GIflODUC-DflOTi H W
Tac dong cua khoa dao tao quan trj kinh doanh
r >
toi cac CO" SO" san xuat trong lang nghe det kim La Phu
TS. Vu Hoang Nam Trudng Dgi hpc Ngogi thuang Email: hoangnamftu@yahoo. com
Dd tie lau kien thiec duac cho la co vai trd rdt quan trpng ddi vai sie phdt triin cua cdc cum cong nghiip a cdc nuac dang phdt triin. Tuy nhien, vdn con it nguai biit tdi vai trd cua cdc kien thiec qudn tri doi vdi suphdt triin cua cdc cum cong nghiip a cdc nudc nciy. Sau khi triin khai mpt chuang trinh ddo tgo vi qudn tri kinh doanh tgi mpt lang nghi del len a La Phit, chung tdi dd tiin hdnh ddnh gid tdc dpng cua khoa ddo tgo vd chiing minh duac rdng cdc kiin thiec mdi vi qudn tri da giup cdc ca sd sdn xudt trong lang nghi cdi tiin cdc biin phdp sdn xudt vd kinh doanh.
Tir khoa: Phat trien cdng nghiep, Cym cdng nghiep lang nghe 1. Ldi md dau
Cac doanh nghiep d cac nudc dang phat trien gap phai nhieu van de khd khan do nhirng that bai cua thj trudng (Eifert, Gelb and Ramachandran, 2008;
de Mel, McKenzie and Woodruff, 2008; va Banajee and Duflo, 2005). Vi vay, cau hdi dat ra la can phai phat triln the chi mdi nao d cac nudc dang phat triln dl cd tbi thuc day phat trien cdng nghiep.
Mdt trong nhirng the che hieu qua la phat trien cac cym cdng nghiep. Cym cdng nghiep dugc hieu la sy tap trung vl mat dja ly cua cac doanh nghiep san xult cac san pham tuong tu hoac cd lien quan vdi nhau (Sonobe and Otsuka, 2006). Sy gin gui vl mat dia ly trong mdt cym cdng nghiep giup giam chi phi giam sat va cac chi phi giao dich kbac. Cum cdng nghiep ciing la noi thu but dugc nhieu khach hang, nha cung cap va ngudi lao ddng vi chi phi tim kilm thap. Tuy nhien, theo Sonobe va Otsuka (2006, 2011) d hiu hit cac nudc dang phat trien ylu td chinh ban chi sy phat triln cdng nghiep chinh la su thilu byt ngudn nhan lyc trong ITnh vuc quan trj.
Bai vilt nay tap trung vao chuang trinh nghien ciiu thyc dja ma chung tdi tiln banh tai cym cdng nghiep lang nghi det kim d Ha Npi. Chung tdi tien hanh cac khao sat budc diu vao thang 4 - 7/2010 va sau dd td chirc cac khda dao tao cung cap kien thiic cho chu ca sd san xuat vao thang 6- 8/2010. Chung tdi hy vgng ring se cd the danh gia dugc tac dgng cua khda dao tao tdi cac boat ddng san xuat va kinh doanh cua cac co sd trong lang nghi nay.
2. Cac nghien ciiu trudc day
Schmitz and Nadvi (1999) khang djnh cd rat nhieu cym cdng nghiep tren the gidi. Tren thyc te trong pham vi cum cdng nghiep, su bat ddi xiing ve thdng tin lien quan tdi sy tin cay cua cac ddi tac tiem nang thudng khdng nghiem trgng nhu d ben ngoai cum cdng nghiep. Vi vay, cac giao dich trong cym cdng nghiep thudng phat trien manh. Do dd, chinh phii d n hd trg su hinh thanh cua cac cum cdng nghiep (Ruan va Zhang, 2009).
