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TH.S PHAM CONG DL/CING
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rong nhiing nam, gdn ddy, vdn di nhdn quyin ludn Id diim nong trong quan hi Trung - My. Phia My lien tuc cd cdc hdnh ddng nhii: Ra cdc bdo edo ve tinh hinh nhan quyin hdng nam phi phdn tinh trgng nhdn quyin cua Trung Qudc;ldnh dgo cdp cao My tiin hdnh gap gd Thu linh tinh thdn cua Tdy Tgng £>gt Lai Lat Ma; My nhiiu ldn lin tii'ng bdy to quan nggi vi viec phdn biet dd'i x^ cua Trung Qudc doi vdi ngUbi Duy Ngd Nhi, keu ggi Trung Qudc bdo ddm. quyin ldi cho ngitdi ddn tdc thieu sd' vd dieu tra minh bach vi edc vu bgo lite ldm nhiiu ngitdi thiet mg-ng trong cdc vu khung bd' d Tdn Citdng, Tdy Tgng...De phdn itng lgi, Trung Qudc cUng dd ra bdo cdo vi tinh hinh nhdn quyin cua My, trong do cdo budc My ddnh gid vd trdch nhiim vi tinh hinh nhdn quyin d hdn 190 qud'c gia vd viing lanh tho, trong do co Trung Qudc; cdo budc viec Chinh phu My khdng ed bien phdp kiem sodt siing dgn hieu - qud Id mgt trong nhUng nguyin nhdn ddn tdi tinh trgng bgo lite, de dga nghiim trgng di'n ddi sdng, an todn tinh
NGHIEN CiJU TRUNG QUtfC so 10(158) - 2014
mgng eua ngUdi ddn My; phe phdn tinh trgng chenh lech gidu ngheo tgi My tiep tuc gia tdng ke tit cudc khung hodng tdi chinh todn cdu nam 2008; lin dn My thitdng xuyin vi phgm nhdn quyin qua viic phdt ddng cdc cudc chiin tranh tdn khoe gdy ton thdt ngng ni cho ngitdi ddn vd tgi d cdc nitdc khdc, nhdt Id hai cuSc chien tgi Iraq vd Afghanistan... Cd thi noi, nhOng cdng thdng vi nhdn quyin trong quan he Trung - My se chita cd hdi kii vd dien bien ngdy edng phiie tgp hdn.
Bdi viSi se tap trung di sdu vdo cde vdn di nhit: Sit khdc biet trong cdch tiip can vi vdn di nhdn quyin giQa My vd Trung Qud'c; ehinh sdch nhdn quyin cua My ddi vdi Trung Qud'c sau Chie'n tranh Lanh vd cdch thitc doi pho cua Trung Qudc;
cudi Cling Id phdn du hdo yiu td' nhdn quyin se tdc ddng den quan hi My Trung nhu thi'ndo trong tUdng lai.
Su khac biet trong each tiep can ve v£ui de nhan quyen giua My va Trung Qud'c
Do nhiing khac biet ve chd dp c h m h tri, t r i n h dp p h a t trien, gia tri v a n hda, dpng cd chinh tri..., T r u n g Quoc va My
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PHAM UUNG D U U N U
CO each tidp clin khac n h a u ve vli'n dd n h a n quyen.
Vi mdl quan he giiia cdc nhdm "quyin ddn sU - chinh trf vdi nhdm cdc ''quyin kinh ti'- xd hgi - vdn hdd'^^\ My luon eoi trpng cac "quydn d a n sii - chmh tri" hdn nhom cac "quyen kinh t d - xa hpi - v a n hoa". N h a n quydn ma My de cao chu ydu 1^ quyen cong d a n va quyen chinh tri cd ban, trong do nha'n m a n h den quydn lpi ca n h a n . Trong md'i tUdng quan giiSa quydn ca n h a n va quyen t$.p the. My chii trpng nhidu den quyen ca nhan, n h ^ n manh den cac quyen tii do ngon lului, til do tin ngUSi, til do llLp hpi... Vd cac quyen tap thd nhtf quyen dan tpc tU quyet, quydn phat trien.... My lai cd lap trUdng tieu cUc, t h a m chl la phu nhAn. Dieu nay phan a h h trong Bao cao hang n a m cua My vd thih hmh n h ^ n quyen cua cac nU6c khac cung nhil trong bao cao t a i uy b a n N h a n quydn cua Lien Hdp Quo'c.
Trong khi do, Trung Qudc theo duoi q u a n nidm n h a n quydn toan dien, trte la n h a n quyen la sii tho'ng nhSl giGa quydn ca n h a n v^ quyen tlip t h e ; la sii thdng nha't giiia quyen c h m h tri cong d a n v6i cac quyen k i n h te, xa hpi, v a n hoa; la sii thd'ng nha^t giiia quydn ldi v^ nghia vu.
