PHU'ONG THlTC GIAI QUYET TRANH CHAP DA L 6 P V A HON HOP -
KINH NGHIEM DOI Vdl VIET NAM
TRAN HOANG HAI *
T
rong giai doan hien nay, dd giai quydt cac tranh chap thuang mai qude td, ngudi ta sir dung nhidu phuomg thiic khac nhau, trong do cd cac phuang thirc do cac ben tu nguyen lira chgn. Nhirng phuang thiic nay dau tien xuat hien d cac nudc Bac My' va sau do, dugc sir dung rdng rai d Chau Au va nhieu nudc tren the gidi-.Bai viet nay dd cap hai van de: (i) nhiing van de chung vd cac phuang thiic giai quydt tranh chap ngoai tda an do cac ben lira chgn, trong do di sau phan tich phucmg thiic giai quyet tranh chap da ldp va phuang thiic hdn hgp, qua dd (ii) dua ra djnh hudng vd vide sir dung cac phuang thirc nay trong vide giai quyet tranh chap thuang mai tai Viet Nam.
/. Nhirng van de chung ve cdc phirang thiic gidi quyet tranh chdp ngodi Tda dn do cdc ben lita chon
Phuong thiic giai quyet tranh chap ngoai tda an cd nhiing diem kliac biet so vdi td tung tda an tren nhieu phuang dien: co sd ciia vide phat sinli quan he phap luat, thanh phan chii thd va tinh chat cua quan he phap luat, ddi tugng dieu chinh, phuang phap didu chinh.
* TS, Pho Hieu trucmg Trirang Dai hpc Luat Tp. Ho Chi Minh, Trong tai vien Tmng tam trpng tai quoc te Viet Nam (VIAC)
' Xem: HocupcBa E.H. AnmepnamueHoe paape- uienue cnopoo e CLUA, M., 2005, c. 6.
2 C'liinli vi hieu qiia ciia cac phuang thuc giai quyet Irani) cliSp nay ma mpt so quoc gia da thanh lap cac to chuc ho trg lioat dpng giai quyet tranh chap bang cac phuang thuc do cac ben lira chon (ADR). Chang han, a Ao, Hpi dong tu \an qu6c gia \e giai quyet tranh chap bdng cac pliuong thuc do cac ben lira chon (NADRAC) duac thanh lap vao nam 1995. Xem: P.M. HejibcoH, Miipodhie docmujKeinui e odnacmu pajpeuiemin Konip- jiuKmoe II TpereMCKHil cya, JVb 5, 2000. c.57.
nguydn tac tidn hanh, ngudn phap luat didu chinh. O mdt sd qude gia xuat hidn ITnh vuc phap luat vd td tung mdi, vdi ten ggi la "Luat giai quydt tranh chap ngoai toa an"^ Didu nay chiing td y nghla quan trgng ciia cac phucmg thiic giai quydt tranh chap ngoai tda an ddi vdi cac tranh chap thuomg mai hien nay.
Cd quan diem cho rang cac phuang thiic giai quydt tranh chap nay cd thd dugc chia thanh hai nhdm: thii nhat, cac phuang thiic ca ban va tliii hai, cac phuang thiic phdi hgp. Theo dd, cac phuang thirc ca ban gdm tliuong lugng, trung gian hda giai, td tung mini (tnini-triat), trgng tai;
phuomg thirc hdn hgp gdm tmng gian hda giai - trgng tai, hda giai - hdi ddng tham dinli chuyen mdn dgc lap - trgng tai,...".
Nha khoa hgc My L. Riskin phan chia cac phuang thiic giai quyet tranh chap thuang mai qude te thanh ba nhdm: nhdm thir nhat, phuomg thiic giai quyet, trong dd can cd chirng cir ro rang (tda an, trgng tai); nhdm thii hai - cac phuang thiic mang tinh hd trg (thuong lugng, hda giai, trung gian hda giai) va nhdm thii ba la eac thu tuc hdn hgp giiia hai nhdm trdn (tmng gian hda giai - trgng tai)^
Trdn ea sd cac quan diem dd, xet vd muc tieu giai quydt tranh chap, cd thd thay ba nhdm phucmg thiic: thii nhat, cac phucmg thiic nliam hudng tdi vide dat duge thda thuan cua hai bdn (thuang lugng, tmng gian hda giai); thii hai, cac thu tue ket thiie bang vide ban hanh phan quyet mang tinh bat budc ' Chang han, a Lien bang Nga. Xem: AjieKceea C.C., HpodjieMhi meopuu npaea, CsepaJioBCK, 1972, c. 136.
"• Xem: Golberg S., Sander F, Rogers N., Dispute Resolution, Litle, Brown & Co., Boston, 1992, p. 3-4.
' Riskin L., Westbrook J. Dispute resolution and Lawyers, West Publishing Co., 1987. p. 2-5.
