giao thdng thuy npi dja do con ngudi tao ra diu tien Uong Ijch sii Viet Nam. He thing song dao nay Id mpt minh chiing the hien tam nhin chien lupc cua Le Dai Hanh trong chien lupc phdt trien va bao vp To quoc.
Tfr khoa: Le Dai Hanh, song dao, giao thdng thuy npi dja, the ky X.
Phan loai nganh: Sii hpc
Abstract: Under the Early Le Dynasty, in 983, King Le Dai Hanh ordered the digging of a river from Dong Co to Ba Hoa. The river was in Thanh Hoa province, connecting Ma river (from Yen Dinh disUict) to Ba Hoa river (in Tinh Gia district). It is the first man-made waterway route in Vietnamese history. The river system is a demonstration of the King's strategic vision in the strategy of national development and defense.
Keywords: Le Dai Hanh, dug river, inland waterway, the 10''' century.
Subject classification: History
1. Md dau tan quan x a m lupc nha Tong vao nam 981, vd sau do, "hanh quan hi tpi Chiem Sau khi vua Binh Tien Hoang bj am h^i, Thanh", giii viing n i n ddc lap ddn tpc.
qudc gia Djii Co Viet lam vdo tinh trang Khdng chi cd cdng lao hien hach trong ddu khiing hoang. Nam 980, Le Hoan (Thap dao tranh chdng ngoai xam, Le Dai Hdnh cdn la tudng quan ciia vuang trilu Dinh) len ngdi nipt vi minh quan trong sy nghipp phdt triln vua, trj vi dit nudc, md ra mot h i i u dai mdi ^at nudc. Sy nghipp chinh phuc vd cdi tao (nha Tien Le). Vua Le Dai Hdnh da danh ty nhien vT dgi ciia ddn tpc d t h i ky X gdn
Hd Manh Khoa hen vdi ten tudi vua Le D ^ Hdnh. Ong da
cho dao cac sdng d Thanh Hod tii Ddng Cd din Bd Hod. Le Dai Hanh trd thanh ngudi md dau cho sy nghiep phdt trien he thdng giao thong thu^' npi dja Viet Nam dudi thdi qudn chit.
Tren dat Thanh Hod, tir thdi tiln sir (sa sir) vd trong thdi ky Bac thupc den khi ca nudc gidnh dupc quyen dpc Idp tu chii vao ddu the ky thii X, cu dan da tript de tan dyng he thdng sdng ngdi ty nhien de sdn xudt, chien dau, xdy dyng, bdo vp que huang, ddt nudc. Dong bang Thanh Hod dupc cdu tao bdi phu sa cua cdc sdng Ma, sdng Chu, sdng Yen Id nhiing sdng chfnh a Thanh Hoa, chiing deu chdy theo hudng Tdy Bdc - Ddng Nam, chia cat ddng bang Thanh Hod thanh ba vimg (vung ddng bang sdng Ma, vung ddng bdng sdng Chu, vCing ddng bang song Y^n). Cac sdng ty nhien do thyc sy la mpt trong cac ylu td quan trpng tao dyng canh quan mdi tnrdng, dat dai va tinh cdch ngudi xii Thanh. Tren thyc te, khdng phdi dieu kien ty nhien ndo ciing luon "phyc vu" theo y muon chii quan cua con ngudi. Cdc sdng ty nhifin d Thanh Hoa (nhu sdng Ma, song Chu, sdng Yen) vd cdc chi luu cua chung, da tao ra cac dudng giao thdng thuy npi dia, giiip phan lupng nudc trong miia mua vd dan nudc miia khd. Do su bdi dap cua phii sa cdc sdng ldn va cau tao dia hinh, nen cdc tuyen giao thong thuy ndy nhu nhung con hao ngan each giua cac vung.
Trong bdi canh dat nudc mdi gidnh dupc quyen ddc lap ty chu, nhiing the luc d hai phfa Bdc vd Nam luon rinh rap xdm lupc nudc ta, trong khi dd Thanh Hod lai d vdo vj tri cira ngd di ve phia Nam. Trudc dd, d thdi k>' nay, do nhu cau giao luu, da cd dudng bp tu Thanh Hoa ndi liln vdi Bdc
Bp, dudng do dupc mpi ngudi gpi la
"dudng thupng dao".
