Sir bien doi trong ddi song tin ngirdng cua ngiidi Ba Na d tinh Gia Lai va suf tac dong cua no de'n viec giiir gin ban sac
van hoa toe ngi/di
DOAN TUAN ANH*
T
heo kd't qua Tong dilu tra dan sd' eude sd'ng con ngUdi. Ngodi cac vi t h i n td't v l nha d nam 2009, Gia Lai la dia ludn giup dd con ngQdi cdn cd cac vi than phUdng ed sd'lUdng ngUdi Ba Na sinh sd'ng xau ludn am hai con ngUdi. Do dd de cho ddng nTia't trong ea nUdc: 150.416/227.716 eae t h a n h vien va edng ddng ludn khoe ngUdi (ehiem 66,1 % td'ng sd'ngUdi Ba Na manh, binh an, mUa t h u a n gid hda, mua tai Viet Nam va 11,8 % dan sd' toan vu td't tUdi ngUdi Ba Na ludn phai vien de'n tinh)(l). Cho de'n nay, ngUdi Ba Na d Gia sU trd giup eua cac vi t h a n linh thdng qua Lai dupe xem Id mdt trong nhQng edng eac nghi l l hien te. Tin ngQdng truyen ddng ban dia cdn bao lUu kha dam ndt tin thd'ng ay khdng ehi phan anh cac boat ngUdng CO t r u y i n (samat) va eac s i c thai ddng mUu sinh, sil Qng phd vdi mdi trQdng van hda t r u y i n thd'ng. sd'ng ma cdn tac dpng sau dam de'n dienTrong quan niem tin ngQdng truyen ^ 9 ° ^^^ hoa tinh than, mdi trUdng bao thd'ng ciia ngUdi Ba Na mpi thdnh bai, ^9^ va nudi dUdng cac gia tri van hda, SUdng khd trong ddi sd'ng eung nhu tat ca "ghe thudt mang s i c thai tde ngUdi.
eae hien tupng ma eon ngUdi khdng ly giai Ngdy nay, tin ngudng cua ngUdi Ba Na dupe diu do eac yang (than linh) s l p dat. dang tren dUdng bie'n dd'i di thich Qng vdi He thd'ng t h i n linh eua ngUdi Ba Na eung mdi trUdng sd'ng cua xa hdi hien dai. Trong hd't sQc da dang, phong phu. Ngoai cac vi bdl canh d'y, quan niem van vat hQu linh t h i n tren trdi, t h i n sieu nhien cdn cd eac dang md n h a t dan, chu nghia da t h i n da vi t h i n rQng, t h i n da't, t h i n nude, t h i n khdng cdn h l n sau trong ne'p nghi cua con sdng sudi, t h i n lua...tdn tai xung quanh ngUdi va chi phdl mpt each vd thQc mpi
* Ths.Doan Tuan Anh, Pho Trudng khoa Van hoa va Phat trie'n. Hoc vign CT-HC khu vUc III
Dodn Tudn Anh Sii hien ddi trong ddi sdng tin ngifdng. 47
hoat ddng cua hp. Tim hieu cdn nguyen d i n de'n sU doi thay nay trUde he't phai ke de'n tae ddng cua eac ehinh sach d i u tU phat trien kinh te' - xa hdi vung ddng b l o thieu sd'cua Dang va Nha nUde ta, sU Qng dung eae thanh tiiu khoa hpc va edng nghe hien dai, tae ddng cua van hda hien dai va sU ehuyen bie'n trong y thQc cua ngUdi dan. He qua eua nd la n h i l u tap tuc lac hau, me tin di doan dUde bai bd, tQng bude hinh thanh trong ddng bao cung each lam an va dinh hinh mdt ne'p sd'ng mdi phu hdp. Tuy nhien do nhQng nhan thQc phien dien, mdt chilu ed lue chung ta da ndng vdi phu nhan vai trd eua tin ngUdng truyen thd'ng mud'n dua ddng bdo ngay vao quy dao eua nhdn thQe duy vat trong khi trinh dp phat trien xa hdi va trinh dp dan tri eua hp chUa the theo kip. Sau nam 1975 trong sud't mdt thdi ky dai ehung ta da chu trUdng van ddng ddng bao xda bd mdt sd' nghi l l t r u y i n thd'ng nhU l l eung riy, le trong tria, l l c l u mUa, l l cung gipt nUde, Il cdm mdi, l l dam trau. Chinh khoang trd'ng trong ddi sd'ng tam linh da tao dilu kien thuan ldi de eae tdn giao nhU Cdng giao.