(trgng tai); thir ba, thii tuc nham dua ra nhumg khuyen nghj cho cac bdn tranh chap (giam djnh dgc lap dd xae djnh su vide)^.
So vdi phuomg thiic giai quydt bang tda an, phuang thiic do cac ben tranh chap lua chgn cd nhidu uu didm: sir linh boat, thu tuc dom gian, kinh td (d ca hai gde do: tai chinh va thdi gian), kha nang ciia cac ben trong vide lira chgn ngudi khaeh quan giai quydt tranh chap, dam bao bi mat thdng tin... Trong sd cac phuomg thiic do, phuang thiie trgng tai giii vj tri dae bidt. Mae du vay, trgng tai cd nhung didm tuomg ddng so vdi tda an, thd hidn d chd ca sd giai quydt tranh chap bdi trgng tai la can cii do cae ben cung cap, trgng tai thuc hidn chiic nang danh gia chiing Cli, xae dinh sir kidn, ban hanh phan quydt cd gia tri phap ly nhu phan quydt ciia tda an. Chinh vi vay, cd quan didm cho rang trgng tai eiing ban hanh phan quydt mang tinh bat budc thi hanh ndn khdng thd xem la mgt trong cac phuang thuc giai quydt tranh chap da dugc de cap d trdn'.
Theo quan didm ciia mdt sd nha khoa hgc d Lidn bang Nga, ngay nay cac phuang thiic do cac ben lira chgn dd giai quyet tranh chap ndu tren da trd thanh nhirng phucmg thiic phd bien, dugc cac tmng tam trgng tai quoc td khuydn nghj dd cac bdn lira chgn nham giai quydt tranh chapl Chang han, Quy tae hihi nghj dieu chinh tranli chap do Phdng Thuang mai qude td ban hanh, ed hidu lire tur ngay 01/7/2001 quy djnh vide giai quydt tranh chap cd sir hd trg cua ngudi thii ba. Ben canh dd, cac bdn cd quydn lua chgn bat kd phuomg thiic nao kliac ma hg cho la phii hgp, chang ban tmng gian hda giai, danh gia dgc lap hoae
* Dauer E., ADR: Law and Practic,. Juris Publishing, 2003, Chapter 8.2.
' Hunter M., Paulsson J., The Freshfields Guide to Arbitration and ADR, Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers.,1993,p.63-64.
"* Xem, chang han, BpyHucBa E.B., Om «aMepuKaHu- 3aifuu» K aapMOHiaaiiuu: npomueocmosmue u cnwiHue aHzno-aMepuKaHCKod u KOHmuneHmaibuou npaeoebix mpadutfud e MeMcdynapodnoM KOMuepnecKOM apdum- paoice, PoccHHCKHH e>KeroflHHK rpa>iyiaHCKoro H ap>-
6HTpa3KHoro npouecca, Ylon. pea. B.B. .SpKosa, Cn6.:
HMarejibCKHH .aoM, C.-IleTepG. roc. yn-ra, 2004, Xs 3, c. 301.
kdt hgp nhidu phuomg thirc vdi nhau de giai quydt tranh chip giua hg'. Theo xu hudng do, mgt sd tmng tam trgng tai qude td, chang han Tmng tam trgng tai qude td bdn canh Phdng Thuang mai va Cdng nghidp Lien bang Nga (MKAC) cQng da ban hanh Quy tac Thda thuan (cd hieu lire tir 01/6/2001), khuydn nghi cae bdn trong quan he thuang mai qude td sic dung phuang thiie tmng gian hda giai de giai quydt tranh chap'*.
6 d p do quoc te, Uy ban Lidn hgp quoc vd Phap luat thuang mai quoc td (UNCITRAL) cimg da ban hanh Luat mau "Vd thu tuc thda thuan trong thuang mai qude td" nam 2002".
Dao luat nay duge xay dung trong bdi canh cae phuomg thiic nham hudng tdi vide eae bdn dat dugc thda thuan dugc thira nhan rdng rai nhu mgt phuang thiie quan trgng trong vide giai quydt tranh chap thuang mai qude td.
Theo dd, thuat ngu "thu tuc thda thuan" dugc hidu theo nghTa rdng, bao gdm tat ca cac thii tuc, trong dd ngudi thii ba hd trg cac bdn mdt each vd tu, khaeh quan nham dat sir thda thuan giiia cac ben trong vide giai quydt tranh chap.
Tdm lai, cae ben trong quan he thuang mai quoc te cd the sii dung cac thii tuc hda giai va trgng tai trong giai quydt tranli chap. Ndu vide sir dung dom le cac phuomg thiie ngoai tda an nhu: thuang lugng, hda giai, tmng gian hda giai, trgng tai da dugc phan tich rat nhidu trong cac cdng trinh nghidn ciiu khoa bge trong va ngoai nudc thi vide su dung phuomg thiic da ldp hoae phuang thiic phdi hgp trong qua trinh giai quydt tranh chap ddi vdi mdi tranh chap cu the la van dd tuomg ddi
' Xem: PerjiameHT ^ C MTIl H PyKOBo;iCTBO no /IPC MTH. 1-e H3flaHHe Ha pyccKOM HSUKC. IlapHJK:
Hsfl-BO Goubault Imprimeur SA, 2003, c. 16-17.