Theo q u a n niem ciia T r u n g Quo'c, cac quyen cua con ngiidi co h e n h e m a t t h i e t vdi n h a u , tdn t a i diia vao n h a u , thiic d^y l l n nhau. Do vay, moi n h a niidc khdng nhiing p h a i coi trpng quyen c h m h t r i va quyen ca n h a n eiia ngiidi dan, ma cdn c l n coi trpng quyen kinh te, xa hpi, v a n hda va quyen t a p t h e .
Vi mdi quan hi giQa tinh pho bii'n^^^
vd tinh dgc thd'-^^ trong uoLn di nhdn
quyin.My ludn n h m i m a n h nguydn tac phd bien, thlim chi t u y | t ddi h o a nguygn tac n^y va p h u n h a n sii tdn t a i t m h dac t h u . Theo My, t i n h phd bien cua nhan quydn t h e hi@n t r o n g "Hien chifdng LHQ" va "Tuydn n g o n thd^ gidi vd n h t n quyen". Trong q u a t r i n h soan thao hai v a n b a n nay. My c6 a n h hiidng ra't ldn.
Vdi q u a n didm dd. My luon ap dat cho cac qudc gia k h a c q u a n diem n h a n quydn va mo h i n h cua minh, la'y dd lam thu6c do k h i xem xdt t m h h i n h n h a n quydn cua cac niidc khac.
Lap t n i d n g cua T r u n g Quo'c vd v^n de n a y do la viXa. thiia. n h a n n h a n quydn c6 t m h phd bi^n, viia. nha'n m a n h nhdn quyen c6 t m h dac thii''". T r u n g Qudc cho rang, do hdl c a n h lich stt, che do xa hoi, t r u y i n tho'ng v a n hoa... eua moi nitdc khae n h a u , nSn n h a n thiie ve nhan quydn thiidng la k h o n g tho'ng nh^t, d i n ddn viec thiic h i e n n h d n quyen cl moi niidc ciing k h a c n h a u . T u y n h d n quyln CO t i n h phd bien n h i i n g no chu ydii v i n la va'n de thupe p h a m vi chu quydn qudc gia, do v a y k h i xem x6t va'n dd nhdn quyen cua mot quo'e gia ngiidi t a khdng t h e tach rdi boi e a n h lich s\i, t i n h hinh npi bp cua quoc gia do va chng khong the r a p k h u d n b a n g mo h m h ho^e t i n h binh ciia b ^ t cti qud'c gia h a y k h u viic nao khae. Viee la'y mo M n h eua niidc minh lam t i e u c h u a n de p h a n x6t nifdc khac, ap d a t mo h i n h cua m i n h cho nhdc khac la khong phii hdp va k h d n g t h e thiic hi§n diidc. T n m g Quo'c da stt dung cac q u a n diim nky de ph% p h a n My trong v i | c chinh t r i hda va -y thiic hg hda vSh NGHIEN CDU TRUNG QUifc so 10(158) - 2014
yeu to nhan quyen trong..
de n h a n quyd'n n h a m thiic d^y chu nghia ba quydn va chinh t r i cUdng quyen. Diia trgn lap tnfdng nay, T n m g Quo'c p h a n doi My tuySt ddi hoa nguyen t a c pho bien ciia n h d n quydn, mifdn c6 n h a n quydn can thi§p vao cong viec npi bp cua nUdc khac.
Chinh s^ch ngoai giao n h a n quyen cua My ddi vdi T r u n g Quoc ke tiir sau Chig'n t r a n h L a n h dg'n n a y :
Thdi ky Tong thong Bill Clinton (2011/1993 - 20/1/2001)
Ttt n a m 1993 ddn k h i hd't thiic nhiem k^ Tong thd'ng cua minh, Bill Clinton da nhieu l l n t h a y ddi chinh sach n h a n quydn ddi vdi T r u n g Quo'c theo hu6ng thiic dung va linh h o a t hdn, nhiing xu thd^ "t£^n cong" vd m a t n h a n quydn doi vdi T n m g Qud'c khong h e t h a y ddi. S a u khi n h a m ehiic, Bill Clinton da dat va'n de n h a n quyen l e n vi t r i h a n g dau trong chmh saeh do'i ngoai, coi vi§c thiic day dan chu, n h d n quyen, n g a n g bang vdi a n ninh kinh t d va a n n i n h qudn sii, tao t h a h h 3 t r u cpt trong chinh sach ddi ngoEii cua My.
Ddi vdi Trung Qudc, Tdng thd'ng Bill Clinton da trien k h a i t h e tien cong ve n h a n quyen huge T n m g Qudc p h a i co nhiing t h a y doi, la'y do lam dieu kien thue d^y p h a t t r i e n q u a n h e h a i nifdc.
