T 6 NHUTNG TUU

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NHUTNG THANH TUU VAN HOA - XA HQI CUA 20 NAM CAI CACH 6 AN OO

(1991 -2011)

VAN NGQC THANH*

NGUYEN THI HOA**

T

rong gin n i a t h i ky dfe lip, Cfng Unh vye t i i ehinh. cong nghifp, thUdng hda An Df khdng ngflng tim tdi nghifp v i tich eye g i n k i t An Dp vdi nin con dudng xay dyng di't nflde v i d i thu kinh t l t h i gidi... Tfl 1999 dl'n nay, Chi'nh hii nhilu t h i n h tyu quan trpng, ddi sd'ng p h i d i ehu trpng den cac eai eich xa hdi vin hda - x i hdi e i a ngfldi din khdng nhfl giio dye, y t l , xoa ddi giam nghlo...

ngflng dflde eai thif n so vdi thdi thye dan. nbira nang cao chi't Ifldng cude sdng vdn Tuy nhiin, dl'n nhflng n i m 90 e i a t h i ky ri't thi'p e i a ngfldi dan An. Nhd dd, eai XX, ty If ngfldi mu ehfl v i n eao (khoang eich trin linh vyc v i n hda - xa hpi b An hdn 50%)^^); tudi thp trung binh e i a ngfldi Dp ngiy cing dat dfldc nhilu t h i n h tyu din ehi l i 59,4 (theo so'Ufu n i m 1991); ty quan trpng. Dilu n i y t h i hifn r5 tren eac If t i vong b tre em v i n ldn, n i m 1991 l i linh vye e h i yl'u sau day:

80/1000<2).

_ ^ , , , , , , . , «. V. !• Nhufng t h a n h tifu cai e a c h giao due Cupc khung hoang kinh te no ra nim

1991 klo theo nhflng rdi loan nghiim Vio n i m 1986, Chinh p h i da ban hinh trpng vl xi hdi, Dilu niy bupc Chinh p h i Chinh sach Qud'c gia v l giio dye phai til'n h i n h eai eich manh me v i toin (National Policy of Education - NPE) vi difn. Tren thye t l . trong giai doan tfl 1991 dflqte s i a ddi n i m 1992. 6 ci'p dp qudc tl.

dl'n 1999. nhflng t h i n h tyu e i a cai eich An Dp da cam k i t "Myc tilu phat trien tren linh vyc vin hda - xa hpi d An D6 l i thien nien ky" v i "Giao due eho mpi chfla dang kl. do chinh p h i phai t i p ngfldi" 6 ci'p quoc gia. An Dp cam kit trung vio eai cieh kinh te nhim dn djnh t i n g chi tieu ngan sach cho giao dye din nin kinh t l vi md, thye hifn cic chinh 6% GDP v i phd cap giao due tilu hpe.

sach nhim ty do hoi n i n kinh te tren cac Ngoii ra, theo Hii'n phap S i a ddi Iln thfl PGS.TS.Van Ngoc Thinh, ** Ths. Nguyin Thi Hoa TrUdng Dai hoc Stf pham Hi Noi

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Vdn Nggc Thanh, Nguyen Thi Hoa Nhitng thdnh tiiu vdn hoa xd hgi... 75 86. An Dp edn ed nhiem vy phai thye hifn dUde giio dye b i t bude vi miin phi ddi vdi

giio dye railn phi va b i t bude ddi vdi ti't tre era trong dd tudi tfl 6 dl'n 14(®). Luit ea tre era trong nhdm tudi tfl 6 dl'n 14. Dl niy quy djnh vifc xiy dyng them eie dat dflde nhflng mye tilu niy, rapt so' trfldng hpe radi, eie ngudn quy tfl Trung ehUdng trinh da va dang dflde thye hifn, fldng vi eie bang dfl^e s i dyng dl thye trong dd ed bai ehfldng trinh e h i dao eia hifn raye tilu giio dye. Ngoii ra. Luit Chinh p h i l i "Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan" eung yiu elu eie trfldng tfl phai dinh 25%

(phong trio giio dye cho ti't ca rapi ngfldi) sui't eho tre era eia eie gia dinh nghlo khd (SSA) v i "Chfldng trinh bfla i n trfla" (vdi ehi phi se dflde eie bang hoin tra rapt (Mid-Day Meal Scheme)^^)- phin theo hinh thfle hdp tic cdng -. tfl).

