NHA NUiflC VA PHAP LUAT
SU PHO HOP CUA CHAP I\IHAN DE NGH| GIAO KE'T HOP DONG VOl DE NGHI GIAO KET HOP DONG TQ CACH TIEP CAN SO SANH
VA M O T S 6 KIE'N N G H I SOfA DOI BO LUAT DAN SU 2015
H6 Ngoc Hien*
* TS. Khoa Luat. Hoc vien Khoa hoc xa hoi.
Thong tin b^i viet:
Tic khda. de nghi giao ket hcrp dons;
chap nhan de nghi giao ket; nguyen tac
"hinh anh phan chieu"; de nghi giao ket hop dong moi.
Lich sir bdi Viet- Nhan bai • 18/02/2019 Bien tap .08/03/2019 Duyetbai : 15/03/2019
Article Infomation:
Keywords: contract offer; acceptance of contract offer; the mirror image rule;
counter- offer;
Article History.
Received : 18 Feb. 2019 Edited ; 08 Mar. 2019 Approved : 15 Mar. 2019
T o m tat:
Chap nhan de nghi giao ket hop dong la su dong y toan bO d6i vai de nghi giao ket hgp dong hay chap nhan de nghi giao ket hgfp dSng CO cac sua doi, bo sung so ven de nghi giao Icet hc«p dong dang la hai xu huong ap dung trong thuc hien phap luat ve hpp dong. Ttr thyc tien phap luat quoc te, bat viet dua ra cac kien nghi sua doi B6 luSt Dan s\r nam 2015 cua Vi6t Nam.
Abstract
Two existing approaches towards qualifying a valid acceptance in contract law are whether such acceptance must exactly correspond with the contract contamed m the offer or it can partly amend, supplement such offer. Based on international law practices, recommendations for amendments of the Civil Code of 2015 are also made in this article.
Dan nhap
Tren co scr nguyen tac tu do hop dong, khi nhan duoc de nghi giao ket hop dong (offer), ben duoc de nghi giao ket c6 quyen chap nhan de nghi giao ket hgp dong hoac khong chap nhan de nghi do. Chap nhan de nghi giao ket hgp dong (acceptance) bieu thi sir dong y cua ben dugc de nghi doi voi de nghi giao ket hgp dong, do do, chap nhan de nghi giao ket hgp dong phai phii hgp voi de
nghi giao ket hgp dong.
Van de dat ra la sir phii hgp do co phai la sudong y toan bg va vo dieu kien doi voi de nghi giao ket hgp dong hay khong?
Tra loi cau hoi nay se dan toi hai each tiep can khac nhau ve chap nhan de nghi giao ket hgp dong: 1) chap nhan de nghi giao ket hop dong phai la su dong y todn bd doi voi de nghi giao ket hop dong; 2) chap nhan de nghi giao ket hgp dong co the chua dimg cac sua doi, bo sung khong Iam thay doi co ban cac ngi dung cua de nghi giao ket hgp dong.
WCUU I S65(381)T3/2019 \ LAP P H A P '
NHA NtfOtC VA PHAP LUAT
1. Ch^p nhan dl nghi piao k ^ hop dong la SIT dons j toan bo d6i voi ih nghi giao k^t hop dong
Theo dinh nghia ciia Bg Tu dien luat hgc Black's Law Dictionary; "Ch4p nhan de nghi giao k^ hgp d6ng dugc hieu la sir dong y cua ben dugc dh nghi doi vol cac dieu khoan cua dh nghi giao k6t hgp d6ng cua ben dS nghi, mot each ro rang hoac ngam dinh bIng hanh vi, theo hinh thiic dugc thira nhan hoac theo yeu cau ciia ben de nghi, theo do hgp ddng dugc xac lap va rang buoc cac ben. Neu mot chap nhan de nghi giao ket hgp d6ng co sua d6i cac dieu khoan hoac bo sung cac dieu khoan moi, no thuong la mot di nghi giao ket hgp dong moi"'.
