' MOT SO HOAT DONG CUA
BO CHI HUY CHIEN DICH DIEN BIEN PHU
Trung tudng VO VAN TUAN Phd Tdng Tham muu trudng QDND Viet Nam
Chien thing ljch SIF Di%n Bi%n Phu mai mai la niim ty hao cua dan t^c.
Mot trong nhu-ng nhan to quan trgng gop phin lam nfln Chiin thing vi d?l do la vai tro t6 c/it>c, chi huy tdc chien cda Bg Cht huy chiin djch dudi SIP lanh daio, chi d^o cua Trung uong Ddng va Chu tich H6 Chi Minh.
T
R U C C tinh hinh bj sa lay d Dflng Duong, tudng Na-va dupe Chinh phCi Phdp didu dflng sang Viflt Nam. Sau khi tdi Viflt Nam, Na- va dd xdy dyng kd hogch hogt dflng qudn sy vdi quy md Idn; trong dfl, tmng tdm cug kd hogch Id tflp tmng khoi chu lyc mgnh de chu dflng tien cflng tieu diflt bfl dfli chu lye eua ta. Biet rfl dm muu cua dich, dudi sy Idnh dao cua Oang, qudn vd ddn ta dd d l y mgnh tien cflng djch rflng khlp, buflc djch phai phdn tdn lyc lupng Qh d l i phfl.Sau khi bidt lyc lupng chu lyc cua ta di chuyen Ifln hudng Tdy Bic, Thupng Lao, lo sp bj m l t quydn kiem sodt khu vyc quan trpng ndy, Na-va dd quyet djnh lya chpn vd xdy dyng Difln Bidn Phu thdnh mflt tflp dodn eft diem mgnh, mflt phdo ddi "khflng the cflng phd" vd Id "noi thu hot, tiflu diflt bfl dfli chu lyc ciia Viflt Minh".
Tm'de tinh hinh dfl, Tmng uong Dang nhfln djnh: nhu vdy ke hogch Na-va da b i t d i u bj xdo trfln, Qudn i^ch d Difln Bien Phu tuy mgnh nhung bj cfl Iflp bdi n>ng nui; cfln ta, tuy cfl khfl khdn nhung cfl the giai quyet dupe; vdi quyet tdm ta se thing i^ch trong cuflc doi dau ljch s u ndy, vd mflt chien t h i n g d Difln Bien Phu se cd y nghia r l t Idn trong viflc cd vQ tinh thdn cho todn qudn, todn ddn ddnh bgi thyc ddn Phdp.
Ngdy 06-12-1953, BO Chinh trj dd hpp vd quydt dinh md chidn djch Difln Bidn Phu; xde djnh ddy
Id trdn quyet chien chien lypc. Dong thdi, Hfli nghj cOng thflng qua phuong dn thdnh Idp Bfl Chi huy chien djch (BCHCD) Difln Bifln Phu vd phdn cflng Dgi tudng Vo Nguydn Gidp Idm Bf t h u Dang iiy kidm Chi huy trudng Chidn djch;
dong chi Hodng Vdn Thdi Idm Tham muu trydng, d i n g chl Ld Lidm Idm Chu nhiflm Chfnh trj vd d i n g chi Ddng Kim Giang Idm Chu nhiflm Cung d p . Quyet tam chien lupc cClg Bfl Chlnh trj Id "tdp trung lyc lupng tiflu diflt todn bfl djch d Difln Bifln Phu theo nguyfln t i e : ddnh chle, tien e h l c " ' Trudc yeu cau r l t cao vd khoi lupng vflt c h i t , trang bj bao dam eho Chiln dich, Chinh phu quyet djnh thdnh Iflp Hfli dong Cung d p mflt trfln do dong ehi Phgm Vdn Dong Idm Chu tjeh. Tmng Quoc cQng eft doin cd v l n qudn s y do d i n g chf Vi Quoc Thanh Idm tnidng dodn sang giup d d Qudn dfli nhdn ddn Vidt Nam. Vdi y nghia d§c biflt quan trpng cua Chien djch, Bfl Chfnh trj vd T i n g Qudn uy dd quyet djnh sft dyng lyc lupng gdm: 04 dai dodn bfl binh (308, 312, 316, 304), Ogi dodn Cflng phdo 351 vd mflt so don vi binh chung, eiing lyc lupng ldn ddn cong, nhdn ddn phyc vy
Chien djch.
1 - Di^n Bien Phu mdc vdng thai dgi. Nxb QDND, H. 2004, tr. 90.