Mye tilu e i a chfldng trinh SSA l i Dl gdp phin thye hiln myc tilu ning hfldng dl'n vifc phd cap giao dye eho tre cao vj t b i eia phy nfl thdng qua giio dye.

em trong dp tudi tfl 6 dl'n 14. rut ngin Cbinb p h i d i di xui't Chfldng trinh "Ki khoang each v l gidi tinh v i giai t i n g xa t i e x i nfl sinh tai nhflng khu vye giio dye hpi b ci'p hpc dau tien (tilu hpe); ning cao lae hiu" (Girl Hotels in Educationally ehi't Ifldng e i a giao dye tilu hoc. Tinh Backward Blocks). Chfldng trinh dfldc de'n t h i n g 9/2009, SSA da md dflde cong bd vio thing 10/2008 vdi mye tilu 288.155 trfldng hoc mdi. xay dyng thinh lip Ky tue x i nfl sinh tai 100 trin 240.888 tda n h i danh cho giao dye, xay tdng sd khoang 3.500 khu vye lae h i u ve dflng thim 1.026.831 phdng hpe, 184.652 giio dye. Dl'n nay, 163 ky t i e x i d 7 bang cd sd nflde ud'ng, 286.862 n h i vf sinh, da dflde phi duyft^')- Vi'n di eai til'n ehi't eung ci'p sich giao khoa miin phi eho ludng giio dye, ning cao eie ky ning eung 90,5 trieu tre em, bd nhifm 1,011 trifu nhU tao ra mdt mdi trUdng giio dye thin giio viin v i dio tao tai ehfle eho 2,179 thifn dflde Cbinb p h i An Dp thye hifn trifu giao vien. Dieu nay gdp p h i n giam thdng qua nhflng eai eich trong thi ei.

sd tre em thi't hpc ciia An Dp<''). Theo dd, Chinh p h i quyl't djnh khdng ed

"Chfldng trinh biia i n trfla" phye vy hdi ddng thi ldp 10 rai xet duyf t thdng bfla i n tnia cd ham Ifldng dinh dfldng l i qua vifc dinh gia hpc sinh ldp 9 v i Idp 10 450 ealo v i 12 gram prdtem doi vdi eie hpe trin ed sd liln tyc v i toan difn qua cie sinh tilu hoc thuoc cac trfldng cdng lip®, nim hpc trong cie trfldng hpe thupe Hoi , , .V ^, >« -4. ddng Trung fldng v l Giao dye trung bpc^^).

Nim 2009, Chinh p h i tien thim mpt ^°"g ^^""« ^

bude trong vile k h i n g djnh quyin dfldc Giao dye dai hoc v i cdng nghf vd'n dflde giao due e i a tre em, gdp p h i n thye hifn quan tam phit triln tfl ri't sdm nin trong mue tilu giao due da di ra. Luit Quyin giai doan niy, nd til'p tyc khdi sac vdi eua Tri em dol vdi Giao dye b i t bupc v i nhilu d l i n thinh lip eie tnidng dai hpe,

miin phi dfldc Qudb hoi thdng qua vio cae vifn cdng nghf, vifn quan \y mdi ca b ngiy 27/8/2009 n h i m khing djnh quyin ci'p trung fldng v i ci'p bang. 6 bic giio