Theo dinh nghia nay, \h ban chit, chap nhan dl nghi giao k6t hgp d6ng la sir d6ng y cua ben dugc de nghi doi voi de nghi giao kk hgp ddng. Vk hinh thuc, chap nhan de nghi giao ket hgp dong co the duoi hinh thiic ro rang (bSng van ban hoac bang loi noi) hoac bang hanh vi cu the trong nhimg trudng hgp nhat dinh. Ve noi dung, chap nhan dk nghi giao ket hgp dong phai phu hgp vdi dh nghi giao k8t hgp dong. Mot thong bao chap nhan de nghi giao ket hgp dong co chiia dung nhung sira doi, bo sung so voi de nghi giao ket hgp dong thucmg khong dugc coi la ch4p nhan ma la mot de nghi moi. Day ciang la nhan thirc dugc thira nhan boi nhieu cong trinh khoa hgc ve luat hgp dong cung nhu dugc ghi nhan tai nhieu dao luat cua cac nuoc, cac cong udc va van kien co tinh quoc tk \h hgp dong^.
Phap luat ve hgp dong ciia nhieu quoc gia quy dinh chap nhan de nghi giao ket hop
dfing phai la sir dong y todn bp doi vdi de nghi giao k6t hgp ddng. Mot bidu thi tra loi chip nhan dh nghi nhung chiia dutig bat ky su siia ddi, bd sung nao so vdi de nghj giao kit hgp ddng dugc coi la tir ehdi va cau thanh mdt de nghi mdi.
Theo phap luat cua Anh ya Hoa Ky, chap nhan de nghi giao kit hgp ddng "la bieu thi sir ddng y ddi vdi cac dieu khoan theo de nghi ciia ben dl nghi giao ket hgp ddng"^ la
"sir bilu thi ddng y diit khoat ya vd dieu kien ddi vdi dl nghi giao ket hgp ddng'"*.
Md hinh nay ve chap nhan giao ket hgp dong dugc ggi la quy tac "hinh anh phan chieu" (the mirror image rule) ddi vdi thidt lap hgp ddng. Theo do, nlu ben dugc dl nghi chip nhan toan bg dieu khoan cua de nghi giao kit hgp ddng, hgp ddng se dugc giao kit; nlu ben dugc de nghi khdng chap nhan tit ca cac dieu khoan dugc de xuat, de nghi giao kit bi tir ehdi; neu ben dugc de nghi khdng tir choi toan bd cac dieu khoan, nhimg cd de nghi mdt sd thay ddi cac dieu khoan do, kit qua la mdt de nghi mdi dugc thilt lap^ Quy tic "hinh anh phan chieu"
dugc tdm tit bdi Toa an tdi cao cua bang Minnesota trong vu Langellie v. Shaefer, 36 Minn. 361, 363 (1887): "Mdt dl nghi giao ket hop dong bdi ben de nghi ddi vdi ben dugc de nghi khdng rang budc nghia vu doi vdi ben de nghi, trir khi nd dugc chap nhan bdi ben dugc de nghi theo cac dieu khoan cua de nghi giao ket hgp ddng. Bat ky sua ddi nao so vdi cac dieu khoan dd se lam de nghi giao ket mat hieu luc (...). Se khdng co thda thuan, ngoai trir trudng hgp cd cau tra ldi chap nhan don gian doi vdi de nghi giao
Bryan A. Gamer (editor in chief) Black's Law Dictionary, 9th edition, p. 13
Xem BLDS CHLB Nga: Dilu 438; Luat Hop d6ng Trung Qu6c. Dilu 21,22,30, Bg nguyen t5c Chau Au \k luat hop ddng: Dieu 2-204; Cong iroc Vien 1980 v^ hop d6ng mua ban hang h6a qu6c tk: Dilu 18 (1), 19; Bo nguyen tac cua UNIDROIT vS hop ddng thuong mai qu6c 16,2016: Di6u2.1.6 (1)
(§50 (1), Restatement of Law, contract, second, (American Law Institute)
Ewan McKendrick, Contract Law-Text, Cases and Materials, fifth edition, Oxford University Press, 2012, p. 80-85; Jan M. Smits, Contract Law - A Comparative Introduction, Edward Elgar, 2014, p. 55
John Swan, Barry J. Reiter, Nicholas C Bala, Contracts- Cases, Notes &MateriaIs 7th Edition, LexisNexls Butterworths, 2006, p. 415-418.