Cong eu dhde chfnh quydn My s\i dung liic dd la Quy e h ^ toi h u e quo'c. My dat r a (h^u k i | n cu t h e la "khdng thiic hien ehd dp tdi h u § qud'c va cho vay thiidng mai ddi vdi nhiing nifdc c6 n e n kinh t e p h i t h i tnfdng; nhihig nifdc khong cho phep edng NGH|£N CUU TRUNG qUO'C so 10(158) - 2014
d a n minh dUdc til do di cif r a nifdc ngoai hoac se d a n h thud' t h a t n a n g hoac p h a t tien nhiing cong d a n nao muo'n di cif r a nU6c ngoai". My kign tri ygu c l u T n m g Qudc p h a i co cai thien 16n trong va'n de n h a n quyen. Do vay. My quydt dinh cho ph6p T r u n g Qudc hifdng Quy che' toi hug qudc trong 12 t h a n g , viec T r u n g Quo'c cd tien trien trong va'n de n h a n quyen hay khong se quyet dinh Trung Quoc c6 tiep tuc difdc hudng Quy chd toi h u e quo'c trong nhiing n a m s a u h a y khdng.
Tuy nhien, c h m h sach gin n h a n quyen vdi Quy che tdi hug quo'c cua Chinh quyen Clinton da khong t h u dildc kdt qua nhii mong muo'n va gap p h a i sil p h a n ddi ngay trong gi6i q u a n chiic My'^.
S a u n h i e u p h a n doi v a chl trich, ngay 26-5-1994, Tdng thd'ng Bill Clinton da t u y e n bo' b a i bd vigc g a n n h a n quyen vdi vigc cho ph6p T r u n g Quo'c hifdng Quy chd tdi h u g qudc h a n g imm, d a n h daii sii tha't b a i trong chfnh sach g a n v ^ n de n h a n quyen vdi Quy chd toi hug quo'c.
Tuy nhien, dieu do khong ddng nghia vdi vigc My tif bd vigc sii dung v^n de n h a n quyen trong q u a n hg vdi T r u n g Qud'c. Chfnh quyen Clinton da dung cac hinh thiic k h a c len a n t i n h h i n h n h a n quyen cua T n m g Quo'c, t h do l^y cd n h a n quydn de c a n thigp vao cong viec ndi bp cua T r u n g Qud'c (cac h i n h thiic thifdng difdc My s\i dung la: Dg t r i n h ldn Uy b a n N h a n quyen L H Q nghi quydt chi trich n h a n quyen eua Trung Qud'c; r a Bao cao n h d n quyen h a n g n a m ; thdng qua cac phifdng tien thdng t i n dai ehung de t u y e n t r u y e n ve t i n h t r a n g vi p h a m n h a n quyen d T r u n g Qud'e...).
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PHAM CONG DUONG
Thdi ky Tong thong George W.Bash (2011/2001 - 20/1/2009)
So vdi thdi Tong thong Bill Clinton, chfhh sach ngoai giao n h a n quygn cua My khi George W.Bush mdi Ign nl.m quyen t h e hien sii ciing r a n hdn, thiic hign kiem che mot each cong k h a i hdn ddi vdi Trung Quo'c. Trong thdi gian t r a n h ct£, George W.Bush t h a n g thCfng tuygn ho' Trung Quo'c khong p h a i la "doi thii chidn lifdc" m a la "doi t h n canh t r a n h chien liidc". Ngay sau khi Ign cdm quyen vao t h a n g 1-2001, Chfnh quyen Bush da tign h a n h mot loat cac dpng t h a i quan trpng, t h e Men sii chng r a n vd va'n dd n h a n quyen trong q u a n h e vdi Trung Qud'c. Cu the, t h a n g 4/2001, Chfnh quydn B u s h da bao trd kien nghi Ign a n cac vu vi p h a m n h a n quydn ciia Trung Qudc t a i Hpi nghi h a n g n a m ciia Uy b a n N h a n quydn LHQ t a i Geneve.
T h a n g 5-2001, Quo'c hpi My tuygn bo' se t h a n h lap uy b a n chuyen giam sat vd v^n de n h a n quyen ciia T r u n g Quoc. uy b a n n a y co t r a e h nhigm bao cao h a n g n a m ve ket qua dieu t r a n h a n quydn 5 Trung Quo'c...
Tuy nhign, sii kien 11-9-2001 da buoc My p h a i &eu chinh chien lifdc de t a p hdp liic lifdng cho cupe chig'n chd'ng khiing bd'. My da chu dpng cai thign q u a n he vdi T r u n g Quo'e, nd liic p h a t trien "quan h e hdp tac m a n g t i n h xky diing" vdi Trirag Qudc t h a y cho k h a i niem "doi tac c a n h t r a n h ehien lifdc"
tnidc dd. Do ca My va T r u n g Qudc deu co ldi ich trong ITnh viic chd'ng k h u n g bo^
n g n n h u c l u ve sii hdp tac My - T n m g t r e n linh vifc a n n i n h v a chd'ng khiing bo da iam cho m a u t h u i n h a i bgn ve va'n dl n h a n quyen diu di. T u y nhidn. Bush vSn coi trpng thiic d^y "dSn chu, n h a n quyen va ton giao" xua't p h a t t ^ n h u c l u npi bp va d^ dat dUdc cac muc tigu ddi ngoai cua My.