Su phat trien cua cym cdng nghiep dugc chia thanh 3 giai doan: 1) su binh thanh mdt nganh mdi;
2) giai doan md rdng ve mat sd lugng ciing vdi sy gia tang sd lugng cac doanh nghiep san xuat cac san phim chit lugng thap gidng het nhau hoac rat gidng nhau; 3) giai doan doi mdi chat lugng khi cac doanh nghiep ap dyng cac phuong phap san xult mdi, sir dyng ngudn nguyen lieu va Iinh phy kien mdi, he thdng marketing mdi, va ap dyng he thdng quan ly ndi bd mdi. Md hinh phat trien nay la "Md hinh Ddng A vl sy phat trien cdng nghiep theo cym'' (Sonobe va Otsuka, 2006).
Ben canh do, cac nghien ciru cho thay cac doanh nghiep cua nhiing doanh nhan va ngudi quan ly cd trinh dp cao ban boat dgng tot ban (McPherson,
1996; Mead and Liedholm, 1998; Ramachandran and Shah, 1999; Mengistae, 2006). Tuy vay, mgt cau hdi dat ra la loai hoc van nao quan trgng ddi vdi sy phat triln ciia doanh nghiep. Klinger and Schiin- deln (2007) cho thay d Trung My cac doanh nghiep nhd tham gia khda dao tao kinh doanh thudng lap nhilu doanh nghiep mdi hoac md rdng doanh
Sd 184 thdng 10/2012 65
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nghiep nhilu ban. Trong nghien ciru cua Karlan and Valdivia (2011) d Peru, mgt khda dao tao kinh doanh ca ban da dugc cung cap cho cac chu doanh nghiep sieu nhd dugc lua chgn ngau nhien tir cac thanh vien nir cua mdt chuong trinh cho vay theo nhdm. Chuemg trinh dao tao da giup giam xac suat rut khdi chuemg trinh di vay va vi vay tang ty le thu hdi vdn cho ngudi cho vay. C) An Do, Field, Jayachandran, and Pande (2010) da nghien ciiu xem cac the che cii da ban che su thanh lap mdi va viec md rdng cac doanh nghiep ra sao. Bang each mang cac khda dao tao hai ngay ve ky nang kinh doanh va kien thiic tai chinh tdi cac chu doanh nghiep nCr, hg da chimg minh dugc rang dao tao lam cho cac doanh nhan vay vdn nhieu ban va lam tang thu nhap. Trong mdt nghien ciiu kbac, Drexler, Fischer, and Schoar (2010) dua ra bai hinh thiic dao tao ve tai chinh cho cac doanh nghiep sieu nhd d Cdng hda Dominica. Ket qua nghien ciiu cho thay khda dao tao kien thiic ca ban da cai thien dang ke cac boat ddng va ket qua kinh doanh. Bruhn, Karlan, and Schoar's (2010b) khi nghien ciru d Mexico da tim thay cac doanh nghiep nhd nhan dugc tu van da ddi mdi boat ddng kinh doanh mdt each dang ke. Bloom et al. (2010) nghien ciiu tac ddng cua cac djch vy tu van quan trj doanh nghiep ddi vdi cac doanh nghiep det cd quy md Idn d An Dp. Hg thay cac doanh nghiep nhan dugc djch vu tu van da ddi mdi nhieu boat ddng quan tri, nang suat va chat lupng san pham.
3. Noi dung nghien ciru 3.1. Npi dung ddo tgo
Nghien curu nay lien quan tdi khda dao tao ve KAIZEN. KAIZEN la mdt each tiep can nham nang cao nang suit va cd the ap dung vdi mpi boat dgng san xult. Cac ca sd san xuat dugc hgc ve 5S. 5S tuemg irng vdi 5 tir tieng Nhat bat dau bang chir "S"
Khi djch ra cac tCr nay nghTa la sang Igc, sip xep, sach se, san sdc va sin sang. Theo cac chuyen gia ve KAIZEN ciia Nhat Ban d Ddng Nam A thi 2S diu tien (sang Igc va sip xIp) hoac 3S tac dpng manh tdi mdi trudng lam viec ciia cac doanh nghiep nhd.