'° Xem: SMKHH H . C , Mupnoe ypeeyjiupoeauue cno- poe nod 3Zudou MeoKdynapodHozo KOMMepnecKOZO
apdumpaoKHozo cyda, AiayajibHtie Bonpocu MOicay- HapoflHoro KOMMepiecKoro apSmpaHca: K 70-JieTHK) MexyiyHapoflHoro KOMMepHecKoro ap6nTpa)KHoro cyaa npn ToproBO-npoMbiuiJieHHOH najiaxe PO, OTB.
pea. A.C. KoMapoB, M.: Cnapic, 2002, c. 78-87.
" Npi dung Dao Luat bang Tieng Nga. Xem: Tpe- TCHCKHH cy;i, 2003, JVs 1, c. 127-138; K" 2, c. 131-140;
X2 3,c.l33-139.
mdi, can dugc neu va phan tich sau sac vd each thiie tidn hanh, hidu qua ciia vide lidn kdt, phdi hgp dd.
Dudi day, tac gia bai vidt di sau vao phan tich phuang thiic da ldp, phuomg thiic phdi hgp trong giai quydt tranh chap thuang mai.
/. Phuang thiec gidi quyet tranh chap co siir dung nhieu budc (giai doan) theo trinh tunhat dinh do cdc ben lua chon trong gidi quyet tranh chdp (phuang thirc da ldp)
Hidn nay, nhumg thda thuan vd each giai quydt tranh chap thuomg mai qude te bang nhidu budc phat tridn rdng rai (chang ban, budc mgt - thuang lugng, budc hai - trung gian hda giai hoae tmng gian hda giai - trgng tai...). Thda thuan vdi ndi dung ndu trdn dugc cac trgng tai vidn cac nudc trdn thd gidi ggi la "thda thuan da Idp"'^.
K. Soderlund cho rang thda thuan vd giai quydt tranh chap ed the quy dinh khdng chi mdt budc, ma nhidu budc giai quydt tranh chip tmdc khi tranh chap dugc giai quydt tai trgng tai. Chang ban, tmdc tidn eac bdn cd thd tien hanh thuang lugng trong mdt thdi gian nhat djnh, sau dd cd gang didu chinli tranh chip vdi sir hd trg ciia ngudi tmng gian trong thdi gian nhit djnli va cudi eiing mdi ehi sau dd cd thd giai quyet bang trgng tai.
Thda thuan loai nay dugc thiia nhan tir rat sdm, va din din trd thanh ddi tugng nghidn ciiu ciia nhidu nha khoa hgc va nhumg ngudi boat ddng trong thuc tien'^
Thda diuan trgng tai cd thd ed ndi dung dom gian, trong dd eac ben thda thuan rang trong tmdng hgp tranh chap xay ra, cac bdn phai su dimg mgi bidn phap dk tu giai quydt tranh chip bing thuomg lugng. Ndu thuomg lugng khdng dat thi cac bdn se ydu d u ea quan trgng tai giai quydt. Chang ban, hai bdn cd thd thda thuan trong hgp ddng ngi dung nhu sau:
'^ Xem: Chdng han, Michael Pryles, Thda thudn gidi quyet tranh chdp da lap. Ky ySu Hpi nghi lan thii 10 ciia Trpng tai Ou6c t6 ICCA, Nxb. Lao dpng, H., 2010, tr 28-60.
" Coaepnyna K., Ozoeopxu oMHozoypoeneeaM (Myjib- miLModajibHMi) pajpewenuu cnopoe, Me)K.ayHapo4HbiH KOMMepHecKiiii ap6HTpa», 2006, ^2 3, c. 101.
a. Tdt cd tranh chdp giira cdc ben xdy ra trong qud trinh thuc hien hap dong hodc cd lien quan den hgp dong ndy duac gidi quyet trudc tien bdng thuong lugng hgp tdc giira cdc ben.
b. Trong trudng hgp cdc ben khong the gidi quyet tranh chdp phu hap vdi quy dinh tgi khodn 1 cua dieu ndy thi co the yeu cdu trung tdm trgng tdi (ten ggi trung tdm) gidi quyet theo quy tdc to tung cua Trung tdm ndy.
Thda thuan cd ndi dung linh boat nhu vay the hidn dugc mong mudn cac bdn la tranh chap (neu cd xay ra) tmdc tidn dugc dan xdp bang thuomg lugng, hda giai; ndu cae bdn khdng dat dugc thda thuan, tranh chap dd se dugc giai quydt bdi trgng tai. Cach giai quydt tranh chip mdm deo, khdng cang thang nay cd y nghTa quan trgng trong vide duy tri quan he ddi tac giua cae bdn trong tuomg lai.