Vao the ky X, nhung con dudng bp rat nhd, vd ciing hiem trd, phai qua nhieu niii sdu rung thdm va khong ft thii dii. Dudng bd it khi dupc quan tdm phdt trien (trir nhirng liic dpng binh can tieu trir danh dep cac the lyc ndi day chdng ddi chinh quyen). Dudng bp d cdc huypn vimg ddng bang chi la nhung con dudng nhd ndi cdc ldng vdi cdc chp vd chay quanh co nhieu khuc qua ddng rupng. Chi c6 mdt so it dudng dupc tao thdnh de tipn lpi cho vipc di lai bdng cang cua cac quan lai la dudng rdng. Cac dudng ndy chay theo mpt tuyen cd djnh ndi lien cdc trung tdm huypn, phit vdi nhau. Sir sach ghi ch6p lai rdng: "Cdc dudng bp ndy khdng Idt, rai da nhu cdc dudng ldn cua Trung Qudc. Chi co mdt it cdu qua sdng nhd va chit yeu la can gd thudng bj Iii cudn trdi, viec di lai rat vdt va. Trong mua mua phdi di qua cac sdng Idn bdng thuyen hoac do ngang" [13, tr.245]. Bai viet nay tim hieu qua binh hinh thdnh sdng ddo va vai tro giao thong ciia sdng dao d Viet Nam the ky X.
2. Qua trinh hinh thanh song dao a Viet Nam the ky X
Nam 981, Le Hoan len ngdi Hoang de lay nien hipu la Thien Diic. Kinh do van d Hoa Lu. Vao the ky X, dat Hoa Lu cd niii da cao bao bpc xung quanh. Niii sdng tao thdnh nhiing phdng tuyen lien hoan, rat loi hai trong viec phdng thu va tien cdng [7, t.l, tr.76]. Sau khi "khdng Tdng, binh Chiem"
thang Ipi, Le Dai Hanh da tien hanh hdng loat cac bien phap de thiic day kinh te, van hod, xa hpi phat trien. Mpt cdng trinh ket
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Khoa hoc xa hpi Viet Nam, so 12-2018 hpp phdt triln kinh t l vdi qudc phdng la cdng trinh dao sdng tir Ddng Cd den Ba Hoa. "Khi nha vua di danh Chiem Thanh, tii ndi Ddng Cd d i n sdng Bd Hod, dudng niii hilm trd khd di, ngudi ngua mdi met, dudng biln thi sdng to khd di lai, ben sai ddo kenh, den day (Quy Miii - nam 983) thi xong, cdng tu deu lpi" [5, t . l , tr.220].
Ddng Cd ndm d hiiu ngan sdng Ma (nay thupc xa Yen Thp, huyen Yen Dinh, tinh Thanh Hod). Sdng Bd Hod d phfa cyc Nam tinh Thanh Hod, thupc xa Tan Trudng, huyen Tinh Gia, giap huyen Quynh Luu, tinh Nghp An, dd ra cira Lgch Bang. Le Dai Hdnh da cho tiln hanh ddo sdng, con sdng ndy ndi sdng Ma d bac Thanh Hod vdi sdng Bd Hod d nam Thanh Hod - bdc Nghe An. Nhung dieu do khdng cd nghia la dao mpt con sdng hodn toan mdi. Le Dai Hanh da tdn dung nhiing chi luu nhd cua cac sdng Ma, sdng Cdu Chdy, sdng Chu, song Hodng, sdng Yen khoi sdu, ndn thang vd dao mdt sd doan cdn thiet de hinh thanh mpt tuyen giao thdng thuy ndi dia thuan tien tu bdc den nam Thanh Hoa.
Ddng Cd dupc ghi chep trong sii sdch nhu sau: "Sdng ngach ay thdng vdi huypn Ddng Cd d day cd trdng ddng nen mdi gpi ten ddt nhu the" [6, tr.l04]. D i n thd "trdng ddng" Id mdt bieu tupng khdng djnh sy trudng ton va siic manh ciia dan tpc ta dudi thdi cdc vua Hung. D i n Ddng Co dupc dat tren mpt ngpn mil Khd Lao thupc giap Dan Nai (nay thudc xd Yen Thp, huypn Yen Djnh). Viing dit nay ddi Tuy tiiudc huypn Qudn Yen, d i n thdi Dudng doi Id Quan Ninh, vd din thdi thupc Minh ddi Id huypn Yen Djnh [ U , t.2, ti-.203]. Vung Ddng Cd ndm phia hiiu ngan song Ma, Id khu vyc tilp ndi giua dong bdng vdi ti^ng du mien niii. Dd cung la diem hdi tu cua hai con
dudng giao thdng thuy va bd cua Thanh Hoa trudc the ky X de ra bdc hoac vao nam Thanh Hod.