TAP CHl QU6C PHONG TOAN DAN S6 5/2014
Ngdy 05-01-1954, dodn cdng tdc dau tifln ctia BCHCD dd len dudng ra mflt trdn, Ngdy 12-01, Sd Chl huy tien phuang td chftc hpp bdn phuang dn tdc chidn. TTidi gian ndy, dich d Difln Bifln Phii cfl 10 tieu dodn vd dang khan tm^ng tdng vifln tft dong blng Ifln. Ngdy 14-01, tai S d Chl huy d hang Tham Pita, BCHCD to chftc hpp giao nhiflm vy cho cdc don vi flieo phuong chdm tdc chidn:
"ddnh nhanh, giai quyet nhanh" vd nhdc Igi Quyet tdm Chien djch Id: tdp tmng binh, hda lyc tiflu diflt todn bfl qudn <Sch d Difln Bien Phu trong thdi gian d y kien 02 ngdy 03 dem. Tuy nhidn, Hfli nghj cung dua ra phuong dn neu khflng dam bao chdc thing thi chuyen sang "ddnh chdc, tien ehlc".
Sdng ngay 26-01, Ddng uy Chidn dich dd td chuc hfli nghj, trong dd phdn tich rfl ba khd khdn Idn: Mflt Id, trinh dp ddnh cflng kifln cua bfl dfli cfln chua cao, Hai Id. bfl dfli ta chua cd kinh nghiflm chidn d i u hiflp dflng binh chCing quy mfl Idn, Igi chua qua difln tdp. Ba Id, bfl dfli chua quen chidn dau ban ngdy, nay phai chien dau lifln tyc 03 dem 02 ngdy vdi ke dich cfl uu the vd hoa lyc mdy bay, phdo binh vd xe tdng, frfln dja hinh trong trai cua cdnh ddng Mudng Thanh thi rat khd trdnh khdi thuong vong, khfl hodn thdnh nhiflm vy. Qua phdn tich, thao ludn tinh hinh, Ogi tudng V5 Nguyfln Gidp - Bi thu mdt trdn, Chl huy trudng Chidn djch, kdt lufln: chuyin phuong chdm lu 'ddnh nhanh, gidi quyit nhanh" sang "ddnh chic, liin chic". BCHCD dd bdo cdo vd dupe Bfl Chinh tti nhat trf chuyen sang phuong chdm tdc chien:
"ddnh chic, liin chic".
Theo dd, ngdy 07-02-1954, BCHCD dd t l chftc hfli nghi tai Nd T l u de qudn tnflt chii truong "ddnh chdc, tien ehlc" vd then khai cflng tdc ehuan bj chien trudng theo phyong chdm tdc chidn mdi. Tham muu trudng Chien djeh, dong chl Hodng Vdn Thdi kip thdi then khai nhiflm vy cho CO quan tham muu td chftc n l m (^ch, xdy dyng kd hogch tdc chien mdi vd chi dgo d c don vj Idm cdng tdc chuan bj. Theo k l hogch mdi, Chien djch chia Idm 3 giai dogn, 1. Hodn thdnh mpi cdng tdc chuin bj, chu ydu Id Idm dudng vfln chuyen, xdy dyng hfl thing cong s y vung chle, phdn tdn, bi mflt, trien khai dfli hinh 2. Tien hdnh
tiflu diflt cdc trung tdm de khdng ngoai vi, hinh thdnh va thlt chat trdn dia bao vdy; tidn cflng djch, thu hep ddn pham vi chiem dflng, tiflu hao luc lupng, khong che sdn bay. 3. Tong cflng kich tiflu diflt todn bo lyc lupng dich.
Cung VOT dfl, co quan Tham muu Chien djch cdn t i p tmng chi dgo hudn luyfln bd sung vd ky thudt, chien thudt danh cdng s y vftng chdc, to chftc h u l n luyen hidp dflng binh chung,., Ngdy 28-02. BCHCD to chftc Hfli nghj qudn chfnh danh gid todn bo cflng tdc chuin bj vd ket lufln:
moi cflng tdc ehuan bj cua ta dd hodn thdnh.
Dpt 1 cua Chien djch dd difln ra tft ngdy 13 den ngdy 17-3. Tgi S d Chi huy Chien djch, ddng chi Chi huy trudng vd co quan Tham muu Chien dich da tap tmng chi huy hiflp ddng gifta cdc lyc lupng; quydt djnh td chuc phdo binh ngim b i n tn/c tiep, tiflu diet djch d Him Lam; sau dfl chi huy bfl dfli phat trien chien dau ddnh chilm dfli Dflc Ldp vd Ban Keo theo kd hogch.
