NGHIEN CCru KHOA HOC I
SONG BA:
GIAO LO CHINH TRI - KINH TE - VAN HOA DAC THU
H Nguyen Hmi Thdng*
TOM tAt
Viec nghien cuu va khao sat ca cau toe nguai doc song Ba khong don thudn chi la cong viec thong ke nhieng di tick tren dia ban mot don vi hanh chinh tinh, ma & day, lich sir da cho thdy mot giao 16 s6i dong mang tinh Hen quoc gia giira khoi cong dong ede toe ngiwi tren mot phgm vi Idnh tho da ma cica tiep nhdn ede luong van hoa ngogi lai tu nhieu the ky truac. Vai tro cua edng a day c6 su tu hoi cua nhieu luong hdi thuang tie nhieu quoc gia trong vd ngodi khu vuc Dong Nam A. Cung tie dgc diem dy cho thdy ben cgnh van hoa Viet qua he di tich tie thai Le tra ve sau, con de Igi ddu dn nh&ng cugc di cie cua ngieai Hoa, moi quan h i dan xen giiea ngieai Viet, Cham, Hoa, ede toe ngiedi Ede, Jarai, Bahnar... Day chinh Id chan dung nhieu mdu sac vai nhieng bien dieu vi te trong qua trinh hoa nhdp cua nguai Viet trong phgm vi boi ednh mien Nam Trung bo ngdy nay a nuac ta.
Tie boi ednh cong sink vai nhieu the liec, nhieu toe nguai, trong buoi ddu den vai vung ddt ndy, nguai Viet da tim dugc cho minh mot the ton tai bang tieng buac tiem hen edn thiet
ABSTRACT
Ba river: a very special political, economic and cultural junction in history
The research undertake surveys on the ethnic structures along the Ba River is not merely a statistical work on monuments in an administrative area belonging to a certain province. History has shown that the Ba River was a vibrant intersec
tion serving as a conjunction between ethnic communities on the territory that opened its doors to receive flows offoreign cultures many centuries ago. The port here served as a meeting point attracting sea traders from many countries within and outside o f Southeast Asia. Apart Jrom this characteristic, preserved relics from the Le Dynasty show that besides the Vietnamese culture there are signs o f Chinese migration and that there was a interlinked relation between Vietnamese, Cham, Chinese, Ede, Jarar and Bahnar... This is a colorful portrait showing the subtle process o f integration o f Vietnamese in the nowadays Southern Central part o f Vietnam. In the context o f this co-existence with other powerful ethnic groups it becomes clear that from the very beginning on the Vietnamese had gradually found for themselves the necessary basis fo r there existence.
I. Kh^i lu$n
N6i d6n mien Trung Vi$t Nam, chung ta kh6ng the each ly cong ddng Viet voi nhung su ki?n lich su, kinh te, vSn hoa.., von hien hOn va han len diu Sn sau boi nhung lop ngudi tien tni. Trdn cuong vuc thudng dugc ggi la vuong
quoc Champa/nude Chiem Thanh, thugc tCr deo Ngang den Nam bg trong nhieu th§ ky, thuc ra, chua tijmg dugc van hanh mot each chinh danh vdi tu each la mgt bp may nha nude thong nhdt td Nam chi Bac, hay, mo hinh hen ket cac tieu quoc/lanh dia/mandala/vung... mgt each hoan
*ThS, N guyen PhSn v iln t r u ^ g P han vi$n Nghign cihi V H N T Vigt Nam ta i H ue
S 6 07 - THANG 05/2015
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I N G H llN CCfU KHOA HOC
chinh, ben canh Dai Viet. Chinh vi vay, khi nghien cuu ve cau true xa hoi cua vuong quoc Champa, gicri hoc thuat da neu len va luan ban khong it nhOng gia thiet khong cung quan diem;
- Do la mot vuong quoc thong nhat voi mot bien men su lien tuc (ngoai tru mot vai thbi diem khong chip noi duqc, bod mat han dau tich va su lieu), nhu chu truong cua mot so nha nghien cuu phuong Tay thoi thugc Phap [26].
- Vuong quoc Champa c6 cau true gan giong voi mo hinh Mandala (su ton tai dong thbi cua cac tieu quoc) pho bien b Dong Nam A c6 dai
[22].
- Vuong quoc Champa dugc di6u hanh theo mo hinh lien bang'.
Nhung luan thuyet nghieng ve d ^ g cau true ton tai dong thbi cac mandala (tieu quoc - lanh dia - “Circle of Kings”), hay mo hinh lien bang b vuong quoc Champa c6, ngay c ^ g c6 co so thuyit phuc va dugc gibi hoc gia hien dai thao luan nhieu hem.
Nhin tren toan c ^ tir bac din Nam mien Trung, chiing ta c6 the hinh dung moi boat dong mang tinh ket noi ve mat kinh te - van hoa - xa hgi tung hien huu tren vung dat nay, deu lien quan den nhieu toe ngubi trong lich su ( Katuic-, Bahnaric’, Viet Mubug**, Malayo Polynesie)^
Va, cac cgng dong ay van tiep tuc ton tai cho din hom nay. Charles Wheeler khi nhan dinh ve nhung mo thuc pho quit b mot quoc gia duyen hai nhu Viet Nam, tie gia da nhan manh den mo hinh quan dao (Archipelago) dac trung b mien Trung. Do la su dan xen ciia nhung rang nui
ch6ng chit len nhau, phan tan va c6 lap dia hinh thanh nhung tui dat each biet [23]. Chinh dia mao bao g6m song va nui b day, da tao ra nhung diiu kien thuan Igi cho bat cii the luc nao mubn chiim Imh, phong thii, cat cu, tren nhung dang
“tui duyen hai” ay.
Tiip thu anh hubng trong boi canh chung ciia cac qubc gia c6 dai vung Nam An va Dong Nam A; miin Trung Viet Nam trong diiu kien bien nui can ki, cac tieu quoc noi day da tiep nhan van hba An thong qua con dubng hai thuong.
Tu diy, hg gia nhap vao mang lubi trao doi, mua ban.., tren mot dia ban rgng Ibn xuyen quoc gia (Lao, Campuchia, Thai, Myanmar...), lien quan din dbi sing nhieu tgc ngubi c6 nguon goc khac nhau. Tinh chSt, quy mo, dac diem cua boat dgng nay thay dbi theo timg thbi ky lich su, nhung, tuyin luu thong bao gib cung vay. Cac cira song, cang bien tu Bac Trung bg cho den Nam Trung bb Viet Nam, vin lubn la cac cua ngo quan trong va dge quyen b khu vuc nay trong cac boat dong giao thuong vbi nhung qubc gia ben ngoai thbi biy gib (An Do, Trung Hoa, Nhat Ban, va cac vuong qubc b Dbng Nam A hm dao...). Trong dieu kien ay, ai lam chii cua cang, se la ke nam van menh cua vung dat va lanh dia lien quan den no. Theo chung tbi, day la nguyen nhSn gay nen su phan lap cuong vuc ciia nhung tiiu qubc Champa trong nhiiu the ky b vung dat nay.
