Sustainable Production in Food and Agriculture Engineering

The influence of wheat moisture and hardness on the parameters of the Peleg and Normand models during the relaxation of individual grains at variable. The parameters of the Peleg and Normand model decreased with increasing kernel water content.

Materials and Methods 1. Material Selection

The constants of the Peleg and Normand model for steamed bread [7] and bulk relaxation test of Jatropha curcas seeds [21] decreased significantly with larger strains. Furthermore, Faridi and Faubion [24], following Shelef and Bousso [25], pointed out the independence of the relaxation parameters on the initial stress.

Figure 1. An example of relaxation characteristics of wheat kernel.

Results

The effect of loading level on coefficientsk1andk2 is presented in figures 7 and 8. Histograms of coefficients1andk2 of the Peleg and Normand model for different grain hardness.

Figure 2. Influence of moisture content and wheat type on the force decay based on the Peleg and Normand equation: a–d and a–f—homogeneous groups; whiskers denote the standard error of the mean.

Discussion

Regardless of grain softness, no significant or very small effect (several interactions) of initial load was demonstrated in Peleg and Normand's model. For the various conclusions mentioned above, the general opinion about the limited applicability of the Peleg and Normand model should be emphasized.

Conclusions

Potential use of elastic properties of intact wheat kernels to assess milling, rheological and breadmaking quality of wheat bread. Effect of amount and particle size of wheat fiber on textural and rheological properties of raw, dried and cooked noodles.J.

Numerical Modeling of the Shape of Agricultural Products on the Example of Cucumber Fruits

• Introduction
• Materials and Methods
• Results and Discussion
• Conclusions

The average dimensions, surface area and volume of the cucumber fruits analyzed are shown in Table 1. The volume of the fruits can be calculated using the ellipsoid model (M1), the spheroid model (M2) and, similar to surface measurements, the model combining two truncated cones and two hemispheres with different diameters (M6).

Figure 1. Shape of a selected cucumber fruit: L—length (mm), W—width (mm), T—thickness (mm), L 1 —length of the middle section (mm), W 1 , W 2 —width of the terminal section (mm), T 1 , T 2 —thickness of the terminal section (mm).

The Effect of Selected Parameters on Spelt Dehulling in a Wire Mesh Cylinder

In the wire mesh cylinder with 4×4 mm aperture, the core separation efficiency increased with an increase in the rotation speed. It can be concluded that the efficiency of spell body removal is significantly affected by the two variables tested, i.e., impeller rotation speed and rotor blade angle.

Figure 1. Prototype of a spelt dehuller: 1—dehulling chamber, 2—wire mesh cylinder, 3—rotating impeller, 4—receiving outlet, 5—gearmotor, 6—radial fan, and 7—impeller blades.

Assessment of the Potential Use of Young Barley Shoots and Leaves for the Production of Green Juices

Materials and Methods 1. Research Material

Changes in barley shoot length according to harvest date are shown in Table 1. An increase in chloride content was clearly related to a decrease in juice pH.

Figure 1. Cultivation of barley.

Application of Non-Parametric Bootstrap Confidence Intervals for Evaluation of the Expected Value of the

Using Bootstrap Nonparametric Confidence Intervals to Estimate the Expected Value.

Spraying Process

Materials and Methods 1. Material

Confidence intervals constructed using Student's method and the double bootstrap method give a coverage probability of no greater than 94% for each value of the mean considered;. Therefore, the graph shows a comparison of the lengths of the confidence intervals for only two methods - the percentile method and the double bootstrap method (Figure 4). The graph presented in Figure 7 and Table 2 show the influence of the standard deviation on the coverage of the confidence intervals.

Probabilities of coverage of the expected value with confidence intervals constructed using nonparametric bootstrapping methods, depending on the sample size and different values ​​of the standard deviation, ​​μx=160μm. For small sample sizes, the lengths of the confidence intervals obtained by Student's method and the double bootstrap method are similar, larger than the intervals from the other four methods.