Mac du phuang thiic da ldp cd nhidu uu didm, nhung khi sii dung phuang thiic nay, can thiy rd mdt sd khd khan cd thd xay ra trong qua trinh giai quydt tranh chap, eu thd nhu sau'"*:
Thir nhdt, kha nang thuc thi thda thuan khdng cao vi boat ddng thuomg lugng, hda giai phu thudc vao y chi cua cac bdn va boat ddng dd khdng thd la ddi tugng ciia giam sat;
Thir hai, didu khoan vd giai quydt tranli chip da ldp, trong dd quy djnh phucmg thiic trgng tai la giai doan cudi cimg ddi khi lai khdng dugc xem la mdt didu khoan trgng tai, khdng nam trong pham vi didu chinh cua Cdng ude New York 1958;
Thir ba, trong nhidu tmdng hgp, budc giai quydt tidp theo khdng thd tidn hanh duge dugc ndu cac bdn khdng thidn ehi thuc hidn diy du trach nhidm dugc thda thuan ddi vdi bude giai quydt trudc do. Vi vay, cd thd phat sinh van dd vd thdi didm kdt thiic mdt thu tuc va thdi didm bat dau mdt thu tue kd tidp.
Vdi nhiing khd khan dd, thidt nghT, dd
'" Xem: chang han: Co.aepjiyna KpHcxep, Tdi lieu dd ddn, tr. 100-114; Julian D.M. Lew, Loukas A. Miste- lis, Stefan M. KroU, Comparative Internatiofial Com- mercial Arbitration, Kluwer Law International, 2003.
Xs 8-62; Xem: Michael Pryles, Thda thudn gidi quyet tranh chdp da lap, Ky y6u Hpi nghj lan thu 10 ciia Trpng tdi Qu6c tS ICCA. Nxb. Lao dpng, H., 2010, tr 28-60.
thue hien thda thuan vd vide su dung cac phuomg thiic didu chinh tranh chap trudc trgng tai, vide xae lap thda thuan chi tiet ve trinh tu, thdi gian; quy djnh minh chiing cho vide cac bdn da nd lire hda giai cd y nghTa vd cimg quan trgng. Can xae djnh rd vide cac bdn cd tuan thii thda thuan vd vide tidn hanh hoa giai hay khdng, thai do ciia cac ben trong qua trinh hda giai, kdt qua hda giai; cho ndn thdng thudng d giai doan nay can cd sir tham gia ciia nhirng ngudi thii ba, dde lap vdi cac bdn de hg se lam chiing eho vide cac ben ed thuc hidn giai doan dau cua thda thuan da ldp nhung khdng dat dugc hidu qua.
Tuy vay, cung can thay rang, cang quy djnh chi tidt bao nhidu thi ndi dung thda thuan vd vide giai quydt tranh chap cang de bj ldi bay nhidu (do eac bdn thidu kinh nghidm hoae khdng danh su chii y diing muc cho ngi dung thda thuan). Thdng thudng, khi ky kdt didu khoan vd phucmg thiic giai quyet tranh chap, cae bdn thudng dan gian hda van de vi cho rang thda thuan do la hinh thiic, hg hy vgng tranli chap giira hg se klidng xay ra trong thuc te, nen ndi dung thda thuan thudng so sai.
Ndi dung thda thuan ve giai quyet tranh chap phan nao chiing td miic do quan tam cua cac bdn den tinh bat budc eua cac thii tuc hda giai tien trgng tai. Rat thudng xuyen cac ben sii dung cum tir "cd the chuyen tranli chap den trgng tai giai quydt" trong thda thuan. Didu nay ciing thd hidn sir khdng mong mudn giai quydt tranh chap (ndu cd) tai trgng tai, ma chi giai quyet bang thuomg lugng.
Trong thue td, ddi khi cac bdn thda thuan rat chat che rang vide hda giai la budc bat bude trong qua trinh giai quydt tranh chap.
Chang ban, cac ben thda thuan: "Neu tranh chdp xdy ra, trirac tien phdi gidi quyet thong qua hoa gidi, vd chi khi ndo hoa gidi khong thdnh thi mai yeu cdu trgng tdi gidi quyet".
Ndi dung thda thuan nhu vay thd hidn su can nhae ky ludng cua cac ben trong vide lira chgn phuomg thiic giai quydt tranh chap.
Thda thuan nay thudng lam phat sinh mgt sd van dd ddi vdi trgng tai khi danh gia vide tuan thii trinh tu giai quydt tranh chap cua cac
bdn. Ben canh do, d mdt sd quoc gia, chang ban CHLB Diie, phap luat quy djnh vide cac bdn tuan thii trinh tu da thda thuan cd y nghTa quydt djnh ddi vdi vide ydu cau tda an ho^c trgng tai tidp tuc giai quydt tranh chap, ndu mgt trong eae bdn khdng tuan thii trinh tu do se anh hudng true tidp den cac budc giai quydt tranh chap tidp theo'^ Tuy nhidn quy djnh nhu vay ciing cd the bi bdn khdng cd thien chi lgi dung nham tir chdi trgng tai bang each tri hoan hoae khdng tham gia hda giai.
