T rong lieh sii xa hdi cd giai cap va

16 Nghien curu Ton giao. So 12 - 2009

CHINH SACH CUA MINH MENH DOI VCTI TON GIAO VA Y NGHiA CUA NO TRONG LICH SUT VIET NAM

T

rong lieh sii xa hdi cd giai cap va hinh thanh ciic qudc gia loan tri, quan he giua Giao hoi vdi Nha nUdc, vdi dan tdc la vii'n de quan trong va ndi bat nha't trong he thd'ng quan he cua tdn giao ddi vdi cac linh viic khac. Dieu nay la phd bien khdng chi d cac nUdc PhUdng Tay va Trung Can Ddng thdi cd, trung, can va hien dai ma nd ciing cdn la van de xuyen sudt trong lieh sil cac qudc gia PhUdng Ddng trong dd cd Viet Nam. Mdi quan he giUa tdn giao vdi nha nUdc, vdi dan tdc thudng bi chi phdi bdi rat nhieu nhan td, trong dd khdng the bd qua nhung chfnh siich dcji vdi ton giao qua ciic trieu di^ii. Hdn the, tii quan diem lieh sii cu the bieu hien cua nhung van de nay d mdi qudc gia, diin tdc trong cac vung van hda cjua mdi thdi dai lieh sil lai Iudn bieu hien theo cac mUc do. phiiOng thilc dac thu. Viet Nam la mdt da't niidc cd lieh sU lau ddi. Viin hda dac siic qua nhieu ddt tiep bien van hda vdi ciic nUdc trong khu vile va the gidi. da sac toe. da tdn giao.

Nen ve van de dd can cd sil di sau nghien cdu de hieu sau qua tiing trieu dai. til nhieu phia. Trieu Nguyen la vUdng trieu cudi cimg. ndi giiia hai thdi diai truyen thdng va hien diu nen bieu hien cua van de nay cd nhUng net riit dac biet. de lai nhieu bai bc)c va da thu hut nhieu sU chii y cua gidi nghien cilu. nha't hi nhung niim giin diiy. vdi nhieu id'^" tvUih cd gui tri'".

Tuy nhien, trong cac cdng trinh dd mdi chf quan tam nhii'^u den vii'n de quan he Cdng guio vdl dan toe va Nha nUdc trong trieu Nguyen ndi chung. Trong biii viet

DO Tin HOA HOI'' PH.AN THI Till HA.NG'"'

nay. chung tdi ke thiia ke't qua cila ngudi di trUdc. tii dd cd sU tap trung di sau tim bieu. lam sang td ve cac dieu kien trong nUdc va tren the gidi hi cd sd "quye't dinh luan" cho viec hinh thanh ndi dung chfnh sach ciia Minh Menh ve tdn giao. trong dd cd cii Phat giao. Dao giao. Cdng giao, v.v... Vdi li do Minh Menh la vi vua dUdc

'*. PCiS.TS.. lial htic Khoa h(K' Xa hoi \ a Nhan \aii. Ha Noi.

**. TliS.. liai hoc Khoa hoe X,i hoi \ a Nhan \an. Ha NOi.

I. Xin tliem lai nitil so e6ng irinh tiang tai Hen Tap ehf Saliicn 11(11 Ton initio lir nam 2(K)0 den nay. Huy Tiidng (2(K)()). Anil Infon^ c/iui iiii fiiCfii van liou Conii f;nii> va van Iwa Viei Nam. so 2 (46). ir 56 - 61. Le Thi Tliam (2002).

Trii lai cliiiili siicli cam ilcio ciia Siui \i;ii\cn qua IM'I Dai .\ani llnfc Inc. sti 4 (46), Ir. 32 - 40.

Tran Le (2002). l'(' diri'/ni; ln(i'fni> "So'iii; Pliiic dm iroiig loiii; clan iik " ciia Gido hoi Cdng gido vd inol so quan dicni cna Ddng vc cdng idc ldn gido. so .5 (17). Ir. 32 - 42.

Nguyen Tir Loc (2002). Van de ddn loc dai ra cim ngirdi Cdng gido. so 6 (7). ir. 20 - 23.

N'gii>en Hong Dirttng (2002). Mid nifi'rc la vdi Cdng gido.

so .5 (17). tr. 25 - 32.

DO (,)iiang Himg (2002). .V/;<i nid/c vd Cido lioi - .V/</v vdn de li Iudn vd llnfc lien, so 5. ir. 4 - 6.

NgiiyOn Van Kiem (2(X)4 ). .V/;(?;i,i; hdi Imc Itch sutif nidi qiian lie gii'ra .\lid nirdc j)lioiig kien vdi Gido hdi Thien Chua gido irong llie kiXIX. so 5 (28). ir. 37 45.

NguyCn Quang liirng (2(K)7). Vdn de ngin le va chinh sdch cdm dao ciia I nen .\'gii\en. so 4 (46) Ir. 26 - 35.

IX- Tuan Oat (2007). Thai do cita Minh Menh doi vdi Cdng gido. so 4 (46) tr35 - 43

tJo Bang (2007). l c (/(//(// sdch idn gido cna men Sgnven.

iihi'rng kinli nghiem lull sir. so 6 (48). Ir 23 30

NguyOn Manh Dung (2(X)7). Qnd irinh irnycn ha dqo Cdng gido nhin lir cndc liep \,u \ icl-Plhii> (dc ilie ki W II -X\ III. s6 9(51). tr. 36 44.

Ngu>en Quang Himg (2008). Cdc nhdn lo anh infifiig uri chinli sach cna Mia nuac \ lei .\am doi \,ri Cong gido nhin lir gdc do vdn hda - idn gido. so 1 (33). ir 24 - 33 Doan Trieu Long (2(K)8). Dqo Cdng guio hiidi dan lien ddi Qiiang .\'ani - Dd .\dng. so I (35). Ir, 33 - 40.

\'d PhiKTng Lan (2(X)8). Chiia WgityJn vd sif trnven hd dao Cdng gido iqi Ddng Trong. so 10 (64). Ir. 16 - 3 i .

i

D6 Thi Moa Hoi, Phan Thi Thu Hing. C /////// .sdch ciui Minh Menh... 17

d a n h giii la ngudi cd vai trd thiet dinh cac n g u y e n t^c tU tUcing nen tiing chfnh tri cho n h a N g u y e n , c u n g cd nghia dng la ngUdi diit nen m d n g i n a n g tfnh nguyen tftc t r o n g chfnh siich tdn giao cho cac vi vua k e tie'p cila t r i e u dai nay. Q u a day.

chiing tdi m u o n dUa r a mot so' n h a n xet ve y n g h i a ciia c h i n h sach tdn giao ciia M i n h M e n h t r o n g lieh sil Viet N a m .

1. Nhung thdch thdc lieh sd ddt ra Vudng t r i e u Nguyt'm khdi dim tU Gia Long (1802 - 1820) vtii nd lUc Ihtiu tdm quyen liic. dn d i n h viidng t r i e u bdng viec tai lap vai trd. vi trf chil dao ciia Nho giao. Viia hi inol hoc t h u y e t chfnh tri - dao dUc Xii hdi N h o giiio vUa de cao. Id diiiTi n h u la mot ht)c thuye't diim nhiin tfnh chiit. vai trd tdn giiio cua nhii nUdc dc ddp Ung yeu cilu ciia l a p doiin phong kien khi dd. .Minh Menh tie'p nhiin ngdi vua t r o n g t i n h t h e xa hdi phong kie'n Viet Nam d a n g lam viio mot cuoc khiing hoang sail siic. Miim mdng cua sii rc)i loan chfnh tri - xii hoi miy dil diitic m a n h n h a 111 cac thc^' kl XVI - XVII irUtic dd di'm tdi sii b u n g nd hiing loat cuoc kht'ii nghia ndng d a n viio t h e kf XVIII. .\li)c du tai vung Clii cU. flic lA]) tloiin jihong kien dil cd nbUng cd' giing binh dn k m h le. song noi chien keo diii giiia ciic tii]) doiin phong kien thdi ki miy hiiu nhU liim suy giam sUc pluit trien ciia nin^ kinh te, ddi sdng ciia nhiin diin giip k h d n g ft khd khiin.