Trong b a n bao cao n h a n quyen cua Bg Ngoai giao My cong bd' ngay 04-3-2002, My cho r a n g t h a n h tich n h a n quydn cua T r u n g Quo'c con nhidu h a n ehd: Chfnh phu tiep tuc duy t r i kiem soat chat che cac va'n de t o n giao, chinh tri; he thdng p h a p l u a t va bp m a y tif p h a p eon quan hgu, t h a m nhung;cd q u a n ehiic nang can thigp thy t i e n vao tii do va quydn rieng tli ca n h a n .
Trong chig'n lUdc d6i ngoai nhigm 1^ 2, ciing vdi chu n g h i a k h u n g bd', Chfnh quydn B u s h coi thtic day d a n chu, nhan quydn, ton giao la liu tign h a n g d l u trong c h m h sach do'i ngoai, cho rang thiic day d a n chu, n h a n quydn, tdn giao khong m a u t h u a n vdi chd'ng khung bd, ma ngitdc lai, do chfnh la bidn phap d^
bao dam k h u n g bo' bi tieu didt t a n gd'c.
Ddi vdi T r u n g Qud'c, My tig'p tue cong kich T r u n g Qud'c ve va'n dd n h a n quydn, trong bao cao n h a n quyen n a m 2005, 2006, My h d t T r u n g Quo'e vao d a n h sach mpt trong nhiing nifdc vi p h a m nhan quy^n n h i e u nha't. N a m 2007, tuy My xda t d n T n m g Qud'c khdi d a n h sach nhiing nifdc vi p h a m n h a n quy^n nhi^u n h ^ t t r d n t h e gidi, nhifng v i n cho rang T r u n g Qud'c chiia d a t difdc n h i l u t i 6 i bd trong v ^ n di n h S n q u y l n .
NGHI£N CfiU TRUNG QUifc so 10(158) - 2014
Yeii t6nhan quyen trong....
Tom lgi, difdi thdi Chinh quydn Bush, quan hg My - T r u n g difdc cai thign mpt each dang k e . Gidi p h a n tich cho r a n g day la thcli k y q u a n hd h a i midc p h a t tri^n tifdng dm dn dinh va td't nha't kd tii khi binh thifdng hda q u a n hg n a m 1979.
Tuy nhidn, vaii d$ n h a n quyen tiep t u c la "diem ndng" trong q u a n h e My Tnmg, T r u n g Quo'c v i n la trpng d i l m trong ehfnh saeh ngo^i giao n h a n quyen ciia My, My ti^p t u c dung va'n de nhSn quydn de can thigp sdu vao cong vide npi bp Trung Quo'c, l^y c6 t h u c d^y d a n chu, n h a n quyen de thiic hidn y dd di^n bien hda binh, chuyen hda ndi bo tif bdn trong Trung Qud'c.
Thdi ky TSng thdng Obama (20-1- 2009 den nay)
Chfnh saeh n h d n quyen cua Tong thd'ng O b a m a ddi vdi T r u n g Qud'c tii khi nham chfic d^n n a y ve ed b a n k e thiia chinh sach c u a Chinh quydn George W.Bush, chifa co nhflng t h a y ddi mang t m h ehien liidc v a l a u dai. My v i n tiep tuc Ign tidng cao budc T n m g Quo'c gia tang trS'n a p nhiing ngvibi ba't ddng chmh H e n , c h a d a p tii do, ngdn luan, h a n chS" q u y l n tii do t r u y cap Internet...
Tuy nhidn, song song vdi nhiing ldi le cdo bupc tinh t r a n g n h a n quyen eiia Trung Qudc, M y ciing c6 nhiing toan thih thiie dung hdn, cho r a n g t i n h h i n h n h a n q u y l n cua T n m g Qudc va v ^ h d$
Tky T^Xig la m d i q u a n tSm cua My nhifng nhlCn m a n h day khdng p h a i la npi dung ufu tidn va 'Va'n d$ n h a n quyen khdng dvbfc gay trd ng^i tdi nhiing nd liie NGHICN CUV TRUNG QUtfC so 10(158) - 2014
hdp tac vdi T r u n g Quo'c n h a m giai quyd't cupc k h u n g h o a n g t o a n c l u ve kinh tg', a n n i n h va moi tnfdng".
Nhif vay, x6t vi tdng t h e chfnh sach n h a n quydn cua My ddi vdi T n m g Quo'c thdi gian g i n day c6 t h d thify, mac dii My de cap k h a nhidu d^n n h a n t o n h i n quyen, t u y nhidn, cho den n a y v i n chifa cd h a n h dpng cu thd nao dang ke de
"trCdig phat" T r u n g Quo'c. Qua do co thi t h a y r a r ^ , My se khong day v ^ n de n h a n quyen (ti q u a xa, vifdt ngoai t i m kiem soat va My cimg sd khdng dd nhiing phiic t a p trong vSh de n h a n quydn giiia h a i nifdc a n h hif5ng den tdng thi q u a n he My - Trung, a n h hifSng din ldi ich qud'c gia cua My.