Moi tieu vuong qubc/Mandala dugc thanh lap thubng dua tren cau true tu tubng, tinh than, hay nhung yeu to dia ly mang tinh tarn linh nhu nui thieng (tugng trung thin Siva); sbng thieng
‘ "Quy c h i hen bang a Champa rat gdn gut vai quy c h i liin bang a vitang quoc M d Lai horn nay, hay vuong quoc Champa khong phai la mot quoc gia tap q uyin nhu c a c h i chinh Iri a Viet Nam hay Trung quoc thai tru&c, nhung la mol quoc gia hen bang M oi tiiu bang thuong 3uac huong mot quyen tu tri khd rang r a i" ("Phong trao phuc hung Champa vdo ndm 1693-1694, Tap chi Champaka [wwwxhampaka.org/cgi-bin/viewuem]) N hung trong bdi "Cop phan tim h iiu lich s u Champa " ( cung irin Tap chi Champaka) Po Dharma igi viet: "Champa Id m gt quoc gia lien bang. Mgt lieu vuong quoc cd mot the c h i chinh tri tu tri va c6 quyin ly khai ra khoi hen bang Champa d ix d y dung lay mgt vuong quoc doc lap rieng biet"
- Doc thSm [39, tr 39].
^ Dpe them. D. Thomas va R K Headley, “More on Mon-Khmer Subgroupmgs”. in Lingua 25, No.4 Center for Viemara- ese Studies and Summer Institute o f Linguistics [S.I.L], Saigon, 1970.
■'David Thomas 1973, Sdd, tr.39-40.
^ 0 Viet Nam nhung toe nguoi noi ngon n gu Malayo- Polynesie; Cham, Cham H ’roi, Jarai, E d e, Raglai, C huru...
* Chang han, tieu qu6c Amaravati a vung Q uing Nam ngay nay dugc hinh thanh d ua tren 5 y lu 16 sau: 1. Niii thieng la Mahaparvata (My Son) hay Rang Meo; 2. Song thieng la Thu Bon; 3 Cua biSn thieng la cira Dai/Hoi An; 4. Thanh pho thieng la S in h a p u ra /th ^ su tii Tra Kipu; Ait thieng la Srisanabhadresvara tai M y Son [17].
’ Khi hai 1$ lien quoc gia chuyen doi tir eo Kra (vung trung chuyen xuySn qua dSt Xiem La de dSn voi Phu Nam) qua eo Malacca de den ven cac ciia cang a mi6n Trung tir th^ ky V-Vl, ede tiiu qu6c duygn hai ncri day moi thirc sir tro nen hiing manh va phat huy tarn anh huong cua minh trong thong tri, cat cu, hay hen minh.
34
SO 07 - THANG 05/2015NGHIEN CtfU KHOA HOC I (tuong trimg nu thim Ganga, vg Siva); cua bien
thieng (cang thi, noi giao djch buon ban, trung tam thucmg raai); thM i ph6 thieng (nai cu ngy ciia vua, hoang toe, trung tSm vuong quySn); dSt thieng (ncri thd tu than linh va t6 tien, trung tam tin ngu5ng).‘ Do dia Mnh khong thuSn Igi cho kinh te nong nghiep, cac c6ng dong nai day lai
CO C 0 h6i tiep xiic som veri con duong hai thucmg liSn qu6c gia tCr dgi ngu thucmg nhan An va cac vuomg quoc anh huong An a Dong Nam A, th6 nen, vai tro cac cing thi a mi8n Trung thoi bSy gia tra thanh quan trgng va quyet dinh su hien huu, vi thS va sue song cua cac tieu quoc.’ Vi vay, hS thdng song ngoi a day la thuy 16 huy6t mach, noi ket thi truemg san vat phong phu (huemg lieu, dugc lieu, gia vi, n6 le...) tu mien nui va cao nguyen phia TSy, tham gia vao boat dgng hang hm lien qu6c gia th6ng qua cac cua cang'. Chinh boat dong nay lam nen sue manh mgi mat cho cac tieu qu6c th6ng ITnh dia ban nai chiing di qua. Nhung dong chay Ion, nho, do tu Tay sang Dong dam duemg chuc nang thucmg 16, v6 hinh trung, da tra thanh chi6c ckn n6i k6t trong boat dong giao luu ve mat ng6n ngu, van hoa, phong tuc, tin nguong.. gi&a cu dan mien xu6i va mien ngugc; gifta dgi ngu thuang nhSn, thucmg lai ven bi6n vdi cu dan nong nghiep phla nui. Ben c ^ h he song Thu B6n voi cang thi Hoi An a phia bac, s6ng Ba d6i vai dia bM Nam Trung bo da tung dong mgt vai tro quan trgng v^ dien hinh, de qua do, chung ta c6 th6 Ian tim, va nhan dien nhiSu van de li6n quan din lich su - kinh te - van hoa vung d it mien Trung Viet Nam.
n . Sdng Ba - T u ranh gidi vung d in khu dem trong boi c^nh cua moi quan h | giua cac tieu quoc Ian can
C6 chieu dai 374 km, song Ba bat ngu6n tu phia Tay Bac tinh Kon Turn, a dp cao 1540m
tren day Ngoc R6. Day la mgt con s6ng truac khi d6 v6 xuoi da c6 s\r g6p mat cua mot h6 th6ng nhung hgp luu, v4t qua nhieu vung, nhieu tinh, a Tay Nguyen. Theo huong bIc Nam, dong song trai minh qua cac huy6n Kon Plong cua tinh Kon Turn r6i din Kbang, Dakpo, An Khe, Kon Chro, la Pa, Ayun Pa thupc tinh Gia Lai. Tu do, s6ng Ba chuyen sang huong Tay Bac - Dong Nam, qua huyen Prong Pa (Gia Lai), r6i vao dia phan tinh Phu Yen theo huong T^y - D6ng, lam thanh ranh gioi tu nhiln gifta Son H6a v^ S6ng Hinh, giila Som Hoa va Tay Hoa, giua Tay Hoa va thanh ph6 Tuy Hoa, r6i d6 ra bien D6ng a cua bien Da Dien - phia Nam thanh ph6 Tuy Hoa. Chinh vi su trai rong lam nen mot luu vuc bao gom ca Gia Lai, Kontum va phan phia Dong Bac cua Daklak, cho nen, trude khi mang ten chinh thiic la s6ng Ba/
Da Rang, cac hgp luu quan trgng n6i ket la Ayun, Krong H’nang, s6ng Hinh... da lam nen mgt he tuyen thiiy 16, noi ket nhieu vung, xuyen qua dia b ^ cu tru cua nhieu tgc ngudi - la con duemg 1 ^ nen cac m6i giao luu tren nhieu m|t.
