Su khac biet ve van hoa chinh tri va nhung xung dot quoc te
(tiep theo va het)
FEDOTOVA V.G. (2015), "Razlichie pohticheskikh k y l t u r i mezhdunarodnye konflikty", Politicheskie issledovanija, N''l, str.44-54.
N g u y e n Thi Kim A n h dich
Tom tat: Cdc sii kiin kich tinh d Ukraine dang phd vd trgt tii the gidi hien hUu vd chUa duac ddnh gid ddy du vi bdn chdt. Tinh hinh chi dUgc xem xet thudn tuy ve mat chinh tri, vd it dugc thdo lugn d mUc dp ly lugn, khde vdi cdc nghiin cdu nghiem tdc thdi Chiin tranh Lgnh. Bdi viit ndy cung cdp cdi nhin tong quan vi mdt so'quan diim cua cdc nhd nghiin cUu ngUdi My • nhiing ngUdi dang lo nggi vi nhiing thay ddi khdng the ddo ngUOc, kp Id nhiing ngUdi khdng dong y hogc khdng hodn todn dong y vdi Washington. Viec nghien cUu nhiing quan diem cua hp gidp tdc gid nhgn thdc dUdc sii khac nhau giUa vdn hda chinh tri cua Nga vd phUdng Tdy. Nudc Nga, cd muc dich ro rdng khi bdo ve nhUng lgi ich qud'c gia cua minh d cdp dp dia chinh tri, dang phdi ddi mat vdi cdc quan niem cua phuang Tdy vi cdi cdch ddn chu, vd trin thiic te'dang che gidu nhiing lgi ich dia chink tri cua viic md rpng phgm vi dnh hudng cua phuang Tay. Tdc gid dd cd'gang cho thdy rang, nhiing khdi niem quan trpng trong viic tim hieu cudc xung dot "phUOng Tdy - phi phuang Tdy" Id mpt cam ket tiep tuc cdc md hinh hien dgi hda kiiu phuang Tdy cua cdc nUdc khong thugc phUOng Tdy trin con dudng bat kip sti phdt trien cua phUdng Tdy.
M6 hinh ndy khong phu hdp vdi dieu kien thiic tien cua qud trinh hiin dgi hda d nhieu qud'c gia khdng thugc phuang Tdy, trUdc hit Id d Nga vd Trung Qud'c. Khi xdy diing md hinh hiin dgi hda quoc gia, Nga vd Trung Qud'c dd thii thgp kinh nghiim cua cd phUdng Tdy vd nhiing nUdc khdng thudc pkuang Tdy, tren ca sd s^ dung nen vdn hda rieng cua hg nhU mgt nguon lUc phdt triin. Theo quan diem ndy, ddn chu khdng phdi Id mdt thiet keco sdn, md phdi dugc xdy dung bdi mdi qud'c gia, vd dUdc sU chdp nhgn cua qudn chung. Cdc gid tri truyin thong cua Nga hien nay dang day sdng, vd dUdc ddt len hdng ddu, diiu ndy dang khien cho phUOng Tdy khd chiu. Co thi thdy, phUOng Tdy cung cd cdc gid tri truyin thd'ng ddc triing, viec tU chdi chdng se ddn den tinh trgng rdi ren trong qud trinh qud dp len hien dgi. Vdo the'ky XVIII, dudi thdi Peter Dgi de, Nga dd bdt ddu con dUdng hien dgi hda, sau do cdc giai
dogn phdt trien tiep theo dd bdi bo che'do nong nd, co nhiing thay ddi phu hop vdi cdc cudc cdi cdch trong niia sau the'ky XIX, roi thiic hiin cdch mgng tU sdn vd cdch mgng XHCN, tien lin cdng nghiep hda, ddm bdo chien thang chu nghla phdt xit, ddm bdo ddn chu, bUdc vdo con dudng phdt trien TBCN trong theky XX-XXI. Hai the ky rudi nUdc Nga d trong qud trinh hien dgi hoa, vd nhiiu gid tri cua no da trd nen hien dgi. Viec thu hep phgm vi cua khdi niem chdu Au trong khuon khd EU dd bi chl trich. Cd hai nin vdn hda chinh tri • Nga vd phuang Tdy • diu chda dUng cdc gid tri chung, nhiing cd nhQng Uu tien khac nhau. Viec phdi hop thdo lugn nghiim tuc cd the dem tdi nhiing bUdc tien, cd khd ndng bdo ve trUdc nhiing thay ddi kkdng the ddo ngUgc.