Liinh thd miic du dii dUtic md rdng. dicn tfch da't k h a i h o a n g ngiiy c a n g gia liing nhUng ddi liii kT tbuiit canh tiic ndng nghiep tru>'en t h d n g vtin chf dUng d mile do thd sd, ccing vdi ciic khoiin t h u e niing ne, chien t r a n h lien mien nen trong xa hoi xuii't hien t r a n g tbiii bii't dn ve linh thiin diin tdi sU phiin nc), chiin ghet ciia nhiin diin vcii trieu d i n h phong kien.

Ngay cii chien thiing o a n h lit^t cua nhii Tay Sdn dtii vdi giiic ngoiii xiim, thd'ng nhii't tpid'c gia diidng n h i i ciing chi dUa ra cac giiii phiip t a m thdi cho n h u n g r a n nilt trong Idng xii hdi p h o n g kie'n dUdng thdi.

Phong Inio Tiiy Sdn thi diit a-i sti ciin ban

cho sti t h d n g nhii't dat nUdc, n h u n g thdi gian Q u a n g T r u n g tri vi quii ngan ngiii, trieu N g u y e n s a u khi gianh lai vUdng t r i e u da t r a t h u mot each m a n rci. N h u n g dieu dd k h i e n niem tin cua n h a n diin vao giai cap p h o n g kien thdng tri vi the d a n g d a n bi l u n g lay. h o a n g m a n g va biit luc.

Tain If c h u n g cila q u a n c h u n g n h a n drm bi q u a n . met mdi, Udc ao mot sU an ui vc tinh t h a n de xoa diu ndi dau khd chdng chat, cac the lu'c ciit cd chiia dc;p bd. nguy cd phiin qu\'cn viin de doa.

Giila luc linh hinh kmh te - xii hdi Viet Nam tiling trong tinh canh rdi rtMi. hdn loan thi tren the gidi. thdi ki niiy sau khi nhieu nUdc Phiidng Tay boiin t h a n h cuoc each m a n g tU siin. ciich inang cdng ngliiej).

dii dUa chu nghia tU biin ticn len mic t h a n g mdi: chu nghia de ciudc. Dieu nii\' diin tt'ii xu hudng md rdng thi trUdng thudc tlia cua ciic niidc thiic diin PhUdng Tiiy ndi t:hung.

thiic tliin Phiip ndi rieng td'i niidc la cung nhu Ciic nUdc PhUdng Ddng khiic. Y IhUc dUtic nguy cd bi le thudc. mdt sdnUtic Chiiu A dil tien h a n h cai ciich diii nu'c'ic nhU Nhiil Ban. Thai Lan.

Miif du giai ci'ip tU siin d ciic nUcic PhUdng Tiiy clil thtic hien ciit h niiing lU Siin, phiin li giUa nhii nUdc vii giiit) htii nhUng sau khi dii d dia vi thdng tri. giai Clip t u siin viin dUa viio tdn giao, sii ilimg tdn giiio cd Idi cho m i n h . Giiio h(ii Cdng guio dil niim bat dUcic xu the nay vii thtic hien su cau kel vdi ciic the lUc thiic diin nhiim miic dfeh t r u y e n tlao vii md rdng

"niitic Chua". TU ciic the ki XVI - XVIl - XVIII. de thiic hien cdng cuoc truyen guio. Giao \\m Cdng giao l)utic phiii dua viio su bao trci cua ciic the liic tU siin thing n a m t r o n g sii linh h u d n g cua Giiit) boi Cdng giiio La Ma nhU Bd Diio Nha vii Tiiy Ban N h a vti s a u dd la Phii]'). S a n g the ki XIX. n a m biit diicic xu the tien siiu thiim nhtip. b a n h IrUdng va chiem thuc)c dia cua ciic de quo'c Anh. Pluip. v.v... Guio hdi dii lien kel vdi the lu'c thtic thin dt' lim kiem cac phUdng tien t r u y e n guio d v u n g da't ngoid. n b i l n g nUdc mil tiutV gia miy

18 Nghien ctru Ton giao. So 12 - 2009

d a n g m u d n k h a i t h d c n g u d n n h a n lUc.

ngudn n h i e n lieu. Vd h i n h t r u n g , Giao hoi dii dl tdi viec d d n g l i n h . tiep t a y cho hilnh ddng xam lUcic cua t h e Itlc thilc dim dUdng thdi. Mot m a t . Giao hoi dii l a o lap cho chu n g h i a thilc diin n h d n g n g u y e n cd t h u a n Icii dt"^ xiim n h a p thutic dia. bu lai giao hdi cd dia biin t h u d c dja de t r u y e n giao, song q u a n t r o n g hdn la Giiio hoi d a c h u a n hi cho chii n g h i a thilc diin mot hoc thuye't bien m i n h cho lan sdng thilc d a n dtia t r e n cd sd Cdng giiio.

DUdc Ilia ebon ke' t h i i a vi trf td'i cao cila nen cai tri p h o n g kie'n t a p q u y e n c h u y e n che vii n a m loan q u y e n tri vi dil'l nudc t r o n g bdi ciinh chfnh tri xa hdi trfm diiy. Minh M e n h k h d n g t h e k h d n g nhiin thiic dUtjc n h U n g t h a c h Ihilc day c a m go de cd t h e duy tri. d a m bao sU ben vUng ciia vUdng t r i e u va chii q u y e n cua diin toe. Vi the', ddi siich ciia M i n h M e n h vdi tdn giao vao thdi d i e m n a y k h d n g cbi de ddi ndi hay ddi ngoai ddn Ihuiin hoac chf t r o n g p h a m vi cila linh vUc viin hda. ldn giao nUa. mfi da ndi len n h i e u be luiin phUc liciji d a n xen chfnh tri - k i n h le - v a n hda r.n't diic IrUng d Viet N a m .

2. Npi dung chinli sdch cua Minh Menh ve ton gido

Trong t a m yeu can ma chfnh tri - xii hdi the kl XIX dat r a cho Minh Menh la phai lam sao de giU vUng doe lap chil quyen cho dan tdc ciing nhU d a m bao sU ben v d n g cila viidng trieu. Day thilc sU Id mtll viin dc n a n giiii khi linh h i n h the gidi vii trong nUdc d a n g triii tiua nhieu bien dm mi^mh me, tac ddng khdng nhd tdi dUdng Idi chfnh tri cila nhii vua. Dieu niiy till yen ciing se a n h hUcing den chfnh sach ddi vcii cac tdn giao cua vua Minh M e n h .

2 . L C h i n h s a c h d o i v d i C o n g g i a o Ddi veil Cdng guio. M i n h M e n h dd khiing dinh Ifnh ddc liip. nha't q u a n Irong viec hoijeh d i n h c h i n h s a c h ddi vdi tdn giiio niiy.