Tin Lanh tham nhdp vao mdt bd phan ngUdi Ba Na lam thay ddi mdt each cdn ban tin ngUdng t r u y i n thd'ng cua hp.
Theo bao cao cua Ban Dan tdc tinh Gia Lai, nam 2010 tren dia ban ed td'ng cdng 99.105 tin do Tin Lanh; trong dd dan tdc Gia Rai: 74.686 ngUdi, Ba Na: 22.572 ngUdi (chie'm 98,13%), Kinh: 1.464 ngUdi, cac dan tde khae: 386 ngUdi. Cdng giao ed 90.767 tin dd, dan tde thie'u so Gia Rai vd Ba Na: 39.382 ngUdi (chid'm 43,38%), ngUdi Kinh: 51.385 ngUdi. TQ dd eho tha'y
so lUdng tin do Tin Ldnb la ngUdi Ba Na d Gia Lai da ed sii gia tang dang ke.
0 huyen Dak Doa, edng ddng Ba Na da cd tdi 5 ehi hdi Tin Lanh va 13.687 ngUdi/36.911 ngUdi theo Tin Lanh (chie'm 37,08%). Nhu vay sd lUdng tin dd Ba Na theo dao Tin Lanh d huyen Dak Doa da chiem hdn 50% (13.687/22.572 ngUdi) td'ng sd' tin do Tin Lanh Ba Na cua toan tinh(2). TQ dia ban dQng chan nay, dao Tin Lanh dang tim mpi each de' xam nhap vao edng ddng Ba Na d phia ddng - ble cua tinb, ndi ddng bao cdn bao luu kha dam net cac sle thai tin ngUdng nguyen thuy trong ddi sd'ng cdng ddng (gdm eae huyen Mang Yang, Dak Pd, An Khe, Kdng Chro, Khang).
Ddl vdi ngUdi Ba Na d huyen can eU Mang Yang sii tac ddng ndy la kha ro net.
Ke't qua khao sat thilc dia nam 2009 cho tha'y: trong 7 lang eua xa Kon Thup da ed 1 lang theo dao Thien ehua giao (Dak Pdnan), 4 lang ed ngUdi theo dao Cdng giao va Tin Lanh (Groi, Sdbir, Chuk, Dak Pdnang), chi ed 2 lang (Dd Nau, Dak Trang) la khdng cd ngUdi theo dao. Tai xa Ld Pang trong 8 lang thi cd 1 lang (Trah) cd ngUdi theo Cdng giao, 2 lang cd ngUdi theo Tin Lanh (Dak Hia, Hiim), 1 lang ed ngUdi theo ea 2 tdn giao (Alao), 4 lang (ChUp, Rob, Plen, Pd Yau) v l n theo tin ngUSng t r u y i n thd'ng. Nam 2010, sd'tin dd Tin Lanh d Mang Yang da la 4.809/31.635 ngUdi (vdi 1 chi hdi va 1 nha thd tai lang Kon Chrah, xa Hra). Dilu d l nhan tha'y d mdt sd'lang theo dao Cdng giao tin ngUdng dan gian va dao Cdng giao cd sQ ke't hdp vdi nhau kha nhuan nhuyin, nhilu net
48 Nghien ciiu Ddng Nam A 12/2011 van hda tiou bie'u eua ngifdi Ba Na v l n lang Ba Na, xich ngUdi Ba Na va cac tpc cdn dupe bao luu (cd dpi edng ehieng, dpi ngUdi khac vd'n di cd hiem khich trUde day mua xoang). Cdn b car lang Ba Na theo lai g i n nhau hdn. V l mdt phUdng dien ndo dao Tin Lanh Idl hdnh dao vd nghi thQc dd nd ed tae dung giam thie'u sQ ban thu tdn giao khdng ddng hdnh cQng vdi nghi giQa cac tdc ngUdi, khep lai qua khQ dau thQc theo tfn ngUdng truyen thd'ng. NgUdi thUdng de hudng tdi tUdng lai.