Se hgp ly hom ndu khdng cd quy dinh eiing nhae nhu vay bdi le sir hap dan ciia phuang thiic tmng gian hda giai la d chd khi thuc hidn phuang thiic do, cac bdn phai thuc sir thoai mai, hgp tac dd dat thda thuan. Phuang thiie nay khdng thd rang bude cac bdn, gay khd khan them cho hg trong sudt qua trinh giai quydt tranh chap. Bdi le, khi cac bdn da thue su khdng cdn mong mudn hgp tac thi dii thda thuan dugc quy djnh cu thd, chi tidt nhu the nao di niia ciing se khdng mang lai kdt qua, ma vide tuan thu trinh tu chi tidt dd ddng nghTa vdi vide keo dai thdi gian giai quyet tranh chap. Cho ndn dii cac bdn cd thda thuan la phai hda giai tmdc khi ydu cau trgng tai, nhung sau do lai true tidp ydu cau trgng tai giai quyet ma chua thue hidn vide hoa giai ciing la didu dd hidu va ndn chap nhan. Trong tmdng hgp nliu vay, thidt nghT phap luat can quy djnh ro bdn khdng cd thidn chi trong hda giai (dugc nhiing ngudi tham gia xae nhan) se mat quyen phan ddi vide giai quydt tranh chap bdi trgng tai vdi ly do la boa giai khdng dat kdt qua. Cbinh vi vay, khdng ndn ciing nhae xem hoa giai la didu kidn bat budc de trgng tai ed the bat dau giai quydt tranh chap, bdi didu quan trgng nhat trong hda giai la eac bdn phai cd thidn chi, tao dugc khdng khi hgp tac trong hda giai.
Neu eac ben khdng cd thai do tich cue trong giai dgan nay thi trgng tai cd thd bat dau giai quydt khi cd thda thuan da ldp.
Tdm lai, phucmg thiirc giai quydt tranh chap da ldp cd nhiing uu diem, nhung qua trinh ap dung phuang thiic nay ciing tidm an
" Xem: Michael Pryles, tldd.. tr. 59-60.
nhirng klid khan. Do dd, khi lap thda thuan vd vide giai quydt tranh chip, cac ben d n quy djnh rd rang, chi tidt timg giai doan, thdi han cudi cimg kdt thiic tirng giai doan dk chuydn sang giai doan khac vdi phuang thirc giai quydt khac. Thda thuan da ldp khdng thd tao khd khan cho cac bdn trong vide bao vd lgi ieh cua minh. Vide giai quydt tranh chap theo thda thuan dd phai dugc thuc hidn nhe nhang, nhanh chdng chuydn tir giai doan nay sang giai doan kd tiep.
2. Phuang thuc phoi hgp: trung gian hoa gidi - trgng tdu
Tmng gian hda giai, trgng tai la cac thii tue giai quydt tranh chap khac nhau vd ban chat va each thiic tidn hanh. Khac vdi trgng tai vidn, ngudi tmng gian khdng xae djnh su vide, khdng xem xet chiing eii, khdng cd quydn ban hanh phan quydt mang tinh bat budc ddi vdi cac bdn; nhidm vu ciia ngudi tmng gian la hd trg cae ben thuang lugng va dat dugc thda thuan. Tuy vay, phucmg thiic phdi hgp giiia hai phuomg thiic khac bidt nay, vdi tdn ggi "tmng gian hda giai- trgng tai"
(mediation-arbitration, ggi tat la med-arb) hidn nay dugc sir dung kha phd bidn.
Phuang thiic giai quydt nay thudng dugc thuc hidn thdng qua vide eac bdn chgn mdt ngudi vd tu, kliach quan dd ban dau thue hidn chiic nang ciia ngudi tmng gian - hd trg cae bdn dat thda thuan; va sau dd, neu cac bdn klidng thda thuan duge thi chinh ngudi nay se thuc hidn ehue nang ciia mdt trgng tai vidn, cd quyen ban hanh phan quydt mang tinh bit budc. Phuang thiic nay cd uu didm la ban chd dugc thdi gian giai quydt tranh chip do khdng d n cd thdi gian de chuydn giao vu vide tir ngudi nay (tmng gian) sang ngudi khac (trgng tai vidn). Nhu vay, phuang thiie hdn hgp tmng gian hda giai - trgng tai khdng dom thuin la su phdi hgp mgt each ca hgc hai phuang thiic tmng gian hda giai va trgng tai, la sir tidp ndi ciia hai phuang thiic dgc lap dd. Day la phuang thiie dgc lap, dac bigt dk giai quydt tranh chip. Phuang thiirc nay mang ban chit hai mat, trong do mdi giai doan cd nhiing dac didm ridng, khdng hoan
toan gidng vdi phuang thiic trung gian hda giai thuan tiiy va trgng tai thuan tiiy. Trong qua trinli su dung phuomg thirc dac bidt nay, d bude dau tidn, cac bdn khdng ehi hudng tdi vide hgp tac, ma trong miic do nhat djnh phai ehiing minh dugc quan didm cua minh;
trong budc hai, ngudi trung gian-trgng tai vidn thudng phai dua ra mdt sd phuomg an mang tinh khuyen nghj dd eac bdn lira chgn.