Vilt) Ciic t h e kl XVI, XVII, XVIII, viin de t r u y e n guio d D d n g A viin giin vdi yeu

to' IbUdng m a i la chii ye'u. chUa cd su gan ke't vdi ehii n g h i a thUc d a n n e n nhUng n g u y hiii ddi vdi n e n a n n i n h qudc gia chUa p h a i la mdi lo ngai triic tiep cila cac chila T r i n h . N g u y e n . M a t k h a c . d giai doi;in niiy. cac chiia T r i n h , N g u y e n d a n g ddn h e t l a m siic cho cuoc giao t r a n h giUa D a n g T r o n g vii D a n g Ngoiii. nen ddi khi ho cdn Idi d u n g cac q u a n he vdi cac nUdc PhUdng Tiiy q u a cac nhii t r u y e n giiio de t a n g cUcing t r a o ddi thUdng miji, m u a vii khf, cdn n g u y cd lii sii' t r u y e n bii Cdng giao hiiu nhU k h d n g dUtJc liiu liim. Tuy vay. s a n g t h e ki XIX thi t i n h h i n h lai cd n h i e u ddi khiic. B a n t h a n dng vua diiu lien cila Iridu N g u y e n la Gia Long dii n h a n thii'y dUcic p h a n n a o nguy cd tiem lin lii sU t r u y e n giao. n e n t h e hien thiii do hai m a t dtYi vdi Cdng giiio d Viet N a m .

Mot m a t , Gia Long vi clii tUng dUcic sU trci giup c u a n h d n g ngUdi t r u y e n ba Cdng giiio n e n luon t h e h i e n thiii do nhiin nhUting vdi ngUdi m i n h chiu tin. nhUng mat khiic. c h i u linh hUdng N h o giao va viin hda t r u y e n thtj'ng nen l a p trUdng cua O n g ddi vdi viin h d a thd c u n g td lien, y n g h i a t h i e n g lieng, ti'im q u a n lrt)ng vc miit chfnh tri xa ht)i cua tin ngUdng t r u y e n thd'ng la r a t kien d i n h . Ngay 4 thiing 3 niim 1804, nhii v u a b a n hiinh chi dta, t r o n g dd khoiin 4 cd ghi: "Cdn ve dao Bd Ddo N h a la m o t dao ngoai lai nay dii dUtJc t r u y e n mot each t r i i n g len len kbiip t r o n g nUdc vii h i e n n a y vdn cdn, mac du chfnh p h u dtl co giing hiiy bd cai dao di d o a n niiy, h d a n g u e la m o t chd ghe gdm dao niiy Idm cho kcj n g u x u a n k h i e p sti...

Do dd tii n a y ti-ong t d n g so' cac l a n g cd nhii thd c u a ngu'di T h i e n Chiia giiio. cil'm siia chUa xiiy d i i n g lai ngdi nhii thd dii hi h u mil. cdn cil't nhii thd mcii d ntii chUa cd t u y e t nhit'Mi hi c a m hdn"'"'. Chi du niiy phiin nilo t h e h i e n y hUdng ciia Gia Long la b a n ehe d a n sti p h a t t r i e n cila Cdng giao, m a trUdc bet lii viec b a n che xay d i i n g , l u sila n h a t h d . S o n g n h i n c h u n g 2. Phan Phat Hiidn. Vici Nam guio sir. Nha 'I'liycn I'ly .Siii Gon, 1958, tr 198.

D6 Thi Hoa H6i, Phan Thi Thu Hiing. Chiiili .sc/. h cua Minh Menh... 19

dudi thdi tri vi cua vun Gia Lt)ng. khdng he tdn tin mdt siic chi cii'm diio luit). viec t r u y e n bii Cdng guio cd b a n didn ra trong mot mdi IrUdng chfnh tri k h a thuiin Itii.

van dUtic IhUc b i e n cdng k h a i , k h d n g cd bill ki sU cil'm doiin nao.

Su m e m dtio t r o n g ddi siich vdi Cdng giao ciia Gia Long cdn t h e hien d viec thiia n h a n nhUng ngUdi Phtip dii giup tld dng. t r o n g dd cd ciic guit) si, song dng viin k h d n g It) ra nhiet tinli trtmg mdi tjuan he vdi cac nUdc i^hUting Tiiy, miic tlu cho phei) bo giao ibUting, Dieu miy cho thii'y (lia Lt)ng tu\' cd ciii nhin khoan tlung phiil xuii'l lU sU h i e u biet khii rd ve Cdng giao lihUng ciing k h d n g t h e Irtinh khdi sii bA't binh trUdc t h a i do bat khoan d u n g cila ton giiio miy vcii viin hda vii tin ngUdng dim Itlc. Gia Ltmg da liing t r a n h luiln vtii Bii Da Ltic, yt'ni ciiu Toa T h a n h cho phe{i giiio h u u luiin t h u mt)t sti' nen nop, t a p luc t r u y e n thdiig nluim giU dao If. p h o n g hda diin ttlc vii nha't lii diim biio sti uy nghit^m. Ibtl'ng nlui'l ve Lo. Pluip cua trieu dinh. Sii viec ciing li-t'i nt'-n pliu'c tiip khi thiii tU Cilnh k h d n g chiu tjuy lay triidc biin thd Id tit">n khien Gin Long tiic gian vii sau miy (10/1S3S). khi ke vi vua cha, .Minh .M(}nh con xem thix' hi mot tlieii to hai cua (-dng giiio. N h u vii>-, cd the khiing dinh "ban thiin Gia l^ong khdng cd thien ciim vdi Cdng giiio. nhUng vi If do chfnh Iri nt"-!! dng k h o a n tlung \()\ tdn giiio niiy. chUng niio dng cdn ciin den ngUdi P h a p hcip tiic vc'ii dng. O n g biit diiu ngu'i;if diii vc'ii ngUdi Cdng giiio tu'ng giuj) dng.

khi dng cd t h e tie'n hiinh chfnh siich ddc liip dUtic va k h d n g ciin tdi ht) nua'". (.iia Long the hien nhiin ilulc ve sU ciin Ihic-^t cd sii iii> phdng. O n g hi ngu'di hieu rd htin ai he't ngux' cti tleii lU PhUting Tiiy. "Cung htin ai hei nlui vua biet rd mdi q u a n hi}

giUa flic nlui t r u y e n guit) vdi ciic thi' lu'c chfnh tri quiin su chiit che tlc'ii the niio Vay chiing. viec liui t'ht)n M m h .M(''nli - mot hoiing tii "cd tfnh ciich m a n h me vii khdng nuin nui \-(')i Phu'ting Tii\" him vua nili ngdi chfnh hi lin y siiu xa cua Gia

Long t r o n g ddi siich vt':ii Cdng giiio n h a m giU vUng vUfing tjuyen.

Thtic le' lieh sU Viet N a m khi .Minh Menh Ifm ngdi dii cho tha'y su thay ddi chfnh Siich cila vUdng trieu Nguyen tltli vdi Cdng giiio. Neu Gia Ltmg, dt) trilc liep hiim dn cac giiio sT Phiip t r o n g viec giiinh liii vUting vi nen chfnh sach ve Cdng giiit) van the hien tfnh hai m a t thi den \'ua Minh Menh, chfnh siich ddi vdi Cdng guit) khii rn net vii nhiil tiuiin.