B a N a theo dao Tin Lanh chl cdn tin d mpt y^^^ j^h^^c, trong phUdng thQc boat dQc Chua Trdi, mpi tfn ngUdng t r u y i n jg^g^ ^^^ tg„ ^^^ rndi cdn chu y de'n thd'ng deu hi bd het. Su tac dong, anh ^ ^ ^ ^ g ^^'„ j g ^^ the, thiet thiie eua ddi hudng cua tdn giao den ddi .song van boa ^^^ ^^Udng nhat, khuyen day ddng bao tQ xa hdi eua ngUdi Ba Na d Gia Lai hien nay ^d nhQng hu tue nang ne trong ma chay, la su tac ddng .song trung (Cdng giao va ^^^j ^ j ^ ^ ^^ Ig ^ hudng tdi cupc s^ng vdn Tin Lanh) trong dd dang ke' nhd't Id Tin ^^^^ ^dn. Thiie te' cho tha'y b nhilu ldng Lanh, day cung la die'm khac biet so vdi g^ j^a theo dao ddi sd'ng, sinh hoat xa hdi ngudi Ba Na d tinh Kon Tum. Su tac ddng ^ - ^ g ^. ^ . ^ ^.^^^ ^^^ l^. Cu t h i la trong dd dupe the' hien d hai chilu hudng: g-^j^ ^^^^ ^^ ^ ^^^^ ^^. ^ . ^ g ^ ^ ^ . ^ g ^^^
ThQ nha't, mdt so tae ddng tich cilc can cd quy cu hdn va hdp ve sinh hdn. Ndi chdn dUde nhin nhan. nudi gia sue, gia cam dUdc tach rieng ra
Du d gdc dp nao, chung ta v l n phai khdi ndi d, khu vile ngudn nudc sinh boat thQa nhan tdn giao mdi (Cdng giao. Tin dQde giQ gin can than. Didn mao budn lang Ldnb) da dap Qng mdt p h l n nhu eau cung ed nhQng thay ddi, dUdng l i n g dUdc trcng ddi sd'ng van hda, tinh t h i n cua ldm to hdn, ve sinh ndi an d dUde giQ gin ngUdi Ba Na. Trao dd'i vdi mdt sd' tin dd 11 sach sd hdn. Dang ke nhd't la cac hu tuc lac ngudi Ba Na b xa Glar, huyen Dak Doa hau giam bdt, nhiing Id tuc ed hai eho ddi p h l n Idn deu thQa nhan hp theo Tin Lanh sd'ng, nhQng phQdng thQc san xua't khdng vi thd'y trong giao Iy ma cac Iinh muc thich hdp, nhQng to' chQc lang xdm Idi thdi, t r u y i n day nhieu ndt tQdng ddng vd phu nhQng kieng ky vd ly, phan khoa hpc dUdc hdp vdi quan niem t r u y i n thd'ng. Dd Id loai trQ. Tuc ma lai, me chet chdn con theo, vide rdn day eon ngUdi sd'ng boa muc, cung trQ ta ma, chQa benh hau nhU da hQdng thien, bie't yeu thUdng, tdn trpng, dUde bai bd, chd't khdng cdn chdn chung, li giup dd Iln nhau. Sii giup dd dd khdng chi nap khdng td chQc dn ud'ng linh dinh gay bd hep giQa eae t h a n h vien trong edng lang phi. NgUdi Ba Na theo dao cung cdi ddng m l cdn md rdng ra giQa edng ddng md, linh boat va binh ddng hdn trong quan nay vdi cdng ddng khac. Do dd, khi gia he xa hpi, giao tie'p, Qng xQ, nha't la ddl vdi nhap dao, cac tin do Tin Ldnh ludn s i n phu nQ. Ho tiep thu va Qng dung nhanh sang chia se, giup dd ldn n h a u va coi dd hdn tQ "nhQng ngQdi a n h em" (ngudi Kinh nhQ mdt phQdng cham de h a n h dao. Dilu theo each ndi cua ho) cung each to' chQc ddi dd da pha v3 sQ tdn tai biet lap cua cac sd'ng, phUdng thQc san xud't hidn dai
Dodn Tudn Anh Su hien ddi tiong ddi sdng tin ngifdng... 49 (trdng lua nude, cae loai eay cdng nghiep,
chan nudi) vdi ky t h u a t vd hieu qua kinh te cao hdn d eae khu vile khac.