Doi sach cua T r u n g Qudc vdi M y ve v ^ de n h a n quyen tit sau Chi^n t r a n h L a n h den n a y
S a u Sli kien Thidn An Mdn va dac bidt la s a u C h i l n t r a n h Lanh, mpt m a t T r u n g Qud'c p h a n ddi My va cac nifde phifdng T a y diing va'n dd n h S n q u y l n can thigp vao cong vigc noi bp, m a t khae T r u n g Qud'c khdng ngflng cai thign nh^in thiie v l n h a n q u y l n cua ngfldi dan, t a n g cfldng p h a t trien k i n h td, n a n g cao mflc sd'ng ngflcfi dan, h i n h t h a n h v a ho^n t h i e n chinh sach n h d n q u y l n eua minh... d l doi phd vdi c h m h sach r ^ o a i giao n h a n q u y l n cua My. D a n g chu f, T r u n g Quo'c da dfla r a 4 nguydn t a c n h a n q u y l n : i) Nguydn tae tdn trong chu q u y l n va binh dang giiia cae qu6c gia ed dhii q u y l n trong hdp tae n h a n quyen quoc t l ; ii) Nguyen t a c ve tinh phd b i ^ cua
n h a n quyen va tiiih da dang cua t h d gi6i;
iii) Nguydn tac hoan chinh cua khai nidm n h a n quyen va liu tidn quyen phat trien;
iv) Nguydn tac tim kiem diem chung, gac lai b a i ddng trien khai ddi thoai khdng dd'i d l u trong v§ii d l n h a n q u y l n .
Giai doan 1991 - 2001:
Tfl ngay 01-11-1991, T r u n g Qud'c (hnh k^ cong bd^ Sach t r a n g t i n h h i n h n h a n q u y l n Trung Quo'c, t r o n g dd t r i n h bay nhiing c6' gang ciing nhfl t h a n h tich n h a n quyen ciia T r u n g Quo'e, n h a m bac bd viec My va phfldng Tay to' cao T r u n g Qud'c khdng tdn trong n h a n quyen.
Ngoai ra, T r u n g Qud'c cdn phoi h^p vdi cac qud'c gia c6 cung q u a n diem v a h de n h a n q u y l n iing hp lap trfldng eua T n m g Quo'e dd'i pho lai chfnh sach ngoai giao n h a n q u y l n cua My va cac nfldc phfldng Tay. K l tfl n a m 1996, T r u n g Qudc da md rpng doi tfldng t r a n h thii ngoai giao tfl cac nfldc dang p h a t t r i e n d chau A, chau P h i sang cac nfldc p h a t t r i l n dphfldng Tay, cac nfldc Ddng Au va My La-tinh thdng q u a cac cd c h l hdp tac va ddi thoai binh dang. T r u n g Qud'c t i e n h a n h trao ddi va ddi t h o a i n h S n q u y l n vdi Cuba, Mexico, Brazil, Nepal, Hungary, Ai Cap.... Vdi cae nflde EU, Trung Qud'c da tidn h a n h cac cuoc doi thoai, hdi thao v l n h a n q u y l n vdi Anh, Canada, AustraHa, Na Uy... Ngoai cac hoat dpng ddi ngoai ve n h a n q u y l n , Trung Qud'c ciing da m5 n h i l u c h i l n dich tuydn t r u y i n de t h e gidi b e n ngoai n h a n thflc va hieu biet ro hdn v l thflc c h a t t m h hinh n h a n q u y l n ci T r u n g Qudc.
50
Doi vdi My, T r u n g Qud'c t a n dung tridt d l cac h o a t dpng tiep xiic ca'p cao giiia h a i nfldc de t i l n h a n h t r a o ddi v§' vail de n h a n q u y l n . Mdt trong nhiing sU kidn dang chii y t r o n g giai doan nay U c h u y i n t h a m My cua Chu tieh Trung Qud'c Giang T r a e h D a n n a m 1997.
Thdng q u a e h u y e n t h a m nay, quan h§
cang t h a n g gifla My va T n m g Qud'c sau sfl kien Thien A n Mdn v a k h u n g hoang eo bien Dai L o a n da chfnh thflc du^c k h a i thdng. Tidp do, chuyen t h a m Trung Qud'c cua Bill Clinton n a m 1998 dfldc ca h a i nfldc d a n h gia la t h a n h cdng ldn vl m^t chfnh t r i . Vdi T r u n g Quoc, ddy difdc coi la d^u md'c ( ^ n h d^ii sfl binh thfldng hda h o a n t o a n q u a n hd h a i nfldc sau sii kidn Thidn A n Mdn. Trong c h u y i n tham, Tdng thong My da dflde mSi p h a t bieu ve n h a n q u y l n v a cac gia t r i My trdn t r u y i n h i n h trflc tiep. Tiep sau do, trong n a m 1999 h a i nfldc da. t i l p tuc cac cu6c trao dd'i c^p cao, t i l n h a n h giao Iflu quSn sfl va ndi lai d a m p h a n ve n h d n quyln sau 4 n a m g i a n doan.