Figure 1. Example scans of droplet stains from: (a) new spray nozzle (b) spray nozzle in longer use.

Modeling the Dependency between Extreme Prices of Selected Agricultural Products on the Derivatives

The empirical combination function method is used to assess the quality of the fit of the parameters of the extreme value copula [35-37]. Results of the estimation of the parameters of extreme values ​​copulas with the normal limit distribution. Results of estimating the parameters of extreme values ​​copulas witht-Student limit distribution.

On the other hand, Table 5 contains the values ​​of the Kendall correlation coefficient ˆτ calculated for the sample version. Kendall coefficient estimates for all extreme value copulas were obtained using the simulation method.

Table 1. Results of the estimation of the parameters of extreme values copulas with the normal limit distribution.

The Effect of Biochar Used as Soil Amendment on Morphological Diversity of Collembola

Materials and Methods 1. Experimental Design

The significance of the first canonical axis (CCA1), as well as all axes together was p=0.002 (Table 5). Considering the life form groups, most hemiedaphic species were found in oilseed crops in oilseeds (with similar effect for biofuel and control). The main concept of the QBS-c index is that soil quality is positively related to the number of Collembola species that are well adapted to soil habitats [17].

Bardgett, R. Soil Biology: A Community and Ecosystem Approach; Oxford University Press: Oxford, United Kingdom, 2005; pp Treatment with UV-C irradiation is one of the methods to reduce the number of pathogens on the surface of fresh fruits and vegetables [1].

Table 1. The chemical characteristic of biochar properties used in the experiment (sourced from Gruss et al

Materials and Methods 1. Potato Tubers

The results of the pilot study demonstrated a reduction in the natural loss of potatoes compared to the control sample for all varieties used. Due to the biological nature of the investigated object, the possibility of a lack of parity in the samples was foreseen a priori. Analysis of variance for the effect of the year of the experiment, variety and UV-C radiation on the mass and the number of sprouts of potato tubers after storage was shown.

Influence of trial year, variety and UV-C irradiation on weight and number of tuber sprouts after storage. The results of the experiment prove that the effects of UV-C on stored potato tubers occur in the last stage (IV) of their storage (Table 2), which corresponds to the stage when tubers wake up and start sprouting.

Figure 1. Stand for potato tubers UV-C radiation: (a) stand layout, (b) view of rotating rollers.

Patents

The results of the conducted experiment, in which the reduction of natural losses measured after 6.5 months of storage, achieved by UV-C irradiation of potato tubers before storage, are said to be similar to the results obtained for early and mid-early varieties (Vineta and Ditta) and described by Jakubowski [55]. The tests carried out in this research and the results obtained made it possible to describe the phenomenon that causes the reduction of natural losses and to determine the phase of potato storage in which the physical factor in the form of UV-C radiation has a significant effect on the exposed tubers. Comparative assessment of the effect of storage temperature fluctuations on packages of selected fruits and vegetables in a modified atmosphere. Postharvest Biol.

Using survival analysis to investigate the effect of UV-C and heat treatment on storage rot of strawberry and sweet cherry. Effects of UV-C on antioxidant activity, total phenolics and major phenolic compounds in the melanin biosynthetic pathway in different tissues of button mushrooms.

Health-Promoting Properties of Fresh and Processed Purple Cauliflower

Cauliflower genotypes show differences in the content of bioactive compounds, as well as in the chemical composition [4-6]. The aim of the work was to assess the effect of technological processing (blanching, traditional cooking in water and in a convection steam oven) and the method of frozen storage (in PE-LD zip bags and vacuum packaging) on ​​the contents of selected components in purple cauliflower. In the frozen stored material, all changes were significant compared to the blanched cauliflower (p≤0.05).