Biing nhic'u ngudn thong lin ve cac nUdc Irong k h u viic, nga.\" khi lt"'n ngdi niim 1820, .Minh Menh ttii nluin thity n h u n g ngu\' cd de doa viiting iiuyen Ifi pbfa time diin PhUdng Ta\' khi c h u n g sU d u n g vicic t r u y e n dao Cdng giiio tie xiim nhilp giiy miit dn dinh d nhieu nudc ti-tjiig k h u \-Uc n h u T r u n g Qudc. Nluit Ban.

Trieu Tu"m, Nam DUting. Mit'^n DUMU v.v... Do viiw khi mudn biio \'e sii' nhiit thdng vUdng tiux'en, Minh Mtjnh hutlc pluii Clin nluic den viln de ciim dat) ha>' khdng. md ctia ha\' tldng ciia vdi Phu'ting Tii\'. Vi the, ti giai doiin tlau Iri vi, tie tlu\"

tri dn dinh Minh .M('nh van giu Ih.iii tlti fining muc vdi Cdng giiio. Ban t h a n nh.i

\'ua cung tim hieu ve ton i^iiio iui\' thdng tpia vii>c tlof Siich Gian li kin ding tlo TliUa sat .Jacearti thing If'n \'ii ttoc Tdy (liidng ki sii biing chU Hiin. Tu\' nhu'Mi.

.Minh .VIcMih vdi nen tiing y thilc ht' . \ h o giiio l u \ c t ddi hda vi tht"' tdi thUdng ciia vua - t u Ciich T h i e n tU - thiin lhit">ng cai quiin Cii t h e liic vii tilm linh nt'>n vua van k h d n g the tldng tinh vdi giiit) If Cdtig guit) vc t h i u ' e l Thit'^n Du'dng. Dia .\guc. tlui\'C'l C h u a Ti'di tat) diing vu trii. niui Dat hdng lhu\'. xii\' ihiip Babel, v.v,.. Nlui vua the hit'ii m<)t thiii (to (' ngiu vdt su ti'iiNcn l):i Cdng guio khi tux't'Mi hd: ".Xghc ndi iiu'tic ho cd phep ino' ki tin, ngUtii luio gioi hiin ihi kill 111! t r o n g nudc tlti t r u y e n giiing tlao 3. Joscp Biillinger. ilic Smaller [dragon. ,\ I'olilieal History dl Vietnam, tr. 241 242.

4. Do Quang llLrny. Qtitic liLing. Chien Iran if Da Mdng 1.^0 nam l/'id'c. Dicn lien vd kel cm . lap ehi Ngliicii ( ii'ii l.icli sir. so 5 6/l')S7. Ir 75.

20 Nghien cuu Ton giao. So 12 - 2009

giao, ngUdi gidi vUa thi di ngoai qudc, dem ta giao truyen day cho ngUdi. Ho 6 dau deu cd chia phiin diit. phiin dan de tu cai quan nhau cho nen ngay thUdng thU tfn di lai vdi nhau nhanh nhii Id hich tren cam cai Idi-ig gii. Ciii mam te ay khdng nen nudi cho ldn dim len. phai cam nghiet trii tiet di"'''".

Qua day ta thily Minh Menh da nhan thiic dUcic sil de doa den quyen uy tdi thUt^ng ciia vUdng trieu ve chfnh tri - kinh le - vim hda - tam linh nen mdi cam dao. Them vao. vua chiu sUc ep tii phan ling cua quan lai nho si cdng vdi viec phat hien tau PhUdng Tay van ngilm dUa giao si vao Viet Nam. Minh Menh mdi ban hanh chf du cam diao dau tien vao ngay

12 thang 2 nam 1825: "Ta dao Tay DUdng lam hu hdng tam trf con ngUdi. Tii lau nay. nhieu lau thuyen cila Tay DUdng den diiy budn biin vii dem den diiy cac Tay DUdng dao trudng trong viidng qudc nay. Cilc diao trUdng nay da du dd va lam ddi truy nhan tam va lam hU hdng phong tuc vii tap quiin. Day phai chiing lii mot dao cho vUdng qudc chung ta? Viiy pluii ngiin chan su lam dung nay de dem diin ta ve con dUdng cua chfnh dao""^'. Khdng nhUng the. lii niim 1H26 den niim 1832, tinh hinh trong nUde liii lien tiep xiiy ra mot s d v u viec mat dn dinh cd sU tham dU ciia Cdng giao. mdi keo theo sU thay ddi chinh sach cila Minh Menh ddi vdi tdn giiio nay theo chieu budng tU ban che iinh hUdng truyen dao di den cam dao.

Vao nam 1826. khi liic lUcing khdi nghia ciia Phan Bii Vanh riit ve cd thii tiai Lang Tra Lii trUdc su' truy bat cila trieu dinh. da dU(3c cac linh muc. tu si. giiio dan tai diiy ung hcj va bao ve. Them dd, tii nam 1829 - 18.31 d trong nUde xua't hien khdng ft cac vu kien lien quan den hai lang Cdng giao la Diidng Sdn va Mdng Phu him cho mdi quan he giUa Nha nUdc phong kien Viet Nam va Gido bdi Cdng giiio ngiiy cang xau di. Dang chu y la vao cudi niim 18.32. Minh Menh phat hien trong cam cjuiin cd ngUdi theo Cdng

giao. mac du bi triing phat va bat phai bo dao nbUng da so'ho van kien tam giii dao.

khdng chiu chap hanh menh lenh cila nha vua.

Chfnh vi the. ngay 6 thang 10 niim 1833. dao du cam Cdng giao lan thu!

hai dxicic ban h a n h trong ca nUdc. budc giao huu phai bd dao. cac dia phUdng phai pha huy nha thd va de doa: "Neu ke nao khdng chiia thdi cii cdn diim len liit can tam vi phiim lenh cam, mot khi bi phat giiic thi lien bi tri toi nang""'. Va theo Dqi Nam thdc luc thi dUdi thdi Minh Menh tri vi cd 6 dijo du va 2 dieu le ve Cdng giao va If do cam dao dUcic neu deu cd phan lien quan den van de an ninh qudc gia, quyen uy cila vUdng trieu va van de Le, Phiip, the che ciia trieu dinh.

Cd the ndi, khdng phai ngay tii dau Minh Menh chil trUdng dan ap giao dan mac du cd nhieu y kien khuyen dng thiing tay nhu vua Nhiil Ban. Song cung khdng phai tu nhien Mmh Menh bat. gie't giao dan mot each vd cd ma hau nhu nbUng ngUdi bi biit. bi gie't cd "van de" nhU ndi dung dao du thii 4 ban banh ngay 16 thiing 1 ndi rd:

"1. NgUdi PhUdng Tay til lien vao trong nude hi khdp tdi "trinh tham ngoai qudc vii dd la tin tiic". NgUdi che giau chUa chap cung bi toi chem.

2. Tay DUdng dijo trUdng len lilt xam nhap khep tdi t n n h tham.

3. Ddi vdl guio .si dang len lut truyen dao bi khep them tdi "ta dijo di doan ciim dd me hoiic nhiin tilm".

4. Ciic vien Irii'n thil tra xet khdng ki de Tiiy DUdng dao trUdng lot viio trong nUdc tbi bi xU toi ebem: ciic quan li^i dia 5. Dal Nam Time luc cliiiih hien. Tap 21 Nxb KHXH 1964. tr. 117,

6. Truang Bit Ciin. \ lui Minh Mang viti Cimg gido (tir (tail I HIO ciim cudi IS.U). Nguyet san Cimg giiio vd Ddn tiic. so 14 thiing 2 - 1996, tr. 116.