Tfl k h d a : Van hda cbinb tri, T r a t tU the gidi, Ddl thoai, Ldi ich qudc gia, Dan chu, Nga, PbUdng Tay, Ukraine, Hoa Ky, Chau Au
Cdc gia Irj huyin thing vd hien dai
Tdng tbd'ng Nga t a p trung vao cac gia tri t r u y i n thd'ng cua Nga va phd phan hang loat cac gia tri cua phUdng Tay - d i l u nay khdng tao dUdc nhieu sU tin cay tfl phia chau Au cflng nhU Barack Obama. D i l u nay cung khid'n Legvold ra't lo l i n g . C i n luu y r i n g , cac nudc phUdng Tay, bao gdm ca Hoa Ky va cac nUdc chau Au da di mdt chang dUdng dai phat trien theo cac md hinh thfl nha't (tu p b a t - the ky XIX) va thfl hai (cd to chflc - the' ky XX). Trong bai t h i ky qua, hp da tidn tdi cac gia tri cua xa hdi bidn dai. NbUng khdng t h e tim dUdc mdt da't nudc ma d dd cd the pha vd hoan toan nhflng gia tri t r u y i n tbd'ng va thay the' chflng b i n g toan bd cac gia tri bidn dai. Cac gia tri truyen thd'ng dUdc lUu gifl trong ngdn ngfl, t h i n thoai, cic n i n van bda, dac diem tinb each cac dan tdc phUdng Tay, trong cac ma van bda cua hp. N h i l u gia tri hien dai cua phUdng Tay dUdc bdp nha't vdi mdt mdi trudng van hda dan tpc va cho phep d l dang p h a n bidt ngudi My vdi ngudi Tay Ban Nha, ngUdi Ha Lan vdi ngudi Bd Dao Nha... Cac gia tri t r u y i n thd'ng ddng vai trd quan trpng trong nbflng
khac bidt nay. Cac gia tri dUdc hinb t h a n h mot each tU nhidn theo ddng lich sfl, nbUng ngay nay d phUdng Tay dang thinh b a n h cac y tudng kid'n tao, hidn hflu trUdc va bdn ngoai cac be thd'ng gia tri da cd, va dUdc ap dung bdi cac each khac nhau, dUdc nudi dUdng khdng chi bdi sU kid'n tao, ma cdn bdi cbu ngbia t u do - t u do kbdng gidi ban, ba't cha'p mong mud'n cua da sd' mpi ngUdi.
Nga da t r a i qua chang dudng hdn mpt ngan nam hinh t h a n h cac gia tri truydn tbd'ng va ban sac dan tdc. Su lUa chpn cac gia tri quan trpng trong so dd khdng chi do lich sfl, ma kem theo dd la su k i l n tao (boac it nha't la ndn di kdm).
Vide bao ve cac gia tri truyen tbd'ng dua t r e n quan d i l m r i n g , vai trd cua chflng cd the hi su vd chinh pbu la'n at, va chung la n i n mdng de dat dUdc cac gia tri bidn dai. Hien dai bda d Nga dUdc cbinb thflc cdng bd' b i n g mdt chUdng trinh phat trien. Dang tide, nd lai dUde coi n h u mdt chUdng t r i n h kinh td'-ky thuat, k h a quan hdn thi cflng chi nbU mdt chUdng t r i n h chinh tri. Hidn dai hda khdng ndn b i n g long vdi mdt chUdng t r i n h t b u hep nhU vay. Muc tidu cudi cflng cua nd la mdt xa bdi hidn dai,
50 Thdng ttn Khoa hoc xa hdi. sd 9.2015 con ngUdi hidn dai vdi cac gia tri bien
dai dupc k i l n tao bdi xa hdi va bdi truyen thd'ng cua long tU trong, sU tU tin vao tUdng lai, vao quan diem sd'ng tich cUc, t u a n t h u cac luat chdi, cho phep mdi ngUdi lap ke' hoacb cbo cudc sd'ng cua minh, cd niem tin thay vi ma't niem tin, sil ca tin va me tin di doan.