However, the remaining heat treatments (blanching and convection steaming) had no significant effect on the anthocyanin content of this cauliflower. Conventional frozen storage of cauliflower resulted in a vitamin C decrease of 64.1 (after two months) and 71.1% (after 4 months).

Table 1. Selected antioxidative and bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity, basic composition, and nitrates and nitrites of raw purple cauliflower.

Modeling and Prediction of the Uniformity of Spray Liquid Coverage from Flat Fan Spray Nozzles

Materials and Methods 1. Description of the Experiment

The results obtained from AZ-MM nozzles were used for the development of the model. The amounts of liquid collected in each container served for the calculation of the coefficient of variation. By increasing the values ​​of parametersa,p, orq, the shape of the density curve becomes leptokurtic (thin).

The method for constructing the density function presented above ensures the symmetry of the distribution. In other words, the data in the tables make it easier to observe and draw conclusions about identifying the appropriate nozzle wear.

Figure 2. Data collection scheme (final stage 3).

The Review of Biomass Potential for Agricultural Biogas Production in Poland

• Methods
• The Role of Biomass in Energy Production in Poland
• The Potential of Use of Agricultural Residues for Biogas Production in Poland
• Limitation for Development of Agricultural Biogas Plants in Poland
• Final Considerations

It focuses on assessing the suitability of biomass from agricultural production and by-products or residual products from the agri-food industry as a substrate for biogas production. Their utilization as a substrate for agricultural biogas plants could be one of the possibilities. Anaerobic decomposition with biogas production is one of the alternative methods proposed for the utilization of soil waste.

Development of renewable energy in Poland in the light of the European Union's Climate Energy Package and the Law on Renewable Energy Sources. Energy efficiency of the vegetable waste used as a substrate for biogas production. Environment &Chem.

Lyophilized Protein Structures as an Alternative Biodegradable Material for Food Packaging

Figure 4 shows a thermovision image of a package made from lyophilized protein structures of the B3 sample with characteristic parameters. Analysis of the temperature distribution profile on line P1 shows a minimum temperature of 20.1◦C (uneven material structure, uneven aeration) and a maximum temperature of 22.5◦C. Figure 7 shows a thermovision image of a package made from lyophilized protein structures (8.0% albumin, 4.0% xanthan gum) from sample B4.

Analysis of the temperature distribution profile on line P1 gives the minimum temperature of 23.3◦C and the maximum temperature of 24.8◦C. The density of the obtained lyophilized protein structures was significantly lower compared to the reference material (foamed polystyrene).

Figure 2. View of lyophilized protein structure of the sample B3 (a) and foamed polystyrene (b) packagings.

Modelling Water Absorption in Micronized Lentil Seeds with the Use of Peleg’s Equation

Figure 2 shows the effect of temperature and time on changes in water content of raw lentil seeds. Figure 3 shows the effect of temperature and soaking time on changes in water content of micronized lentil seeds. Soaking temperature and time contributed to an increase in the water content of micronized lentil seeds.

The paper presents the effect of the infrared radiation treatment on the kinetics of water absorption by lentil seeds. An impact of the infrared pretreatment on the water absorption rate and content in lentil seeds was demonstrated.

Table 1. Effect of selected components in lentil seeds calculated per dry weight.

Mechanical and Processing Properties of Rice Grains

Materials and Methods 1. Rice Grains Preparation

We then measured three dimensions with a caliper: length, width and height of the grain. Three dimensions were measured with a sliding scale: length, width and height of the grain. Another way of determining the volume is based on knowing the density of the grain and its mass.

Basic descriptive statistics of the investigated physical and mechanical properties and fracture energy of rice grains were determined. An analysis of the correlation between the variables related to grain size, i.e. lengtha1, widtha2, heighta3, mass and volumesVρ, and vs.

Figure 2. The Instron 5966 testing machine.

Optimization of Extraction Conditions for the

Antioxidant Potential of Different Pumpkin Varieties (Cucurbita maxima)