Vdn Tdn cho rang: "Trong tran vien chinh nay (LS Dai Hanh di ddnh ChiSm Thanh), Le Dai Hanh nhin thdy con dudng bp di vao Nghp Tinh la con dudng khd di, 1dm nhpc siic quan dpi vd nhpc ca siic dan, gdy nhieu tdn phf cho nha nudc. Vi vdy nha vua da ra Ipnh dao mdt con kenh tir Bd Ha, Qudng Xuong ngay nay den sdng Ba Hoa ( i r n h Gia) de co the tii sdng Ma cii theo dudng thuy md vdo den tan Nghe An rdi tii Nghp An tiln ra bien" [15, ti:.52]. Theo Ddo Duy Anh: ' T i i trudc ngudi ta gidi thieu viec nay Id cho ddo kenh tii Dan Ne den sdng Ba Hod. Dan Ne la do ddi tir Dan Ndi. Nhung xet v l dja thi tir Dan N e d Yen Djnh den Bd Hoa d phia Nam huypn Tinh Gia nhieu nui non hilm trd khdng the cd dudng kenh dupc. Tudng nen hieu la Le Hodn thay dudng bp tir Dan Ne den phfa Nam TTnh Gia dudng di vat va nen sai ddo kenh tuc gpi la sdng Nhd L6 de CO tir sdng Ddy di ludn dudng sdng ma vao Nghp An duoc" [1, tr.l74]; ' T r u d c khi di dudng bp cd le la do Thien Quan roi theo dudng sdng Budi hay do deo Pho Cdt md den sdng Ma d khodng lang Dan Ne huyen Yen Dinh la noi cd den Ddng Cd d chdn niii. Tir do chdc la tiieo dudng nui qua Thp Xuan, Ndng Cong md vao Tiiih Gia den sdng Bd Hod thi mdi theo dudng kenh Sat ma vao Nghe An rdi tii do theo dudng bien ma vdo Chiem Thanh. Nay dao kenh mdi de co t h i tii Bac do sdng Chinh Dai md vdo Thanh Hod vd tCr sdng Ma theo dudng kenh mdi dao tir khoang Bd Ve tuc gpi la sdng Nhd Le de vao song Ba Hod"
[1, tr.l74]. Nhieu nha nghien cihi cho rdng, vipc ddo sdng thdi Le Dai Hanh chi bdt ddu tir Qudng Xuang den TTnh (jiia. Nhu vay.
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Ha Mgnh Khoa khu vyc cd din Ddng Cd khdng phai Id nai
khdi dau ciia cdng trinh "ddo kenh" thdi Tiln Le. Bdi vao thdi Dinh - Le, kinh do Dai Cd Viet d Hoa Lu. Tir Hoa Lu vdo Thanh Hoa vd tir Thanh Hoa din Nghp An, con dudng hdnh quan cua Le Dai Hdnh phdi qua niii cao, riing ram. Ddng Cd Id hung tam diem cita giao thdng thuy bp Thanh Hod vdo thi ky X. Them vao do, d the ky X, ddng bang Thanh Hod mdi bat ddu khai phd, dan cu tap trung d ven cac viing trung du doi mii tilp gidp vdi ddng bdng. Nhu sit sach ghi lai, phep dting binh ngdy xua thudng coi trpng su kit hpp thuy bd. Viing Ddng Cd la dilm tap ket ciia quan bd theo dudng Thien Quan vdo Thanh Hod. Dd ciing Id diem tap ket ciia dudng thuy tii kenh Do Quan Tdi "dau moi giao thdng dudng thuy vao Ddng Co" thupc vung Yen Dinh [10, tr.22]. Ro rdng, Dan Ne cd khdng chi la nai "linh thiSng" thd thin trdng ddng, md cdn la mdt khu vyc hpi tu ciia cdc dao qudn tiiuy, quan bp tir Bdc vdo Thanh Hod trudc khi tien vao phfa Nam.