I NGHICN Cini . I L A P P H A P ^ S65(381)T3/2019
NHA NlTdC VA PHAP LUAT ket hgp ddng ma khdng kem bat ky dieu
khoan mdi nao"*.
Ddi vdi he thdng phap luat Chau Au luc dia va cac nude chiu anh hudng cua he thdng phap luat nay, nguyen tac nay dugc quy dinh tai hau het cac dao luat trong do chu yeu la cac bg luat dan su.
Bd luat Dan su (BLDS) Cong hoa Lien bang Diic khdng dua ra khai niem ve chap nhan de nghi giao kit hgp ddng, tuy nhien, nguyen tac nay dugc khang dinh t^i khoan 2 Dieu 150: "mot chap nhan de nghi giao ket hgp ddng kem theo nhiing md rdng, gidi han hoac cac thay ddi khac dugc coi la tir choi de nghi giao ket hgp dong va cau thanh mdt de nghi mdi"^.
BLDS cua Phap trudc day khdng dua ra khai niem ve chap nhan de nghi giao ket hgp ddng (ciing nhu khdng dua ra khai niem de nghi giao kSt hgp ddng). Quy dinh ve chap nhan de nghi giao ket hgp ddng dugc phat trien bdi an le. Tuy nhien, trong lan sira ddi BLDS nam 2016, cac nha lam luat Phap da dua ra khai niem ve de nghi giao ket hgp dong va chap nhan de nghi giao ket hgp ddng tai cac Dieu L.1113 den L.112F.
Theo do, "chap nhan de nghi giao ket hgp ddng la su bieu Id y chi cua ben iLhan dugc ldi de nghi giao ket, nham rang budc vdi cac dieu kien ciia ldi de nghi [...]. Ldi chap nhan khdng trung khdp vdi ldi de nghi se khdng cd hieu luc, va tao thanh ldi de nghi mdi (Dilu L.I 118).
Phap luat cua Cdng hda Lien bang Nga ghi nhan nguyen tac nay tai khoan 1, Dilu 438 BLDS: "Chap nhan de nghi giao
kit hgp ddng la su tra ldi ciia ben dugc de nghi giao ket hgp ddng ve viec de nghi giao ket hgp ddng dugc chap nhan. Chap nhan de nghi giao ket hgp ddng la chap nhan toan bg va vd dieu kien"^.
Nhu vay, theo each tiep can truyen thdng dugc thua nhan rdng rai, chap nhan de nghi giao ket hgp ddng phai phii hgp hoan toan vdi de nghi giao ket hgp ddng. Mot bieu thi ddng y vdi de nghi giao ket hgp ddng nhung cd kem theo cac sua ddi, bd sung so vdi de nghi giao ket hgp ddng dugc coi la tii choi va cau thanh de nghi mdi. Cach tiep can nay hudng den bao dam cao nhat su thdng nhat y chi giiia cac chu the ciia hgp ddng.
2. Chap nhan de nghi giao ket hgrp dong CO cac sva doi, bd sung so vdi de nghi giao ket hop dong
Xuat phat tir thuc tien, dac biet la thuc tien kinh doanh thuong mai, mot sd BLDS va van kien qudc te ve luat hgp ddng dugc xay dung vao giai doan sau nay cd each tilp can khac biet'". Theo do, mac du van quy dinh ve nguyen tic, chap nhan de nghi giao ket hgp ddng phai phii hgp vdi cac dieu khoan ciia de nghi giao ket hgp ddng, tuy nhien, trong trudng hgp mot bieu thi tra ldi ddng y kem theo nhiing dieu khoan sua ddi, bd sung so vdi de nghi giao ket hgp ddng, vdi mot sd dieu kien nhat dinh, se la mdt chap nhan de nghi giao ket hgp ddng.