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76 Nghien ciiu Ddng Nam A 9/2011 dye niy, ehlnh p b i cung tao dilu kifn cho boat dfng y te x i hpi nhfl eai thifn ehira sinh vien ed hoin canh khd khin d\lc}c vay sde trong eie bf nh vifn, phin bd' hdp ly vd'n vdi lii suat flu dai nhim giup hp theo ngudn lye eho cic ci'p chim sde y tl^epng dudi nghien cflu chuyen mdn. ddng. h(?p tic vdi cic ehfldng trinh khie de Thye t l nin giao dye An Dp vin edn dilu trj bfnh sdt rit, mfl, tbil'u idt, bfnb nhilu bi't cip. Giao dye eong chfla theo Pbong v.v... bing each t i n g cfldng hf kjp d i phat triln e i a giao dye tfl thye. Kit thd'ng ehira sde sflc khde cdng cpng b ckc qua kilra tra van dip v i toin eia nhflng cip dp (Xem bang),

dfla tre hpc trfldng tfl cao hdn 10% so vdi Cie ehi sd liln quan dIh sflc khde eia ban bl eia ehung theo hpe tai eie trfldng An Dd qua Bang t r i n eho bflde tiin quan cdng lip<^) Ngudn lye ehi't xim eho sy ei't trpng dat duyc trong nhflng n i m qua. Tuy cinh eia nginh cdng nghf thdng tin v i nhiin. bi't chi'p nhflng tiin bp k l trin.

nhflng nginh cdng nghf eao khie eua An tinh trang nghlo n i n phan anh trong hiu Dp e h i yl'u dfl^c cung ci'p tfl nhflng h i t cic ehi sd so s i n h e i a An Dp vdi rapt trfldng tfl niy sd nflde dang p h i t triln nhfl Trung Qudc

v i Sri Lanka02).

2. Nhufng bufdc tien t r o n g c h a m soc siic

khoe cong dong 3. Mijfc so'ng c u a ngtfdi dan dfldc D I rut ngin khoang cieh chenh If eh v l

ha ting y t l gifla t h i n h thj v i ndng thon, Theo Bio eao phat triln eon ngfldi v i di eung ci'p eae djeh vy y te vdi gii ca (HDR) do Chfldng trinh phat triln Liln phu hdp, Chinh p h i da dfla ra nhilu Hdp Qudc (UNDP) xui't ban nim 2010, ehfldng trinh v i di an, trong dd quan ehi sd HDI e i a An Dp l i 0,519 so vdi mflc trpng l i Nhifm vy qude gia v l y t l ndng 0,389 n i m 1990 v i 0.440 n i m 2000. Chi thon (National Rural Health Mission- so HDI t i n g trfldng lien tyc qua cie nim NRHM)<io). cho thi'y An Dp da di dfldc mot ching

Chfldng trinh niy t i p trung vio doi dfldng dii trong p h i t triln eon ngfldi tfldng ngfldi nghlo vflng sau vflng xa v i nhflng ein phai nd lye hdn nfla bdi thfl dang dflde vin h i n h trong ea nflde. die hang HDI e i a An Dp n i m 2010 mdi ehi bift t i p trung vio 18 bang: Uttar Pradesh, dflng thfl 119 trong tdng sd 169 quoc gia Bihar, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, dfl^e xl'p hang, so vdi Vift Nam l i 113, Orissa, Uttaranehal, Jharkhand, Trung Quoc l i 89, Malaysia l i 57<^^).

Chhattisgarh, Assam, Sikkim, Arunaehal Tfl n i m 1991, An Dp da thye hifn Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Tripura, nhilu ehfldng trinh xoa ddi giam nghlo NagaIand,MizoramHimaehal Pradesh v i dat dfldc hifu qui, nhi't la cae ehfldng Jararau & Kashmir^"). trinh. di an quo'e gia v l dam bao vifc lim

NRHM tao ra rapt khung cd sd eho eie ndng thdn (National Rural Employment

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Vdn Nggc Thdnh, Nguyen Thj Hoa Nhitng thdnh tUu vdn hoa xd hdi... 11 BANG: MOT SO CHI SO VE Y TE CUA AN DO

TT 1 2 3 4 5

6 7

Cac tham so'

Ty If sinh thd (trin 1000 ngudi) Ty If ehi't thd (trin 1000 ngudi)

rdng ty sui't sinh (ddi vdi nfl gidi) Ty If t i vong e i a phu nfl sau khi sinh (trin 100.000 ea sinh)