Vdo the ky X, sdng Ma d viing Dan Ne khdng di theo hudng cua hipn tai. Nhung chiing lich cdn lai Id nhung dam nudc. Tdt ca nhirng dam nudc do ngay nay da hi lip ddn de canh tac hoac lam nai cu tni vd mpt ddng lach (sdng) nhd, chiing each thi trin Kieu khodng 3km, dupc thdng vdi sdng Md bdng he thdng cdng tieu. He thdng cdng tieu qua cac xa Yen Thp, Yen Trung, Yen Giang cd chiic ndng thodt nudc ra sdng Ma ve miia mua. Nguyen Dinh Thyc nSu y kiln ve van de nay nhu sau: "Sdng Ma cd doan chuyin ddng ldn nhung khdng tac dpng tryc tilp din dong sdng khdc nhu doan Man Dinh tiir Dan Ne den Kiiu" [18, tr.57];
"Song Ma di thing tir Dan Ne ha (lang Sd) xudng Dan Ne thupng qua mii Thp Vyc vl phia trudc dpng Hd Cdng ma xudi xudng
Hd Nam - Phu Hung ngay nay. Do do viing Dong Cd van la cho thuan tien cho dau mdi kenh"[18,ti-.57].
Viing Ddng Cd thude Dan Ne ndm d hiiu ngan sdng Ma. Ta n g ^ c6 mii Hf Ma, Xuan Dai, thupc huyen Vinh Lpc ngay nay, va mpt mii dat d sat thj trdn Kieu. Nui Hi Md
"trong nhu trudng dua ngya, diing siing mpt minh, ndm tren sdng ldn, la chd dang cao (treo den) va Tet triing ciiu ciia ngudi dja phuang", va "mii Xuan Dai cd ddng Hd Cdng Id danh thing" [11, t.2, tr.226]. Hai day nui ndy deu thudc xa VTnh Ninh ddi dien vdi viing Dan Ne. Sdng Ma chdy qua viing nay. Mpt ben sdng la nui da lien tiep vd bSn kia sdng Id mpt ndi dat nhd va viing dat ddng bang. Theo quy luat cua ty nhien, nhiing ranh nudc hinh thdnh trong cac mha mua, vd trai qua thdi gian da tao ra nhiing con lach thoat nudc ddn ddn thdnh con sdng nhd chay vdng quanh vimg Dan Ne. Ty nhien va con ngudi da tao ra con dudng thoat nudc va dan nudc cho vung tii Bui Xa den sdng Ma d Dan Ne (tiic la tii xa Yen Phu din Dan Ne Ha tiiudc Yen Thp).
De ndi sdng Ma d viing Dan Ne vdi song clu Chay thi cdch dl ddng nhdt Id nao vet khoi rpng dong chdy tii vung trung lang Bdi de nudc sdng Ma chay vdo va dao mpt doan kenh mdi tCr phfa nam ldng Biii xudng Phiic Tinh thdng ra song Clu Chay.
O ldng Bui hien nay cd den thd Ddo Lang.
Theo thdn tfch dupc truyen lai, dng la tudng ciia nhd Dinh va nhd Le, co nhilu cdng lao trong tran mac. Khi td chiic dao k6nh, Le Dai Hanh da cii dng chi huy cdng viecndy [8, t.2, tr.l20].
De khai thdng dudng thuy vl phfa nam tii vung Dan Ne ndi vdi sdng Clu Chay (cy Iy khodng gin 10m), Le Dai Hanh cho lyc lupng vua nao vet, nan thdng, khoi rpng cac
Khoa hpc xa hpj Viet Nam, s6 12 - 2018 lach nudc vdn cd, vd phai ddo mpt doan kenh mdi khodng 2km. Tir khu vyc Ddng Cd, con kenh dao di qua cdc lang Biii, Ha Xd (nay thudc xd Yen Tnmg, Yen Giang), noi vdi sdng Cdu Chay d cdc lang Bdc, lang Cat, Ke Vopc, Bai Trai (thupc cdc xa Yen Lac, Dinh Tang) [8, t.2, tr.l09]. D i n tiidi Tiln Le, viing Dan Ne khdng chi la noi co din thd trdng ddng linh thiSng ciia ca nudc, dilm hpi tu ciia giao thong thuy bp tii Bdc vao Thanh Hod, ma da trd thdnh d i l m khdi d i u ciia con dudng giao thdng thuy npi dia chiln lupc tii Thanh Hoa vao Nam.