Trong Ludt NghTa vu ciia Thuy ST , Dilu 2 quy dinh": 1) Neu cac b6n thdng nhat vdi nhau vl tit ca cac diem co ban, hgp ddng xem nhu dugc ky ket, ngay ca khi mdt sd diem khdng co ban dugc bao luu; 2) Trong
6 Randy E Bamett, Contract-Cases and Doctrine, 4th Edition, Aspen Publishers, 2008, p. 335 7 https://wwwgesetze-im-interTiet.de/englisch_bgb/engiisch_bgb.html#p0450
8 BLDS Phap (siia doi, bo sung nam 2016). Xem: https'//www legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCode dojsessionid=F- 91C5A9708700430F947084747696538.tplgfr27s_3?idSectionTA-LEGISCTA000032007103&cidTexte=LEGITEX- T000006070721&dateTexte=20181231
9 BLDS Cpng hoa Lien bang Nga, xem' http://www,mssian-civil-code com/PartI/Sectionni/Subsection2/Chapter28 html 10 Alonso-P^rez Maria-Teresa. Contre-offire versus acceptation modifiee In' Revue Internationale de droit compare. Vol
66 N-l, 2014.tr. 57,
1 i Luat NghTa vu Thuy ST nSm 1911, xem: https://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/l 9110009/1 ndex.html, truy cap ng^y 12/12/2018.
, NGHICN cini I c S65(361)T3/2019 V L A P P H A P ' V
NHA Nlf6c VA PHAP LUAT trudng hgp khdng cd sir thdng nhit giira cac ben ve cac dilm khdng co ban, tham phan phan quylt vl cac diem nay can cii vao ban chit ciia vu viec.
Trong BLDS cua Hd Lan, khoan 1 va 2 Dilu 6:225 quy dinh: (1) Mdt chip nhan de nghi giao kit hop ddng cd chiia dung nhimg dilu khoan siia doi, bd sung, la mdt de nghi giao ket hgp ddng mdi va la mot tir ehdi doi vdi dl nghi ban dau; (2) Trudtig hgp mdt cau tra ldi vdi y dinh chap nhan dl nghi giao ket hgp ddng cd chiia nhirng sira ddi, bd sung vl nhiing dilu khoan khdng quan trgng ciia de nghi giao kit hgp ddng, tra ldi d6 la mdt chip nhan dl nghi giao ket hgp ddng cd hieu luc va hgp ddng dugc xac lap vdi cac dieu khoan ciia chip nhlln de nghi giao ket hgp ddng, tni khi ben de nghi phan ddi ngay lap tire nhiing dieu khoan sira ddi, bd sung dd.
Theo Ludt Hap ddng cua Trung Qudc ndm 1999, ngi dung ciia chap nhan de nghi giao kit hgp ddng phai phu hgp vdi ndi dung cua de nghi giao ket hgp ddng. Neu ben dugc de nghi de xuat cac thay ddi co ban ddi vdi ngi dung, chap nhan nay se trd thanh mdt de nghi giao ket hgp ddng mdi.
O Hoa Ky, quy tic "hinh anh phan chilu" dugc thira nhan rdng rai, tuy nhien, Dieu 2-207 Bd luat Thuong mai thdng nhat (UCC) ap dung cho hgp ddng mua ban hang hda da thay ddi quy tic nay'^, theo dd:
(1) Mot su bieu thi chap nhan de nghi giao ket hgp ddng hgp ly va xac dinh hoac mdt xac nhan bang van ban dugc giri trong mdt thdi ban hgp ly, dugc coi la chap nhan de nghi giao ket hgp ddng ngay ca khi nd chiira dung cac dieu khoan bd sung hoac khac biet so vdi cac dieu khoan cua de nghi giao ket hop dong, ngoai trii trudng hgp chap nhan de nghi giao ket hgp ddng the hien ro dilu kien ben de nghi ddng y vdi cac di§u khoan bd sung hoac khac biet do.
