Thuc tieh - Kinh nghiem
Suf dung hieu qua tiem nang thuy dien luu vuc song IVIe Cong
O TS. NGUYEN B A N G TINH Trudng Dai hgc ThOy Lgi
S
dng Me Cdng cd tiem nang thuy dien rat phong phu. Tuy nhien, debao dam sucdng bang vemat sddung ngudn nudc gida cac nudc trong luu vut, can nghien cdu va cd chien lupc sddijng, quan iy TNN mdt each hpp ly nham phat trien KT-XH ben vung.Hien trang phat trien thuy dien Sdng Me Cdng dUdc xep vao hang thd 9 trong d c he thdng song Idn nhat tren the gidi, tong lupng nudc binh quan hang nam khoang 475 ty m^. Tiem nang thdy dien sdng Me Cong rat phong phd td ddng ehfnh den cae ddng nhanh tren lull vyc vdi tdng cdng suat ude tfnh khoang 53.000 MW. trong dd cac nudc ha luu khoang 30.000 MW bao gdm chd yeu Lao.
Camphuchia, Viet Nam va phan thUdng luu vuc song Me Cong ed liem nang ude tfnh dat 23.000 MW. chu yeu d Trung Qud'c.
Phan Idn lanh tho cda Lao (97%) va Campuchia (86%) nam trong luu vuc sdng Me Cdng, 36%
dien tfch cda Thai Lan (vung Dong Bac) nim trong luu vyc.
Phan dien tfeh eda Viet Nam ehiem khoang 11%, trong dd ed 2 phin ehfnh la vdng Tay Nguyen va DBSCL. 72% tdng lupng ddng chay dupc hinh thanh td bdn nude ha luu: Lao 35%, Thai Lan 18%, Camuchia 18% va Viet Nam 11%.
Phin ddng chay ddng gdp Id hai
nude thupng luu chie'm khoang 18% long lupng ddng chay ca nam, tuy nhien day I I phan ddng gdp quan trpng trong dong chay mua kiet.
Hien trang thdy dien tren luu vyc mdi dupc khai thic mpt phan rat nho, long eong suit lap dat nam 2002 dat khoang 1800 MW va nam 2008 dat khoang 2.600 MW. Trung Qude da dua vao ke hoach triln khai 8 hd thdy dien Idn d dong ehfnh song Me Cdng, trong do 2 hd Manwan va Danchaoshan da dugc dUa vao khai thac vdi tdng cdng suit 2.850 MW. Nhu vly, ldng khai thac thdy dien d 4 nudc ha luu sdng Me Cdng cung mdi xap xi hien trang khai thac thdy dien Iren ddng ehinh song Me Cdng 6 Trung Qude.
Trong sd cac cdng trinh thdy dien d ha luu, tiem nang thdy dien tren ddng nhanh thupc lanh thd Thai Lan hau nhU da dupc khai thac triet de. Thii Lan cdn khai thac thdy dien bang hd ehda vdi dung tfch bom, hd thdy dien Lam
Takhong 2 vdi cdng suit 500IVIW, bang viec lan dung lUpng dien thda ve dem de bdm nUdc trd lai hd chda va phal dien trd lai vao ban ngay.
Tiem nang thdy dien d phan Tay Nguyen cda Viet Nam theo edng suat thiet ke cda d c cong Irinh dat khoang 2.500 MW, tap trung chd yeu d ddng sdng SeSan (>1.700 MW) va Srepok, dai khoang 800 MW. Phan Idn cac cdng trinh thdy dien da va dang trien khai xay dyng vdi tdng cfing sua't khoang 90% tiem nang thOy dien trong vdng.
Luu vUe sdng Me Cong co liem nang thuy dien khi phong phd, tdng cdng suat ude tfnh cDa d o du an thuy dien phan ha liW vue sdng Me Cdng vio khoang 30.000 MW. Irong dd 13.000 MW Id ddng chfnh sdng M§ Cong, phan edn lai thupc d c dong nhanh (13.000 MW d Lao, 2.200 MW d Campuchia va 2.000 MW5 Viet Nam). Tiem nang thuy dien phan thupng lu\j vuc sdng »^
Cdng, ude tfnh dat 23.000 MW, 4 4 Tgi nguyen yg Moi trudng | Ky 1-Th^ng 2/2014
chd ylu d Trung Qudc, va thdy dien d Myanma Id khdng dang k l .
O Llo, nhu d u dien trong nudc I I fl, do vay vide phat triln thuy dien di xuat khiu la mpl trong nhdng uu tien diu tu phat trien kinh te, tuy nhien ke hoaeh phal triln thdy dien din 2020 ude dat 5.800 MW, cdng vdi tdng cdng suit cac cdng trinh dang van hanh khoang 660 MW. Nhu vay, d n g suit dy kien den nam 2020 ude dat 6.500 MW, lUdng dUdng vdi 50% lilm nang thdy dipn 6 ddng nhanh 6 Lao.