Sau khi thdng tuyin vdi sdng C l u Chay, Le Dai Hanh cho quan linh chpn diem ndi sdng Cau Chdy vdi sdng Ludng (tuc song Chu). Cung chay theo hudng tay bac - ddng nam, sdng C l u Chdy vd sdng Ludng cd doan gin nhau nhdt (khoang 2 km) d Thieu Ngoc (huyen Thieu Hod) vd Xuan Vinh (huyen Thp Xuan). Khdng chi cd khoang each ngdn nhdt md khi ndi thdng song Cdu Chdy vdi sdng Ludng, thi bd Nam sdng Ludng do chfnh la khu Vyc Tmng (thupc 2 xa Xuan Khanh, Thp Nguyen huyen Thp Xuan). Theo Dao Duy Anh, dia diem nay CO nhieu ddu dn lien quan den huyen tri Cu Phong thdi Han va Cd Ldi d the ky X [I, tr.52]. DoJin kenh do (ngay nay dupc gpi la kenh Ngoc Quang) cd tac dung quan trpng trong giao thong vd thuy loi hien tai.
De ndi sdng Chu vdi sdng Hoang theo dudng sdng Hodng vdo sdng Yen, Le Dai Hanh da tdn dung triet de cac ddng song nhd chay quanh co cua vhng ddng bang chdu thd, tii do khai rpng, dao sau long song va nan lai nhirng doan gIp khuc cin thiet. Con kenh nay tir viing Cau Ke, Mao Xd qua chp Du (nay la Thieu Van, Thieu Toan) d i n Kinh Thap, Cyu Trach, ndi nhanh song Luang vdi sdng Hodng di qua cac viing Ddng Minh, Ddng Hoa, Hoang
Nghidu, len Idi qua rupng ddng, rat quanh co, gap khdc. Nhung cdng trinh nay phan ldn la nao vet rpng m d them, do vdy, tii Trung Vyc thuyen bfe da xudi ddng thudn tien qua cac vung Ddng Son, Ndng Cdng, Quang Xuang, d i n nga ba Vua Bd (thupc xd T I Tan huyen Ndng Cdng ngay nay). Dd Id dia d i l m sdng Hoang vd sdng Nhom cimg dd vdo sdng Yen. Tii sdng YSn (sdng Vii Long hay Ngoc Gidp), Le Dai Hdnh huy ddng h'nh ddo mpt tuyin kenh noi vdi Lach Bang vao tir Lach Bang ndi vdi sdng Bd Hod d phfa cue nam Thanh Hod.
Ddo Duy Anh cho ring: "Trai Bd Hod tiii dit d tren sdng Ba Hoa. Sdng ndy d tiidn Ddng Hoa d v l phia nam huyen Ngpe San.
Chiing toi doan la kenh Xude la khdc kenh phfa Bdc thong vdi sdng Ngpe Gidp. Phfa Nam thdng vai kenh Sdt ti-Sn dudng giao tiidng tii Thanh Hoa vao Nghp An" [1, tr.76]. Theo Nguyen Dinh Thuc: "Kenh T r i m Mdng (cdn gpi la kenh Trim hay kenh Hoa Lac) tir Lien Hd Hdo qua Trudng Xuan din cau Hang, noi sdng Day mdt nhanh cua sdng Vay gin cira Ghep vdi sdng cau Hang, nhanh cua sdng Ba Hod" [17, tr.49].
Bd Hod d phia nam TTnh Gia, gidp vdi Nghp An. Vung phfa cyc nam TTnh Gia ngdy nay gdm cd 3 xa Hai Thupng, Tnrdng Lam, Tdn Trudng. Trudc till ky XDC, cac xa dd deu Uiupc xa Dong Loan, tdng Duyen La [12, t.2, tir.231]. Hai Thuang xua gpi Id Yen Hoa. Sdng chdy theo hudng tdy - ddng qua Trudng Lam den Hai Thupng, theo hudng bdc do ra cira Bang. Den nay nhan dan van gpi sdng do la song Ba Hoa. Dgi Nam nhdt thdng chi chep: "Ndi Thuc Son d xa Ddng Loan each huyen Ngoc Son 17 dam ve phfa nam. Cd khe nudc lanh, giap dja gidi huypn Quynh Luu tinh Nghe An" [16].
Sdng Bd Hoa chdy qua dia phdn xa Tan Trudng d i n Hai Thupng theo hudng b i c do ra ciia Bang. Tir khu vyc xa Trudng Lam, 92
Ha Manh Khoa mpt dong sdng chay theo huong Nam di
men theo chdn nui Xudc ndi vdi sdng Hoang Mai (huypn Qu^mh Luu, tmh Nghp An). Dd la kenh Bd Hoa md LS Dai Hdnh cho khoi ddo. Viing dit Bd Hod tren dit TTnh Gia d cudi the ky X cd thi la mdt trong nhiing noi Le Dai Hdnh da sir dung dl lam trai cho tii binh Chiem Thanh va bdt hp dao kenh thong vdi Nghp An. Vi thi, nhilu ngudi cho rang, khdng phai ngdu nhien md tdn tai danh tu
"Bd Gid" hay "Bd Hoa" d vting dit ndy.