Sang Igc nghTa la tach rieng cac thur d n thilt ra khdi cac thii khdng cin thilt vi dy nhu di rieng cac dyng cu hdng va nguyen vat lieu cO ma xudng khdng dung ra mgt chd va loai bd nhCrng thur khdng d n thilt. Khi thuc hien sang Igc, xudng san xuat se rdng rai han. Sip xIp nghTa la nhic cdng nhan dl dyng cu va nguyen vat lieu vao dung chd bing each dan nhan va bd tri lai kho bai theo each vao trudc ra trudc. Dieu nay giup giam thdi gian tim kiem. Sau
khi ap dung 2S, xudng san xult se ngan nip hon va dieu nay se khiln chu doanh nghiep va cdng nhan tiep tuc giii cho xudng san xult ngan nip.
Trong nghien ciru nay, chung tdi tiln hanh phan dao tao toan dien tren Idp va phin dao tao tu van tryc tilp tap trung vao KAIZEN. Phin dao tao toan dien tren Idp bao gdm 3 md dun: Tinh thin doanh nhan, chien luge kinh doanh va Marketing; Quan trj san xuat (KAIZEN); va Ghi chep sd sach va ke toan.
3.2. Dia diem nghien cu-u vd viec lay mdu Dja diem nghien curu cua chimg tdi la d mdt lang nghe det len thudc Ha Ndi noi boat ddng san xuat dugc tien hanh vdi nhieu cdng doan khae nhau. San phim cuoi cung dugc ban d cac thanh phd Idn cua Viet Nam va dugc xuat khau sang Ddng Au thdng qua Viet Kieu. Chung tdi mudn xem khda dao tao KAIZEN cd the cai thien nang suat cua he thdng san xuat det len va khdi phyc nghe det len nhu the nao.
Chiing tdi da tien hanh khao sat ban dau vao thang 7/2010 va chgn dugc 180 ca sd san xuat va da thu dugc sd lieu tir 161 ca sd.
3.3. Mpi so cdu hdi chinh
Chung tdi tap trung vao cac cau hdi ve cac bien phap kinh doanh va phan Idn la nhirng cau hdi cd hoac khdng. Phan tich nhung cau tra Idi nay rieng le cd the khdng dem lai ket qua tdt. Vi vay, chiing tdi sir dung them dilm sd tdng hgp. Cac cau hdi lien quan tdi boat ddng kinh doanh dugc phan loai thanh 5 nhdm lien quan tdi ghi so, marketing, kilm tra chit lugng, cac boat dgng lien quan tdi KAIZEN va kha nang tiep can djch vy tin dyng va sir dyng thuang mai dien ttr.
Ngoai ra, chiing tdi cung dat ra mdt cau hdi lieu ngudi tra Idi cd sin sang tra 3 trieu VND dl dugc tham gia khda dao tao tren Idp hay khdng. Chi phi nay thap hon nhieu so vdi chi phi thuc nhung chiing tdi hy vgng khi cac hgc lieu da hoan thien thi chi phi cho chuang trinh dao tao se giam xudng mirc nay hoac tham chi la thap ban. Nhirng ngudi tra Idi cau hdi nay thudng phdng dai su san sang cua bp bdi vi chi phi nay khdng cd that ma chi la gia thuyit. Su kbac biet giCra chi phi that va chi phi gia dinh dugc ggi la sy sai lech gia thuyet. Blumenschein, Blomquist, Johannesson, Horn, and Freeman (2008) khang dinh neu ngudi tra Idi khang djnh chic chin cau tra Idi cua minh thi chung ta cd thi loai bd sy kbac biet nay. Chung tdi loai bd su kbac biet nay bang each chi dem nhCrng ngudi tra ldi "chic chin se bd tien ra" va coi nbCrng ngudi tra Idi "cd thi bd tien" la nhCrng ngirdi khdng san sang.