Sau dpt 1, BCHCD dd t l chuc so ket vdi thanh p h i n cdn bp tft tmng dodn trd Idn. Ddng chi Chi huy tnj'dng Chien djch dd bidu duong cdc dai dodn: 312, 308, 351 hodn thdnh tot nhidm vy; dong thdi, nhan mgnh khflng dupe chu quan, khinh ^ e h , giu vftng quyet tdm, n l m vftng phuong chdm "ddnh ehlc, tien chle" vd chl dgo d c dgi dodn khan truong Idm cflng tdc chuin bi cho dpt 2.
Ngdy 27-3, BCHCD triflu tflp cdn bfl tft trung dodn trd Idn ve Sd chi huy Chidn djch de giao nhidm vu hiflp dong tdc chien. Ngdy 30-3, dpt 2 cua Chien djch b i t ddu vd kflo ddi den ngdy 30- 4. Ddy Id dpt tien eflng dai ding, gay go, dc liflt nhlt. Oe tien cflng cdc eft diem phflng ngy kidn CO cua qudn Phdp, BCHCD dd chi huy cdc don vj dp dyng chien thuflt "vdy l l n " b l n g hfl thing giao thflng hdo, chidn hao ddy dde, d i n d i n bao vdy sidt chdt cdc vj trf cua dich. Trudc tinh hinh nhu d u vdt c h i t tdng Idn 3-4 l l n theo kd hogch, v l n de bao dam hdu d n hdt sftc bftc thilt. Ngdy 19- 4, Bfl Chinh trj da ra nghj quyet vd eflng tdc bao dam; trong do, n h i n manh viec "doc todn lyc de chi vifln cho Dien Bifln Phu". Mdc dO trai qua
TAP CHl QUOC PHONG TOAN DAN SO 5/2014 19
nhieu kho khan, gian kho do mua mua ddn, c6 lite thuang vong cao, song dot 2 cua Chien djch dd k i t thiic thing Ipi,
Dpt 3 ciia Chidn djch dien ra tft ngdy 01 den ngdy 07-5. BCHCD dd chi huy bfl dfli ta khflp dan vflng vdy. Oiing 15 gid ngdy 07-5, nhgn djnh djch cfl tridu chftng hfln loan vd thdi co dd tdi, BCHCD dd lenh todn m$t trgn tdng cflng kich vdi phuang chdm hdnh dflng: danh thing vdo Sd Chi huy djch, ddnh mgnh, bao vdy thflt chdt, khflng cho b i t eft tfln dich ndo chay Uiodt 17 gid 30 cQng ngdy, tudng Dd-cdt-to-ri vd todn bfl Bd
• Chi huy tflp dodn eft diem ciia dich bj bit, Trong ddm, ca quan tham muu dd chuydn bftc (Sfln ciia Oang iiy Chidn djch bdo cdo vdi Tmng uang Oang vd Chu tich Ho Chf Mmh: qudn ta todn thing dOifln Bifln Phu,
Thing Ipi cua chien djch hch sft Oifln Bien Phu do nhieu nguyfln nhdn, nhieu yeu to; trong dfl, cfl vai trfl quan trpng ctia BCHCD. Tft cflng tdc td chftc chl dgo, chi huy dieu hanh d c hogt dflng tdc chien cQng nhy bao dam cua Chidn djch, chiing ta cfl the nJt ra mflt s i bdi hpc co ban sau:
Mflt Id, Ihudng xuydn qudn tridt vd Ihgc hi$n nghidm lOc sg lanh tfgo, chl dao cua Ddng. Thyc tifln trong chien dich Oifln Bifln Phu, BCHCD lufln tudn thu, bdm sdt s y ldnh dao, chi dgo cua Bfl Chlnh trj vd Chu tjeh Ho Chf Minh; dd qudn triflt sdu s l e phuang chdm chien lupc md Trung uong Dang dd ra Id: "Tich cyc, chu dflng, co dflng, linh hoaf. Viflc thay doi phuong chdm tdc chidn chien djch tft "ddnh nhanh, giai quyet nhanh" chuyen sang "ddnh chic, t i l n chle" dd the hifln sy qudn triflt vd thyc hifln d l y dii sy chl dgo cijg Tmng uong Dang vd Chu tjeh Ho Chi Minh: "chle thing mdi ddnh, khflng ehlc thing khflng ddnh"'
Hai Id, chl huy phdi kien quyil, sdu sdt. linh ho^l, sdng (go. Trong chien djch Difln Bien Phii vai trfl cua ngudi chi huy edc d p deu the hifln ro tdi thao lupc trong s u dyng lyc lupng; linh hogt ve chien thuflt; kifln quyet, tdo bgo trong hdnh dflng,... Trong Chidn djch ndy, ngudi chi huy cdc d p lufln bdm sdt chien trudng; cdn bfl chi huy
cdc d p lufln CO mdt d noi gian kho, dc liflt nhat, dong cam, eflng kho cCing chidn si. Nhd dd, da vfln dyng hop ly, sdng tgo, linh hogt cdc hinh thftc chien thuat trong tftng giai doan vd doi vdi tftng myc tiflu cy the; dd phdt hidn, giai quydt kjp thdi nhieu tinh huong, cCing t)p dpi sdng tgo ra nhidu cdeh ddnh mdi dgt hiflu qua cao Chidn dich cfln khang djnh s y trudng thdnh cua BCHCD trong td chftc tdc chien hiflp ddng binh chung; chi huy vdn dyng sdng tgo cdc hinh thftc chien thudt, nhu: ddnh l l n , tap kfch, cdc thu dogn chidn thudt thpc sdu, vu hdi, v v.