Trong Gia phd hg Ngd cd ch6p, Ngd Tir An Id con trai Ngd Xuong Sdc. Ong Idm quan trieu Tien Le - Ly, dupc Le Dai Hdnh sai dao vet cdc kSnh sdng tir YSn Dinh den TTnh Gia. Tren kdnh Sdt (thupc huypn Quynh Luu) ngay nay cdn ddu vet mpt chi6c ghe dd tac trong hang sdt vdi kenh Sdt. Chd tya c6 ba chir "Thuy Thgch Tign", tren vach dd cd bdi tha. Tucmg truyen ghe da va bdi tha ndy ciia Ngo Tii An [16, tr.l51]. Dd Id mpt trong nhiing dau hipu ghi cdng lao cua nhirng ngudi tryc tiep thyc hien viec ddo sdng thdi L6 Dai Hdnh.
Tir sdng Bd Hod do ra ciia Bang, quan Ifnh Le Dai Hdnh da ddo mpt doan kenh thang d vung Mai Lam ddi khodng 1,5km de udn thdng ddng sdng vdn di theo hinh vdng thung men theo ddng nudc chdy d khe nudc lanh. "Khe nudc lanh d phfa bac huyen Quynh Luu Id chd phdn dja gidi giiia Nghp An vd Thanh Hod. Nudc khe tir trong hang niii vpt ra lanh budt ghe ngudi, nen gpitenthl"[12, t.l,tr.l51].
3. Vai tro giao thong ciia song dao of Vi8t Nam the ky X
Sdng dao tir Ddng Cd din Ba Hoa d thi ky X do Le Dai Hanh td chiic thyc hipn la con dudng giao thdng thuy ndi dja nhdn tao diu
tien cua nudc ta. Con dudng do da ddng gop khdng nhd vao sy nghiep bdo vp viing chac cuong vuc da cd vd md mang bd coi phia nam, va cdn thuc day sy phat trien kinh tl - xa hdi Thanh Hod trong sudt tien trinh di len cua Ijch sir dan tpc. Mudi ndm sau khi dao sdng tii Ddng Cd den Ba Hod, nam "Quy Mao (1003), Le Dai Hdnh di Hoan Chau (Nghe An) sai ddo kenh Da Cai" [3, tr.l5]. Dd la tuyin ndi kenh Sdt d Bac Nghe An vdi sdng Lam. Nhu vay, tu dd di tir viing sdng Ma (Thanh Hod) den vung sdng Lam (Nghe An) ngodi tuyen dudng bp va dudng bien, con cd mdt tuyen dudng thuy npi dia an toan, thudn tipn.
Trudc thi ky X va ca sau ndy, dudng bp di tir Giao Chau den Ai Chau (Thanh Hoa) het 10 ngay, tir Ai Chdu di ve ddng nam den Dien Chau 5 ngdy. Di ngya mdi ngdy 70 dam, di bd mdi ngay 50 dam [2, y.25I].
Nhu the, tfnh tir Giao Chau den Thanh Hod, dudng di ddi 500 dam, Thanh Hod den Dien Chau la 250 dam.
Con dudng tiiuy tir ben Hd Npi vdo den Thanh Hod Id 416 dam [2, y.240]. Tren dit Thanh Hoa, dudng thuy tir Tdng Giang den tinh Thanh Hod co 77 dam [2, y.259], cdn din Diln Chau Id 140 dam [14, ti-.43], con dudng do khdng nhiing ngdn md rat thuan Ipi bdi dimg thuyen be ndng hay nhe thi mdi ngay ciing di dupc 70 dam [3, tr.l5], hoac chi ft ra ve thdi gian ciing bang di bp, nhung thuan tien va nhdn ha han nhieu so vdi di dudng bp. Tir do, Thanh Hoa da hinh thanh mpt tuyin giao thong dudng thuy mdi md trudc thdi Tien Le khdng cd. Thuyen be tu day cd the di khap mpi vung Thanh Hoa, tii Bdc vao Nam trdnh dupc dudng bien day bdo td, dudng bp nui deo hiem trd. Nang suit van chuyen hieu qua va nhanh chdng gIp nhieu lan di bang dudng bp. Le Dai
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Khoa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam, s6 12 - 2018 Hdnh da tan dung cdc ddng song tir nhien, khai ddo, noi liln chiing vdi nhau tiidnh mpt he Uidng sudt tii Ddng Cd den Tinh Gia.