Cac gia tri t r u y i n thd'ng cua xa bpi Nga - n i i m t u hao vi cac cbid'n cdng trong lao dpng va chidn da'u, tinb t h i n ai qud'c, cung n h u tinb yeu da't nUdc - ngay nay dupc kd't hdp vdi ban s i c dan tpc, gia tri hpp ly, su minh bach, va cac gia tri khac dUdc the bidn trong van hpe, am nhac, hpi boa, kich. Dd la nbflng thfl ra't quan trpng cbo su hinh t h a n b cac gia tri hien dai cua Nga, dung tbeo cacb nhu ddl vdi phUdng Tay bien dai. C i n mpt l l n nfla tap t r u n g chfl y dd'n vai trd ngay cang tang cua cac gia tri t r u y i n thd'ng cua pbUdng Tay, va thuc td' la d n h i l u nfldc chung khdng bao gid mat di. De bao ve cac gia tri truydn tbd'ng, dieu quan trpng la c i n tach r a khdi cUc "Nga phUdng Tay" va lam ro nhflng thieu sdt cua pbUdng Tay, nhu su pban bpi cua nd vdi cac gia tri t r u y i n thd'ng va cac gia tri dupe hinh t h a n h trong qua t r i n b phat tridn trUdc dd, cung nbU sU ma't niem tin vao kba nang Nga va cac nUdc khdng thupc phUdng Tay kbac cd the tdn tai vdi cac gia tri bidn dai. Va d i l u nay xay r a sau bdn 200 nam bidn dai hda cua Nga! Do vay, k h a n g dinh cac gia tri t r u y i n thd'ng d Nga khdng pbai de pbu dinb cac gia tri hidn dai, ma de thd hidn cdi re vflng c h i c cua chflng va pbe phan su vd cbinb phu, lanh dam.
Va'n d l v l cac gia tri t r u y i n tbd'ng va hien dai dUdc dat r a trdn ban nghi sU ca d Nga l l n cac nUdc kbac. Tuy nhidn, bien nay b Nga nd dUpc dUa r a trong
dieu kien ed sU bien didn chUdng t r i n h hidn dai hda va cac gia tri cua no. Ly luan hidn dai bda bd qua ban cha't cua su hidn dai hda, ddi boi thay ddi cac gia tri cua mpt quoc gia dang hidn dai bda sang cac gia tri phUdng Tay. Phd bien trong the gidi da dang cua the ky XX, ngay ca sU hien dai hda cung dUdc bao pbu bdi nhflng dac trUng van hda cua cac nUdc ndi m a nd hidn didn. Trong md binh thfl ba eua thd' ky XXI, ma chflng toi d l cap dd'n nhU mpt "thdi dgi mdi" b cac nudc khdng thudc pbUdng Tay (Fedotova, Kolpakov, Fedotova 2008, tr.536-598), v a n hda va cac gia tri truyen thd'ng trd t h a n h t i l n de cho hidn dai bda, chfl khdng pbai la nhflng thfl c i n pbai loai bd. Vi du, sfl cham chi cua ngudi Trung Qud'c, sU kien cUdng cua ngudi Nga... Cac n h a nghien cflu ngudi Hoa K^
L. Harrison va Huntington da the hidn dilu nay bang cdng thflc "van hda cd y nghla" (Vdn hda co y nghia..., 2002).
Uliraine
Ukraine la mpt trong nhflng qud'c gia b a t d i u xay dung qud'c gia ddc lap sau sU sup dd cua Lidn Xd. Kbi Italia binb t h a n b quoc gia, mpt ngudi ung hd Mazzini cho bid't: "Chung tdi da t^o ra Italia va bay gid cbung tdi se tao ra nbflng ngUdi Italia". O Ukraine ngUdi ta ndi ngUdc lai: "Chung tdi da tao r a qud'c gia Ukraine, va bay gid chflng tdi se quet sach nbflng ngUdi kbdng phai ngudi Ukraine ra khdi dat nude nay".
Tu tfldng -du. tien s i c tdc Ukraine cho qud'c gia Ukraine qua cac thdi kj' Hch sfl khac n h a u cd the la cd cd sd. NhUng vdi sU hinb t h a n b qudc gia Ukraine sau khi Lien Xd tan ra, viec tao r a nbflng ngUdi Ukraine - nhflng cdng dan Ukraine tfl ta't ca cac s i c tdc bidn nay, le ra pbai la
51 quyet dinh tdt nha't. Do vay, viec tfl chdi
dfl dinh t h a n h lap Lidn bang Ukraine va duy tri hai ngdn ngfl qud'c gia da trd t h a n b t h a m kich.
Nha khoa hoc d i u tidn canh bao v l kba nang dd vd cua Ukraine tbeo r a n b gidi cua mdt trong so' cac s i c tdc - r a n h gidi khu VUc Ao-Hung trong qua khfl - la S. Huntington. Ong thUdng bi cbi trich vi da bd qua cae xung dot m a kbdng cd cd sd xac dang, r i n g day la "du bao tu bidn minh", d i n tdi sU gia t a n g cac vdt r a n nflt nhd trong quan bd, trd t h a n h xung dot Idn cua xa hdi van minh. Tren thUc td', Huntington, ngudi dflng d i u Trung tam dU bao tUdng lai cua trudng Dai hoc Havard, da cd g i n g du bao sU xua't bien cua xung dot de canh bao nhflng nguy hiem cua chflng.