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3.4. Phifffng phdp Mnh gid tdc dpng: lua chpn ngau nhien vd ic&c lupng
De danh gia tac dpng cua chuang trinh dao tao tren Idp, chung tdi ap dyng nhCrng phuang phap thdng dyng nhit dugc md ta d dudi day. Ngudi tra Idi se rai vao mdt trong hai nhdm: nhdm dugc dao tao va khdng. Gan D = 1 nlu mdt ngudi dugc dao tao va D = 0 nlu khdng. Kit qua dat dugc (vi du nhu ap dung phuang thirc quan trj mdi hoac ket qua kinh doanh) khi dugc dao tao la /,, va khdng la TQ. Ket qua quan sat dugc Y=DY^ + (1 - DW^. Lgi ich cua viec tham gia dao tao la Y^ - YQ. Khdng the quan sat dugc kit qua nay do mdt ngudi khdng the vira dugc dao vira khdng dugc dao tao ciing mdt Iiic. Phan Idn cac nghien ciru udc lugng gia trj trung binh Y^ - YQ giCfa nhirng ngudi dugc dao tao, dugc ggi la hieu irng trung binh cua dao tao (ATT) vdi
ATT=E(Y^-YQ\X,D=\), (1) Trong dd X la bien quan sat dugc va cd the tac
dpng tdi ket qua. Sy kbac biet ve ket qua quan sat dugc trung binh giCra nhdm dugc dao tao va khdng dugc dao tao la:
E(Y\X,D= \)-E(Y\X,D = 0)
= E(Y^\X,D=\)-E(Y„\X,D = 0)
= ATr+E{YQ\X,D=\)-E(Y^\X,D = 0) (2) Hieu sd giira phan tii thur hai va thur ba trong ve phai la su sai lech do lua chgn va sai lech nay se bang khdng neu nhu mpi ngudi dugc lya chgn ngau nhien de dao tao.
Vi vay, neu chiing ta cd the lua chgn ngau nhien ngudi hpc thi cd the danh gia dugc tac dgng bang each tinh toan hieu sd cua hai gia trj trung binh E{Y\X,D=\)-E{Y\X,D = 0). Tuy nhien, ngudi den hgc la khdng ngau nhien do chung ta khdng the
GIflO DUC DflO Tl ATT=E(Y^•^-Yf;^\X,D=\).
Phuang phap nay bao gom ATTva hieu so cua sai lech lya chgn:
DID=ATT+E{YQ^ - TQ^ ^Y; D = i ) - £ ( y / - r,,^
\X,D = 0)
= ATT+B\X)-B\X), (7) Trong dd B\X) va B\X) la nhCmg sai lech lua
chpn sau va trudc khda hgc:
B\X) = £(To'' |X, Z) = 1) - E{Yff \X,D = Q) B\X) = E(Y^B \x,D=\)- E{YB \X,D = 0).
B\X) - B\X) thudng cd gia trj tuyet ddi nhd ban B\X) vi vay phuang phap nay thudng gin ATT ban hieu sd E(Y \ X, D = \) - E(Y \ X, D = 0) trong phucmg trinh (2).
Bang 1: Quy mS miu, gui thu mdi ngiu nhien va nguo'i tham gia
Quy mo mau Nhom dupc tac dpng So ngudi tham gia So ngudi tir choi' Nhom so sanh
161 91 54 37 70 4. Phan tich tac dong tai lang nghe det kim La Phil
4.1. Phdn tich dinh tinh 4.1.1. Su sdn sdng chi trd
Bang 2 cho thay su san sang chi tra de tham gia khda hgc tren Idp va khda tu van true tiep ciia ngudi tra Idi trudc va sau khi khda hgc tren Idp dien ra.
Trudc khda hgc, su san sang chi tra khdng kbac biet giiia hai nhdm. Khoang 15-20%> so ngudi dugc hdi tra Idi "chic chin" mudn tra 3 trieu VND de tham gia khda hgc tren lap trong khi ty le chac chan mudn bat hp den hgc dugc. Ngudi hgc tu quyet
djnh hp cd den Idp hay khdng. Chiing ta chi cd thi mdi ngudi di hgc mdt each ngau nhien. Theo Bang 1, nhdm dugc tac dgng la nhdm nhung doanh nghiep dugc mdi tdi tham dy khda hpc va nhdm so sanh la nhdm khdng dugc mdi.
Bdi vi chung tdi cd sd lieu ciia c a ^ a n d F trudc va sau khda hgc nen chiing tdi sir dyng so lieu mang.