(2) Dieu khoan bd sung dugc hiiu la
de xuat bd sung ddi vdi hgp ddng. Giiia cac thucmg nhan, cac dilu Idioan bd sung dd trd thanh ndi dung cua hgp ddng trir khi:
(a) Bh nghi giao kit hgp dong xac dinh gidi hjin cua chap nhan de nghi giao ket hgp ddng ddi vdi de nghi giao ket hgp ddng;
(b) Cac dilu khoan bd sung dd thay ddi CO ban ngi dung ctia de nghi giao k8t hgp ddng;
(c) Thdng bao phan ddi cac dieu khoan bd sung nay da dugc giri trong mdt thdi han hgp ly sau khi ben de nghi nhan dugc thong bao ve dieu khoan bd sung.
(3) Hanh vi cua hai ben thira nhan hgp ddng la du dl thiet lap hgp ddng dii cac van ban cua cac ben khdng the hien hgp ddng da dugc xac lap. Trong trudng hgp do, cac dieu khoan cu thi cua hgp ddng se bao gdm cac dilu khoan ma cac ben da thda thuan bing van ban va cac dieu khoan bd sung theo cac quy dinh khac ciia Dao luat nay.
Bd nguyen tdc cua UNIDROIT ve hap ddng thucmg mai qudc te, phien ban nam 2016, tai Dieu 2.1.11. quy dinh:
(1) Mot phiic dap ddi vdi de nghi giao ket hgp ddng cd khuynh hudng chap nhan de nghi nhung chiia dung cac bd sung, gidi ban hoac cac sua ddi khac la tii ehdi de nghi giao ket hgp ddng va cau thanh mdt de nghi giao ket hgp ddng mdi (counter-offer);
(2) Tuy nhien, mdt phiic dap ddi vdi de nghj giao ket hgp ddng cd khuynh hudng chap nhan de nghi nhung chiia dung cac bd sung, gidi han hoac cac siia ddi khac ma khdng lam bien doi mot each co ban cac dieu khoan ciia de nghi giao ket hgp ddng se la mdt chap nhan de nghi giao ket hop ddng, ngoai trir trudng hgp ben dl nghi phan ddi mpt each khdng cham tre nhOng khac bi8t do. Neu ben de nghi khdng phan ddi, hgp ddng se bao gdm cac dieu khoan ciia de nghi giao ket hgp ddng va cac khac biet
12 John D. Calamri, Joseph M Perillo, The Law of Contract, 4th Edition, West Publishing Co, 1998, p 96-97
I NOHIEN CUU
6
1 NOHIEN CUU . I L A P P H A P - / S65(381)T3/2019trong chap nhan de nghi giao ket hgp ddng'^.
Theo Bd nguyen tdc Chdu Au ve ludt hop ddng^'', khoan 1 Dilu 2:204 quy dinh:
"Bat ky hinh thiic tuyen bd hoac hanh vi ciia ben dugc de nghi la mdt chap nhan de nghi giao ket hgp ddng neu nd bieu thi su ddng y ddi vdi de nghi giao ket hgp ddng".
Tuy nhien, Dilu 2:208 Bo nguyen tac Chau Au ve luat hgp ddng quy dinh ve chap nhan giao ket hgp ddng kem theo cac bd sung, sua ddi nhu sau:
(1) Mdt phuc dap ciia ben dugc de nghi giao ket hgp ddng chiia dung nhung dieu khoan khac biet hoac bd sung lam bien ddi mdt each co ban ndi dung cua de nghj giao ket hgp dong la mdt tir ehdi de nghi giao ket hgp ddng va trd thanh mot de nghi giao ket mdi;
(2) Mdt phuc dap the hien sir ddng y ro rang ddi vdi de nghi giao ket hgp ddng dugc coi la chap nhan de nghi giao ket hgp ddng ngay ca khi no the hien rd hoac ngu y nhung dieu khoan khac biet hoac bd sung, mien la khdng lam thay ddi mot each co ban cac dilu khoan ciia de nghi giao ket hgp ddng. Cac dieu khoan khac biet hoac bd sung dd se trd thanh ndi dung cua hgp ddng.