Quan didm "Su va cham cua cac ndn van minh" da cd tfl thdi nha sfl hpe ngudi Anh A. Toynbee, nbUng dng khdng dat r a su nghi va'n va cflng khong cho r i n g nhflng xung dot nay a n h hudng thfldng xuyen den so' phan cua cac nen van minh. Khac vdi Toynbee, Huntington da dU doan sU gia tang vai trd cua cac cupc xung dot, trong nbflng giai doan nha't dinb, sau thdi ky Chidn tranh Lanh. Ly do b chd, xung dot toan dien trUdc day gifla cac be tbd'ng xa bdi (TBCN va XHCN) gid da khdng cdn y nghia, va nbflng ngUdi da sd'ng mdt thdi gian dai trong cac xung dot nay da tranh ne cae n h a sfl bpc, nbflng ngUdi coi cac nhdm dan tdc cflng gd'c vdi nhau la nbflng n i n van minh. Huntington coi Ukraine la nen van minh thudc nhdm Chinh thd'ng giao phUdng Ddng, vach ra tren ban dd r a n b gidi su ddl lap va sU chia re cd the cd cua nd vdi bd phan Cd ddc giao phuong Tay. L l n d i u tien, tam ban dd du bao sU chia re cua Ukraine,
tUdng t u n h u t i n h hud'ng dang didn ra hien nay, dUdc dng gidi thidu trong bai viit xua't b a n n a m 1993 trdn tap chl Foreign Affairs (Huntington, 1993, tr.22-49), va sau dd trong mdt tap san chuyen khao "Su va cham va cai td lai t r a t t u t b i gidi" (Huntington, 1996, tr.l66), dupe xua't b a n b i n g tieng Nga (sau khi da ma't di su nghi va'n, vd'n da tiing cd y nghia vdi Huntington) (Huntington, 2005, tr.256), va b i n g mpt loat eac tbfl tieng khac nfla. Tuy nhien, dng da bi chi trich vi kich ddng chia re, dac bidt la nhflng ngUdi cbUa bao gid dpe nd, su thid'u b i l u bid't cua bp la mpt trong nhflng ly do k h i l n Huntington kbdng nghe theo, va ngudi ta chi b i t d i u ndi ve su chia re cua Ukraine khi nd da xay ra.
Trong nhflng nam g i n day, Ukraine bi g i l n g xe bdi cudc t r a n b cai v l viec lieu nd cd mot b a n s i c chung, nhU Huntington gpi la "y thflc ban than" bay kbdng. Cau hdi nay cd nbflng cau tra ldi kbac nhau: 1) cd hoac cd xu bUdng cd n h u la mpt quoc gia dang tao lap; 2) cd va ludn ludn cd dUa tren cd sd dan toe Ukraine, chid'm da sd' dan so'; 3) khdng cd. Lam thd' nao de khdng cd ("mpt da't nUdc c h i p va", mpt nUdc "Ba Lan" va nUde "Ukraine kieu Nga", "hai hoac ba nude Ukraine", sU bid'n ddi tfl mpt nUdc cd hdi budng kieu Nga t h a n h Ukraine...)? Cd the doc dilu nay trong bai viet cua cac n h a nghidn cflu Ukraine (Pogrebinsky, Popov, Tolpygo, 2013, tr.237-281). Cac tae gia cung nbu cbung tdi dang dflng b quan diem d i u tien. Hp cung giai thich ly do tai sao cac ldi ich cua s i c tdc Ukraine lai chiem Uu the trUdc cac y tudng v l ban s i c dan tdc cua cac cdng dan da't nUdc Ukraine. Ddng vai trd quan trpng nba't trong va'n d l
52 Thdng Hn Khoa hoc x a h d i . sd S.aoio nay la nbflng bdi flc trudc day v l ydu
sacb cua khu vuc phia Tay Ukraine - Galicia, nhflng ydu sacb dUdc bdi sinh ba't cha'p cac y tudng xay dung Ukraine nhu mpt qud'c gia da sac tpc. Theo quan diem cua bp, Galicia tfl lau da coi minh la Piemont - ngfldi da thd'ng nba't nfldc Italia vao nhflng nam 1860-1870 bang each sap n b a p ta't ca cae vflng da't vao dd' che' d m quyln Savoy. "Ddl vdi tinh hinb cua cbung tdi, d i l u nay cd nghia rang, nbflng ngudi Ukraine nen cba'p nhan tbUc h a n h van hda va tam linh cua Galicia, nhU la cua cbinb Ukraine.