Trong khoa hgc phap ly cua Hoa ky, khi nghidn ciiu phucmg thiic med-arb, mdt mat ngudi ta cho rang phucmg thiic nay hiiu ieh ban so vdi hai giai doan cua hai phucmg thiie tmyen thdng (su dung hai ca nhan khac nliau trong hai giai doan tmng gian hda giai va trgng tai). Tinh hidu qua ciia nd the hidn d chd trgng tai vidn khdng can phai tdn thdi gian dd nghidn ciiu vu vide, xae djnh ehiing Cli, bdi le khi thuc hidn vai trd ngudi tmng gian, ca nhan nay da nhan dugc nhidu thdng tin can thidt dd giai quydt vu tranh chap dd.
Mac khac, cd quan didm cho rang phuang thirc nay ciing cd ban chd ridng. Chang ban, khi biet rang ndu khdng thda thuan duge vdi sir hd trg ciia ngudi tmng gian thi ngudi tmng gian nay se trd thaiili trgng tai vien dd giai quyet tranli cliap, ndn cac ben cd the klidng cung cap thdng tin day dii lien quan den vu vide; cdn ngudi tmng gian, sau khi tiep nhan day dii thdng tin bi mat trong qua trinli hd trg cac ben hda giai, ed thd se khdng ban hanh dugc phan quydt khaeh quan cho cac bdn'*.
Didu nay cang khang djnh phucmg thiic trdn khdng hoan toan gidng vdi phuang thirc giai quydt tranh chap da ldp.
Giai phap mdt ngudi thuc hidn hai vai trd (tmng gian boa giai va trgng tai vidn) dugc mdt sd chuydn gia vd trgng tai quan tam. Tuy nhidn, hg cdn nghi ngd vd kha nang thuc hidn'^. Su nghi ngd do la cd co sd, bdi le Quy tac hiru nghj trong dieu chinh tranh chap
" Sanders, The Links between Arbitration and Con- ciliation in Festschrift Sandrock (2000), p. 823, 827.
" Goldberg S., Sander F, Rogers N., Dispute Reso- lution: Negotiation, Mediation, and Other Processes, Little, Brown and Company, 1992, p. 226-227; Nolan- Haley J., Alternative Dispute Resolution in a Nutshell, West Publishing Co., 1992, p. 200-201.
cua Phdng Thuomg mai Qude td nam 2001 khuyen nghi: nham giai quydt tranh chap cac bdn lua chgn cac phuang thiic khac nhau, trong dd cd phuang thiic trung gian hda giai. Ben canh do, Quy tic nay lai khdng cho phep ngudi lam trung gian hda giai thuc hidn vai trd trgng tai vidn dd giai quydt tranh chap, tni tmdng hgp cd thda thuan eua hai bdn (muc 3 didu 7 Quy tic).
Quy djnh tuomg tu eiing dugc the hidn trong Quy tic thda thuan cua MKAC. Cu thd, Khoan 17 Quy tac nay quy dinh rang ndu cae ben khdng cd thda thuan khac, ngudi trung gian khdng thd la trgng tai vidn tham gia giai quydt tranh chap.
Luat mau ciia UNCITRAL ciing quy djnh nhu vay (didu 13).
Cach quy djnh tren xuat phat tir nguydn tac tdn trgng y ehi ciia cac bdn va nham muc dich tao dugc long tin tuyet ddi vao ngudi trung gian.
Thuc td cho thay, vide hai bdn chgn mgt ngudi dd thuc hidn hai vai trd nhu da ndu trdn dugc sir dung rdng rai d Hoa Ky va dat dugc hidu qua nhat djnh. Dieu nay xuat phat tir nhumg uu didm cua phuang thirc. Cu thd nhu sau:
Thu nhdt, phuang thuc rusty gom hai giai dogn thong nhdt. Ndu giai doan thii nhat dugc kdt thiie bang sir thda thuan ciia hai ben thi cd thd nay suili hai klia nang: thii nhat, vide giai quydt tranh chap bang trgng tai la khdng can thidt, liic dd klidng cd bat ky phan quydt nao dugc ban hanh; thii hai, mac dii hai ben da thda thuan xong tai giai doan ihii nhat nhung hg mong mudn cd mdt van ban mang tinh phap ly cao dd dam bao vide thuc hidn nghTa vu cua cae bdn; liic dd lai can ddn thu tuc trgng tai.