Ty If t i vong tre sd sinh (trin 1000 tre) Nam

Nfl

Tre em (0-4 tudi) Ty If t i vong (trin 1000 tre em) Tudi thp

Tdng Nam Nfl

1981 33.9

12.5 4,5 NA 110 NA NA 41,2 (1981-85) 55,5 55,4 55,7

1991 29,5 9,8 3,6 NA 80 NA NA 26,5 (1989-93) 59,4 59 59,7

Mflc h i l n thdi 22,8 (2008) 7,4 (2008) 2,7 (2007) 254 (2004-06) 53 (2008) 52

55

16,0 (2007) (2002-06) 63,5 62,6 64,2

Nguon: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare/RGI (Ddn theo Ministry of Finance (2010), Government of India, Economic Survey 2009-2010, page 284).

Chu thich: NA - Not available (Khdng cd so'lieu).

Guarantee Scheme - NREGS).

Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY), Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY)... Cie ehUdng trinh niy diu hfldng de'n vifc tao thim cdng i n vifc lim eho p h i n ddng dan sd sd'ng dfldi rafle nghlo khd, dio tao nghi hoic ho trd hp thong qua vifc t h i n h lip cae td ehfle tin dyng. Trong dd, chfldng trinh Dl i n qudc gia v l dam bao vifc l i m ndng thdn (NREGS) l i chfldng trinh git h i i dflde nhilu t h i n h tyu trong cdng cupc xoi ddi giam nghlo b ndng thdn, ndi t i p trung din 70% dan s d e i a An Dp.

Sau khi Qude hpi thdng qua Luit dam bao vifc l i m nong thdn qud'c gia vio thing 9/2005, NREGS dfldc dfla ra vio thing 2/2006 v i thye hifn Iln diu tai

200 vung lae h i u nhi't e i a ea nfldc vdi raye tilu eung ci'p 100 ngiy lira vile vdi rafle lUdng tdi thiiu eho eie lao dpng khdng ky ning e i a eie hp gia dinh ngheo khu vye ndng thdn(14). Phara vi thye hifn d l i n dflde rad rpng dl'n 330 vung trong nira 2007-2008 v i til'p tyc rad rpng dl'n ti't ea eie vung ndng thdn eua An Dp trong nira 2008-2009. Hifn nay, 619 vung dflde bao dara theo NREGS. Trong nira 2008-2009, hdn 45,1 trifu hp gia dinh dxicic eung ci'p vifc lira theo ehUdng trinh niy. Dl'n nim 2009-2010, eon sd niy tang Iln l i 43,4 trif u^^^).

Qua nhilu nim thfle hifn eai eich, ty If ngheo ddi eia An Dp dang ed xu hfldng giam. Kit qua nghiin cflu theo phfldng phip khao s i t ddng dang (URP) eho thi'y.

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78 Nghien cUu Ddng Nam A 9/2011 nim 1993-1994, ti 11 nghlo ddi e i a An Df Df - khoang 200 trifu ngfldi - ed mflc thu l i 36% (trong dd ti If nghlo ddi ving ndng nhip tfl 4.000 din 10.000 ddla mdt nim - thdn l i 37.3%) dl'n nim 2004-2005, ti If tfldng dfldng vdi nhflng ngfldi My ed rafle niy l i 27.5%. Kit qua nghiin eflu theo thu nhf p hp gia dinh tfl 20.000 den 45.000 phfldng phip khao s i t hdn hyp (MRP) eho ddla mft nim. Nhdm hp gia dinh niy dang thi'y, ti If nghlo ddi e i a An Dp nim 1999- gia ting khoang 10% mdi nim, dat tdi 65 2000 l i 26.1% v i dl'n nim 2004-2005 trifu bf gia dinh d^n n i m 2010<»«). Cung giara xud'ng edn 21.8%(^^). Nhflng eon so' trong hai t h i p ky qua, quy md e i a ting trin tuy vin edn eao so vdi eie qude gia ldp trung lflu da t i n g Iln gi'p bdn Iln (Iln cbiu A khie nhflng vdi An Df, dd l i tdi 250 trifu ngfldi), v i mdi n i m 1% sd nhflng til'n bp vfl^t bie trong cdng t i c xda ngfldi nghlo e i a nfldc niy vflyt qua dflde ddi giam nghlo. gidi ban nghlo ddi^^^).