Nhfl vay, t r o n g giai doan d l u sau khi chien t r a n h l a n h k i t thue, Trung Quo'c da cd sfl t h a y doi n h a n thflc v l vai txb cua n h a n to' n h a n q u y l n trong quan h§
vdi My, ddng thdi eung c6 nhflng ddng t h a i cd b a n n h a m cai thidn q u a n hd v6i My trong Enh vflc d a n ehu, n h a n quyln.
T u y nhidn, p h a n iing cua T r u n g QUfi'C vdi My t r o n g giai doa,n nky chfla thiic sii m a n h me vk hidu qua.
Giai doan tit 2001den nay:
Sau sfl kidn 11-9-2001, ddi sach cua T r u n g Qud'e t r o n g va'n d l n h a n quyln NGHl£N COfU TRUNG QU£(c so 10(158) - 2014
Yeu to nhan quyen trong....
vdi My c6 p h i n chii dpng va quyet hdt hdn. T r u n g Qud'c da tAn dung thdi cd de gan va'n di chraig cac lflc Ifldng Hdi giao Tan Cfldng vdi chien dich chd'ng k h u n g bd toan c l u . Ngfldi p h a t ngdn Bp Ngoai giao T n m g Quoc cho biet, chiing toi hy vpng cudc ehien chd'ng cac lflc Ifldng Hdi giao TSn Cfldng se trd t h a n h mpt p h i n cua nd lflc chd'ng k h u n g b d toan c l u . Den ngay 26-4-2002, My da tuydn bd' dfla phong trao Hdi giao T a n Cfldng vao danh sach cac nhdm k h u n g b l .
Bdn canh vide t ^ n dung thdi ed d l thiic d i y ddi tho^i n h a n q u y l n vdi My, Trung Qud'c ciing da t i l n h a n h bd sung va hoan thidn hd thd'ng p h a p l u a t trong nfldc n h a m tao h a n h lang p h a p ly cho vide bao vd n h a n q u y l n . D a n g chu y, trong diJl t h a o sfla d i i Hien p h a p dfl(3c dfla r a thao l u a n vk thdng qua t a i k^ hpp thfl 2 Quoe hpi khda 10 ciia T r u n g Quoc (5 - 14/3/2004), l l n d l u tidn vKn di n h a n quyln dfl^c chfnh thflc dfla vao H i l n phap Trung Qud'e. D i l u 33 trong Chfldng 2 H i l n p h a p T r u n g Qud'c v l " Q u y l n ldi va nghia v u ed b a n cua cdng dan" ghi ro:
"Nha nfldc t d n trong va bao dam q u y l n con ngfldi". Cdc n h a l a n h dao T r u n g Quoc n h ^ m a n h sfl kidn n a y la moc quan trpng d a n h dSivi sfl p h a t t r i l n ciia n h a n q u y l n vk t i l n bo xa hdi t a i T n m g Qud'c. Cilng vdi vi$c dfla q u y l n con ngflcli vao H i l n ph&p, Chhih p h u T n m g Quoc da ^ f l c diy t r a o doi va h ^ p tac qud'c t e v l v£n <^ nky nhkm giup cpng ddng quoe t l h i l u ro t h i h h h i h thijtc t l v l q u y l n con ngfl&i d T r u n g Quoc.
NGHlfN COU TRUNG QU(JC so 10(158) - 2014
Daii md'c (ianh d^u sfl chu dpng va m a n h m e htfti cua T r u n g Quo'c doi vdi My trong vaii de n h a n q u y l n la n a m 2010, khi Trung Qud'c da co h a n h ddng
"phan phao"bang vide l l n d l u tidn cdng b l b a o cao rieng cua T r u n g Qud'c ve t i n h h i n h n h a n quyen t a i My. Trong b a n bao eao nay, T r u n g Qud'c da chi trich My l^y vail d l n h a n quyen lam cong cu chinh tri de c a n thiep vko cdng vigc ndi bd, bdi nhp hinh a n h cua cac nfldc va tim k i l m cac ldi ich c h i l n lfl<?c khac. Trung Qud'e
"khuyen" chfnh p h u My n e n rflt r a eae b a i hpc tfl lich sfl, tfl dat minh vko vi t r i dihig dan, p h a n da'u cai thign t i n h hinh n h a n quyen ciia b a n t h a n va chinh sfla nhflng h a n h ddng cua minh trong Knh vflc n h a n q u y e n G i n ddy nha't (28-2- 2014), Trung Qud'c cimg da r a "Bao cao N h a n q u y l n My n a m 2013" n h a m dap t r a "Bao cao n h a n q u y l n cac nfldc n a m 2013" cua Bp Ngoai giao My cdng b l h o m 27-2. T n m g Qude eho r a n g v i n edn n h i l u v ^ d l n h a n q u y l n nghiem trpng S My trong n a m 2013 va t i n h h i n h n a y x6t t r d n n h i l u phfldng didn th^im ehi con dang ngay cang xa'u di. Bao cao chi ro, Chfnh phii My da "dfla r a nhiing p h a n x6t tfly tidn va t h i l u t r a e h nhidm" v l t i n h biTih n h a n q u y l n 5 g i n 200 q u l c gia va k h u vflc, song lai kh^o che day ciing nhfl t r a n h d l e|tp d i n cac vlh. di n h a n q u y l n cua chfnh nflde My. Vdi nhiing h a n h ddng trdn, T n m g Quoe da c h u y i n tfl t h e bi ddng p h a i ch^p n h a n nhflng Nghi quye't do My a p d a t nhfl trflde day s a n g t h i chu ddng, tflng bflde lo^i bo nhiing Nghi quyet v l n h a n q u y l n chong lEii T r u n g Qud'c ciia My.