(3) Mot chap nhan de nghi giao ket hgp ddng cd cac bd sung hoac khac biet nhu vay se la mdt tir choi de nghi giao ket hgp dong neu:
(a) D I nghi giao ket hgp ddng xac dinh gidi han ro rang cho viec chap nhan de nghi; hoac
(b) Ben de nghi phan ddi ngay lap tiic cac dieu khomi bd sung hoac khac biet do; hoac
(c) Ben dugc dl nghi thi hien trong chap nhan de nghi dieu kien can cd su ddng y ciia ben dl nghj ddi vdi nhiing dieu khoan khac biet hoac bd sung so vdi de nghi giao kit hgp ddng va su ddng y do khdng den
NHA NlfOtC VA PHAP LUAT ben dugc dl nghi frong mot khoang thdi gian hgp ly.
Tuy nhien, Uy ban Luat hgp ddng Chau Au thira nhan quy dinh nay khdng phan anh phap luat hien hanh cua nhieu nude Chau Au "hau het cac he thdng phap luat (ciia cac qudc gia Chau Au) khdng cd cac quy dinh phu hgp vdi Dilu 2: 208 (2) va (3). Nhilu qudc gia cho ring (...) nhiing siia ddi dii khdng co ban trong tra ldi ciia ben dugc dl nghi se lam cho hgp ddng khdng dugc xac lap...'^.
Nhu vay, thdng qua viec phan tich quy dinh phap luat cua mdt sd qudc gia va cua mdt sd van kien cd tinh qudc te, khu vuc vl hgp ddng neu tren, cd the thay, mdt xu hudng khac vl su phu hgp giua chap nhan dl nghi giao ket hgp ddng va de ngh; giao ket hgp ddng da dugc thira nhan, do la, chdp nhdn de nghi giao ket hap ddng, vdi mdt so dieu kien cu the, cd the chua dung nhung dieu khodn sua ddi, bd sung so vdi de nghi giao ket hap ddng.
Tuy nhien, nhiing khac biet giiia chap nhan de nghi giao ket hgp ddng va de nghi giao kit hgp ddng phai la khdng co ban, khdng lam thay ddi cac dieu khoan co ban cua dl nghi giao ket hgp ddng va ben de nghi khdng phan ddi ngay lap tiic (hoac trong mdt thdi ban hgp ly) nhiing sira ddi, bd sung dd.
Vay, nhung sua ddi, bd sung nao se lam thay ddi co ban ndi dung ciia de nghi giao ket hgp ddng? Phap luat ciia mdt sd nude va mdt sd van kien qudc te nhu Luat Hgp ddng Trung Qudc 1999 hoac Cdng udc Vien 1980 ve hgp ddng mua ban hang hda qudc te quy dinh ro nhung sira ddi, bd sung nao la thay ddi co ban. Ben canh dd, phap luat mot sd qudc gia va van kien vl hgp ddng khac lai chi quy dinh khai quat
13 https://www.unidroit.oiB/english/principles/contracts/principles20I6/principles2016-e.pdf (p. 50) 14 https.//www.jus.uio.no/lm/eu.contract.principles parts.l.to.3.2002/doc.html#l 19 15 Ole Lando & Hugh Beale, Principles of European Contract Law, Part I & II (eds.2000, at 180).
-LAP PHAPl
NHA Nir6C VA PHAP LUAT
mang tinh dinh tmh. Viec xac dinh nhiing dilu khoan sua ddi, bd sung dd cd iam thay ddi CO ban dl nghi giao kit hgp ddng hay khdng tiiy thugc vao timg vu viec cu the.