4. Tinh t r a n g bat binh dang trong xa hoi giiim d^ng ke

Cing vdi sy t i n g trfldng manh m l v l kinh tl, thu nhfp binh quin d i u ngfldi eia di't nflde ed so' dan ldn nhi't Nam A

niy eiing ting Iln ding ke. Theo so' Ufu Tinh trang bi't binh ding d An Dp ting eia Ngin hing the gidi dfla ra thing it hdn ri't nhieu so vdi d eac quoc gia dang 4/2008, thu nhip binh quan diu ngfldi p h i t triln khac. Chi sd Gini - thfldc do cua An Dp n i m 2000 l i 450 USD, nim danh gia ve tinh trang b i t binh ding ve 2005 l i 730 USD v i n i m 2006 l i 820 thu nhip tren thang dilm tfl 0 de'n 100 - USD. Nhu viy, tfl n i m 2000 din n i m e i a An Dp l i 33, so vdi 41 e i a My, 45 eia 2006, mflc t i n g GDP binh quan theo diu Trung Qudc v i 59 e i a Braxin<20).

ngfldi e i a An Dp l i 26%/nim trong khi Trong vi'n de binh ding gidi, x i hpi An mflc ting e i a Trung Qudc, cfldng qudc Dp dang diin ra nhiing chuyin bil'n sau kinh t l mdi ndi khie e i a chau A, l i glc, vj the e i a ngfldi phy nfl An Do ngiy 24.4%/nim tfl 1997-2005 (tfl 6.420 len cing duyc ning cao. Phy nfl An gid day 14.040 nhan d i n tf/nim)(i'). khong cdn qua phy thufc vao tai chi'nh eia

An Dp ngiy cing c6 nhieu trifu p h i v i gia dinh minh hay gia d^nh n h i chong.

gia ting v l quy md t i n g ldp trung Iflu. Ngiy cing nhilu phy nii di kil'm vifc lam Nim 2005, An Dp c6 83.000 trifu p h i . Cac ho^c kinh doanh thay vi d nha nhfl trfldc chuyin gia tfl vi'n e i a hang Mckinsey & kia. Vi dy, trong nhiing n i m d i u e i a thdi Company nhfn thi'y ring, vio n i m 2005, ky b i n g nd xu hfldng lam vifc cho nflde 1,2 trifu hp gia dUnh An Df khi'm kha c6 ngoii, cac vin phong trung tam difn thoai mflc thu nhip 10.000 ddla mpt n i m - da phai mdi cae bic cha me dl'n ctmg vdi tfldng dfldng vdi hdn 45.000 ddla d My - v i nhiing ngfldi ndp ddn xin vifc bdi t h i hf fldc tinh ring eon sd niy dang t i n g 20% trfldc diy khdng t h i bilu dfldc loai cdng ty moi nim. Khoang 40 trifu ho gia (iUnh An nio m i lai yeu clu nhiing phu nii tre lim

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Vdn Nggc Thdnh, Nguyen Thi Hoa Nhitng thdnh tuu vdn hoa xd hdi. 79 vifc mudn vio budi dira v i thye hifn

nhflng eupe gpi dien thoai eho ngfldi la.

Ngiy nay, nhflng eong vifc niy n h i n dflde eii nhin eoi trpng. Nhflng phy nfl tre An Dd lira vifc trong eie cdng ty trong nflde .bay nflde ngoii eung dang thay ddi tfl eie bp sari truyin thong sang Au phye hay nhflng bd salwar kameez^^^) hd tay It raang tinh nghi li hdn(22).

Cie t h i tyc k i t hdn d An Dp eung dang dfldc thay doi. Nhflng ngfldi tre tudi ed ngbl nghifp thfldng k i t hdn raupn hdn.