Muc dfch ddo kenh tii Ddng Cd den Ba Hod ciia Le Dai Hanh la phuc vu cho rtiiu clu giao thdng quan sy. Nhiing con kenh ddo do da gdp cdng khong nhd giiip cho Li Dai Hanh, Le Long DTnh ra quan dep cac cupc ndi day d Thanh Hoa trong cdc nam 999, 1001, 1005. Thdng 7 nam 1009, Le Long DTnh ra qudn ddnh dep chau Hoan Dudng (tiiudc cdc huypn Nam Dan, Anh San, Dd Luong tinh Nghp An). Sir sach cd ghi lai ring: "Thuyin rdi cira Hoan ra ngodi biln, chat gid to, sdng ldn, may mua tdi sIm, ben quay thuyen trd lai. Sau do sp dudng biln kho khdn nguy hiem, di dudng bp vl kinh su" [9,1.1, tr.235].
Cdc dong song dao trSn ddt Thanh Hod (co tii thdi L6 Dai Hanh va cdc thdi Ly, Trin, Hd, Hdu Le, Nguyin tilp tuc khai ddo) thyc su "co lpi cho hdng van ndm sau". Trong cupc khang chien chdng thyc dan Phap, nhiing dong sdng dao dd Id dudng v^n chuyen vu khf luong thyc, thyc pham cho cac chien djch Hod Binh, Thupng Lao, tieu bieu la chi^n dich Dien Bien Phii.
Ngay trong nhiing ngay thang oanh liet nhat, khd khan nhat cua cupc khang chien chdng de qudc My, nhiing ddng sdng ddo tir Nga Son den TTnh Gia da trd thanh tuyin van chuyen nhan tai vat luc cita ca mien Bdc vi mien Nam rudt thjt. Vi vdy, cdc sdng ddo tren ddt Thanh Hod cd tir thdi Le Dai Hanh ludn dupc nao vet, tu bd. Gid trj ldn lao ve mat kinh te, vdn hoa do song ddo mang lai van giii nguyen gia trj cho din ca hien nay. Vipc ddo sdng thdi Le Hodn la bdi hpc kinh nghiem quy gid ti:ong qua trinh chinh phyc ty nhien de xay dyng va phdt trien giao thdng thuy npi dja trong thdi ky hipn tai.
Su nghiep md diu vT dai do cua thdi Tien Li da trd tiidnh phuang chdm hdnh dpng cua tit cd cac tiidi L^, Trdn, Hau Le, Nguyin.
Cdc thdi dai kl tilp nhau khdng chi khcd ddo, nao vet cdc dong sdng cii ma con Uen tuc ddo them cdc sdng mdi. Tir con sdng dao do Le Dai Hdnh dao dau tien ti:en dat Thanh Hoa tiidi Tiln Li, din tiidi Ly, Trin sdng dao da xuit hien d ddng bdng Bac Bd den Thanh Hda - Nghp An - Ha TTnh. Din tiidi Le, cac cdng trinh do da rdng khdp dai miin Trung Bd, vd din thai Nguyen thi sdng ddo CO mat d khap mpi mien dat nudc; dieu do khiln cho ky su ngudi Phdp Dd-tet-xang ciing than phuc. 6ng viit: "Nhung cdng cudc dao ngoi dan nudc da dupc thi hdnh.
Cdc ky su thdi nay ciia ta (Phap) cung phdi kinh ngac" [4, tr.47].
Nhirng con song dao da ndi mpi mien dit nudc lai gan nhau han; bien nhiing vung hoang vu, heo lanh thdnh nai trii phii, thdnh nhiing phao ddi bdt kha xam pham trong cdc cudc khdng chien bao vp Td qudc, bdo tdn vd phat hien ban sdc vdn hoa dan tpc.
Nhiing con sdng dao da gop phin khdng nhd dua dit nudc va dan tpc Viet Nam ti-d thdnh mpt nudc co vj tri quan tirpng ti-ong khu vyc.
Qua thdi gian va nhiing bien dpng lich su, mdt sd sdng dao ngay nay khong cdn.