Cd ngbia la, chung ta dang cd hidn tUdng ddl lap vdi cbu ngbia khu vUc cd dien, thudng dUdc bieu hidn qua sU bam mud'n lanh tbd, q u y l n tU cbu va ban s i c trong khu vUc cua minh, ma khong md rpng nd ra k h I p ca nUdc" (Pogrebinsky, Popov, Tolpygo, 2013, tr.239).
Chu ngbia dan tdc d Galicia dUdc dap lai d vflng Ddng Nam - la mpt cbu the xay dung n h a nUdc Ukraine. N i n kinb te' Ukraine da tiftig va dang b trong tinb t r a n g tdi te. Nbdm dan cu ngUdi Nga hudng v l phia Nga, hUdng v l Lien minh Hai quan, trong khi p h l n Idn dan so' Ukraine, dac bidt la khu vUc phia Tay, cd' g i n g gia nhap EU vi cac ly do kinb te. Bdi canh trUng c l u dan y lap di lap lai, Ukraine tach ra kbdi Nga thdi k^
bau cdng san. Mpt ngUdi phu nfl Idn tuoi, cuu chie'n binb Stalingrad, ndi vdi tdi r i n g , khi dd ba da bd phieu cbo viec ly khai khdi Nga, "bdi vi bp da ndi vdi chung tdi rang rdi day chung ta se sdng nhu b P h l n Lan". Nhflng ao tudng nay, ngay bay gid, cung dang cbia re n b i l u ngudi dan Ukraine trong cudc ndi chien hudng ve phUdng Tay. Dilu nay dUdc sU ung bd cua cac cdng ddng ngudi Ukraine b phUdng Tay, nhflng ngudi da r a di tfl
Lien Xd, Nga trong cac thdi diem khac nhau va mang nhiJng h i n b a n h tieu cue v l Nga, mdt p h l n la chan tbUc dUa tren vide nbin n h a n nudc Nga cua ngay hdm nay vdi Lien Xd, bay nhflng kbd khan kinb te' nbflng nam 1990, mot p h l n do quan diem cua nhflng ngUdi khdng ung hp trUdc kia va hien nay v i n chUa s i n sang thay ddi quan dilm cua minh.
Ukraine da cd cd hpi dd trd t h a n b mdt n h a nUdc lidn bang, trao quyln eho cac s i c tdc va ddng thdi dUa hp vao cdng cupc xay dung mpt qud'c gia dan tpc va ban sic dan tdc. Cd bpi nay cd dUdc tstn dung hay khdng p h u thudc p h l n Idn vao vi tri cua phUdng Tay.
Ell vi chau Au
Cac sU kidn d Ukraine hi khua'y dao tren con dudng lUa chpn hUdng v l phia Nga hay ve phia chau Au. O day Nga ddl lap vdi chau Au, cdn cbau Au ddng nha't vdi EU, vdi k h a t vpng budng tdi cupc sd'ng t u do va t b i n h vUdng bdn. Mpt so' lUdng dang ke cac n h a xay dUng phia Tay U k r a i n e (nhflng ngUdi ra't cd trinb dp) da kiem tien d chinh nUdc Nga. Va y tudng ddng nha't EU vdi chau Au la mdt cai b i y , bdi EU khdng phai la chau Au, ma la mpt td cbflc tbudc v l cbau Au, trong giai doan k h u n g boang kinb t l chinh nd da gay khd k h a n cho Bd Dao Nha, Ireland, Italia, Hy Lap, Tay Ban Nha, nbflng nUdc ma da bi eae dai dien cbinb tri cua EU gpi cheeh di la "nbflng con Idn b a n cua cbau Au" (PIIGS, cd the d l dang doan r a mdt cbut bdp meo tfl
"Ipn" trong tid'ng Anb). Cbua ndi de'n cac nUdo Ddng Au trong EU, sd p b a n cua cac nUdc nay cdn tbd t h a m hdn nhieu.
Trdn thUc t l EU chi la mot he thd'ng, nhUng EU Iai ed nguyen vpng ddng nba't vdi cbau Au ma khdng tinh
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Thdng hn Khoa hoc xa hdi. sd 9.2015 didm khdng thdng nha't, hay cac khai
niem cdng khai ve Idi ich qudc gia, ban sac cbau Au, sU kbac biet trong kien giai ve dan cbu, cac gia tri t r u y i n thd'ng, tinh budng d Ukraine va vai trd cua EU la khdng ddng nba't vdi chau Au a T A I LIEU THAM KHAO
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International Journal of Culture Research, Nn(14).
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Cach mang Van hda, Moscow.
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