Vai tro cua thuy Ig a dia hinh miln Trung Vigt Nam, CO the kh6ng phai la mgt 16 trinh thuan Igi cho thuyen, be, th6ng su6t tu Tay sang D6ng.
Thucmg thi cac dong chay a vung thugng luu phai trai qua nhung thac ghenh hiem tro. Nhung, tim trung, do van la 16i dan tu nhien, de con ngudi nuong theo hai bin bd s6ng, tao nen 16i mdn tren bg, sap dat nhung t r ^ trung chuyen trong cac thucmg vu trao doi h ^ g h6a.
G. Hickey da tung xem An Khe la mgt vi tri thucmg mai quan trgng, md ra m6i quan he cua vung nay vdi ngudi Bahnar, Jarai, E De. Tac gia cho rang, sdng Ba rat c6 the la con dudng xam nhap vao mien nui; deo An Khe con dugc ggi la
“deo Mang” ma theo each ggi cua ngudi Bahnar, ngu nghia cua dia danh nay la “ngang qua cua”
' “...chinh boat dong thircmg mai da cim gt^o ra lien k€t giOa m iln n iii c u n g n h u d o n g bang giong nhu cac m?ng luoi buon ban qu6c t l Hoat dgng buon ban duong dai da k it n ii giua cac vung cung n hu cac cong dong dan c u a m ien mil va d6ng b ^ g , v6i nhOng tac d6ng chinh tri va v3n hoa quan trgng doi v6i ca hai khu vyc. D ieu n^y the hiSn rit r5 thong qua danh sach nhOng lam san (vung cao) n hu nga voi, sung te giac, sap ong, cay 16 hgi, q u e... dugc xuat ra nude ngoai boi cac nha n ude d d6ng bang - d iiu da dugc ghi chep uong cac bao cao v^ thu rich c6 ve Dong Nam A luc dja. Tuong tu nhu vay, d ilu do cung dugc k h ^ g djnh tbdng qua m gt loat nhung san pham uy tin dugc “nh$p khau” nhu cong chiSn bang d6ng tir M ianma vk binh Ig tir Trung Qu6c vdi vai tr6 trong viec b ilu thi uy tin ve tam linh va chinh tri 6 khu vuc m iln mil tren loan bg vimg dat lien va Dong Nam A hai ddo, trong do, m jt hang dac b i|t quan trgng la muoi (bien), thuc p h lm toi can th ilt de duy tri su s6ng d Cao nguyen..” [19]
* H enri Mailre, Luu Dinh Tuan dich (2008), Les Jungles M oi (Rung ngudi Thugng), NXB Tri Thdc, tr.42,43 S6 07 • THANG 05/2015
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InG H IIn C tfu K H OA HOC
[28, trll6]. Nhu vay, cua ngo n6i lien duyen hai Nam Trung bp vdi mien nui nhu each nhan dinh ciia Hickey, da c6 moi lien ket quan trpng voi nhanh Krong Pa chay qua ncri nay. Noi mot each kbac, song Ba ngoai vai tro la thiiy 16, con la noi don nhan mot dia 16 quan trpng cua vung Tay Nguyen la An Khe trong nhieu moi quan he :“An Khe CO dang mot dia hinh chft nhat dai, theo huemg Bac - Nam, mot be 50km, bo Ida 34km;
song Ba chay xuyen suot chieu dai ciia no... phia Nam, cao nguyen An Khe ha dan xuong thxmg lung tmng luu song Ba va hoa lln vdi dong bing”^. Co th6 thSy su thuan Ipi mang tinh cua ng6 cua song Ba noi ket mi6n Trung vdi Tay Nguyen khi: “Di tCr thung lung trung lim song Ba, tu day theo huong Bac di vao cao nguyen An Khe va theo huong Tay Bac di vao cao nguyen Jarai, trong khi theo cac thung lung song Hin (Hinh - tg.) va song Nang (Krong H’Nang - tg.), hai nhanh ben huu ngan song Ba thi c6 the di vao cao nguyen Darlac”'.
Nhin tr6n ban do phan bo ngon ngu dan toe va dia ban cu tni tpc nguoi hien nay, chiing ta thay song Ba va cac ph\i luu cua no da chay xuyen qua nhieu vung, 1 ^ nen mot giao 16 th6ng thuong vdi nhieu t6c nguoi quan trpng va c6 vai tro rat Ion trong nhung boat dong giao thuong tu thoi c6 dai. Tren thuc t6, dSu ngu6n song Ba ngay ca trung luu ciia dong s6ng nay, chinh la dia bm cu tni ISu ddi cua nguoi Jarai va Ede - nhftng tpc nguoi CO m6i quan he rat gan voi nguoi Cham ve mat ng6n ngu’ cung nhu lich sii. H. Maitre da tung nhan xet trong tac pham “Les Jungles Moi”
rang: “Chac chan nguoi Jarai lu6n c6 xich rnich vdi nguoi Cham ma han hp da phai nhuong bp, khdng phai la khong cd chien dau d vung dat ven bien la noi hp v6n canh tac tu xa xua cd the nay
la Phii Yen”^ G. Maspero trong c6ng trinh “Le Royaume de Champa” cung timg cd nhan dinh tuong tu: ‘Tnrdc khi chiu thSt bai va rut sau vao npi dia tdi cac cao nguyen hp dang d hi|n nay, rSt cd thi hp (nguoi Jarai) la nhung nguoi dupe nguoi Cham gpi la Mada trong v5n khSc” [27, tr.172,173] ben canh nguoi Jarai”. Hay “Mpt bp lac khac cung tpc vdi nguoi Jarai va hipn nay dupe biit dudi ten gpi Rade (nguoi Ede - tg.]
cung li t manh va li t hieu chien; cd the cung dl thanh lap dupe mot ho|c nhieu tieu qu6c, tham chi cd thi cd Iiic thong nhat vdi nguoi Jarai, nguoi Rade dupe nguoi Cham gpi la Randaiy...
va cung da timg tien hanh nhieu cupc chien dau chong lai nhung nguoi anh em cu ciia minh nay da trd thanh ke xam lupc tnrdc khi rdi bd vung ven biin len ti nan tren vung nui va cao nguyen Darlac”.^
Tren Imh vuc nhan hoc van hda, dia ban thuong nguon s6ng Ba chinh la noi c6n bao luu nhiiu dSu in c6 xua ciia nhung tpc nguoi Nam Dao"*, khong chi cd quy m6 ve dan s6, cau true xa hoi va dia ban cu tni ap dao ddi so vdi cac tpc nguoi can cu, hp con la chii nhSn va hinh thanh mot th i luc hung m ^ d phia Tay^ - ciia ngo nii k it vdi ciia bien quan trpng d Nam Trung b6 qua dong s6ng Ba
III. Dau an va h l|n tupng Iv&ng phSn trong lich sir - van boa Champa tir ban le sdng Ba
1. Lir&ng ph^n cuong vuc
Can cii tren lap luan dupe nhiiu hpc gia thira nhan hien nay, viing dit ma sii lieu gpi la vuong quoc Champa trong kch sii, luon dien ra mpt chuoi nhung xao trpn, phan ly, thong tri, anh hudng, chuyen dich... giua cac trung tarn va thi luc vuong quyen. Nhung biin c6 ay thuong xuyen xuit hien vao nhieu thdi diem khac nhau 'RM aitre, Sdd,tr.l77.