Tinh hudng nay da dugc du lieu trong Quy tic thda thuan ciia MKAC. Muc 1 khoan 17 Quy tic ndu rd, trong tmdng hgp cac bdn dat dugc thda thuan, vdi sir ddng y ciia ngudi trung gian, cac bdn ed thd thda thuan chgn ngudi da thuc hidn chiic nang ciia ngudi lam tnmg gian lam trgng tai vidn va yeu cau ngudi dd ban hanh mgt quydt dinh trgng tai dua trdn nhung didu kidn, ndi dung do hai bdn da thda tliuan.
Tliir hai, mgt cd nhdn thuc hien dong thdi vai tro ciia ngudi trung gian vd cua trgng tdi vien. Dac didm nay thu hiit duge su quan tam ciia nhidu doanh nhan, bdi le nd tidt kidm dugc
nhieu chi phi cho hg. Ndu lua chgn nhidu nguoi de thuc hidn nhiing vai trd khac nhau, cac bdn se phai trai qua hai thu tuc td tung, hai lan chi phi.
Ap dung phuang thiic nay, nhiing didu phiic tap dd khdng tdn tai. Tuy nhien, gan day, d My lai xuit hidn hinh thiic mdi ciia ban than phuang thiie hdn hgp med-arb, theo dd se loai trii dugc ban chd tu vide tham gia cua mgt ca nhan d hai vai trd khac nhau nhu da phan tich. Cu thd, cac bdn lira chgn phuang thiic hdn hgp, ngay tii diu chgn hai ca nhan tham gia hd trg va giai quyet tranh chap (hai ngudi nay dugc ggi la "ddng trung gian-trgng tai" (co-med-arb). Ca hai tham gia tii phidn hgp dau tidn va nghe cac bdn trinh bay. Sau do mgt trong sd hg thuc hidn chiic nang ciia ngudi tnmg gian, cd gang hd trg de cac bdn dat dugc thda thuan; ngudi cdn lai chi tham du cac cudc hgp. Ndu ngudi thii nhat hoat ddng khdng cd hieu qua, cac bdn khdng thda thuan dugc thi ngudi thii hai bat dau cdng vide vdi tu each trgng tai vidn'*. Hinh thiic nay tdn phi hon eho eac bdn tranh chap, nhung ciing mang lai hidu qua nhat djnh.
Thu ba, vai tro cua ngudi trung gian vd trgng tdi vien ciia mot cd nhdn ludn chuyen nhau Pong mgt thu tuc thong nhdt Trong phucmg thiic nay, hau nhu khdng cd ranh gidi rach rdi giira ngudi trung gian va trgng tai vidn. Do ed thd trd thanh trgng tai vidn d giai doan thii hai, nen trdng giai doan dau, ngudi trung gian da cd gang thu thap nhidu thdng tin can thidt Hdn quan ddn tranh chap. Ngugc lai, khi ddng vai trd la trgng tai vidn d giai doan thii hai, ca nhan nay ciing ed gang de cac bdn thda thuan va hy vgng ban banh phan quydt trdn co sd nhung didu kien do hai bdn thda thuan.
Tdm lai, phuomg thiic hdn hgp med-arb vira hidu qua, vira dap iing dugc ca hai ydu cau cua cac ben tranh chap la: cd gang dat thda thuan va dam bao kha nang thuc thi phan quydt cua trgng tai.
//. Dinh hudng ve viec sudung cdc phuang thm: gidi quyh tranh chap ngodi tod dn doi vdi cdc tranh chap thuang mai tgi Viet Nam
Theo quy djnh hidn hanh cua p h ^ luat nudc
"Xem: Michael Pryles, tldd, tr. 59-60.
ta'^ tranh e h ^ thuong mai cd thd duge giai quyet bang cac phuang thiic sau: (i) thuong lugng; (ii) hoa giai; (iii) trgng tai thuong mai va (iv) tda aa Vd vide hda giai, ndu trong cjua frinh xet xir bing trgng tai, cac bdn mudn hda giai, trgng tai vien ed thd tidn hanh hda giai. Didu 58 Luat trgng tai quy djnh,"theo ydu ciu ciia cac bdn, Hdi ddng trgng tai tidn hanh hda giai dd cac bdn thda thuan vdi nhau vd vide giai quydt tranh chip".
Khi cac bdn thda thuan dugc vdi nhau vd hudng giai quydt trong vu tranh chip thi Hdi ddng trgng tai lap bidn ban hda giai thanh ed ehu ky eua cac bdn va xae nhan eua cac Trgng tai vidn (Didu 58).
O day, Hdi ddng trgng tai se chi ra phan quydt phd ehuan ndi dung hda giai thanh ma se khdng ghi can cu phap ly, chi don thuin ghi nhan nhiing gi cac ben da dat dugc ddi vdi tranh chip.