Sir dung sd li?u mang cd uu thi ban. Hay xem xet udc lugng kbac nbau-trong-kbac nhau sau day:
Z)/D = £( y'''- }* |X, D = 1) - £ ( F 4 - yfi |X, Z) = 0)
= £( V -YB\X,D^\)- E(Y^^ - YB \)C,D = 0), (6) Trong dd A and B ky hieu thdi gian sau va trudc khda hgc. .47T trong phuang trinh (1) dugc vilt lai la
Bang 2: Gia trj trung binh san sang chi tra (%)
Dao tao tren lop Chic chan co
Nhom dupc tac dpng Trudc
19.8 Sau
50.5
Nhom so sanh Trudc
14.3 Sau
17.1
p-value for t-test Trudc
0.357 Sau
0 tham gia khda tu van true tiep chi la 5-10%. Tuy nhien, sau khda hgc tren lap ty le ngudi trong nhdm dugc tac dgng tra ldi "chic chin mudn" tra tien de tham gia khda hgc tren Idp tang manh tir 20% len 50%. Ty le nay Idn ban nhilu so vdi ty le cua nhdm so sanh va su kbac tfiet cd y nghTa ve mat thdng ke d mirc 1%. Su thay ddi nay chic chan la do su thay doi ve nhan thirc ciia hg ddi vdi su hiru dung ciia khda hgc tren lap sau khi hg da tham gia.
4.1.2. Bien phdp kinh doanh Sd 184 lining 10 2012
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Bang 3: Bien phap ghi chep s6 sach trong kinh doanh
Tach biet chi phi va chi tieu Ghi so:
Khi ban Khi mua Ton kho Traluong Thanh toan no Diem so ve viec ghi so
Diem so 1
6
%
%
%
%
%
%
Nhom duac tac dong Tnrdc
5.5 100 96.7 11 84.6
100 3.978
Sau 14.3 IOO 97.8 14.4 85.6 4.124
Nhom so sanh Truac
14.3 100 94.2 15.7 78.6 100 4.029
Sau 15.7 100 92.8 15.7 78.6 4.044
p-value for t-test Trudc 0.073
- 0.464
0.39 0.334
0.68 Sau 0.803
- 0.153 0.826 0.261 0.559 Bang 4: Cac hoat dong tiep. thj
Chi phi quang cao Co bien hieu trudc cira So bien hieu d noi khae H6a dan co ten ca sd
mil. VND
%
#
%
Nhom dupc tac dpng Trudc
0.22 8.8 0.011
54.9
Sau 0.22 11 0.066
65.9
Nhdm so sanh Trudc 2.186 12.9 0.071 47.1
Sau 2.029
15.7 0.114 48.6
p-value for t-test Tnrdc
0.178 0.419 0.122 0.33
Sau 0.218
0.39 0.516 0.028 Bang 5: Cac bien phap cai tien chat lumg"
Co ngudi chuyen kiem tra chat luong SP Ghi lai san pham loi
Thong bao SP loi cho tat ca cong nhan Ghi lai than phien cua khach hang Ghi lai ngay cong cong nhan Diem cai tien chat lupng:
Diem so 1 1 1 1 4
Nhom duac tac dpng Tnrdc
94.5 2.2 24.2 2.6 80.2 2.011
Sau 98.9
5.5 34.1 13.9 81.3 2.198
Nhom so sanh Trudc
97.1 7.1 18.6 8.5 81.4 2.043
Sau 98.6
8.6 18.6 8.2 81.4 2.071
p-value for t-test Trudc
0.401 0.157 0.39 0.197 0.848 0.763
Sau 0.855 0.459 0.025 0.303 0.986 0.238
"So lieu nay la ty le % ngoai trir diem sd la tdng sd trudng hgp ma chii ca sd tra Idi cd.