Dilu nay dugc thi hien trong binh luan cua Bd nguyen tic ciia UNIDROIT vl hgp ddng thuong mai qudc te. Theo dd, nhiing dieu khoan thay ddi mot each co ban dugc xac dinh tuy thudc hoan canh cu thi ciia timg vu viec. Nhung dieu khoan thay ddi ve gia ca hoac phuong thirc thanh toan, thdi gian va dia dilm thuc hien nghia vu phi tien te, pham vi trach nhiem, giai quyet tranh chap se thudng la cac thay ddi co ban ddi vdi de nghi giao ket hgp ddng. Mot yeu td dugc xem xet la nhiing dieu khoan thay ddi, bd sung do cd dugc su dung phd bien trong linh vuc thuong mai cd lien quan va do dd khdng gay bit ngd cho ben de nghi hay khdng"'.
Dii quy dinh cu the hay khai quat, each tiep can mdi ve sir phu hgp giiia chap nhan de nghi giao ket hgp ddng vdi de nghi giao ket hgp ddng, ben canh khang dinh nguyen tac chung, thira nhan ngoai le rang, vdi nhCng dieu kien nhat dinh, chap nhan de nghi giao ket hgp ddng cd the bao gdm nhiing dieu khoan khac biet vdi de nghj giao ket hgp ddng va hgp ddng dugc xac lap se bao gdm cac dieu khoan khac biet do, ngoai trir ben de nghi phan ddi ngay lap tiic. Cach tiep can nay the hien su linh hoat, mem deo trong thuc tien giao dich dan su va thuong mai, phan anh dugc y chi thuc cua cac ben mong mudn xac lap hgp ddng dii cd nhung khac biet khdng quan trgng so vdi y chi ban dau cua ben de nghi, ddng thdi thiic day viec giao ket hgp ddng dugc dien ra nhanh chdng.
Ben canh dd, ciing can luu y la, cac he thong phap luat da neu tren deu danh cho ben de nghi quyen tu quyet dinh ve viec hgp dong cd dugc xac lap hay khdng vdi cac siia ddi, bd sung do. Ben de nghi cd quyen phan ddi nhung dieu khoan sira ddi, bd sung nay
va do dd, hgp ddng khdng dugc xac lap. Tuy nhien, vdi xu hudng thiic diy cac hgp ddng dugc giao kit, quy dinh phap luat va mdt sd van kien ve hgp ddng neu tren deu tiep can theo hudng, ben dl nghi, nlu khdng ddng y thi phai phan ddi ngay lap tire cac dieu khoan sira ddi, bd sung do, neu khdng phan ddi ngay lap tire, hgp dong se dugc xac lap va cac dieu khoan nay se la ndi dung ciia hgp ddng.
3. Nhfrng gffi md cho phap luat hop ddng cua Viet Nam
Theo quy dinh cua phap luat Viet Nam, chip nhan de nghi giao ket hop ddng la su chip nhan ciia ben dugc dl nghi ddi vdi todn bp ngi dung ciia de nghi giao ket hgp ddng ma khdng cd bit ky ngoai le nao (Khoan 1 Dilu 293 BLDS nam 2015).
Tuy nhien, xu hudng hien nay dugc thi hi6n trong cac van kien phap ly qudc te vl hgp ddng la chap nhan de nghi giao ket hgp ddng cd the chiia dung cac ngi dung khac biet vdi dl nghi giao kit hgp ddng, vdi dilu kien day la nhung khac biet khdng mang tinh can ban so vdi ngi dung cua ldi de nghi giao kit. Trong bdi canh ViSt Nam^ da gia nhap Cdng udc Vien 1980 ve hgp ddng mua ban hang hda qudc te cilng nhu viec hgi nhap qudc te sau rdng hon, viec tiep nhan nhung xu hudng mdi trong ITnh vuc phap luat ve hgp ddng ciing can dugc can nhac.