Nhung nhiing song con lai van phdt huy tdc dung tdt tren cdc mat giao thdng, thuy lpi, du Ijch, an ninh quoc phdng. Mpt sd noi (do nhdn thiic vd qua trinh do thj hod) dd san lap cac sdng dao, vd tinh ty cat diit di cdc tuyen giao thdng huyet mach ciia minh. Do do, viec duy tri, bao vp, khai sdu, md rdng cdc song ddo khdng chi Id giii gin tdi san vd gia cua cha dng de lai, md con gdp phdn lam cho dit nudc ngdy cang giau, dpp hon.
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H a M a n h K h o a
4. Ket lu^n
Li Dai Hanh Id vi vua ddu tien cita nhd nudc dpc lap tu chii td chirc dao sdng d Thanh Hda tu Ddng Cd din Ba Hda. Ddy la cdng trinh dao ndi khai thdng cdc dong sdng tu nhiSn nhu sdng Ma, sdng Chu, sdng Yen, sdng Ba Hoa tren dat cac huypn tii Yen Djnh, Thp Xudn, Thieu Hda, Ddng Son den TTnh Gia, tao thanh mdt con dudng giao thdng thuy npi dja tren ddt Thanh Hda.
Cdng trinh ddo sdng thai Tien Le do LS Dai Hdnh khdi dyng da md diu cho sy nghiep phdt trien hp thdng giao thdng sdng ddo Vipt Nam dudi thdi phong kien cua nudc ta vdo the ky X, the hipn sy ldn manh ciia qudc gia dpc lap ty chii trong vipc thyc hien chiic nang qudn Iy cdc cdng trinh cdng cpng ciia nhd nudc phuang Ddng. Cac trieu dai nha L;^, Trin, Li, Nguyen vin tiep tuc ddo lai, ddo mdi cdc song tren mpi mien dat nudc. Cdc cdng trinh sdng ddo da gdp phdn quan trpng de phat trien kinh te, van hda, xa hpi trong sy nghiep bao vp viing chac bien gidi phfa nam va md rpng bd coi gdp phan vao sy nghipp xdy dyng, bdo vp Td qudc.
Tai lieu tham khao
[1] Dko Duy Anh (1965), Bat nudc Viet Nam qua cdc ddi, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi, Hk Npi.
[2] Dang XuSn Bang (1997), Su hgc bi khdo. Nxb Van ho5 thong tin. Ha Npi.
[3] Hoa Bang (1957), "Lupc khoi v l lich sii de
qua cac trieu d^i", Tgp san Nghien cuu Vdn Su Dia, so 31.
[4] Ngpe Duofng (1950), "Cupc Nam tien cua dan tpc Viet Nam", Thdi bdo ngdy nay - Ski Gon, [5] Ngo SI u e n vk sii dikn Irilu Le (1985), Dgi Viit
su ky toan the. L1, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi, Hk Npi.
[6] Lich Dao Nguyen, ' T h u y kinh chii", T u lipu khoa Lich sii, D?i hpc Khoa hpc xa hpi vk nhan van Hk Npi.
[7] So Van hoa Thong tin Ha Nam Ninh (1988), Lich suHd Nam Ninh, Hk Nam Ninh.
[8] Lich sU Thanh Hod, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi, Ha Npi, 1994.
[9] Ngo ST Lien va sir thin Irilu Le (1985), Dgi Viit su k^ todn thu, 1.1, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi, Hk Npi.
[10] Dinh Van Nhat (1975), "Dit Ciiu Chan v l thoi Hai Ba Trung", Tap chi Nghien cuu Lich su.
s6 159
[11] Qu6c sii qu^n trilu Nguyin (1970), Dgi Nam nhdt thong chi, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi. Ha Npi.
[12] Quoc sii quan trieu Nguyen (1998), Khdm dinh Viet su thong gidm cuong muc, Nxb Gido due.
Ha Npi.
[13] Ch. Robequain (2012), Le Thanh Hda, Nxb Thanh Hda, Thanh Hda.
[14] Nguyen Van Sieu (1997), Dgi Viit dia du todn biin, Nxb Van hoa, Hk Npi.
[15] Van T i n (1982), "Ducmg giao thong tir B I C vko Thanh Hoa, Nghp Tinh tu thi ky X den the ky XVIII", Tg.p chi Nghiin cuu Lich su, so 3.
[16] Ngo Diic Thang, Tong hop gia phd ho Ngo, Thanh Hoa,
[17] Nguyin Dinh Th\rc (1976), "Hinh thS song ngoi xua vk nhirng thay d6i ldn cua cac dong s6ng chmh a dong bang Thanh Hoa", Tap chi Nghien cuu Lich su, so 178.
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