Bang 6: Chien luoc marketing^
Bilt ro khach hang
Bilt dilm manh so vdi doi thu Biet rd miic gia
C6 muc tieu DT va LN cu the C6 thi mo ta muc tieu Co kl hoach tang trudng cu the C6 thi mo ta ro kl hoach Dilm s6 vl chiln luoc marketing:
Diem so 1 1 1 1 1 5
Nhom dupc tac dpng Trudc
2.2 74.7 96.7 33 40 31.9 17.2 2.385
Sau 2.2 83.5 97.8 60 46.3 40.7 23.7 2.844
Nhom Tnrdc
0 80 98.6
40 39.3 34.3 25 2.529
50 sanh Sau 0 80 98.6 41.4 41.4 34.3 25 2.543
p-value Trudc
0.158 0.429 0.43 0.363 0.957 0.749 0.504 0.324
or t-test Sau 0.158 0.572 0.715 0.02 0.672
0.41 0.909 0.042
" Sd lieu dudi dang ty le % ngoai trir diem sd Cac Bang 3 din 8 cho bilt cac bien phap kinh doanh cua cac ca sd det kim. Theo Bang 3, ty le cac ca sd hach toan tach bach chi phi cua ca sd va chi tieu cua gia dinh cua nhdm dugc tac dgng (5%) thap han nhilu so vdi nhdm so sanh (14%) trudc khda hgc. Tuy nhien ty le cua nhdm dugc tac dgng tang len va su kbac biet giCra hai nhdm la khdng dang ke sau khda hgc. Ddng cudi ciing cua Bang 4 cho thay ca sd san xult cd xult hda dan tren dd in rd ten ca sd san xuat hay khong. Ty le nay d nhdm dugc tac
ddng tang len dang ke sau khda dao tao tren Idp tir 55% len 66%). Ty le nay cua nhdm so sanh chi tang len 1%. Chenh lech ty le giira bai nhdm cd y nghTa ve mat thdng ke d mirc 3%.
Bang 5 cho biet boat dgng cai tien chit lugng.
Chiing tdi khdng thiy cd sy thay ddi dang kl viec ap dyng cac each thirc de cai tien chat lugng sau khda hgc so vdi trudc khda hgc d ca hai nhdm ngoai trir bien phap thdng bao tdi tat ca cdng nhan khi phat
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kiiiUeJiiattrirD
GIRO DUC-DflO Tl
R 9
Bang 7: Hoat d6ng Kaizen
Co ban do nha xudng
Cong cu de d noi co dinh co khoa Cong cu de d nai co djnh khong khoa Cong cu khong de d nai c6 djnh Nguyen vat lieu de d nai c6 djnh De rieng NVL va phe lieu Cac cong doan san xuSt ro rang Don phi lieu va lau don xudng Hang ngay
Hang tuan Hang thang Khi can
Cong nhan bao duong may Hang ngay
Hang tuan Hing thang Khi can
Co ngudi chuyen bao duSng may*
Hpp vdi cong nhan:
Hting tuan Khi can Khong bao gid
Dilm cho boat dpng Kaizen:
Diem so
1 1
1 1 1 2
1 2
I 1 2 1 15
Nhom duac t^c dSng 1 nam trudc
0 2.2 30.8
67 5.5 5.5 4.4 1.1
0 1.1 97.8
3.3 1.1 1.1 94.4
3.3 0 2.2 97.8 2.611
Hien nay 1.1 2.2 60.4 37.4 15.4 34.1 4.4 4.4 1.1 1.1 93.4
8.9 4.4 3.3 83.3 5.5 0 15.4 84.6 3.622
Nhom so sanh 1 nam trudc
2.9 2.9 40 57.1 11.4 5.7 7.1 0 0 0 100 4.3 2.9 0 92.9
4.3 1.4 7.1 91.4 2.914
Hien nay 2.9 2.9 40 57.1 12.9 10 7.1 0 0 0 100 4.3 2.9 0 92.9
4.3 1.4 7.1 91.4 2.971
p-value for t-test 1 nam trudc
0.159 0.795 0.229 0.204 0.192 0.953 0.469 0.32 0.32 0.158 0.759 0.448 0.32 0.688 0.749 0.321 0.157 0.089 0.189
Hien nay 0.444 0.795 0.01 0.013 0.649 0 0.469 0.045 0.32 0.32 0.014 0.237 0.593 0.083 0.06 0.724 0.321 0.095 0.182 0.015 hien chat lugng kem. O nhdm dugc tac ddng, ty le
nay tang len tir 24% len 34% trong khi dd ty le nay giir nguyen d miic 8% d nhdm so sanh. Su chenh lech giira hai nhdm cd y nghTa ve mat thdng ke sau khda hgc.