Trong td chQc ddi sd'ng, tdn giao mdi khuye'n khich ddng bao tham gia tich eiic vao eac boat ddng xa hdi, ld'y boat ddng xa hdi ldm dilu kien, phUdng tien de truyen dao, md rdng t i m anh hudng nen cd sQc ha'p dan dang ke. He qua eua nd 11 ddi sd'ng cua nhQng ngUdi dan theo dao thudng dn dinh hdn, ty le tre nhd trong dp tudi den trUdng ldp eung eao hdn eae khu vile khac. Vide huy ddng ngUdi dan tham gia vao cae edng vide ehung eua edng ddng va xa hdi (hien dd't md dUdng, tdn tao canh quan, ve sinh mdi trUdng, tham gia cae boat ddng xa hdi tQ thien, xay dilng quy khuye'n hpc, xoa ddi giam ngheo...) cung tie'n hdnh thudn ldi va cd hieu qua hdn.
Chinh vi vay, tdn giao cQng la mdt trong nhQng tae nhan thue day ddng bdo cdi bd nhQng nhQng hu tuc lac hau, tap quan, thanh kien nang ne, hinh t h a n h eung each lam an mdi...
ThQ hai, nhQng tae ddng tieu eiie can dupe nhdn dien.
Mdt sdhd phai Tin Ldnb boat ddng bat hdp phap da dung n h i l u thu doan tham ddc de kieh ddng ehu nghia dan tde hep hdi, xiii due ddng bao ddi ly khai til tri; ldi keo, mua chudc, du dd ddng bao theo dao de thuc hien cac mUu do ehinh tri da gay ra khdng it hdu qua tieu cilc. Do vdy, mdt bp phdn ngUdi Ba Na theo dao khdng phai xua't phat tQ nhu cau tam linh ma ehu ye'u la do ngp nhan, bi ldi keo hoae bi me hoae vi nhQng Idi ieh vat chd't nhd't thdi.
Dang chu y hdn la dao Tin Lanh tham
nhap den dau thi nhQng gia tri van hoa ed truyen quy gia eua ngUdi Ba Na triet tieu tdi dd. Dieu dd that de hieu, bdi le eae gia tri van boa cd t r u y i n cd gia tri tieu bieu cua ngUdi Ba Na tQ nghi le, tfn ngUdng, phong tuc, tap quan, cho de'n luat tuc, eac loai hinh nghe thuat... deu la tam gUdng phan chie'u eua tfn ngUdng da than. Mdt khi tfn ngudng da than hi triet tieu, dUde thay the' bang tU tUdng dpc than tdn giao thi mac nhien nd se mat di cd sd tdn tai va ehd dUa tam linh vQng chic.
Do khdng ddng hanh cQng tfn ngUdng truyen thd'ng nen khi tiep nhan tU tudng ddc than ton giao ddng bao da tQ bd luon eae gia tri t r u y i n thd'ng, cae le thQc td't dep eua edng ddng, de tie'p nhan nhQng phong tuc, tap quan, Idl sd'ng mdi theo quy tae va ehuan mile cua tdn giao. De phue vu muc dich t r u y i n dao, cae the' lue tdn giao da chu trUdng tao ra sU lien ke't giQa cae tde ngUdi bang each xoa bd eac tin ngUdng truyen thd'ng va coi dd la con dudng, each thQc hieu qua nha't. TQ dd, hp chu trUdng giUdng cao "ngpn cd" bai trQ me tin di doan de da pha cae gia tri truyin thd'ng, triet tieu cac hinh thQe sinh boat van hoa cdng ddng, nhU: chu trUdng loai bd eae le hdi t r u y i n thd'ng, eac sinh boat van hoa edng ddng, loai bd sU anh hudng eua luat tuc, cua sQ thi (Hd mon) trong ddi sd'ng edng ddng. Dilu dd da tao nen nhQng tdn that to ldn trong vide bao tdn di san, giQ gin ban sic van boa lam suy giam dang ke sQc d l khang eua van hoa tde ngQdi, md dQdng eho dao Tin Lanh phat trien d l dang.