Sau dim efldi, phy nfl thfldng tfl ebdi thye hifn nhiing bdn p h i n truyin thd'ng nhfl ni'u i n cho ea gia ^ n h , gdi ghim bfla trfla eho ehdng v i hi'p lai sfla cho ca gia dinh nhi chdng. Chi mot t h i p ky trfldc diy, blu h i t nhflng ngfldi An Dp trung Iflu tre tudi diu chi'p n h i n t i p tyc hdn nhan qua din xIp, nhflng gid day nhilu phy nfl tre die lip v l t i i ehlnh e i a An Dp dang lang trinh nhflng cupc hdn n h i n d i n xl'p m i ngay ea ehi gii hp cung bupc phai ehi'p nhin trfldc dd mot vii nim. Ngiy nay nhilu phy nfl ndi hp se k i t hdn khi d i s i n sing, ehfl khdng phai khi cha me quyl't djnh hp di li'y chdng cho ranh.. 65% ndi hen hd l i can thii't, v i hp eung mud'n ed kha ning dpe l i p t i i ehinh trfldc khi li'y ehdng. Hdn ba p h i n tfl (76%) ndi hp mud'n gifl vflng sy dpe l i p dd sau hdn nhin. 60%

ndi hp se quyl't dinh each tilu tiin Ifldng riing e i a hp. Hdn nfla, 76% ndi hp se quyet djnh khi nao thi sinh eon<23)

5. Xu t h e c h u y e n dich vifc lam

An Dd cd lye Ifldng lao ddng ndi til'ng

Anh ddi dio, gii re, dUde dio tao bii ban trong eie linh vflc cdng ngbl v i djeh vy dang l i dilm dl'n eia cie cdng ty, eie t i p doin xuyin qude gia. Nim 2006, An Dp cd 270 trifu ngfldi trong dd tudi lao ddng.

Cie n h i nhin khiu hpe dy doin ring, vio nim 2030, An Dp se ed lye Ifldng lao dpng ldn nhi't t h i gidi vdi 986 trifu ngfldi(24).

Tiem ning lao dpng ddi dio niy d i din dl'n sy hflng nd eia lin sdng di chuyen vifc lim tfl Au My sang An Dp. Sy chuyin djch vile lim trong di't nflde An Dp eung dang diin ra raanh rae do sy cudn but eia eie nginh cdng ngbl eao v i djeh vy lira thui eho nude ngoii.

Hdn radt trilu vifc lira "ed tring" trong nginh djeh vy d i dflde ehuyen sang An Dp(25). Thay rait eho eie cdng ty nflde ngoii, ngfldi An Dp tra ldi eie eupe difn thoai, vil't raa raiy tinh, v i ngiy eing dara nhin nhiing nhifm vy phflc tap hdn - tfl k l toin dl'n nghifp vy ngin hing diu tfl - nhflng vifc trfldc kia do eie vin phdng kinh doanh d My v i cbiu- Au thye hifn.

Khi Trung Qude d i trd thinh n h i miy ndi til'ng e i a t h i gidi, thi An Dp dang trd thinh vin phdng hd trd kinh doanh eia toin clu. Nhflng vin phdng ndi til'p nhau ra ddi d i ci'p thim sinh lye eho nin kinh t l An Dp, td ehfle lai phfldng phap kinh doanh b day eung nhfl trin t h i gidi v i lim Ian tda edn sdt An Dp trong eae cdng ty nflde ngoii. Nhflng cdng lihin cd tring e i a phfldng Tay ngiy eing lo ling ring vifc lim eia hp se dflde ehuyin tfl Boston sang Bangalore, hoic tfl Manchester sang Mumbai. Day l i nhflng lo ling ed ed sd bdi trong sd 500 cdng ty ldn nhi't t h i gidi, 400

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80 Nghien citu Ddng Nam A 9/2011 da ehuyin nhflng vifc lim e i a t i n g ldp

trung lflu sang An Dp, Nim 2000, eon sd niy mdi chi l i 150. Intel d i thui 3.000 nhin vien An Dp. Nim 2005, IBM da cd 73.000 nhan viin b mfldi bd'n t h i n h phd eia An Df^^e)

Xu hfldng ehuyin djeh vifc lim niy eung gdp phin lam dao ngfl(^e ddng chay chit xira. Nhilu ngfldi An Dp ed trinh dp hoc vi'n v i ky t h u i t eao tflng djnh efl b nfldc ngoii nay da quay v l lim vifc trong nflde. Chi tinh riing d Bangalore, khoang 30.000 dl'n 40.000 ngfldi An Dp da tfl nflde ngoii quay trd v l trong t h i p ki vfla qua(^'). Rd ring diy l i rapt sy thay ddi ci'p tiin trong nin kinh tl', x i hdi b An Dp, rapt sy thay ddi ngfldc lai vdi cie qud'c gia dang phit triln khic.