51
Mpt so d u bao ve vai t r o cua y l u to nhan quyen t r o n g q u a n hd M y - T r u n g
ThU nhdt, quan hi hai nUdc ddi ddu cdng thang ditdi tdc ddng cua yiii td' nhdn quyin.Tny k h a n a n g n a y la r ^ t nhd va khd c6 t h i xay ra, nhflng diiu dang suy nghl la, d mdt mfle dp nhd't dinh, v ^ h de n h a n q u y l n p h a n a n h ldi ich vk mflu c l u chfnh tri khac n h a u cua cac q u l e gia trong he t h i n g qud'c td'hidn nay. N l u My tiep tuc m u l n la ngfldi dieu khien l u a t chdi trong q u a n hd qudc t e va tien h a n h can thiep vao cdng viec npi bd cua nfldc khac t h i cudc (ia'u t r a n h v l n h a n q u y l n gifla Trung Qud'c va My se con t i l p tue.
De bao vd ldi ich cua minh, Trung Quo'c se kign quyd't dd'u t r a n h chd'ng lai sti can thidp n h a n q u y l n cua My. Sfl khae bidt ve n h d n thflc, hieu biet va h a n h ddng cua h a i nfldc trong linh vflc n h a n q u y l n neu khdng dfldc k i l m k l mdt each thda dang, CO t h i d i n tdi sfl cang thang, doi d l u gifla h a i nfldc.
ThU hai,dUdi tdc ddng cua yi'u td' nhdn quyin, quan he My - Trung tiip tuc xu thi' vita hdp tdc vita eanh tranh. Cd thd tha'y trong tfldng lai day la k h a n a n g hidn thflc nha't, yeu to' n h a n q u y l n t i l p tuc la m a u t h u i n kho co t h e loai bd trong q u a n h e gifla h a i nfldc trong thdi gian tdi. My se tiep tuc theo dudi dia vi ba quyen, l a n h dao t h e gidi va coi sfl trdi day m a n h me cua T r u n g Qud'c la md'i de dpa dd'i vdi My, do v a y My t i l p tuc sLt dung n h a n q u y l n nhfl la mdt cdng cu trong chinh sach ngoai giao de da'u t r a n h , k i l m ehe T r u n g Qud'c. Q u a n hd
52
h a i nfldc se co cang t h a n g do v a h (Jg nhan quyen gay ra, t u y nhidn ft ed k h a nang biing no d i n tdi dm diu. Hdn nfla, trong t r i l n khai rhmh skch doi ngoai eua minh, ca My va Trung Qud'c deu riCt thfle dui^, hai nflcle se tim ckch t r a n h nhflng va chaim va cd t h i thda hidp t a m thdi de tranh p h a t sinh cang t h a n g lam a n h hflSr^
d i n l(h fch chiln. Ifldc cua moi bdn.
Tom lgi, nhan q u y l n la gia tri chung cua n h a n loai, la qua t r i n h d^u tranh cua loai ngfldi vi tfl do, edng bang va p h a t t r i l n . Tfl k h i Chien t r a n h Lanh kit thuc cho ddii n a y , v^ii d l n h d n quyen vfla la ndi d u n g hdp tac, vfla la cdng cu de mpt so' qud'c gia sfl dung phuc vu cho cac muc dich chfnh t r i cua minh. Vi tmh eha't n h a y cam va phflc t^p, n h a n quyln trd t h a n h vin d l da'u t r a n h ndng bdng trong q u a n h e q u l e t i n o i c h u n g va quan hd My T r u n g ndi rieng. Doi vdi Viet Nam, cac ddng t h a i t r o n g c h m h sach cua ca My va T r u n g Qudc deu e6 a n h hfldng den ldi ich q u l c gia cua Vidt Nam. Bdn canh dd, Viet N a m cung dang phai dlu t r a n h t r d n t r g n m a t t r a n d a n ehu, nhan q u y l n trong q u a n hd vdi My va phfldng Tay. Vide n g h i d n eflu ehinh saeh ngoai giao n h a n q u y l n c u a My va each thflc xtt ly cua T n m g Quoc t r o n g va!h d l nhan q u y l n vdi My se gdp p h i n r u t r a mot so k i n h nghidm t l t co t h e a p dung vao thflc t l nfldc t a . Do vay, vide nghidn cflu van d l n a y khdng nhiing co f nghia khoa hoc m a edn co y n g h i a thflc t i l n cao, gdp p h i n "thiet thflc bao vd ldi ieh quoe gia eua Viet N a m t r o n g t i n h h i n h mdi./.