Vi vay, chiing tdi cho rang, Viet Nam can can nhac sira doi quy dinh ciia BLDS nam 2015 ve chap nhan de nghi giao ket hgp ddng theo hudng tilp thu nhiing kirih nghiem ciia Luat Hgp ddng Trung Qudc nam 1999 va Cdng udc Vien 1980 vl hgp ddng mua ban hang hda qudc tl nhu da neu tren, theo hudng:
p7u nhdt, chap nhan dl nghi giao kit hgp ddng bieu thi sy ddng y ddi vdi dl nghi giao kit hgp_ ddng va phai phu hgp vdi dl nghi giao ket hgp ddng. Trudng hgp ben dugc dl nghi tra ldi chip nhan nhung co
16 https://vAvw.unidroit.org/enghsh/principles/contracts/principIes2016/pnociples2016-e,pdf (trang 50-51)
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kem theo cac ndi dung sira ddi, bd sung hay ban che lam thay ddi co ban de nghi giao ket hgp ddng dugc coi la tic choi va tao thanh mot de nghi giao kit hgp ddng mdi.
Thu hai, trudng hgp ben dugc de nghi tra ldi chap nhan dl nghi giao kit hgp ddng nhung cd kem theo cac sira ddi, bd sung hay han che nhung khdng lam thay ddi co ban de nghi giao ket hgp ddng dugc coi la chap nhan de nghi giao kit hgp ddng, trir khi ben de nghi giao ket hgp ddng phan ddi ngay lap tire cac sua ddi, bd sung hay han che do. Trudng hgp hgp ddng dugc xac lap, hgp ddng se bao gdm cac dieu khoan sira ddi, bd sung hay ban che dd.
Thu ba, cac siia ddi, bd sung hay han che ve muc dich hgp ddng, chat lugng, sd lugng, gia ca hoac tien cdng, thdi han thuc hien, dia diem va each thiic thuc hien, trach nhiem vi pham hgp ddng va bien phap giai quyet tranh chap hgp ddng la cac thay ddi CO ban ddi vdi ndi dung ciia de nghi giao ket hgp ddng.
Vdi hudng siia ddi BLDS nhu vay, cac quy dinh ciia BLDS cd the linh boat, m8m deo hon, thiic day viec xac lap hgp ddng, ddng thdi van bao dam quyen quyet dinh cua ben dl nghi giao ket hgp ddng trong trudng hgp cd chap nhan de nghi giao ket
NHA NtfdC VA PHAP LUAT chiia dung nhiing dilu khoan sua ddi, bd sung hay han che so vdi de nghi giao ket hgp ddng.
4. Ket luan
Phap luat hgp ddng cua nhieu qudc gia vin tilp tue quy dinh chap nhan de nghi giao kit hgp ddng phai hoan toan phu hgp vdi de nghi giao ket hgp ddng. Nhiing sira ddi, bd sung so vdi de nghi giao ket hgp ddng bi coi la tir ehdi dl nghi va tao thanh mdt de nghj mdi. Tuy nhien, thdi gian gan day, mot sd qudc gia khdng coi nguyen tac tren mang tinh tuyet doi. Dac biSt la mot sd van kien cd tinh qudc te ve hgp ddng da ghi nhan va the hien xu hudng chap nhan de nghi giao ket hgp ddng, ben canh nguyen tac la chap nhan de nghj giao ket hgp ddng phai phii hgp vdi de nghj giao ket hgp ddng, ngoai le dugc thira nhan la chap nhan de nghj giao kit hgp ddng, trong mdt sd trudng hgp nhat dinh, cd the chiia dung nhung khac biet so vdi de nghi giao ket hgp ddng, vdi dieu kien, nhiing khac biet d6 khdng lam thay ddi co ban ndi dung ciia de nghj giao ket hgp ddng.
Sy thira nhan nay the bien xu hudng thdng thoang, linh hoat, thiic day cac giao luu dan su, thuong mai phat trien. Trong bdi canh do, Viet Nam ciing can sira ddi BLDS ve chap nhan de nghi giao ket hgp ddng theo xu hudng mdi •
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
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