^ H. Maitre; Les Jungles Moi, Sdd, tr.l78.
^ H. Maitre: Les Jungles Moi, Sdd, tr.180.
^ Truong ca/anh hung ca Tay N ^ yen tieu bieu phan Ion duoc khai thac va cong bo xuat phat tu dia b ^ nay.
* “N gum Jarai da virat qua nhieu the ky va den vai chung ta ngay nay nhu la mg! dong Icm, van m mh han cac ddng IQC tang g iin g cua hg. Cac ihu Imh phiJ ihuy cua hg d ugc ggi Id Sadet lira, Sadet n uac - Tiing Jarai ggi Id Palau Pui vfl Patau la. Chac chan Id ban dau ede thu Imh do c6 quyen luc... Theo Henri Maitre, chinh ede bg Igc Djarais c u trv a thung lung thuong nguSn song Ba Idm chung ta l u u y Hg noi m ot Ihir thd n g u nua Djarat n ua Rhode vd dugc ggi Id nguat Krungs d vung Cheo Reo (bay g id thugc Phu Yen), nguoi Churs d p h ia Dong Nam x u ngudi Krungs, nguoi Mdurs d thung lung h g sd n g B a trong vung M 'D rackvd song H inh" {A. Laborde: “Tinh Phu Yct” trong Nhttng nguoi ban Co do Hue, NXB Thu|n Hoa, tr.397).
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SO 07 • THANG 05/2015N G H llN CU~U KHOA HOC I qua hm g chuc th6 ky. Vd thuc chat diy la
nhOng cuQC chien tranh gianh anh huong va s\r thdng nhat gi&a cac khdi cpng dong tren cung lanh th6 hoSc md ra chien tranh xam luge ho5c hi the l\rc khac xim luge thong tri; sir phat trien dot bien cua mot tieu vung, r6i trum ^ huong cua mlnh len nhung vung khde; s\r yeu di va bi thon tinb cua mot ISnh dia von rat hung manh trude do; su doi ddi nhung khu tmng tarn vung boi nhieuly do...: Do la t4t canhung gi d l lam cho mach bi ky cua chinh ngudi ChSm, cung nhu nhung su lieu cua Tnmg Quoc thdi c6 dai, thudng mo ta ve vung dat nay c6 nhfmg khoang dut doan, mu md, kho gi^i thich [15, tr.l72- 174]. Cung vi th6, khdng m6t l u ^ cii nao trd thanh ket luan vh chan dung mot vuong quoc c6 chung bien gidi phia nam vdi Dai Viet, trong suot nhidu th6 ky. Vdng dSt chung ta thudng goi la Champa, thgc ra, trong ede tu lieu c6 da tung ton tai 3 ten ggi theo tuydn lich dai do la: Lam Ap, Hoan Vuong, Chiem Thanh. Ri6ng trong bi ky Cham, thi mai den dau the ky VII trong van khac cua bia Sambhuvarman mdi bat dau xuat hien tu Champa vdi ngi dung ca nggi vua Vikrantavarman la dai vuong, lanh chiia toi cao cua d6 thi Champa (khdng phai la vuong qude Champa - tg.), mac du, hg von da c6 mat tu the ky II sau CN.
Ngd v an Doanh trong edng trlnh vidt vd Van hda c6 Champa nhan dinh rang: khdng phai ngau nhien ma vi vua dugc coi la cd uy quyen Idn nhat cua Champa vao thd ky VII la Vikran
tavarman, chi dam xung la dai vuong hay lanh chiia tdi cao cua dd thi Champa (Campapura).
Theo tac gia thi: “Trong giai doan diu tien nay cua Hch su Champa, cac tidu vuong qude phia Bdc dac biet la Lam Ap giO vai trd chu dao. Vi thd cd thd ggi giai doan ddu cua lich sir Champa la lich su cua nha nude Lam Ap” [4, tr63]. Tu sau nam 749, khi Rudravarman cir su bd sang tridu edng phuong Bac, thi tdn Lam Ap khdng con xu4t hien trong su sach Trung Qude nGa.
Nhu vdy, cho den thd ky thd VII, ndu can cu vao bi ky Ch5m noi ve Vikrantavarman nhu vua ndu, thi khu v\rc dugc ggi la Champa, chi cd thd dugc xac djnh nam d phia B5c Cham. Tat nhidn,
khdng loai tru kha nmg lien ket cac 13nh dia, tieu qude trong vimg nay, kd ca Lam Ap tnide dd, dd hinh thanh mot nude Idn hon, n3m doc ddng bang ven bien midn Trung. Chung khdng qua xa noi Vikrantavarman dugc tdn vinh la dai vuong hay l§nh chua tdi cao cua vung Campap
ura (Amaravati, Indrapura va Vijaya sau nay), ma tren dia ly hanh chinh hien nay la tu Quang Binh ddn Binh Dinh.
Theo Tan Dudng Thu, thi sau nien hi^u Chi Due (nam 756-758), Lam Ap khdng con dugc nhac ddn, ma viing dat nay mang mot tdn mdi la Hoan Vuong. Chung ta luu y rang, su xuat hien tdn hidu mdi nay, tuong ling vdi thdi ky cac vimg phia Nam ciia Vijaya dugc xung danh. Bdi, hon mot thd ky ciia lich sir Champa sau dd, thieu v5ng hin cac bi ky d phia Bac Cham, nhung, lai xuat hien dam dac d phia Nam Cham (chii yeu 13 0 Kauthara va Panduranga). G. Maspero da gin tridu dai mdi n3y la thdi ky Hoan Vuong va thdi kj' ba quydn ciia vung vuong qude phia Nam d Panduranga [26] (758-859). Tir nam 875, bi ky cua Champa lai xuat hidn trd lai d B3c Cham (Ddng Duong - Quang Nam) va Tan Dudng Thu lai nhac ddn vung dat nay vdi ten mdi la Chiem Thanh.