Ndi tdm lai, nhflng t h i n h tyu v i n hda, x i hpi trong hai t h i p ky qua e i a An Dp l i ed sd eia nhflng bflde til'n dii v l phit trien kinh tl' v i til'n bp x i hpi. An Dp d i di Iln tfl mpt quoc gia budn b i vdi "ty If ting trfldng Hindu", dan so' m i ehfl v i ngheo ddi vio loai eao nhi't t r i n t h i gidi.

Cupc eai cieh tuy dien ra mupn (nim 1991) v i qua trinh thye hifn cai each dien ra ehira nhflng nd thye sy l i phfldng thudc dung d i n eho mpt di't nfldc lim vio tinh trang k h i n g hoang nguy kjch nhfl An Dp vio n i m 1991. An Dp ngiy nay ty hio dflng trong h i n g ngu cic quoc gia cd tde dp ting trfldng nhanh nhi't thi' gidi.

An Dp eung dflde xem l i cfldng qudc mdi ndi cua the gidi. Tuy nhiin An Dp v i n edn ri't nhilu vifc phai lim di eai each toin difn nin kinh te x i hpi. Theo Ngan hing

phit triln chiu A, n i m 2005, An Dp vin ed khoang 36% dan so' cdn sd'ng vdi rafle chfla diy 1 ddla mdt ngiy v i 81% song vdi rafle chfla diy 2 ddla mpt ngiy. Trong khi An Df ndi til'ng vdi ngudn lao dpng tri thfle ddi dio ed h i so' thong minh eao thi thye t l 35% ngfldi An vin edn m i ehfl dang l i rio can di An Dp t i n g trfldng hdn nQa(28). Nhflng tien bp cua rapt An Dp mdi diy i n h hio quang da che p h i nhflng vi'n di edn tdn tai dai ding, nhfl ty If t i vong tre em eao, tinh trang bao lye dm vdi phy nfl, tinh trang phan bift v i ddi x i theo ding ci'p v i b i t hoi tdn giio.../.

CHU THICH

1. Vu Dudng Ninh (ehu biln), Lich stf An Dp, Nhi xui't ban Giio dye. Hi Npi 1995, tr.

162 - 163

2. Ministry of Finance (2010), Government of India. Economic Survey 2009-2010, p.

284. http://indiabudget.nie.in/es2009- 10/ehapt2010/ehapterl l.pdf,.

3. Ministry of Finance (2007), Government of India. Economic Survey 2006-2007, p.

212. http://indiabudget.nie.in/es2006- 07/ehapt2007/ehap 105.pdf

4. Ministry of Finance (2010), Government of India, Economic Survey 2009-2010, p.

281. http://indiabudget.nie.in/es2009- 10/ehapt2010/ehapterl l.pdf

212. http://indiabudget.nie.in/es2006- 07/ehapt2007/ehap 105.pdf

6. Ministry of Law and Justice (2009), Government of India, The right of chil- dren to free and compulsory education act

(8)

Vdn Nggc Thdnh, Nguyin Thi Hoa Nhirng thdnh tuu van hoa xd hgi... 81 2009, p.l. http://www.education.nic.in/ele-

mentary/RTI_Mode l_Rules.pdf

282. http://indiabudget.nie.in/es2009- 10/chapt2010/chapterl l.pdf,

282. http://indiabudget.nie.in/es2009- 10/ehapt2010/chapterl l.pdf

9. (2006), Md hinh An Dp, Cae vi'n dl qudc te, Tai lieu tham khao die biet. Thing 3 2007, Thdng ti'n xa Vift Nam, tr.50.