Ba Id, thudng xuydn thgc hidn l6l cdng tdc ddng. cdng Idc chinh trj trong Chiin djch. Cflng tdc dang, cong tdc chlnh trj dd dupe thyc hifln thudng xuyen d trudc, trong va sau Chien djch.
Oang uy Chifln djch lufln gift vftng sy ldnh dao, chi dgo, tien hanh cfl hiflu qua cong tdc xay dyng, citng co kifln todn cdc td chftc dang; gin thyc hifln cong tdc dang vdi cong tdc cdn bfl trong chien dau. Dde bi^t, trong nhung thdi dilm khfl khdn, nhu, thay d l i d d i ddnh, phai kdo phdo, dua lyc lupng ra vdng ngodi dd cung co edng sy trfln dia, ho$c gifta dpt 2 ctia Chien djch, trong dieu kifln khfl khdn xuat hifln sy dao dflng t u tudng, ngai khfl khdn, gian khd, Oang uy Chien djch dd quyet djnh m d dpt sinh hogt chinh tri sdu, rflng, n h l m k h l c phyc t u tudng nggi kh6 khdn, gian kho, thidu nidm tin, v.v.
B i n Id, Ihgc hi$n ddn chO qudn sg, phdt huy vai Ird ndng ddng, sdng tgo cOa cdc cip. Trudc khi ra cdc quyet ^ n h Idn, Dang iiy, BCHCD v i cdc d p ddu to chftc sinh hogt dan chii; phdn tich khdch quan, khoa hpc, tgo s y nhlt tri, ding thufln cao. BCHCD ludn tgo dieu kifln, phdt huy tfnh chu dflng, sdng tao ciJa d c d p trong qui trinh thyc hifln nhiflm vy. Vi thd, trong chidn diu dd x u l t hifln t i m guong ndng dflng, muu tri, dQng cam; nhidu d c h mdi xuat phdt tft don vj cc sd; phyong phap chien thudt: "vdy - Idn - tan - phd - triflt - diflt" id s y sdng tgo cOa bfl dfli ta trong chidn djch Oifln Bifln Phu.
1 - Chien thdng Di^n Bien Phii. moc vdng ljch su, chdn ly th&i dgi, Nxb QDND. H. 2004, tr. 99.
TAP CHl QUOC PHONG TOAN DAN SO 5/2014
Hifln nay, nhiflm vy bao ve To quoc dat ra cho Qudn dfli nfli chung vd co quan tham muu chidn lupc ndi riflng nhftng yeu d u mdi rlt cao. Nhftng bdi hpc kinh nghiflm tft cong tde ldnh dgo, chi dao, chi huy, dieu hdnh tdc chien cua BCHCD Difln Bidn Phit vdn cfln nguyfln gid trj Phdt huy nhftng bdi hpc kinh nghiflm dfl, m6i cdn bfl co quan tham muu chien lupc phai thiu suot quan i^dm, dudng ldi qudn sy, qudc phflng cua Oang, dong thdi, cd trinh dp phdn tich, tdng hpp, ddnh gia tinh hinh, cfl tam nhin, tu duy ehien luac sic bfln, c6 kien thftc tham muu tac chidn chidn lupc, chien djch, chidn
thuflt vftng vdng. Ciing vdi dfl, ngudi cdn bp co quan tham muu chidn lupc cfln phai bidt ke thfta, phdt tnen nghfl thuflt quan sy truydn thong Vidt Nam trong dieu kifln mdi eua chien tranh bao vfl To qudc, dich sft dyng vO khi cflng nghfl cao, v v
Phdt huy tmyen thong Oifln Bidn Phil anh hung, cdn bfl, cflng nhdn vifln, chien sT co quan Bfl Tdng Tham muu tiep tyc phan dau xdy dung vftng mgnh, ngang tam nhiflm vy, xftng ddng Id CO quan tham muu chidn lupc, gflp phin xdy dyng Quan dfli nhdn ddn "cdeh mang, chinh quy, tinh nhud, tftng budc hifln dgi" •>
Gia trj vTnii tiang cua tirtifdng, dao dut Ho Ctifi\/linii
(Tiep theo trang 88)
vd bgn bd qudc td ngpi ca, hpc tflp, song, di ngupc Igi xu hudng dd hifln nay vdn cfln nhftng thl lyc vd phin tft thit djch tim mpi thu dogn d l xuydn tgc, bfli nhp, phu nhfln ly tudng, dgo dftc cug Ngydi.