Su chi phdl cua he tu tudng tdn giao
50 Nghien cdu Ddng Nam A 12/2011 the hien dam net d hai xu hUdng van ddng d i n chQe nang. Cae nghi l l truyen thdng va bien ddi tionu ddi sdng vdn hoa tinh (nghi l l ndng nghiep, nghi Ie vdng ddi t h i n (ua hai ho phan ny^uih \\A Na: "Trong ngUdi) da hoan toan vdng bdng. Thay vao khi il In) phgn ///co dao Thien Chua vd Tin dd la cac: nghi le tdn giao: Le phue sinh, le ldnh ii phia lay, lc hgi, (/an ca, ddn nhgc giang sinh, Le dang tre, le bdi dinh. Nghi dan li nticiy mot nuit di till d bg phgn theo 16 vdng ddi ngUdi dUdc thilc hien nhu tin niii/'dniy truyen thdn^ phia dnnf^, cdc ngUdi Kinh: Le sinh nhat, thdi ndi, diy sinh hogt ddn ca. ddn nhgc, ddn vu cd thang. Tang ma truyen thd'ng da bi bai bd, truyen rdn diidc duy tri vd Irdn trnn^. Cdc thay vao dd la Idl h a n h xU theo kieu ngUdi bg c(nm cli ieng vdn dUdc lifu gid nhU tdi Kinh, chet chdn nghia dia, khdng cdn le bd }idn quy ^id ra diidc dc/n sd dung nhU Id ma. Nha ,san, nha rdng khdng cdn tdn tai, nhgc cu dgc trUng khong thi thieu trcmg ca xa Glar cd 12 lang chi cdn 2 lang cd nhd cdc cac lc bo md'i'.]). Khi dUdc hdi cd can rdng, nhUng nd khdng edn mang chQc thiet phai khdi phuc lai cac gia tri van hda nang cua mdt thiet che van hda truyin truyen thdng cung nhu cae hinh thQc sinh thd'ng. Sil mai mdt, t h a m chi md't b i n cua boat van hda edng ddng, chung ta se d l cae loai hinh van hpc dan gian, nghe thuat dang nhan thd'y hai thai dp hanh xQ hoan dieu k h l c , cac nghe thii edng truyen thd'ng toan trai ngQde nhau. Ddl vdi ngUdi theo la bet sQc dang suy n g i m .
dao, da p h l n d i u td ro thai dp khdng man NgUdi Ba Na theo dao gan nhu da thoat ma va eho r i n g khdng nhd't thiet phai ra khdi nhQng tap tuc, tin ngudng, nghi le khdi phuc, vi dd la "nhQng tap tuc lac hdu" t r u y i n thd'ng cua hp. Neu cd cdn ton tai khdng edn phu hdp, vd r i n g hp cam thay (chu yeu ndi dao Cdng giao dQng chan) thi thoai mai, til do hdn vdi nhQng gi hien cd. nghi thQe dd eung da dUdc gian ddn den Trong khi ddl vdi nhQng ngUdi theo tin mQc tdi thieu, tham chi "giai ca'u tnic va ngUdng t r u y i n thd'ng eung nhU nhQng cdng ndng" NhQng ngUdi t r u y i n giao da nhan si, tri thQe Ba Na deu td ro thai dp khdn khdo td chQc nhiing nghi II tdn giao tran trpng va sQ e i n thie't phai bao tdn va eua hp g i n vdi nhiing nghi II dia phQdng, phat huy trong ddi sd'ng hien tai. rieng ldi c l u khd'n gdc thi bd di. D i n dan, Kd't qua khao sat thilc dia tai mdt sd'xa hp da tach con chien cua hp ra khdi cae vi thudc huyen Dak Doa, Mang Yang cho t h i n ban dia va g i n chat hp vdi dQc Chua tha'y d cac lang Ba Na ed ddng tin do Tin Trdi. Khi trong lang cdn it tin dd, hp ludn Lanh eae nhac eu cd' t r u y i n (cdng chieng, khdo ldo de con chien cua hp hoan thanh trd'ng, kldng put...), eae lan dieu dan ca, chQc trach vdi cong ddng v l n t u a n thu dan vu khdng cdn dQde tai hien, dQde thilc nhQng tap tuc, nghi II truyen tho'ng. Khi hanh trong eude song hien tai. Vai trd eua so ^^<}T^g tin do da chie'm mpt ty Ie dang ke' gia ldng trong vide hda giai, phan xQ cac trong cpng ddng, lap tQc ho dUdc khudn mau t h u i n , xung dot, duy tri phong tuc P^^P v^° ^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^°^t ton giao.