10. Ministry of Finance (2010), Government of India, Eeonomie Survey 2009-2010, p.

285. http://indiabudget.nie.in/es2009- 10/chapt2010/ehapterl l.pdf

11. National Rural Health Mission (2005-

2012), Mission Document, http://mohfw.nic.in/NRHM/Doeuments/Mi

ssion_Doeument.pdf

12. Ministry of Finance (2010), Government of India, Eeonomie Survey 2009-2010, p.

284. http://indiabudget.nie.in/es2009- 10/ehapt2010/chapterl l.pdf

13. Ministry of Finance (2011), Government of India, Economic Survey 2010-2011.

h t t p : / / i n d i a b u d g e t . n i e . i n / e s 2 0 1 0 - ll/eehap-12.pdf, tr. 292.

210. http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006- 07/ehapt2007/ehap 103.pdf

15. Ministry of Finance (2010), Government of India, Economic Survey 2009-2010, pp.

276,277. http://indiabudget.nie.in/es2009- 10/ehapt2010/ehapterl l.pdf

273. http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2009- 10/ehapt2010/chapterl l.pdf

17. Vo Xuin Vinh, Tong quan kinh te An Dp nhflng n i m dau the ky XXI, Nghien cflu vanhoe, sd8, 2008, tr. 13.

18. Robyn Meredith, Voi va Rong Su ndi len cua An Dp, Trung Qudc va y nghia cua dieu dd ddi vdi t i t ca chung ta, Nha xuit ban Chinh tri Quoc gia. Ha Npi, 2009, tr. 199.

19. Gurcharan Das (2006), Md hinh An Dp, 2006, Cac vin d l qudc te, Tai lieu tham khao dac biet, Thing 3 2007, Thdng tin xa Viet Nam, tr. 41.

20. (2006), Md hinh An Dp, Cac vi'n de quoc te, Tai lieu tham khao die biet. Thing 3 2007, Thdng tan xa Viet Nam, tr. 41.

21. Salwar kameez la loai trang phuc truyen thd'ng phi gidi tinh. Mpt bo shalwar kameez cua phu nfl gom quan (rat rpng d phin tren va thu hep d mit ca chin), ao (gidng sdmi, dai de'n bip dfli, diu gdl) va mpt dupatta (khin long) qua'n quanh vai, xl'p ne'p trudc ngUc.

22. Robyn Meredith, Voi va Rong Su ndi len GUa An Dp, Trung Qudc va y nghia cua dieu dd ddi vdi tat ca chung ta, Nha xua't ban Chinh tri Quoc gia, Ha Noi, 2009, tr. 220.

23. Pete Engardio, Rdng Hoa Ho An, Nha xua't ban Thdi dai, 2009, tr. 182.

24. Robyn Meredith, Voi va Rdng Su ndi len cua An Dp, Trung Qud'c va y nghia cua dieu dd ddi vdi tat ca chflng ta, Nha xua't ban Chinh tri Qudc gia. Ha Ndi, 2009, tr. 220.

25. Robyn Meredith (2009), Voi va Rong - Su ndi len cua An Dp, Trung Qudc va y nghia ciia dieu dd ddi vdi tat ca chiing ta, Nha xuat ban Chinh trj Qudc gia. Ha Noi, 2009, tr.l23, 26. Robyn Meredith, Voi va Rdng - Su ndi len cua

An Dp, Trung Qudc va y nghia cua dieu do doi vdi ti't ca chiing ta, Nha xua't ban Chinh tri Qudc gia. Ha Noi, 2009, tr.l25 - 126.

27. Robyn Meredith, Voi va Rong Su ndi len cua An Dp, Trung Quoc va y nghia cua dieu dd dol vdi ti't ca ehung ta, Nha xua't ban Chinh trj Quoc gia. Ha Npi, 2009, tr.l98.

28. Robyn Meredith, Voi va Rdng • Su ndi len eua An Dp, Trung Qud'c va y ngliia cua dieu dd ddi vdi ti't ca chung ta, Nha xua't ban Chinh tri Qudb gia. Ha Noi, 200!), tr. 211.