7. Dcii Nam Thifc luc chinh hien. Tap 11 Nxb KHXH 1964, tr 236.

D6 Tiii Hoa Hdi, Phan Thi Thu Hing. Chinh .sdch ciia Minh Menh... 21

phuong khdng tan tinh truy biit thi bi phat truting va giiing cap""^'.

Dudi thdi Mmh Menh. ddi sach vdi Cdng giao thilc sU la mot van de kho khan, nhUng nd chi thUc sii la van de ndng gay gat viio nhUng niim ve sau. khi Minh Menh bi ddy vao tinh the phiii ddi phd vdi himg loat sU kien cbfnh tri an ninh chii quyen bi de doa cd sU dinh Ifu tdi Cdng giiio. Tuy nhien. vi nhan quan Nho giao khtsp kin quy dinh. nhieu chi du cua nhii vua ddi vdi Cdng giao trci nen bi dong va the hien sti lung lung vc sach lUdc. Chiing hiin nhu su kien Mmh Menh ra du trieu Ii'ii) '•'^c giiio -si ve kinh de dich sach thiic chat lii de khdng che va kiem soat ho'-". Hay nhU thiing 4 mim 1838.

Minh Menh dieu quan tii Nghe An.

Thanh Hda ra Nam Dinh dan ap khtii nghia vdl mot bien phap khd'c liet. v.v...

Tuy nhien. ciing can phai khiing dinh rang, viec Minh Menh thiic hien chfnh sach cam Cdng giiio cdn biit ngudn tU nguyen nhiin lieh sii tit ben ngoai dan den. Cdng giiio dUtJc du nhap vao niidc ta tii cac niidc PhUdng Tay trong thdi ki ra ddi va phiit trien chu nghia tU ban vao Ciic the ki XVI - XIX cdn mang nang tfnh kinh vien vii biet liip. Do dd. qud trinh truyen ba Cdng giiio cua ciic thiia sai lai Viet Nam tii gdc do viin hda cdn mang nang tfnh biet phdi. bii't khoan dung.

khdng the khdng giip mot sd trd ngai nha't dinh vc phong hda. quan niem va dd la nguyen cd dan tdi xung dot dan tdc.

Cho de'n luc dd. Cdng giao ha san pham t h u i n tuy ciia nen viin hda Phudng Tay.

nen hoan toan xa la vdi nbUng tap quan thd Cling to tien va ciic nghi le vdng ddi ciia ngUdi Viet. Dao du ciia Minh Menh ban hilnh niim 1825 dii ndi rd dieu nay:

"Dao PhUdng Tiiy lii ta dao. him mc^ hoiic Idng ngUdi hay hiiy hoiii phong tuc. cho nen phai nghiem cam de khien ngUdi ta theo chinh diio"'"". Do dd. ddi sach ciia Minh Menh ddi vdi Cdng giao ciing chfnh 111 phan Ung tU ve triidc nhUng nguy cd uy hiep thay ddi phong hda. viin hda diin tdc UrUdc sU xiim nhiip cua viin hda Phudng

L

Tily cd sii trti giup cua chu nghia thuc dan. Va khi cac giao .si. tin dd Cdng giiio dinh Ifu tdi cac van de chfnh tri ndi bat thi chfnh sach cam dao cua Minh Menh hoan toan la dieu dc hieu, xuii't phat tU nhu can gid vUng chu quyen dan tdc cung nhu sU ben vUng cila vUdng trieu nha Nguyen. Tuy nhien. trong khi thi hiinh chfnh sach cam dao de nham miac dfeh tren day, Minh Menh dtl mac phai sai ham khdng tach biet ciic quan he tdn giao vc'ii chfnh tri - van btia - phiip luat. dil ddng nhat giiia cac miit dd. Sai liim hdn hi khdng phiin biet giua ilm tnu'u thu doan Itii dung ton giiio liim hi bin xiim lUtic cua the luc thiic diin vdi the lilc giiio .si cd nluln quan biet lap ve viin hda. vdi ddng diio quan chung nhan diin bi loi keo. Itii dung.

day giao diin vilo triing thai quay lUng lai vdi dan tdc. Minh Menh ciing nhU cac dng vua trieu Nguyen dil khdng khdn kheo lao thdi cd mdi den Id Cdng giiio dc cai each, duy tiin dat nu'dc thdi can diii ma lai bien nd thanh nguyen cd dc thiic diin lay dd him mim che am mUu xiim lUcic chia re diin tdc. Sue miinh ndi liic cua diin tdc vi the bi suy guim. vii triicil diu theo hUdng ngay cting yeu the. ket quii khdng chdng dd dUtJc hoa xiim liing.

2.2. C h i n h sach doi vdi ton giao, t i n ngu'dng t r u y e n t h o n g

a. Chinh sdch doi vcfi Phiit gido Nhu tren da ndi. chfnh sdch tiii de cao doc tdn Nho giiio lam cd't tuy cua ddi sdng tu tudng tinh than dUcic dinh hUdng tU Gia Long na\' dUdc Minh Menh xac liip cac nguyen tac cd ban va dUa vao thilc thi huan dieu Nho giao vdi tfnh chat kep tdn giao-chfnh tri. Luc diiu dng thiic thi sach lUtic han che Phiit giiio vii ciic tfn ngUdng

8. Dal Nam Tliifc luc chinh hien. Tap 21. N.xb KHXH 1966. tr. 247.

9. Ngtiyen 'Viin Kiem. Xiiiig quanh Minh Mam; tap trung cdc gido si thira sai Au Chdii ve Hue. Tap chi Nghien cim Tim gido. so 2/2004. tr. 37 - 45.

10. Diin theo lliin TiT)ng Kim. \'iei Nam sir liri/c.

Qll. Bo Giiio tluc (Siii Gon). IVting tfim Hpc lieu.

197Ltr227.

22 Nghien cuu Ton giao. So 12 - 2009

khac. NhUng diin dii IrUdc thuc lien truyen bii Cdng guit) uy hiep chu quyen Vii vUdng quyen nen dng cd sii' thay ddi chfnh Siich tdn guio.

Mot mat, Mmh Menh tin hiinh chfnh sach cam dao ddi vdi Cdng giiio de giU vUng dn dinh chfnh tri - xii hoi, mat khac nha vua cung hudng tdi ciic tdn giao, lin ngUdng truyen thd'ng de lam dd'i trong vdi Cdng giiio trUde thUc tien khi dd, nhai la chu Irtmg cluin chfnh Phiil guio,

Tii dia vi la quti'c giiio dUcii ihdi Ly - Tran, sang thdi cudi Le diiu Nguyen, Phat giao da khdng cdn tim thay chd ddng chinh thiic trong trieu dinh nUa nen da hda quyen vao ddi sd'ng diin gian, anh xa viio trong van hda cong ddng lang xil, kt'o theo sii ra ddi ciia hiing van ngdi chua diiy sUc sd'ng. Tuy nhien. vi nhieu li de, xa bdi khung hoang hay suy thoiii.

mdt bo phan Phat tii giai doan cudi Le dau Nguyen da bi tha hda trd ihanh mot lUc lUtJng cau cung, me tin, hoiic Icii diing nhii chua de trdn nghia vu nen budi dau Gia Long va Minh Menh da him che lUc luting nay do tinh thiin vi ddi ciia Phiit giiio thdi Ly, Tran khdng cdn diicic Phat tii xem la li tUcing cuoc sd'ng ma muc tieu tu hanh chi lii de sieu thoat cd nhan, Nhiim ngiin chan ciic te liiu nay ciia Phat giiio, thdi Gia Long tri vi, dii xudng du (1804): "Giin day cd ke sung dao Phi'it, xay dilng chiia chien quii cao, lau giic rat la trang le, diic chuong, td tUcing rat ddi trang hoang, cimg la lam chay, chay dan, md hoi, phf ton ve cung Phat nudi sU khdng the chep bet, de cau phuc bao vien vdng, de'n ndi tieu hao mau md. Vay tii nay ve sau. chua quiin cd dd mil mdi dUcic tu bd, cdn lilm chua mdi vii Id tUcing due chuong, dan chay hoi chua, he't thiiy deu cam. Su siii cd ke chiin lu thi If trUdng sd tai phai ghi rd tfnh danh quiin chi. dem nop cho quan tnin de biet rd sd^'"".