eua lang theo ludt tuc cung da md n h a t Dilu d l n h a n tha'y b ngUdi Ba Na la
Dodn Tudn Anh Sii hien ddi trong ddi sdng tin ngiidng... 51 mdt khi da theo dao, cho du dao nao hp
deu chiu khudn minh vao eac hinh thQc td chQc - quan Iy eiia tdn giao dd, tuan thii cac quy t i c eua tdn giao, tham dii cac sinh boat do tdn giao ehu trUdng. Nidm tin tuyet ddl vao dQc Chua trdi da "giai thieng" g i n nhU toan bd dQc tin truyen thd'ng. De giQ trpn dQc tin ndi Chua trdi, ngUdi Ba Na theo dao khdng cdn tin vao cac vi than linh xQ sd, khdng thilc hien cae nghi le t r u y i n thd'ng, khong cdn thay trong cdng chieng, cac nhac eu truyen thd'ng CO t h i n linh tru ngu. Khdng gian van hda t r u y i n thd'ng khdng ehi bi thu hep ngay trong cdng ddng ma edn bi bien ddi muc dieh, edng nang. Am t h a n h cdng chieng trong cdng ddng Tin Lanh, Cdng giao khdng edn tinh linh thieng, huyen ao, sQ g i n bd mau thit vdi edng ddng xQ sd.
Thay vao dd la Idi nguyen clu, chQa dilng y nghia tUdng giao cua hp vdi dQc Chua trdi. Khdng chi tin ngQdng ed t r u y i n suy giam, vide thd cung eae vi than bi tQ bd, nhilu nghi Id phong tuc phai nhat, eac hinh thQc sinh boat van boa dan gian bien ma't...ma edn thay vao dd la mdt sd'phong tuc, tap quan va Idl sd'ng da tie'p thu tQ tdn giao hoan toan xa la vdi truyen thd'ng, dao Iy va ban s l e van hoa tpc ngQdi.
Trong khi dd, ddi sd'ng tinh t h i n cua dai bp phan ngQdi Ba Na d cae huydn Dak Pd, Kdng Chro, Khang v l n bao luu tin ngudng da t h i n , dUde tai hien qua eae nghi II ndng nghiep, nghi l i trong cae chu ky vdng ddi, nghi l l edng ddng, eae tue kieng ky... N h i l u l l hdi edng ddng kdm theo Id dam trau, edng chieng, mua hat, ud'ng rUdu can va cac hinh thQc sinh boat
van boa dan gian van cdn dUdc td chQc.
Dang ke nhat Id y thQc bao ve van hda tdc ngudi va sU de khang trUdc cae tdn giao ngoai lai cdn kha manh me. Do dd trong cdng tac dan tpc va tdn giao chung ta phai biet khdi day va phat huy ngudn sQc manh ndi sinh nay trong ddi sd'ng cdng ddng va xem do la mdt nhan td' bet sQc quan trpng de bao tdn va phat huy tilm nang van hda tdc ngUdi.
Mdt dilu can khang dinh la trong nhQng nam gan day, ddi sd'ng ddng hao Ba Na d Gia Lai da co nhQng eai thien dang ke v l vat chat va tinh than. NhUng mat khae cung phai nhin nhan tuyet dai bd phan van cdn dang trong trinh dp phat trien van minh t i l n cdng nghiep. Do do, tin ngudng, le nghi va phong tuc v l n dang la cae linh vUc ddi sd'ng tam linh vd eung quan trpng, vi trong dd chQa diing cae ehi bao rat tieu bieu ve ban sac van hda tde ngQdi. Ddng thdi nd cung la ehi bao v l dp b i n vQng va thang b l n g eua tde ngUdi Ba Na trong sU phat trien ehung cua xa hdi dUdng dai.
Tuy nhien, trong ddi sd'ng tin ngUdng cua ngUdi Ba Na ben eanh nhQng gia tri tieh cQc, tieu bieu van song hanh tdn tai eae boat ddng ma thuat, bua chu, phap thuat cd tinh me tin, di doan. Dae biet dang chu y la eae hien tQdng ma lai d i n tdi eae hanh ddng gid't ngQdi, tra thu man rd, me chet chdn con theo, til tQ... sau mdt thdi gian dai v i n g bdng thi mdt so nam gan day lai ed dau hidu phue hdi, ddi khi vdi mQc dp kha nghiem trpng. Dilu dd eho tha'y v l n edn sU tdn tai dan xen giQa eae hu tue Idi thdi vdi cac thuan phong my tuc
52 Nghien ciiu Ddng Nam A 12/2011 mang ban ,sac dan toe. Do khdng phan
dinh dUdc ro rang dau la nhQng gia tri tinh hoa va dau la nhQng phan gia tri cdn an chQa trong di s.in nen d nhidu ndi ddng bao da tQ bd cac loai hinh sinh boat van hda Iruyen thong.
