Su- VI dai cua ngucri anh hung dan toe H6 Chf Mmh
L8 Dinh Ciic'
' Vipn Hin ISm Khoa hpc xa hpi Vipt Nam.
Email: [email protected]
Nhgn ngiy 26 thing 5 nam 2017. Chdp nhgn ding ngiy 15 thdng 7 nam 2017.
Tom tat: Ljch sii dimg nude va gift nude ciia Vipt Nam dd cd nhieu vi anh hiing dan tpc. Ho Chi Minh xuat hipn trong mpt hoan cdnh dac bipt. Dat nude da bj tiiirc dan Phap do ho va chia cdt tiidnh 3 ky gdn 100 ndm. Trilu dinh nhd Nguyin da trd thanh phdn dpng, trd lgi dan dp nhan dan. Chi vdi hai ban tay trdng, H i Chi Minh da t l chiic va lanh dgo nhdn dan Vipt Nam lam nen Cdch mgng thing Tam nam 1945, dap tan che dp phong kien vd thupc dja, xay dung nhd nude ddn chu cpng hoa. Dong gdp cua Hd Chi Minh cho dan tpc la rat to Idn. Trong lich sii dan tpc Viet Nam co nhilu anh hiing dan tpc nhung duy nhat Hd Chi Minh la ngudi anh hung dan tpc vT d^i.
Tu- khoa: Ho Chi Minh, anh hung dan tOc, vT dai, Cach mgng thang Tam.
Phan loai Dgaoh: Sii hoc
Abstract: Vietnam's history of national construction and defence has witnessed many national heroes. Among them. Ho Chi Minh appeared in a special context, after nearly 100 years of the French colonialists* domination of the countty, which had been divided into three regions. The Nguyen dynasty had become reactionary, suppressing the people. With his bare hands. Ho Chi Minh organised and led the Vietnamese people to launch the August Revolution in 1945, smashing the feudal and colonial regimes, and giving birth to a democratic republican state. His contributions to the nation are enormous. In the course of history of the Vietnamese nation, there have been many national heroes, but Ho Chi Minh is the only great national hero.
Keywords: Ho Chi Minh, national hero, great, August Revolution.
Subject classification: History
1. Dat vdn d l Minh la mpt ngudi thay vT dai, ngudi anh hiing dan tpc vi dgi, nhd yeu nude vT dai va Dilu vdn cua Ban Chap hanh Tnmg ucmg lanh ty vT dai ciia ddn tpc ta. Khdng dinh Dang Lao dpng Viet Nam dgc t ^ le tang nay ca nggi cdng lao to Idn ciia Hd Chi Chu tich Hd Chi Mmh ngdy 9 thdng 9 ndm Minh doi vdi dan tOc ta. Suit thi ky XX 1969 cd 4 Idn khang dinh rdng Hd Chi din nay, nhilu nha nghien ciiu trong va 77
Khoa hpc xa hpi Vipt Nam, so 10-2017 ngodi nude cd nhilu cdng trinh viet ve svr nghiep, cupc ddi, tu tudng va dao due cua Ho Chi Mmh. Tuy nhien, cdn it cdng trinh nghien ciiu so sdnh Hd Chi Minh vdi cdc anh hiing ddn tpc khdc. Lich sii hang nghin nam cua dan tpc Vipt Nam dd cd biet bao nhiSu anh hung dan tpc nhu; Trung Trdc, Tnmg Nhi, Tripu Thi Trinh, Ly Nam D I , Dinh TiSn Hodng, Le Hodn, L;? Thdi Td, Ly Thudr^ Kipt, Trdn Hung Dao, Le Lgi, Quang Trung... Nhung duy nhdt Hd Chi Minh Id ngudi anh himg dan tpc vT dai. Bai viet nay l u ^ gidi thSm s\r vT d ^ cua Hd Chi Minh vdi tu cdch ngudi anh hung ddn tpc.
Su VI dai dd thi hipn trgn 2 phuong dipn:
ddu tranh gidnh dpc lap dan tpc vd xdy dung dat nude.
2. Vai trd ciia H I Chi Minh doi vdi cupc dau tranh gianh d^c l^p d^n tpc Trong Ijch sii may nghin nam xdy d\mg vd giii ^ dOc Igp eiia Td quoc, Hd Chi Minh la trudng hgp dac bigt duy nhdt. Nude ta khi con so khai da phai duong ddu lien tyc vdi quan xdm luge phuong Bdc. Chi tinh tCr thdi nha Ly din nha Nguyen, trong 10 thi k;^ da cd 4 cupc khdng chien chdng 1^ quan gidc ngo^ xam din td phuong Bdc. Khdng ke trong dd ed cdc cupc khang chiln chIng quan Chdm Pa, Ai Lao, Xiem...