Sang thdi Minh Menh ndi ngdi, dan dan do yeu cau thtic lien nhii vua trilc tie'p ban siic du de tiuim If chiil che, tinh hinh Phat guio cd phan dUt3c cai thien tdt

hdn, nen vice diing chua, due chuong dUtJc thuc hien kha phd bie'n tii kmh dd de'n cac tinh. Mot sttchua cdng dUtic trieu dinh bao cap. quan tiim xiiy dUng. lu siia.

lap le hoi. cap lUdng bdng cho cac sU sai.

phong ihiin cho cac vi cd nhieu cdng hien.

Trong bai ThU(3ng du ngay 18 thang 10 niim Mmh Menh thd 21 (1840) cd doian:

"Lan nay ve kinh cd Nguyen Giac Ngd, ti-u tri chua Long Sdn Bat Nha, la ngUdi tinh liim lu luyen, tich cd'dii hdn 40 niim.

Khd hanh cao phong nhu the that rai quy hda. Truyen cap cho mot viin himg tiing cang va gia an thUdng cho 20 hang bac, tfing phuc. lio quiin viii mtiu mdi thd 5 bd, cho tram dich dUa ve chua cu tru lii.

Tren Id trinh di qua cac bi.it phiii phiii ngu'di ho tdng de dUdng di dUdc an toiin tdt Acp. Lai truyen cho vien tfnh Phil Yen xuii't tien cdng mua sam vat lieu, thue dan phu sila sang chua chien ndi Giac Ngd hien dang tru tri cho dUcic quan chiem. So' dan phu thue bao nhieu ngiidi.

truyen cap cho mdi ngUdi thang 4 quan tien va mot vudng gao de chung vui vc;

liim. sdm hoan thanh cdng viec. Sau khi xong cii viec khai tieu. Kham thil""'^'.

Cd the If giiii trUdc linh hinh Irt'-'n diiy, Minh Menh da xem xet lai chfnh sach dtYi vtii Phat giiio. tim tlul'y nhUng yeu td tfch ciic bill ngudn tii Phat giiio ve phu'ting ihUc tri nUdc nhU thdi Ly - Triin - Hau Le dii tUng khai that: nhung \6\ the til Tam giiio ddng nguyen. Minh Menh sai diing chiia Hdng Nhan dai thien tU trong hoang cung, chua Linh HUu, chua Giac Long, sUa chua Long Quang, Cd the tha'y.

Id day cac vua nha Nguyen dac biet quan tiim xiiy dilng, trimg tu eac ngdi qudc tU de nhii vua, trieu tiinh td chile diin chay, cau cung. Tu lieu IhU tich da cho thii'y khdng ft bin. Minh Menh td chiic lap dim chay cung le d ciic chua.

Niim 1820 (Minh Menh mim diiu lit-'u).

11. Dili Nam Thuc luc chinh hien. Ti'p 3. Nxb. Sir htpc. HaNoi, 1963.tr 167.

12. Cluin ban trieu Nguyen. Chir bo niia, Q. 79, Li Kim Hoa bien dich, tr. 81 - 83.

I

p 6 Thi Hoa Hoi, Phan Tlii 'Iliu Hang. Chinh sdch ciia Minh Menh. ²³

Viio tilling 6. linh Hil T\m. tinh VTnb T h a n h , tfnh Dinh TUdng. benh dich lan trim. Tfnh Quiing Binh. (Juiing Tri, Nghe An, T h a n h Hda hiu khdng cd mUa. Hoiing de sai cac ntii sd lai ciiu tliio, lap dan chay.

N a m 1824 ( M m h Mt)nh mim ihU 5), tinh Gia Dinh nUdc sdng NgUu Chii bdng

" k h o a n g mUdi d a m Irong l a n g mot miiu, mui ngc)t n h u dUdng". M i n h M e n h cho dd la trdi cho, ha bdi ddt: H o a n g T h e td Cao H o a n g de ddc siing s u a nen dUtic trdi biio ilng cho diem ttl't. Nhii v u a dii cho xuii't tien k h o ra m u a viing hUdng de q u a n c h u a n hi hip diin kfnh te.

Niim 1825 ( M m h Mtinb luiin ihU 6), vua lenh cho cac q u a n vita d a t dan le theo le ngbi Nho giiio, vita dat dim chay phd do d chUa T h i e n Mu de tUdng nhd ciic tudng sT cd cdng p h u Nguyen.

N a m 1826 (Minh Menh mim t h u 7):

T h a n h Gia Dinh vii ciic l i n h lU Quiing Binh den Binh Thuiin cd tai dich. Nhii vua dii ha lenh liii) diin nbUdng dao. d Kinh t h a n h ciing c h u a n bi thiet diin d ngoai tluanb k h i e n ciic ijuan deu ciiu phuc cho triim ho.

Niim 1827 ( M m h .Menh mim ihU 8).

triin N a m D i n h cd siiu im Ida linn hai.

q u a n t n i n dem viec i)himg t a u . n h a vua xuci'ng chi dt,i cbt) thiol dim nhUting diit).

cac pliii h u y e n sti tai vi k h d n g sdm biio ni'n bi guing chile.

Dieu chu y lit dutii trieu Minh M e n h . sU cai td vii chii'n chinh t r o n g sinh htiiit P h a t giao l)ieu hien rd nhii't lii viec Nhii nudc caj) do dicip cho tiing si do Bd Le lbi h a n h . Ciing t r o n g giai doini nay, viec phiin d i n h chiic siic cho tiing si dUtic thiic hien mot ciich rd r a n g hcin. T h d n g qua dd.

dudi iricu Minh .M("'nh dii hinh thiinh them mtit ehdc siic mdi cho tiing si la chile T a n g c a n g . Td ehdc dim chay cung dUcic d u n g len va keo dai n h i e u ngiiy d cac ngdi tiuilc tU. Cd t h e ntii. n h u n g chfnh Siich dtii vdi Phiit giiio ciia M m h Mtinh dii gdp phiin chii'n c h i n b liu t i n h b i n h Phiit giiio c u n g nhu' (in d i n h hu Iriit tii xii htii.

chU k h d n g phiii hi ddi xU limh nhiit hay biii xfch Phiil giiio. Nhd the, trudc het vi' l)hU(ing then vim hda. Phiil guio clut'li trieu N g u y e n dii de lai melt sd t h a n h tpui d a n g ghi nhim ve vim hda P h a t giat), kie'n true, nil t h u a t qua viec tijo dUng, t r u n g lu cac ngdi c h u a dudi thdi nay, gdp phiin cimg cd' td diim net doc dao cua biin siic viin hda I n e u Nguyi'^n. Miic du chfnh sach ddi vcii Phitt giao nhii viiy viin cdn bii't cap. Tuy n h i e n xet ve phiidng dien niio dd, sii dieu chfnh chfnh siich cua Minh M e n h ndi rieng, trieu Nguyen ndi c h u n g ddi vdi P h a t giiio n h u viiy cd the xem nhii mtit giiii phiip dd dn dinh chfnh tri - xil hdi Irong bdi ciinh cd nhUng cang thimg chinb tri - xii hdi, mot chfnh siit~h dt"' lii'>' lai sti ciin biing nbUng bUc xuc ve tiim If cua thtii miy d a n g cd chieu hUdng gia tiing.