Trong khi tham nhap vao ddi sd'ng tinh than ciia ngQdi Ba Na do thay the tfn ngUdng cd truyen, mdt s d h d phai tdn giao boat ddng bat hdp phap khdng nhQng khdng cdi bd cho ddng bao nhQng thanh kien hic hau, ldi thdi ma ngUde lai cdn ldi dung nd de cung cd' eho niim tin tdn giao mdi b l n g nhQng thu doan, mUu do khac.
Trudc he't nd triet tieu ddng liie, y ehi vUdt len trong cudc sd'ng eua ddng bao. Niim tin tdn giao da ldm ddng bao chdi bd eude sd'ng hien tai, nhdn nhuc chiu dilng, ehd'p nhan ddi nghdo, hudng tdi sU "den bu hU ao" d the' gidi ben kia. TrUde day ngUdi Ba Na tin r i n g mpi eua eai, mpi thdnh bai, mpi SUdng khd', dilm dQ lanh d i u do eac t h i n linh ehi phdl chQ khdng phu thude vio y chi va hdnh ddng eua hp. Nay hp lai tin vao dQc Chua trdi, vao cudc td't dep d
"edi thien dang" eua the gidi ben kia, nen he't sQc bang quan, y lai trong eude sd'ng.
Su lech lac trong nhdn thQc khie'n ddng bao tin r i n g mpi ehuyen d i u do Chua dinh doat chQ khdng phai do Nha nUde nen hp it tham gia eae edng vide cua chinh quyln dia phUdng, khdng giQ gin va bao iQu cac gia tri t r u y i n thd'ng (vi nd khdng thudc v l Chua). TQ dd n h i l u tin do Ba Na da phu nhan ludn nhQng cai cd thilc, nhQng chinh sach Qu viet va n h a n dao cua Dang va Nha nQdc ta. Thilc te cho tha'y b eac lang Ba Na ed sil tdn tai dan xen cac
tin dd Cdng giao. Tin L a n h va ngQdi theo tin ngQdng ban dia khdng chi viec thdnh lap cac td san xua't ehung de thile hien cac du an rat khd t h a n h cdng ma vide quan ly, dilu hdnh cua gia lang, trUdng thdn eung het sQc khd khan. Do dd, de nhQng chu trUdng, chinh sach cua Dang va Nha nUdc tham nhdp vao vung giao dan de thie't thiic nang eao ddi sdng mpi mat eho ddng bao la bet sQc khd khan.
Nhu vay, sif tham nhap va lan rdng ciia tdn giao trong vung ddng bao cac dan tdc thieu so' dang la mdt trong nhQng tac nhan cd ban lam suy giam, bie'n dang dien mao van hoa loc ngUdi. Bdi le sQ tac ddng eua eac nhan td' khac cd the khie'n cho mang van hoa tpc ngUdi hao khuye't di tinh he thd'ng, tinh da dang va ddc dao nhUng ehung ta v l n cd the phuc hdi lai b l n g nhQng bien phap thich hdp. Cdn tac ddng cua tdn giao se khien vkn boa tpc ngUdi cd Sll thay ddi can ban tQ gdc. Do dd, de bao tdn va phat huy ban s l e van boa eac dan tdc Tay Nguyen ndi chung, tpc ngUdi Ba Na ndi rieng khdng the khdng nhan dien cac tae n h a n dang chi phdl sil van dpng va bie'n ddi trong ddi sd'ng tin ngudng cua ho de' tQ dd hoach dinh dUdc nhQng chu trUdng va giai phap phu hdp./.
CHU THICH
1. Ban chl dao Tdng dilu tra dan sd'va nha b Trung Udng (2010). Tdng diiu tra ddn sd vd nhd d Viet Nam ndm 2009: Kit qud todn bg, Nxb Thd'ng ke.
2. Sd'lieu do Ban Dan tdc tinh Gia Lai cung ca'p nam 2010.
3. Bui Minh Dao. Dan toe Ba na b Vidt Nam Sdd. Tr. 293-294.