Nhd nude Vipt Nam thdi nhd Ly (1010- 1225) vdi quIc higu D^i C l Vipt keo dai 215 nam. Nha Ly d3 td chiic dugc mpt nha nude vihig chdc, cd mOt qudn dpi vOng mgnh dii de ddnh tan qudn xam luge nha Ting vdo ndm 1077 (khi "Quach Quy va Tripu Tilt dan 10 vgn bp binh tmh nhup, 1 v^n ngira chiln cung 20 van quan phu i at tiln vdo xam luge nude ta")[5].
Cupc khdng chien chdng qudn xam higc nha Tong toan thing vdi Tuyen ngdn dpc ldp liin thii nhdt ciia ddn tOc ta: "Nam quoc son ha Nam d l cu/ Tigt nhiSn djnh phlin tgi thien thu/ Nhu hd nghich lo lai xam p h ^ Nhii ddng hdnh khan thii bgi hu".
Ngudi anh hiing dan tOc Ly Thudng Kipt chien ddu va ehiln thdng nhd cd hiiu dhih tien bO, cd nhd vua anh minh Ly Nhan Tdng (I072-I127), cd quan dOi vimg manh.
Trdn Trgng Kim nhlin xet v l L;y Thudng Kiet nhu sau: "Viec binh chinh thi ngdi dinh quan hipu vd chia ra 1dm td hiiu tiln hau 4 bd, hgp lgi la 100 dOi, mSi dOi co linh ky va linh bdn dd. Cdn nhiing phifen binh thi Idp ra thanh dgi rieng, khdng eho Ijin vdi nhau. Binh phdp nha Ly bdy gid cd tieng la gidi. Nha Tdng bfin Tau d§ p\m bdt chudc"
[3]. Xung quanh Ly Thudng Kipt la nhfing nhan tdi nhu Nguyen Phi V Lan, L^ Phirng Hiiu, Td Hiln Thanh, Le Vdn Thinh, Ly Dao Thdnh... Hg cling gdp cdng siic vatri tup cho chien thdng ciia dng vd vuong trieu nhaLy.
Thdi nhd Tran nude ta phdi ba Idn khdng chien chdng quan xam luge NguySn M6ng.
De qudc iSy limg dd xam luge nhilu quoc gia A - Au phai diing vd ngua trudc dan tpc Vipt Nam, vdi tai ndng xuat chiing va khi phach ciia ngudi anh himg dan tpc Tran Hung Dgo.
Trilu dgi nha Le hipn dien trong ljch si Vipt Nam hem 3 thi ky (I428-I788) vdi hai ngudi anh hiing ddn tpc Le Lgi va NguySn Trai, De cd trieu dgi nha L6 rgng ro, Le Lgi vd Nguyin TrSi dd phai to chiic khdi nghia chdng lai quan Minh tii ddu (bdi trudc do khi Ho Quy Ly gidnh vuong quyen ttr nhd Trdn thi dd h\ quan Minh dua qudn sang xam luge va chilm ddng nude ta). Quan xdm luge nha Mmh cd 14 ndm (I4I4-1427)
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IJB u i n n ».^uc
thong tri ddt nude ta. CuOc khang chien chdng quan Minh ciia Le Lgi vd Nguyin Trdi bdt ddu tir vipc td chiic khdi nghia (khdng ed sin chinh quyln nhd nude).
Vdi trudng hgp cua anh hiing dan tOe Nguyin Hug, trudc khi quan xam luge nha Thanh keo sang, Nguyen Hue ciing dd cd mpt vuong trilu, cd quan dgi hung manh da tiing danh tan quan dOi ciia vua Lg, chiia Trinh d mien Bde, chiia NguySn vd qudn Xiem d miln Nam. Nguyen Hup danh bgi quan xdm luge nha Thanh ddng tdi 29 vgn binh linh chi trong vdng 2 tuan le.
Hd Chi Minh vdi Cdch mgng thdng Tdm ndm 1945 chi cd 2 bdn tay trdng. Ljch sii 100 ndm chia cat ddt nucrc ciia Trinh - Nguyin da gdp phan cho dat nude phdn Iy.
Trilu dinh nha Nguyen cd nhieu dng vua, ong quan yeu nude, nhung cung nhilu dng vua, dng quan phdn nude. Khdng chi qudn dpi xam luge Phap, ma ca qudn dpi trilu dinh nha Nguyen ciing eoi nhan dan la kethu.
D I gidnh dpc Igp Hd Chi Minh da phdi td chiic luc lugng bat ddu tii con sd khdng.