Trong giai doan ngudi Trung Qude noi vd nude Chiem Thanh, chung ta thay cd su dich chuyen tnmg tarn Indrapura ddn Vijaya (988- 1177), ca hai ddu nim trong vimg BSc Cham.
D3y cung la giai dom noi len su kidn vua Jaya Paramesvaravarman d Vijaya d B3c Cham, phai duong dSu vdi ngudi Chiem Nam Cham (Pan
duranga). Chinh quyen d Pandiuanga “ludn ludn noi day, chdng lai nha vua (d Vijaya - tg.) va khdng thira nhdn phia B3c” [38, tr.645j. Trung tarn Vijaya sau cugc tan edng cua Ly Thanh Tdn (nam 1069), hau hdt sir ligu khdng con nhung thdng tin gi ro rang vd ngi tinh Chidm Thanh nua. Tuy nhidn, theo L. Finot can cu tren bi ky My Son, thi sau su kidn nay, hidn tugng phan lap cac tieu qude ciia Chiem Thanh cang sau sac hon rat nhidu [40, tr.940].
Vdi nhiing din chung vira ndu, chung tdi mudn noi rfcg: Da tdn tai trong lich su Champa mgt su phan cue B3c Nam kha rd net. Tinh chit
SO 07 - THAnG 05/2015
37
In gh iencltukh o ahoc
lu5ng phan/lvr5ng ciic a day von tCmg ton tai tren thuc te va dien ra trong nhieu thdi ky. Xet tur quan diem can true x2 hoi Champa nhir nhieu gia thiSt da den, thi “Vuong qu6c Champa thuc chit la su lien k it giua cac cong quoc nho lai voi nhau va cong qu6c nao manh thi se nam vi tri ba quyin...” [4, tr.74]. Renee Hagesteign goi la sir k it hop, phan ly, lien ket giua cac “Cir-
dan gian Idn bi ky, c6 mot thong tin duoc lap lai mang tinh xac quyit nhieu Ian, do la t6c nguoi Cham phan lap t h ^ 2 thi tgc (c6 tm lieu dung la bg lac hay b6 tgc): “Nguoi Cham chi c6 a miin Trung Viet Nam va nguon g6c cua nguoi Cham xult phat tu bg lac Kramuka Yarns’a (theo bi ky chft P h ^ ) con ggi la bd tgc Cau va bg lac Narikela Vams’a (theo bi ky chO Phan) con ggi la
Sa do 1. Luang phan cuang vuc Nam Cham - Bac Cham cles of Kings” [46]. Hay nhu J.C. Heesterman
quan niem, d6 la cau true lien quan den su lien minh, lien ket, canh tranh, giua cac the luc chinh tri voi su giiip do hau thuan cua cac luc lugng ton giao. De tu do, vi lanh tu se thiet lap khu trung tarn voi mot thuc the chinh tri, va xung quanh 6ng ta la mot he thong cac thiet che tuong ling [33, tr.77],
Chinh su xuyen suot cua hien tuong luong phSn trong vung dat dugc ggi voi nhieu cac ten khac nhau: Lam Ap, Hoan Vuong, Chiem Thanh, Champa, chiing ta thay ro dSn khai niem Bac Cham va Nam Cham: Mot thuc thd ma cac nha nghien ciiu thuong nhac dSn khi noi v8 vuong qu6c nay.
2. Lir&ng p h in thi tdc
Trong nhieu su lieu cung nhu truyen thuyet
bg lac Dira. Hai bg lac nay cu tni th Q u ^g Nam den Thuan Hai ngay nay va xuat hien vao thdi ky van hoa Sa Huynh. Vao dau Cong Nguyen, bg lac Narikela Vams’a (bg lac Dua) chiu ^ huong sau sac Ba La Mon giao va lap ra vuong quoc Champa - Kinh do dau tien cua Champa la Simhapura (den dai, thanh quach con dugc luu tdn tai lang Tra Kieu, thugc huydn Duy Xuyen, tinh Quang Nam ngay nay). Tu giai d o ^ nay ddn giai doan tiep theo la su xuit hien ciia vuong trieu Panduranga (xuat hien vao the ky XIII va IX sau C6ng Nguyen veri 6 ddi vua lien...”
[7, tr.3I]. M6t tai lieu khac neu: “Trong xa hoi Cham truoc ddy, chiing ta thay c6 hai thi tgc Cau (Pi nang) va thi tgc Dua (Li - U) hay khdi thuy CO le Chiem Thanh gom nhidu tieu quoc ban d6c lap va phong kien. Hai b6 lac dugc ghi nhan c6
38
S6 07 - THANG 05/2015N G H liN ccrU KHOA H OC I uy thS hon ca la “thi tpc Cau” va “thj toe Diia”.
Dan Ch^m himg khai dugc, l i nhd sv dong nhat t|.p tuc va da CO tren danh nghia hon la thuc te mot ong vua thdng Hnh” [13, tr.25]. G. Co- edes da cho chiing ta biet duoc chiing tich cua hai thi toe Cau (Kramuka Vams’a) va thi toe Dua (Narikela Vams’a) xudt hien trong bi ky ciia Harivarman IV d My Son (bia My Son XII) [29].
Trong cuoc thao luan gifta J. Boisselier veri G.
Maspero, tac gia cung da dS cap d6n hai thi toe nay. J.Boisselier khong ddng y gan Hoan Vuong vdi Panduranga hay thi toe Cau [34, tr.61]. L.
Finot trong mpt tai liSu ciia minh cung c6 nhac den m6t hoang thin ten la Thau voi s\r giiip d&
ciia em ong la hoang than Pau, da mang lai cho Champa su phuc hoi, Hoang than Thau t\r hao la cha ong thuoc toe Dua (Narikela Vams’a) va me ong thuoc ho Cau (Kramuka Van^’a) da len ngoi vdi danh hi6u la Harivarman IV.
Su ton tai cua hai thi toe Cau va Dua, khong chi CO trong truyen thuyet, ma la mot thuc te hien hiiu d nhung nguon tai lieu dang tin cay nhSt la bi ky cua ngudi Cham. Van de d day la khdng gian sinh tdn cua hai thi toe ay trong Ijch su?;
Va tai sao dau Sn thi tpe lai duoc nhac den mpt
each dam net trong nhung hoat dpng vuot khdi pham vi dong hp huydt thdng, v^, lien he khdng nhd ddn nhung s\r kien chinh tri lich su cua ca trieu dai?
3. Ludng phan dong ddi
Ngay nay trong vide thd cung td tien, ngudi Cham cung c6 hai ddng td tien; Td tien dong niii (A tau Chok) va td tien ddng bidn (Atau Taxi).