Hdi ddng trgng tai ra quydt djnh cdng nhan sir thda thuan cua cae bdn. Quydt djnh nay la chung tham va cd gia tri nhu phan quydt trgng tai (Dieu 58)^". , , ^ ,
Kd tir thdi didm bat dau td tung trgng tai, eac bdn van ed quydn tu minh thuang lugng, thda thuan cham diit vide giai quydt tranli chap (Didu 38 Luat trgng tai).
Trong tmdng hgp eac bdn hr thda tliuan dugc vd vide cham diit giai quydt tranh chap thi hg cd quydn ydu cau Chu tich Tnmg tam trgng tai ra quydt djnh dinh chi giai quydt tranh chap.
Qua phan tieh nhimg dae didm cua phuang thiic da ldp (multi-step) va phuang thiie hon hgp (med-arb), thidt nghT d nudc ta hoan toan cd nhu d u va didu kidn dk ap dung rgng rai cac phuang diuc trdn. Bdi, thuc tien cae nudc da chung minh duge hidu qua ciia phuang thirc nay trong vide giai quydt tranh chap thuang mai.
" Gido trinh Ludt Thuang mai Truomg Dgi hoc Ludt Hd Npi, Tap II, Nxb. Cong an Nhan dan, H., 2009, tr. 434.
2" Trong qua trinh xay dvmg Luat trpng tdi thuang mai Viet Nam 2010, co y kidn cho rdng trong DiSu ve
"thuomg lupmg, hoa gidi", cdn b6 sung quy dinh^ theo do "khdng mdt thdng tin ndo du(rc trao doi cd the du(rc vi4n ddn nhu bang chimg trudc trpng tdi vd trudc tda dn ". Day Id vdn de xk nhj doi vdri cdc ben bcri cac ben da dua ra cdc bdng chung trung thye dS c6 gdng hoa gidi thdnh nhung \^i lo sg rdng cac bdng chumg nay c6 thS dupc sir dvmg dS chdng l?ii minh truac toa an. Tuy nhien, Luat trpng tdi da khdng ghi nhan diSu ndy
Vdi nhung uu didm cua cac phuomg thurc giai quydt tranh chip thuang mai ngoai toa an, tinh hidu qua cua vide kdt hgp hoae phdi hgp eac phuang thiie dd, d nhidu nudc trdn thd gidi, phap luat va ca cae cjuy tic td tung eua cac trung tam trgng tai khuydn khich cae bdn lua chgn nhiing phuomg thiic do de giai quydt tranh chip ndu cd xay ra giira cac bdn trong qua trinh thuc hidn hgp ddng. Vide lam dd mdt mat tao didu kidn thuan lgi cho cae bdn, mat khac giam bdt ganh nang eho he thdng tda an, va xet eho ciing ddu nham muc tidu giai quydt tdt mgi bat ddng xay ra trong xa hdi, tao mdi tmdng kinh doanh lanh manh, cd hidu qua.
Trong didu kidn hidn nay, boat ddng cua trgng tai thuong mai cd Udn he chat che vdi eae phuang phap hda giai trdn nhidu phuang didn khac nhau. Cac phuang phap hda giai cd thd dugc thue hidn trudc khi trgng tai giai quydt tranh chap va ciing ed khi dugc sir dung phdi hgp vdi phuang thiic trgng tai hoae dugc thuc hidn ngay trong qua trinh giai quydt tranh chap tai trgng tai. Van dd quan trgng d chd vide phdi hgp giua cac phuang thiic khac nhau phai tidn hanh nhjp nhang, dap iing dugc ydu cau ciia cac bdn quan he thuong mai trong vide giai quydt tranh chap mdt each cd hidu qua.
Theo Didu 80 Luat trgng tai thuang mai (cd hidu lire tu ngay 01/01/2011), "Cac Trung tam trgng tai dugc thanh lap tmdc ngay Luat nay cd hidu luc khdng phai lam thu tuc thanh lap lai. Cac Trung tam trgng tai phai siia ddi, bd sung didu Id, quy tic td tung trgng tai cho phu hgp vdi cjuy djnh cua Luat nay trong thdi ban 12 thang, kd tii ngay Luat nay cd hidu luc". Hidn nay cac Trung tam dang tidn hanh sira ddi, bd sung didu Id, quy tac td tung trgng tai cua minh. Thidt nghT, Idii tidn hanh sua ddi, bd sung didu Id, quy tac td tung trgng tai, cac Trung tam trgng tai ndn can nhae dua vao quy tic td tung ciia minh kha nang cac ben dugc tidn hanh giai quydt tranh chap theo phuang thiie da ldp (multi-stq)) va phuong thiic hdn hgp (med- arb) nhu da phan tieh Vide ghi nhan kha nang nay trong quy tic se tao didu kidn eho ehu thd tham gia kinh doanh, thuong mai cd thdm eae each thiic huu hidu de giai quydt bat ddng, lam giam ganh nang cho ca quan td tung nha nudc. •