b . Chinh sdch df)i vdi Dao gido vd cdc loai hinh tin ngiidng truyen thong khde

Miic du y h u d n g doc ton, de cao Nhd giiio cd tii Gia Long vii Minh Menh lit ngUdi dd k h u d n che dinh cho y tUdng miy, nhUng Phiit giiio, Dao giao vii ciic tfn ngUdng t r u y e n t h d n g khiic viin chid'm giU mtit vi trf n h a i dinh trong ddi sting vim hda linh Ihiin cua ngudi Viet. Dieu niiv dUtic the hien rd net thdng t]ua chfnh Siich chii'n chinh i)hiil trien Dao guit) va ciic loiii hinh tfn ngUdng tru>'en thdng dudi thdi Iri vi cua .Minh .Vltitih.

Dao giiio ve miit ki phUting di Ihuiit, da cd d T r u n g Qu(')'c tU thdi thucing cd vdi ciic h i n h t h d c nbU: doim mdng, xem bdi, cung quy, ddng bdng, ciiu lien, cbUii hi'iih b a n g b u a p h e p , luyen thud'c trUdng sinh, v.v... Dudi cac t r i e u dai p h o n g kien Viet N a m , de'n thdi Le-Nguyen, mac du Nho giiio diin ddn ehie'm vi trf q u a n trong nhUng Dao giiio viin t h i n h Irong diin gian, thiim chf a n h hUcing diim cii trong vUdng hint, quy ltic. Thdi cudi Le thiu N g u y e n , Nho giiio trd thiinh qudc giiio, ngd n h u Id'n lil Diio giiit), st)ng lrt>n thuc te, giUa cluing hu cd sii vay mucin, ft cd sii' x u n g (lot, hien tUdng nlui Nho kii'iu ph;ip

24 Nghien ciiu Ton giao. So 12-2009

sU, kiem n h a phUdng t h u a t k h a p h d bie'n.

S a n g thdi N g u y e n , c h e do p h o n g kie'n lai sa vao cuoc k h i i n g h o a n g n g h i e m t r o n g , khdi n g h i a n d n g diin lien tiep b u n g nd, de bao ve q u y e n luc vUdng t r i e u , luc d a u c u n g vdi chfnh s a c h de cao N h o giao la chu trUdng vdi P h a t giao, Dao giao bi b a n che bdi cac chi d u c u a n h a v u a , nhUng trUdc n h u cau ciia q u a n c h u n g va ke ea vUdng tdn quy loc, chfnh s a c h ciia M i n h M e n h cd sU t h a y ddi.

N a m 1832 (Minh M e n h niim thU 13).

n h a n le dUng c h u a Khai TUdng. ngil xem d a n chay d c h u a T h i e n M u . M i n h M e n h bao q u a n h a u : " N h a P h a p d u n g t h a n hoc de day ddi. cdn dao K h d n g chi day l u a n thUdng lii mdn d u n g h a n g ngay. song c h u n g quy deu day ngu'di t a l a m dieu t h i e n m a thdi. Sinh r a t r o n g vdng trdi n e n liim dieu t h i e n t r a n h dieu tic. Ddi vdi dao P h a t day biing t h u y e t boa p h u c . bao iing. ta k h d n g n e n nhii't thdi cho la di doan. Moi viec k h u y e n ngUdi lam t h i e n cila n h a P h a p . d a u t h a n h n h a n ciing k h d n g t h e bd di"'".

N d m 1833 (niim M i n h M e n h niim thU 14): miia h a t h a n g 4. k i n h ki k h d n g cd mUa, cac q u a n cau dao nhUng k h d n g dUtJcVi the' n h a v u a thie't d a n T a m T h a n d Ngo Mdn, p h a i H o a n g tii c u n g cac dUdng q u a n t r o n g s a u bd k i e n t h a n h ki dao, S a u dd trdi dUcic mUa ldn, n h a v u a len dien T r u n g Hda, ddt bUdng k h a n vai.

N a m 1840 (Minh Menh nam t h d 21).

t h a n g 10 trong kinh ki khdng t^d mUa. n h a vua chf du cho q u a n T a m phap phai t h a n h h' binh nguc. va thUdng d trong cung dd't hUdng m a t diio. dat d a n T a m than, khien cac q u a n t a n t h a n h cau nguyen.

M a c du. t r o n g 10 h u a n dieu. M i n h M e n h cd n h a e den viec bin trii a n h hUdng cua D a o giiio va cac thU me tfn di d o a n . ki phUdng di t h u a t nhUng Dao giao v a n a n s a u viio tfn ngUdng n h a n d a n . N h U n g tU t u d n g . tfn ngUdng D a o giao k h d n g h o a n l o a n tii nUde ngoai t r u y e n viio m a cd sdn p h a n ldn d n h a n d a n Viet N a m t r o n g lieh sil. Vi t h e D a o

giao ciing vdi P h a t giao c h a n g n h i i n g k h d n g bi N h o giao d a y lui m a t r a i lai cii vUdn len va t o n tai l a u b e n b a t c h a p moi sU c a m d o a n c u a n h a v u a vil t r i e u dinh n e n d a n d a v u a ed sil t h d a h i e p vdi hai tdn giao niiy. T h a m chf. M i n h M e n h cdn sil d u n g k h a i n i e m "Vd vi" va "Hiiu vi"

vdn dUtJc x e m la ciia D a o giao de ndi ve d a o t r i nUdc ciia m i n h . Q u a n t r i e t tU tUcfng "trUde p h a i vd vi. s a u mdi dU(3c hUu vi". M i n h M e n h d a dich c h u y e n tU t u d n g t r i e t hoc ay t h a n h phUdng c h a m t r i nUde "trUdc p h a i s i e n g n a n g . s a u mdi dUdc hUdng t h u " . T r o n g Idi du q u a n T h a m t r i Bd H i n h Ngd D i n h Gidi. Minh M e n h cho r a n g : " T r a m d a n g do tudi t r e . cd s a n g s u d t ve t i n h t h a n , m a n h me ve siic lUc. n d n t r a m h a n g c h a m lo viec t r i e u chfnh. P h a m viec gi ciing k h d n g m u d n de c h a m t r e , vi le trUdc p h a i sieng n a n g , s a u mdi bUcing t h u " " " . D a y c h a n g phiii la M i n h M e n h c h i u a n h hUdng tU lUdng ciia cac n h a D a o giao T r u n g Qudc la Lao Tii va T r a n g Tii dd sao?

C a n g ve s a u , khi tU tUdng Nho giao c a n g td ra b a t Iilc t r o n g cdng cuoc on dinh n h a n t a m n h i i m n g a n c h a n sU t r u y e n ba Cdng giao, M m h M e n h c h u y dieu chinh chfnh s a c h dd'i vdi D a o giao ciing n h u P h a t giao va cac loai b i n h tfn ngUdng t r u y e n thd'ng. NhU vay. O n g da cd mot su cd g a n g n h a t d i n h de gdp p h a n cung cd' giU gin b a n sac viin h d a d a n toe, tU t r a n g bi mot t h d "vu khf t i n h t h a n " cho n h a n d a n c h d n g xiim lUcic ve v a n hda"''''.