Nghi thuc thd cung td tien thupc ddng bidn tidn hanh ciu ky va phidn toai hen viec thd ciing td tien thuoc ddng nui. Day cd phai la su bien dang cua hai thi tpc Cau va Dua? Cd le td tien ddng mii trude day thuoc thi tpc Cau va thi tpc Bidn thuoc thj tOc Dua? Ma thi tdc Cau thupc thi tpc binh dan (Bal la oa hoa hawai [Dan cay keo roij) thi thi tpc Dua thupc thi tdc hoang phai quy tpc (Kha Patao Bmao Muh [gdc vua mu vmg]) [14, tr.52]. ‘‘Ngay nay, nhung vi chuc sac Ba La Mdn, nhung ngudi “Cham R5t” (Ch^m gdc) va nhiing ngudi thupc ddng hoang tdc ddu kidng udng nude dvra va 3n dua. Dieu nay cd the lien he ddn su kieng cu mang tinh chat “td tern” cua ngudi Cham Rat, ngudi hoang tdc va ddng hp Pinang edn thay phd bien d ngudi Rang Klai (Rac Klay), mpt nhdm Cham niii. Phai chang nhung ngudi
T e n th i t p c / T h u p c D 3 n g c a p K h o n g g ia n C u o T ig v irc b p l a c /b p tp c d o n g tp c x a h 6 i tr u e th u d e
S a do 2: Luemg phdn Thi tdc va Luangphdn Ddng dot
SO 07 • THANG 05/2015
39
IN G H IE N CtfU KHOA HOC
Rang Klai [Raglai t.g] mang ho Pinang la di due cua thi tQC Cau xa xua” [14, tr.53]. TraySn thuyet lien quan d6n ting lop binh dan ve cay cau va tang lop hoang tpc cay dua deu c6 chung mpt mSu hinh. Dieu nay phai chang dS phan anh sir trin tri d6i vdi cac ti6u qu6c/lanh dia trong lich sii Cham, khong chi nam trong tay ting lop ho^ng toe Cham Rit, ma van c6 nhihig tilu qu6c, ngucri lanh dao thugc tang lap xuat than thu6c nhom nui - binh. dan. Truyen thuyet dan gian kS rang:
Hoang cimg Cham c6 mot cay cau tro b6ng to mot each khac thuong, nhung den thoi ky thanh trai, moi nguoi cho mai van khong thay c6. Nha vua b^n sai ke than can treo len va chat buong cau dem xu6ng. Nha vua cho bua cau ra, thi thiy hien len mot dua be h6t siic khoi ng6. Nha vua vui miing dat ten la Raya Poh Klong. Vua truyen cho nhieu nguoi vii den cho bu, nhimg diia be khdng bu. Nha vua ben cho vat stta con bo ngu sac (thdn Nandin) diia be moi chiu bu. Sau do be cau bien thanh cm khieng va be nhpn ciia be thanh ciy guom.
Nhung suy luSn viia neu khien chung toi lien tuong den mot dang logic gan ket nhung hi$n tupng phSn cue trSn lanh dia dupe gpi la vuong quoc Champa, ma d do, moi cue d6u c6 m6i lien he triing khop c6 the tim gap tren nhieu dang tu lieu.
IV. Song Ba - Hoa Anh, dau hoi tu nhung khoang trdng trong lich su
Khoang trdng d so do I ciia bai vidt nky chinh la khdng gian dupe dinh vi tu Deo Cu Mdng ddn deo Ca nam trong dia phm Phii Yen bay gid. Do cung chinh la khoang trong vd nhidu mat, nhidu giai doan, trong sii lieu lin bi ky Cham, trai dai gan ca thien men ky (VI ddn XIV). Nhin tu gdc dp khao cd hoc, di tich trong khu vuc nui B i d vung trdng tren so do, da timg tdn tai va trai qua mot thdi gian kha dai. Mac du, khu ddn thap An Dp giao d nui Ba dupe xac dinh vao khoang tir thd ky XIII ddn thd ky XV: “Khdng chi cac tac pham nghd thult ma tai lidu bia ky cung cho chung tanidn dai tuong ling (nam 1333 saka tiic nam 1411 sau Cong Nguyen)”[3]. Tuy nhidn, theo H. Parmentier nhung hien vat duoc tim thiy
d Nui Ba con c6 nhung chiing cii xa xua hon di tich Niii B i, ching h ^ nhu phidn d lt nung c6 binh Phat ngdi va chii phia sau. Theo tac gia c6 mot cau lien quan den Phat giao “Ya Dharma v i bon dong chu thupc thd ky 6 Saka (the k^ VI - VII Cong Nguyen)”. Tac gia J. Boisselier da xep biic phu didu d it nung d Phude Tinh nay vio nhom nhftng biic tupng PhSt giao Champa thude thdi ky trude thd ky VII. Trong liic nhung hidn vat dupe phat hien d niii B i trai dii nhidu thd ky nhu da neu, thi thanh nhi Hd phin Idn cac nhi khao cd cho rang; chiing dupe xay dimg khoang thd ky XIII - XV... v i dupe su dung lien tuc cho den cudi thd ky XVI. Nhu vay, chinh noi day da tung l i dia didm nim trong vung anh hudng ciia Bac Cham hoac ciia Nam Cham; mot khu dem gifta hai lanh dia niy; v i phai chang, sau do thupc Hoa Anh qude trong hon mot the ky.
6 day, chiing ta cung can chii y he di tich Champa nam sau vd phia Tay, dpc song Ba Idn ddn cac chi Ixm d vung thuong ngudn nhu thap Yang Prong, dupe xay dung ndn bdi Jaya Sim- havarman III. H. Maitre khi phit hien nhftng tuong thinh d Yang Prong, tac gia cho rang, thinh dupe nguoi Cham xiy Idn nhu mot bidn phap bio vd thap khi chua bi cude chidn tranh vdi vua Liia va vua Nude [30,tr.342-344]. H.
Parmentier xem di rich nay dupe xay drag tu dau the ky XIV theo phong cich Pyramidal Art (ngbp thuat kim tu thap), dang thip thupc giai doan thii hai trong tien trinh my thuit Cham [30,tr.l94].
Trong liic do, thap Yang Mum d Cheo Reo (Gia Lai - Kon Turn) c ^ song Ayun (mot chi Ira ciia sdng Ba) dupe J.Boisselier danh gia cao vd mat nghd thuat v i dng ta gpi do l i phong cich Yang Mum, chiu kha nhidu anh hudng nghd thuat Khmer [34,tr.340]. Ngoii ra, con c6 rit nhidu nhung di tich khac nam dpc cac chi Ira thupc thupng ngudn sdng Ba nhu Kodo Ruin (phd tich vung Kodo d Nam Kon Turn) [31,tr.344-345].
Thap Bmong Yang, Rong Yang (Kon Turn), di tich d ling Phuong Hoa (Kon Turn) c ^ sdng Bla. Di tich Pxat Yang Glon (lang md tupng than vT dai) d deo Chuse (Kon Turn), di tich Tieu nang Bia (giudng ciia la Bia).