Hoat dpng xay dyng chien luge marketing dugc tdng hgp trong Bang 6. Chu ca sd san xuat thudng nhan thirc dugc diem manh cua minh so vdi ddi thu canh tranh (khoang 8% d ca hai nhdm) va chien luge gia canh tranh (97%) nhung thudng khdng hieu rd khach hang ciia hg (2%). Ty le chu ca sd san xuat da dat ra muc tieu doanh sd cy the da tang Ien trong nhdm dugc tac ddng tir 33% len 60% sau khda hgc trong khi ty le nay d nhdm so sanh chi tang 1%.
Vi vay, chenh lech giua hai nhdm da cd y nghTa ve mat thdng ke. Tdng sd diem cho chien luge market- ing tang 0.5 d nhdm dugc tac ddng va chi tang 0.02 diem d nhdm so sanh. Su kbac biet ve diem sd trd nen cd y ngliTa ve mat thdng ke va vi the phan anh ket qua tdt cua khda dao tao.
Bang 7 trinh bay boat dgng KAIZEN. Trudc khda dao tao, khdng cd ca sd nao trong nhdm dugc tac ddng cd ban ve nha xudng nhung ty le nay da tang len 1% sau khda dao tao. Ddi vdi nhdm so sanh, ty le nay giir nguyen d mirc 3%. Chu ca sd san xult
trong nhdm dugc tac ddng thudng quy dinh mdt vi tri nhat djnh de cat cac dyng cu chinh hon d nhdm khae sau khda dao tao. Ty le cac ca sd san xuat cat dung cy d mdt chd cd djnb tang tir 30% len 60%
trong nhdm dugc tac ddng trong khi nd giu nguyen d mirc 40% trong nhdm so sanh. Vi vay, sy chenh lech giiia hai nhdm da trd nen cd y nghTa ve mat thdng ke sau khda hgc. Ty le cac ca sd san xuat de nguyen vat lieu d mgt vj tri nhat dinh da tang gap 3 lln d nhdm dugc tac dgng sau khda hoc trong khi ty le nay giir nguyen d nhdm so sanh. Su kbac biet giira hai nhdm nay tir trudc khda hgc nay da trd nen khdng Idn va khdng cdn y nghTa ve mat thdng ke.
Ty le cac ca sd san xuat tach rieng nguyen lieu thd va phi lieu da tang gap 6 lan (tir 5% len 34%) ddi vdi nhdm dugc tac ddng nhung chi tang hai lan (5%
len 10%) d nhdm so sanh sau khda hgc. Sy kbac biet giira hai nhdm cung cd y nghTa ve mat thdng ke d miic 1%.
Xac suit ca sd san xuat dugc lau don thudng xuyen tang tir \% len 4% ddi vdi nhdm dugc tac dgng. Phan Idn cac ca sd chi lau dgn khi can thiet nhung vai ca sd da ap dyng hinh thirc lau dgn hang ngay sau khi tham dy khda dao tao. Tan suat bao duong may mdc cung tang len ddi vdi nhdm dugc
So 184 llidng 10 2012 69
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tic ddng va khdng thay ddi ddi vdi nhdm so sanh.
Dieu nay cho thay tac ddng tdt ciia khda dao tao. Ty le cac ca sd san xuat da giao cho mdt ngudi cu thi bao dudng may mdc cung tang len ddi vdi nhdm dugc tac ddng dii rang su gia tang chua dii Idn vl mat thdng ke. Tan suat ciia cac cudc hpp vdi toan bd cdng nhan de trao ddi cdng viec cung tang len d nhdm dugc tac ddng va khdng thay ddi d nhdm so sanh. Su chenh lech nay cd y nghTa ve mat thdng ke d miirc 10% sau khda dao tao. Cudi ciing, tdng so diem cho cac boat dgng KAIZEN tang 1 diem tir 2,6 len 3,6 cho nhdm dugc tac ddng trong khi chi tang tir 2,91 len 2,97 cho nhdm so sanh sau khda hgc.