13. Trin Van Giau (1973). Sir phdt tricii ciia tiftidmg Viet Nam tir the ki XIX den ccich mang thdng Tcim ndm 1945. tap 1. Nxb KHXH, Hit Noi. tr. 505.

14. Le SI Thang. Licli sd iir tirdng \'ict Nam. tiip 2.

Nxb KHXH. Ha Npi 1997. If. 74.

15. .Xin xein then ciic biii viei tren Tap chi Nghien cim Toil giiui giin day nhu:

- Tii Quoc KMnli (2(X)8). Nhci Nguyen vdi vii-c tiwig tu Chiia Thap. phin tiicn Phiit gido flue.wa. sd 9. tr. 20 - 25.

- Nguydn Ngoc Quynh (2007). Tluii di> irng \i( ciia trieu Nguyen rdi Pluii gido qua 'Khdm Dinh Dqi Nam hpi dien siric ". so 11. tr. 30 - 37.

- Tran Dang Sinh (2008). Mot sii chinh .nich cua ciu vua ddu iric^ii Nguyen ctdi viri tin nguc'mg thir than d

Icing .\ii Bed Ba. so 8, tr. 20 - 24. ^^

D6 Thi Hoa H6i, Phan Thi ITiu Hang. Chinh sdch ciia Minh Menh. 25

3. Mpt so y nghia lieh sd cua chinh sdch ton gido thai Minh Menh

Cd t h e ndi. c h i n b s a c h cua M i n h M e n h ddi vdi tdn giao trUdc b e t n h ^ m d a p Ung n h d n g yeu cilu thUc tien lieh sii diit r a luc bay gid. De xiiy d u n g mot nhii niidc phong kien c h u y e n che t a p tjuyen. t h d n g n h a t ve moi m a t . M i n h M e n h chii trUdng de cao Nho giao vii dUa nd len vi trf doc tdn. Liia chon t r e n diiy ciia n h a v u a t h e hien y h u d n g bao ve dtlc lap chu tiu>'en diin tdc ciing n h u vUdng vi cxxa trieu diii t r o n g bdi canh sU b a n h trUdng x a m lUcic cua t h e lUc thuc d a n PhUdng T a y d a n g p h a t trien m a n h me t r e n t h e gidi.

Luc diiu. ddi vdi cac tdn giao khiic nhU P h a t giao. Dao giiio ve h i n h thUc la cam doan song t r e n tbilc t e ' v a n chiem giU mot vi trf nha't d i n h t r o n g xa hdi. t h a m chi cdn a n h bUdng tdi t a n g Idp q u a n lai t r o n g trieu dinh va t r o n g moi liing Idp n h a n dan nen chfnh siich ciia M m h Menh cd sU dieu chinh de q u a n If cluit che. n a n g cao uy t h e t^ila vUdng t r i e u . dn d i n h Idng ngUdi. Rieng dtli vcii Cdng giao bi ciim doan n g a i ngheo dt) t r e n thUc te. nd dil bi sii d u n g cho muc dfeh xiim nbaj) cua chu nghia thilc diin PhUdng Tay. Bi gd bd trong n h a n tjuan N h o gitio t h i e u sU phiin tach. M m h M e n h cho riing Cdng giiio lien q u a n c h a t che vdi bon xilm lUcic PhUdng Tay. de doa trUc tie'p de'n trieu dinh va da't nUdc; nd xa la vdi v a n hda biin dia.

lam suy giiim dia vi va iinh hiidng ciia Nho guio t r o n g xii hoi. lilm t h a hda con ngUdi, vi vay phtii biii trU. loai bd. C h u n g tdi ciing ddng t i n h vdi sU phiin tfch cac b a n che cua c h i n b s a c h ve tdn giiio da dUdc gidi n g h i e n cUu cbi rd t r o n g ciic cdng t r i n h dii n e u . Tuy nhien can chii y t h e m r a n g vdi vi the' triich n h i e m cua melt dng vua t r o n g dat nUdc dUcic xiiy d u n g theo md b i n h t a p q u y e n c h u y e n che ihi chfnh sach tdn gitio ciia M i n h M e n h t r e n dily la mot p h a n ilng tii ve chU k h d n g the' coi chfnh sach dd boiin loan ha cue doan. sai lam. T r o n g chiing mUc n a o dd. n h a vua vSn sii d u n g P h a t giao vii Dao giiio n h d m

phiic vu cho cdng cude tri vi dat nudc c u n g n h u de tiing cUdng sUc m a n h tinh t h a n cua n h a n d a n tru'dc nbUng nguy cd xam lutic den tii c h u nghia thiic d a n PhUdng T a y nhUng hieu qua r a sao c&n phai xem xet t r o n g t h u c le. Hdn t h e , giUa luc cac nUdc l a n g gieng Viet N a m deu bi chu n g h i a thiic diin PhUdng Tay xam lUtic. n h i e u ndi dii bi t h d n g tri. ddi stich cua M i n h M e n h ddi vdi cac tdn giao. tfn ngUdng t r u y e n t h d n g trong dd cd Phiit giiio. Dao giao cdn chUa nhieu an y siiu Stic. Ciin ndi t h e m n i n g cd the hieu do cdn ha y thUc khiing dinh m a n h me btin siic van hda d a n tdc trUdc sii du n h a p cua ciic yeu id van hda PhUdng Tiiy ma trUdc het la sU du n h a p ciia Cdng giiio. Giai doiin ntiy, Cdng gitio da k h d n g bdi n h a p viio nen viin hda diin tdc. ngUtic lai cdn chii trUdng Cdng giao hda van hda Viet N a m . T h a m chi. chfnh siich nity cua Giiio hoi Cdng giao cdn giin lien vdi chfnh sach ddng hda d a n tdc Viet N a m cila chu nghia thiic d a n do sU ca'u ke't chat che gida Gitio hdi vcii t h e lilc thilc diin thdi ki nay. Diiy 111 mot t r o n g n h d n g nguyt'n do thuc dily Gia Long thi hiinh chfnh siich hai nuit tldi vdi Cdng guio. .Mmh .Mtinh sau miy Cling y thilc m a n h me ve vii'n (\Q miy nt"m chfnh sach ton giiio cua dng. tU phUOng dien van hda cd t h e thti'y. cung cbfnh Iti de khdi day btin sac viin hda t r u y e n thdng cila diin toe trUdc sU du n h a p cua van hda PhUdng Tay. Tuy r a n g dd lit sii phiin Ung bi ddng. bd' tiic k h d n g dap Ung dUtic yeu ciiu p h a t t r i e n d a n tdc va dti khien tiem liic diit nUdc suy giam.

N h u vay, t r o n g dieu kien lieh sU k h a c h q u a n thdi b a y gid chi'nb sach cua Minh M e n h ddi vdi cac tdn giao t r e n day khdng chi h o a n l o a n la thie'u sdt, b a n che h a y ctic doan, sai liim m a nd cdn cd nbUng y nghia nha't d i n h ddi vdi mot da't nu'dc dUclc xa>' diing theo md h i n h l a p tjuyen c h u y e n che. C h u n g tdi mong mudn r a n g q u a biii viet nay .se gdp p h a n cho vice diinh gili lai vUdng tric'u Nguyen cung n h u trieu dai Minh M()nh trong tien t r i n h phiil trien cua lieh sU dim ltic./.