Dac bidt trong edng trinh ciia J. Doumes
40
SO 07 - THANG 05/2015N G H liN CCTU KHOA H O C j
"Nhung nghien cmi a vung Champa”: “Thap Yang Mum d thuang ngudn song Ba tren dia p h ^ Gia Lai Kon Turn, ngucri Jarai gpi thap nay tiieo ngon ngu cua minh la Ya H’mum xuSt phat tir Room H’mum, ten ba to cua bo lac Rcom cua ngucri Jarai”. Nhu vay, nhiSu di rich van hoa Cham nlm kha sau vh phia TSy, rai rac khap Tay Nguyen va d |c biet xudt hien a nhihig phu luu dau nguon hay hai ben b a song Ba cho den vung ha Ixru. Dieu nay chung to trong lanh dia cua ngucri Jarai, Ed6, dS t6n tai dau vSt ChSm. Va, ngucri Cham cung da tung c6 nhung su dvmg dp vai ngucri Jarai, Ede trong viing.
Ly giai van d8 tren. chung ta c6 the loai suv ,
trSn, luu vuc song Ba nam trong vung dat Phu Yen h6m nay, chinh la mot giao 16 lien quan den quyen Icri cua 3 the luc B^c Cham - Nam ChSm va Thuy X^Hoa Xa, do la chua ke den nh&ng thod ky chiem cu cua nguoi Khmer hay Java.
Co the, sir manh len cua 1 trong 3 the lire ay c6 th6 tao nen anh huemg, mang tinh khuynh loat trum len 2 th6 luc con lai trong tirag thdi ky nhat dinh. Chinh vi the, nhtag di tich lien quan d6n Champa cua ca trung tarn phia B5c (Indrapura hay Vijaya), lln phia Nam (Kauthara, Panduran- ga) deu CO CO hpi hipn dipn a vung dSt nay. Tuy nhien, can ban thi day vin la mot viing dpm, mot , lanh dia, mot trung tam trap doi cpng sinh cua
tir hai su kien: Hoac viing dat nay da timg c6 thcri k^ nguoi Cham thong tri; hoac, trSn con duong giao thuemg qua ncri nay, thuang nhan Cham vai nhihig mon Ipi kech xii, da xay d rag nhung d6n thap d8 ta cm than linh. Di6u chung ta c6 the khang dinh dupe la con duong giao thuang huySt mach a thuang ngudn song Ba, cua ngo quan trpng noi crag bien Da Dien vai khu vuc TSy Nguyen, luon phai di qua lanh dia cua nguai Jarai, Ede, Bahnar..., noi c6 nhung to chuc xS hpi dua tren thin quyin va du thuc luc nhu Thiiy Xa, Hoa Xa. R6 rang, day la mot luc lupng quan trpng, quydt djnh su thu|n Ipi hay kho khan tren con duong giao thuang, lien quan ddn nhilu the Ipc chi ph6i nlm sau v6 phia Tay.
Cho nen, noi den thj truang trao d6i rpng Ian n6i Tay Nguyen vai cira cang, thong qua ngu6n thuy 16 song Ba, khdng thI khong tinh dSn su chi ph6i cua mot Ipc lupng quan trpng vimg thuang ngudn. Can cu tren tinh phan cue vira de cap a
nhidu the luc, it ra la truac khi c6 dau chan cua dora quSn ciia Le Thanh T6n (the ky XV). 6 day, chung ta c6 the nhra thay diem giao 16 quan trpng chinh la Cung Sem, noi c6 thanh H6 va ede di tich Cham thupc nhieu thai ky khac nhau, xult hien va phan bd rai rac khap noi.
Chung ta c6 the nhan dien y6u td cpng sinh cua nhidu thI luc d Phu Yen qua so do sau:
Day cung la each ly giai tai sao vung dat Phii Yen trong su lieu cua Trung Qude Ian bi ky Cham ddu khdng nhlc den ro rang, ngoai tru cai ten Hoa Anh qude c6 tu thdi nha Le; hay Ayaru, Mon-du/Mdn ddc qude [21 ,tr 23] ma mpt s6 tac gia da tung dd cap mot each mu md, thieu tu lidu thuydt phuc. Pham, nhung vung d it khdng thong thupc mdt vuerng qude nao, thi sir lidu thuemg rit it nhlc ddn hay md ta nhftng sp kidn cu thd, ma gidi su gia duong thdi thuang chii muc ddn vuang qude dang bi thdng thupc hoac chiu anh hudng.
s6 07 - TH ANG OS/2015 41
NGHIEN CtfU KHOA H O C _
Nam 1471, vua Le Thanh Ton ciia Dai Viet dem quan chinh phat Champa, chilm Vijaya, bat vna Ban La Tra T o ^ . Bien giai Viet mo rpng den deo Cu Mong. “Sau khi Tra Toan bi bat, tuong ciia hSn la B6 Tri Tri chay den Phien Lung (Phan Rang ngay nay) chi6m dSt Sy xung la Chiem Thanh. Bo Tri lay dupe 1/5 dat cua nuac Chiem, sai sir xung than, nop cong dupe phong vuong. Vua lai phong cho ca Hoa Anh va Nam Ban gdm 3 nude de rang bupc” [ 11, tr. 158].
Trong Phii bien Tap lue, Le Quy Don eung nhSc den su kien nay: “Thang 2 (nSm Hong Diic thur 2 [1471] danh pha Cha Ban [Vijaya - tg.] quan Thuan Hoa b it s6ng dupe Tra Toan. Tudng nude ay la Bo Tri chay din Phan Lung (vung Phan Rang ngay nay) giu d it ly xirag vuong, chi con 2/5 ddt nude sai ngudi vao cong. Ben phong B6 Tri la Chiem Thanh vuemg, lai phong Hoa Anh vuong va Nam Ban vuong, chia lam 3
Thanh, chiem liy d it nay (Phii Yen) dat 1 ^ huyen Tuy Viln, lay mii Thach Bi lam gidi h ^ nhung tu deo Cu Mong ve Nam con thuoc vi ngudi Man, L?o” [18, tr.64].
Nhu vay, eSn cu tren sd lieu D?i Vi^, chung ta thay vung dat Phu Yen thdi Le Thanh Ton da dupe dinh vi khd r5 net, m5c du, so do phan lap virng anh hudng trong thdi gian ay da c6 nhung thay doi dang ke:
Hoa Anh Qu6c, ngoai mpt vai sd lieu nhic tdi nhu vua neu, hau nhu khdng c6n mpt dong dac tA chi tiet nao. Van de nay, theo chung tdi c6 th i xuit phat tu quan niem day chi la mpt vung dem nam trong vung anh hudng cua Dai Viet.