Nlu lay theo suit dau tu binh quan cho moi MW thdy dien IU 1- 2 trieu USD, nhU vay, dau tu cho thdy dien 6 Lao din nam 2020 ude 5.8 ly den 11,6 ty USD, hay binh quan 600 trieu din 1,1 ty USD mdi nam, day la eon sd lUdng ddi Idn eho dau lu thdy dien. Tuy nhidn, sy thanh cPng trong ke hoach nay phu thupc rit nhilu vao nhu cau mua dien d d c qudc gia ian can nhu: Thii Lan, Viet Nam, Trung Qudc va Campuchia do nhu ciu dien trong nude II khdng dang k l . Tong sd d n g suit eac cdng trinh thdy dien do Thai Lan dy kien dau tu d Lao din nam 2020 ude dat hdn 3.000 MW, tdc la lUdng dUdng vdi mdc diu tu td 3 din 6 ty USD. TUOng ty, d c cdng trinh do Viet Nam dy kien dau IU den nam 2020 ude dat 2.000 MW, lUdng dUdng vdi mde daututd2den4ty USD.
Tilm nang thuy dien Campuchia ude tfnh dat hdn 2.000 MW, hien ehua dupc diu lu khai thic. Phin Idn eae cdng trlnh thdy dipn d Campuchia ehua cd k l hoaeh thyc hien, chi cd mpt sd nhd d c d n g trinh thyc hiln trong giai doan Id nam 2010 den nam 2020 dat xlp xi 750 MW. tUdng dudng vdi 35% tilm nang thdy
dien d Campuchia. NhU vly, dau tucho thdy dien d Campuchia den nam 2020 Ude tinh dat 750 trieu den 1,5 ty USD, hay binh quan 75 den 150 trieu USD mdi nam. Ke hoaeh phat trien nang lUdng d Campuchia eung cho thay, m§c dd chua dugc khai thac thdy dien ddng k l , tuy nhidn nhu d u v l dien d Campuchia vin rat cao, ngoai Ird luu vyc sdng SeSan co du xuat khau dien sang Viet Nam cdn lai vin phai mua dien Id Lao, Thai Lan va Vidt Nam d l thda man nhu cau v l dien trong tuong lai.
Tiem nang thuy dien d Viet Nam tren eac dong nhanh thupe sdng Me Cong tap trung d Tay Nguyen, tren luu vyc SeSan va Serpok. Cac d n g trinh tren sdng SeSan hau het da dupc xay dyng trong giai doan 2008-2010. Cac cdng trinh tren sdng Serpok cijng da dupc trien khai td nhdng nam 2003-2005. Tfnh den nam 2010, khai thie thdy dian tren phan Tay Nguyen cda Viet Nam dat khoing 90% tilm nang thdy dien trong vdng. Do nhu cau nang lupng cda nudc ta Idn, vi vay ehdng ta da xem xet dau tu xay dung mpt sd cdng trinh thdy dien d Lao (ude 2.000 MW den nam 2020) va mpl sd cdng trinh d ha iuu song SeSan d Campuchia.
Quan ly hieu qua t i l m nang thuy dien
Trudc bdi canh ca the gidi dang lo ngai va phai ddi mat vdi chat thai gay hieu dng nha kfnh thi thdy dien la mpl trong nhdng ngudn nang lupng sach dang dupe phit triln de bao dam an ninh nang lupng eung nhU thyc hiln cac cam kit cda qud'c l l ve d l giam 2/3 lUdng khf thai nha kfnh den nam 2020. Qua phan tfch danh gia v l nhu d u nang
lupng eung nhUve tiem nang thdy dien d d c nude thupc luu vye sdng Me Cdng thay rang, tilm nang Ihdy dien phue vu cho nhu d u phal trien kinh l l npi dja va xual khau d d c nudc thupc luu vuc rat phong phd tU ddng ehfnh din eac dong nhanh tren luu vyc vdi ldng eong suit ude tfnh khoang 53.000 MW... Tuy nhien.
ben canh nhung the manh ve tiem nang thdy dien d luu vyc song Me Cdng, cung con rat nhilu van d l can dugc quan tam nghien cdu loan dien ve mat ky thuat. quan ly va ehfnh sach,.. de khong nhiJmg phat huy het tilm nang thdy dien ma con bao dam sydap dng cdng bang ve mat sd dung ngudn nudc gida d c nudc trong luu vyc va BVMT sinh thai tren loan vdng lanh thd. Theo do, Uy hpi song Me Cdng qudc te can nghien cdu va xem xet cac du an thdy dien phfa thupng luu. dac biet la quy trinh van hanh, vi se lam anh hudng den dong chay ve ha tuu gay anh hudng khong nhd den mdi trudng ngudn nudc, dae biet xam nhap man d DBSCL va nghiem trong hdn khi co nude bien dang va neu Camphuchia xay dyng dap ngan biln hd - mdt hd chUa co y nghTa r l l quan trpng trong viec dieu liet dong chay ve ha luu; can cd su no lyc qudc te trong van de chia se sd dyng va quan ly ben vdng TNN gida eac nudc d thupng va ha luu sdng Me Cdng. dac biet la hai nudc thupng ngudn la Myanma va Trung Qude.
khdng nam trong dy hpi sdng Me Cdng qudc te; d n eo nhiJmg cam kit d p Chfnh phd gida d c nudc lien quan den viee chia se sd dung va quan ly TNN xuyen bidn gidi de bao dam tfnh cdng bing va bin vung •
T6I nguydn vg Mdi trudng | Ky 1 - Th^ng 2/2014 ^ g