NGHICN cull TRUNG QUO'C so 10(158) - 2014
Ydu tdnhan quyen trong....
CHU THIGH:
(1) Trong cac Enh vifc cua ddi s l i ^ , nhan cpiyln (quyln con ngudi) dUdc phan th^nh hai nh6m chinh: Nh6m cac qayen dan sii - chfnh tri (gom cac quyen bau cii, flng cti;
quyen tham gia cpian ly nha nU6c va xa hoi;
cac quyen tfl do cd ban; quyen dUdc bao dam an ninh ca nhSn; quyln bhih (Jang;,.. ) va nh6m cac quyln kinh t l - x a h6i - van h6a (gdm quyln l i m vide, quyln sd hflu, tjuyln kinh doanh, cpiyen diidc bao vd siic khde, (juyln dfldc hoc tap va sang tao; (juyln hoat dong van h6a - n ^ e thuEit...)
(2) Tinh ph^ biln cua quyln con ngudi t h i liien 3 cho quyen con ngUdi dUdc ap dung chung cho tlft ca moi ngudi, khdng phan biet m&u da, dan toe, gidi tmh, ton giao, do tudi, thanh phin xu^t than. Con ngUdi, dii 3 trong nhiing c h l d6 xa hdi rieng biet, thuoc nhflng truyen thong van h6a khac nhau v i n dfldc c6ng nhan la con ngUdi va dUdc hudng nhflng quyen vk sii tU do cd ban.
(3) Mac dfl t l t ca moi ngUdi deu diidc huSng
<iuyln con ngflcfi nhifng mflc do thu huSng qayea co sU khac biet, phu thupc vao nang life ca nhfin cua tflng ngudi, hoan canh chinh trj, tmyln Uidng van h6a xa hoi ma ngUSi 36 dang sdng ci mdi vihig, m§i qaoc gia khac nhau, vSh dl (juyen con ngflcfi mang nhiir^ sac thai, (Jac tning ridng gan hln vdi tnnh do phat trien kinh t l - xa hdi 5 Idiu vulc do.
(4) Tai H6i nghi Nhan quyln thigifii nam 1993, Trfldng doan Tmng Quoc Lifu Hoa Thu da phat bilu nh^n manh: C l n phai ton trong va dam bao quyln moi quoc gia can cfl vao tinh hinh trong nudc di d l r a chinh sach bao ve nhSn quyln cua minh, khong ndn Idi dung v&i d l nhan quyen tang ap liic chinh tri vdi cac ndc khac.
(5) Cflu Td'ng thdng Richard Nixon da n6i:
*T)ii Chiln tranh Lanh da k i t thiic nhUng quan he My - Trung v i n r£t quan trong. My ndn cho Trung Qudc hudng Quy che toi hue qudc". Cflu CO v l h an ninh qudc gia 2n3igniew NGH|£N culi TRUNG QUCfC so 10(158) - 2014
Brzezinsld ciing da phat bilu nhlTn manh:
My nen thfla nhSn vai trd va anh hudng cua Tnmg Qudc dang trdi dlly, duy tri quan hd tot vdi Trung Qudc, xay diing va phat trien quan hd chien lUdc vdi Trung QuSc, viec dflng nhan (juyen d l dp Trung Qudc la mpt sai Iim 16n"..„
TAI UfiU THAM K H A O 1. Ld Van My (2007), Quan /li Trung - My sau Bgi hoi XVI Bang Cgng Sdn Trung Quo'c, Tap chi Nghien cflu Trung Quoc, so 5 (75).
2. Ld Linh Lan (2000), Quan hi Trung - My: hien trgng vd trien vgng, Tap chl ngliien cflu qudc te, sd 04/2000.
3. LS Phan Dy (1994), Ngogi giao nh&n quyin cua My, Tap chi Cong san, sS' 7, thang 7-1994.
4. Phi Bang (2001), NliUng sit kiin quan trgng trong quan /li My - Trung, NXB tre, TP.Hd Chi Mmh.
5. Han Ngoc Quy (2007), Quan he Trung - My sau Chien tranh Ignh, NXB Khoa hoc xa hdi. Ha NOL
6. Le KhUdng Thiiy (2008), Chinh sdch cua My dot vdi Trung Quoc sau sU kiin 1119.
Tap chi Nghiin cflu Trung Quoc, s i 5 (84).
7. Thdng t ^ xa VN (2011), Quan he My - Trung, Tin tham khao npi bo.
9. Thdng tsai xa VN (2004), Chinh sach nhan quyln cua TQ, Tham khao Chii nhat, ngay 04/4/2004.
9. Vu Phd bien, giao due phap luat, B6 Tii phap, tai hdu Mgt sdkien thiic phdp lugt vi guyen con ngitdi ddnh cho gido viin dgy mdn Gido due c6ng ddn, mon P/jdp lugt 10. http://en.wiMpedia.org/\viki/Human_rights 11. http://news.vnanetvn
12. \v\vw.vietnaniplus.vn/
13. www.baotintuc.vn/
14. http://www.viet.rfi.fr 15. www.niofa.gov.vn/