Dieu ma Dai Vipt cin giai quyit la Chiem Thanh qude d phia Nam. Nhung, tren th\rc te Hoa Anh vin la d it dang con bi chi phdi bdi nhiiu the lire phde tap. Mpt vung giao Ip vdi nhiing su dan xen vd quydn Ipi kinh td cua nhieu thd lire, ndn
Deo Cu mong
HOA ANH g 5 |ig
QUOC !— ®
nude” [6, tr.42-43].
S6 phan cua vung d it dem (Phu Yen ngay nay), luc nay trd thanh trung tarn trao ddi cong sinh cua 3 thd luc; Chiem Thanh la thd lire chdng ddi Dai Viet, thao chay vao trung tdm Panduranga va Kauthara; Hoa Anh la nude chiu anh hudng cua nha Ld, noi quan Dai Viet da tung chidm dong, nhung, c6 thd do chua thuan Ipi, Le Thanh Ton chi drag lai d day mpt lanh dia phu thude rdi nit vd dia gidi Cu Mdng; Nam Ban thude quydn kiem soat cua nhung thd luc phia Tay (Thuy Xa - Hoa xa), chii ydu la ngudi Jairai va E de: “Le Thanh Tdng danh Chiem
42
s 6 07 - THANG 05/2015nha Ld can thidt de no ton tai mpt each ddc lap tren danh nghia dd tim ke on dinh lau dai. Va sau nay, chinh Luong Van Chanh da la nhan vat th\rc hidn mpt each linh boat va hieu qua y dd nay bang nhidu bien phap, khi anh hudng cua ngudi Viet hay Viet hda d vung dat nay dS dupe xac lap manh me.
Trong mdt Ian trao ddi vdi TS. Shine (Dai hoc Tokyo, Nhat Ban), dng ta c6 dua ra mdt Idia giai vd danh xung Hoa Anh, ma theo chung tdi cung ndn tham khao. Tir Hoa Anh dupe nhac den, c6 thd la hau qua cua mpt su nhSm lln tp dang vdn rdt gan nhau cua hai danh xung Hoa Anh va Tra
N G H llN CtfU KHOA H OC I
H a a
HOA ANH
I
Lai (Tra Lai la tin Han Viet d l gpi nguoi Jarai).
Cho nen tii Tra Lai goi nh4m la Hoa Anh la dieu ma theo tac gia Shine c6 the xay ra.
Va cung theo TS. Shine, day la vung d it thupc vung anh huong m ^ h me cua nguoi Ja
rai nen vua Dai Viet dSt luon ten la Tra Lai qu6c (nude cua ngudi Jarai), va, sau nay c6 the vi do
CO s u gSn gui tu dang nhu da neu, nen, ngudi sau dpc nham la Hoa Anh Quoc.
Trong thdi ky ton tai cua nude Hoa Anh, chiing ta thay d day da tiep noi va phat trien nhung boat dong tren true thuy 16 song Ba cung nhieu boat dong khac. Ke thua nhung di tich Champa trude do, nha cam quyen cung nhu than dan Hoa Anh da chan chinh va phat huy tac dung nhieu di tich quan trong nhu thanh Ho, cac CO so tin nguSng nhu thap Dong Tac (Phu Lam, Tuy Hoa), Phude Tinh (Nui Ba), thap Nhan (Tuy Hoa). Song Ba khong chi dong vai trd quan trong vao duong thdi, ma sau khi viing dSt Tuy Hoa thupc Dai Viet, thanh Ho tren sdng Ba v mc6 vi tri dang ke tren nhieu ITnh vuc chinh tri, kinh te, x3 hoi... ciia ca khu vuc.
* * *
Vdi nhung gi vda neu, viec nghiln cuu va khao sat dpc s6ng Ba khong don thuan chi la cong viec thong ke nhung di tich tren pham vi mot tinh, ma d day, lich sii dS tung chvimg kien
mpt giao 16 s6i d6ng mang tinh lien qu6c gia.
Mot cua cang co su tu hoi cua nhieu lu6ng hai thucfng tu nhieu qu6c gia trong va ngo^i khu vuc D6ng Nam A. Cung tu dde diem ay, ben canh van hoa Viet qua he di tich tu thdi Le trd ve sau, con c6 dau an nhung cupc di cu cua ngudi Hoa, m6i quan he dan xen giua ngudi Viet. Chdm, Hoa, cac tpc ngudi Ede, Jarai, Bahnar... Day chinh la m6t chan dung nhieu mau sac vdi nhung biln dieu vi te trong qua trinh hoa nhap cua ngudi Viet. Td boi canh c6ng sinh vdi nhilu thi luc, nhieu t5c ngudi, trong bu6i dau den vdi vung dat nay, ngudi Vipt da tim dupe cho minh mpt th i t6n tai bang timg bude tiem tiln can thilt. Trong mpt chung muc nao do, Hoa Anh hien huu trong lich su gan mpt the ky, da la mpt chung tich phan anh su kh6n kheo trong chiln luge xu6i Nam cua Dai Viet. Dung lai d Cu M6ng va phong vuemg cho hai nude Hoa Anh va Nam Ban, chinh la liic ma Dai Viet can c6 thdi gian khic che va binh 6n mpt giao 16 lien quan den quyen Ipi cua nhilu the luc. Ma ngay trong tuc thdi, doan quan cua Le Thanh T6n dii bung bimg khi the chiln thing, vin chua the giai quylt chuyen dat dai va dan tinh mpt each thuan Igi va ben vung dupe.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Tiing Vift
[1] DaoDuyAnh (1964), Ddtmtac Viet Nam qua cac dai, NXB Van Hoa.
[2] Le Ng6 Cat, Pham Dinh Toai (1956), Dai Nam qude sirdien ca, NXB Truong Thi.
[3] Ng6 Van Doanh (2001), “Thanh H6 - ciia ngo chau Thupng Nguyen (Tay Nguyen) cua Cham pa”. Tap chi Nghien ahi Lich su s6 3/2001.
[4] Ngo Van Doanh (1994), Van hoa co Champa, NXB Van hoa Thong tin.
[5] Ng6 van Doanh (2011), “Thanh H6 va nude Hoa Anh”, Kyyeu Hoi thao Quoc te Di san van hoa Nam Trung bo vdi sxf phat trien du lich trong hoi nhap quoc te.
s6
07 - THANG 05/201543
InG H IIN C iru KH OAHOC
[6] Le Quy Don loan tap, tap I, NXB KHXH, 1977.
[7] Mac Ducmg (1992), “Cac thai ky Ijch su cua vSn hoa Champa” trong Vdn de kinh te - van hoa dan toe Cham.
[8] Nguyin Thi Hoa (2011), “Vm hi lifu va quan di6m v6 vung dSt Hoa Anh trong lich sur”, Hoi thdo D u an khdo sat dieu tra he thong di san van hoa luu vuc song Ba
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