Ljch sft duong dgi cita ddn tfle Viflt Nam trong hon 84 ndm qua, tinh tft khi Oang Cflng sdn Viflt Nam ra ddi dd cho thly sy vfln dyng trung thdnh, sdng tgo chii nghia Mdc - Ld-nin, tu tudng, dgo dftc Hi Chl Minh Id nhdn to quylt djnh ldm nfln nhftng thing Ipi ljch sft cug ddt nyfl^ ta. Do vfly, viflc tdch rdi sy gin kdt gifta tu tudng, dgo dftc Hi Chl Minh vdi chO nghTa Mdc - Ld-nin nhlm tgo ra sy mlt phuong hudng, khung hoang vd dudng lii ldnh dgo dli vdi Viflt Nam Id dieu dupe cdc the lyc thu ^ch rdo rilt Uiye hifln. DS cd nhidu lugn diflu dupe dua ra de phyc vy cho muu dd d6. Khi thl cho ring sy vfln dyng chu nghia Mdc - Ld-nin vdo Viflt Nam Id ill thfli. gido didu. Khi khde Igi dd cao mflt chieu chu nghia ddn tfle trong tu tudng Ho Chl Minh nhlm dli Idp tu h/dng dd vdi chO nghia qudc td cua Mdc - Ld-nin,... Ly Id cho nhftng viflc ldm dd thl nhieu, song thyc chit dfl chi Id sy ngyy bifln nhlm phd djnh, bdi bdc chu nghia Mdc - Le-nin vd tu tudng Hi Chl Minh, Dli tring thay den
thyc te lich sft vd thoi phdng nhftng hgn chd, khuyet diem trong qud trinh Idnh dgo cug Dang Id mflt thii dogn quen thuflc dupe cdc phdn tft thCi G\dr\ thydng xuydn su dyng de cdng kich Oang, hg thlp uy tin Chu tjeh Ho Chl Minh. Thyc td Ijch sft khlng i^nh, chlnh thyc dan Phdp, tidp dd Id de quoc My Id ke gdy ra cdc cuflc chidn tranh xdm lypc tdn bgo dli vdi Viflt Nam. Didu dfl ca the gidi, qua nhung gl hp dd biet d Viflt Nam va ca cdc cuflc xulng dudng phan dli chien tranh Viflt Nam cua chfnh nhdn ddn My.
Vfly md, van cd nhung ke c6 tinh "gIp Iftg bd tay ngudi", vu cdo Oang Cflng san Viflt Nam vd H6 Chl Minh Id "tfli do" chidn tranh. Thflt tro tren, nyc cudi! COng vdi dfl. cdn Id vfl vdn nhftng thu dogn bja ddt, bdi nhp ddi riflng vd nhdn cdch H6 Chi Minh. The nhung, "Bdn tay khflng che nii mdt trdi", nhftng muu toan phu nhfln tu tydng, dao du'c Ho Chf Mmh vd sy nghiflp cua Ngudi doi vdi dan tfle vd nhdn logi cua mflt s6 it ke mang ndng y do thCi hfln, dii gia trd, nham hiem the ndo cQng trd thdnh Igc tflng vd bj ldn dn. Ld bieu tupng tinh hoa vdn hfla nhdn logi, nhftng gid trj nhdn vdn sdng ngdi cua Chu tjeh Ho Chl Minh dd cong hien cho ddn tdc vd thl gidi trong thl ky XX se cfln mdi vdi thdi gian <•
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