Ngudi ra di tim con dudng ctiu nude khi cdn rdt tre (1911). Ngudi da tun ra con dudng mdi de gidnh dOc I ^ dan tgc. Ngudi v|tti dOng the gidi ung hO Viet Nam qua phong trao cpng san qudc te. Ngudi vgn dpng each mgng tii nude ngodi va thdnh lap Ddng COng sdn Viet Nam dl ldnh dgo each mgng. Ndm 1941, Hd Chi Minh vl nude tr^c tilp tl chiic Mgt trgn Viet Minh. Ngudi to chiie lire lugng vu ti-ang tuyen truyin gidi phdng quan bat ddu chi vdi 34 chien sT (frong dd cd 3 phu nu:) vdi trang bi vii khi thS so. Ddi dien vdi Ngudi khi dd khdng chi la dl qudc Phap hiing mgnh, hang ddu liic bay gid, ma cdn la chinh phu Nam trilu, la phdt xit Nhgt, la quan Tudng Gidi Thgch
(vdi danh nghia vao Viet Nam giai gidp qudn Nh^t nhung am muu xam luge vd chilm ddng Vipt Nam) vd quan dpi Anh (tii An Dp trdn sang). Hd Chi Minh phdi doi dipn vdi gi|ic ngogi xam va bgn tay sai eua chiing, nhimg Ngudi da chi6n thang nhd phdt huy dugc siic mgnh cua nhan dan ta.
Nhu vgy, cupc ddu tranh gianh dpc lap ddn tpc do H I Chi Mmh lanh dao cd tuih phiic tgp vd khd khdn hon so vdi cupc ddu tranh gidnh dpc lap dan tpc cua ede anh hung dan tpc khdc.
3. Vai trd cfia Hi Chi Minh do! vdi vipc xdy dung ddt nude
Cho din thdi dilm 1945, nude Viet Nam dd trdi qua hang nghin nam song dudi chP dp phong kiln, eha truyin con ndi. Nhdn dan chi la than dan, vua cd toan quyln quyet dinh, kl cd sinh mgng eon ngudi. Che dO phong kiln ra ddi vd ton tgi hang ngdn ndm.
Chau Au vdi nhiing tu tudng tiSn tien cung mai din thi ky XV mdi thodt ra dugc khdi che dO phong kiln bat ddu tir nude Anh, nude Phdp. CJ Chau A, ehe dp phong kiln ciia Nhdt Ban vd Trung Qudc ciing da tan rd tir dau thi ky XX. Cdch mgng Tan Hgi d§ lam trilu dinh phong kien nhd Man Thanh rung chuyin va sup do ndm 1911. 6 Vipt Nam, chi dp phong kiln ciia nha Nguyen, vdi sy bao hp cua thyc ddn Phdp, de ndng len vai, len cd ngudi dan Vipt Nam.
Chi din thang 8 ndm 1945, cupc each mgng do Ho Chi Minh td chuc va lanh dgo mdi Igt do duge ehl dp phong kien dd ton tgi hang nghin ndm trong lich sii dan tOc Vipt Nam.
Cdch mgng thdng Tam thdnh cdng da khai sinh nude Vipt Nam dan chii cpng hda.
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Khoa hoc xa hpi Vipt Nam, si 10-2017 mdt nhd nude kilu mdi trong lich sii Vigt Nam. Khdc vdi che dp phong kien, ehe dp dan ehu cpng hod Id ehl dO chinh tri ma d do nhdn ddn la ngudi lam chii, tham gia thdnh lap va qudn ly bO may nhd nude.
Nude Vipt Nam dan chd cOng h6a do Ho Chi Minh khai sinh ddp iing khat vgng nghin ddi ciia nhdn dan ta. Tir dd ngudi dan mdi cd quyln lam chii, qudn I^ va dieu hanh nhd nude.
Khi hiiu kit qud cda Cdch mgng thdng Tam 1945 nhu thi, chdng ta mdi thay vai trd vd vj tri eiia Hd Chi Minh trong lich sii dan tOc, mdi thdy sy vT dgi ciia Ngudi vdi tu cdch ngudi anh hdng ddn tdc.
4. K i t ludn
Hd Chi Minh cd cdng ddng gdp to Idn vao sy nghigp ddu tranh gianh dOc ldp dan tOc va xay dung dat nude. Trong lich sd nude ta, chua cd anh hung ddn tpc nao 1dm dugc
nhu vgy. Chmh vi thi, Hd Chi Mmh la anh hiing ddn tpc vi dgi. Vdi ddng gdp to Idn cho dan tpc ta, Hd Chi Minh thgt xung dang vdi Idi xung tyng ciia Ddng Lao dgng Viet Nam vd nhdn dan Vipt Nam. Ho Chf Minh khdng chi la ngudi anh hiing ddn tOc ma cdn la ngudi anh hung dan tOc vi dai.
Tai lipu tham khao
[1] Bio ting H6 Chi Minh (2015), Tiiu suHo Chi Minh, Nxb Chfnh trj Qu6c gia. Hi Npi.
[2] Di chuc cua Chu tfch Hd Chi Minh (2006), Nxb Chfnh trj Quoc gia. H i Npi.
[3] T r ^ Trpng Kim (2002), Vi4t Nam su luge, Nxb van h6a ThOng tin. H i Npi.
[4] Philip BonoslQ' (1967), B^ond the Borders of Myth: From Vilnius to Hanoi, Praxis Press, New York.
[5] H i van Thir, Tr&i Hong Diic (2001), Tdm tdt nien biSu Ifch su nu&c Vift Nam, Nxb Vfin h6a Th6ngtin,HiNpi.