Ndi tdm lai, cac chii ca sd trong nhdm dugc tac ddng da ap dung KAIZEN rat tdt sau khda dao tao tren Idp.
4.2. Tdc dpng ngan hgn cua khoa ddo tgo tren l&p
4.2.1. Su sdn sdng chi trd cho khda ddo tgo Bang 8 va 9 trinh bay ket qua udc lugng su san sang chi tra de tham gia khda dao tao tren Idp va khda tu van tryc tiep. Bien phu thudc trong cdt 1 va 3 bang 1 neu cau tra Idi la cd d cau hdi thii nhat va
"chic chin" d cau bdi thii' hai. Trong cdt 2 va 4, bien phu thudc bang 1 neu nhu cau tra Idi thur nhat la cd va bing khdng neu cau tra ldi la khdng.
Giong nhu Bang 2, chung tdi thay viec tham gia Bang 8: Tac dpng ciia khoa dao tao d6i v6'i su sin
sang chi tra'
FE-IV Tham dux Sau RE-IV Tham dux Sau
Chac chan cd -1 0.469***
-5.37 0.469***
-5.37
Co -2 0.346***
-4.35 0.346***
-4.35 Thuang trinh bao gom cac bien dpc lap khae nhu tuli, gidi tinh, hpc vin... Gia tri tuyet ddi thong ke z trong ngoac. *c6 y nghia d 10%; **c6 y nghia d 5%;
***c6 y nghTa d 1%.
Bang 9: T4c dpng ciia s6 ngay tham du kh6a dao t?o doi voi su sin sang chi tra'
FE-IV Tham du x Sau RE-IV Tham du x Sau
Chac chan cd (1) 0.004***
-5.23 0.004***
-5.23
Chac chan CO (2) 0.003***
-4.27 0.003***
-4.27 ' Phuang trinh bao gdm cac biln dpc lap kbac nhu tuli gidi tinh, hoc vin... Gia trj tuyet ddi thong ke z trong ngoac. * cd y nghTa d 10%; ** cd y nghTa d 5%;
*** coy nghTad 1%
vao chuang dao tao da lam tang su sin sang chi tra cua bpc vien. Tac ddng nay cua khda dao tao la thdng nhit trong ca bon md hinh vdi mirc y nghTa 1% ddi vdi khda dao tao tren Idp va 10% ddi vdi khda tu van true tilp. Kit qua tuong ty cung ap dung doi vdi phuang phap RE-IV va FE-IV. He sd ciia bien nay Idn ban ddi vdi nhirng ngudi tra ldi
"chac chan cd" so vdi nhirng ngudi tra Idi "cd"
NbCrng ngudi da tham gia khda dao tao tren Idp da thay ddi nhan thiic ve gia tri cua kiln thirc mdi ve ky nang quan trj sau khda dao tao. Hon nCfa, sy thay ddi ve nhan thirc cua hg ciing lam tang su san sang chi tra cho khda tu van tryc tiep ma hg chua nhan dugc.
Trong Bang 9, chiing tdi sii dyng ty le sd ngay di hgc thay vi viec sir dung bien sd cd di hpc hay khdng de danh gia mdi quan he giira sy ham mudn hpc hdi va su san sang chi tra. He sd ciia bien sd ty le sd ngay di hgc nhan vdi bien gia sau khi di hgc deu duong trong ca 4 md hinh va cd y nghTa ve mat thdng ke d miic 1 % ddi vdi ca cau tra ldi "chac chan cd" va "cd" mudn tham gia khda dao tao tren Idp va d miic 10% ddi vdi cau tra Idi "chac chan cd" mudn tham gia khda tu van tryc tiep. Ket qua nay cung tuong ty khi chung tdi sir dung md hinh RE-IV va md hinh FE-IV. Nhirng ket qua nay khang dinh gia thuyet trudc day ciia chiing tdi la khi dugc tiep xiic vdi kien thirc mdi ve ky nang quan tri va hieu dugc gia trj ciia nhirng kien thirc nay, cac chu co sd san xuat se cd nhu cau nhieu ban ddi vdi cac kiln thirc mdi.
4.2.2. Cdc biin phdp kinh doanh cua cdc ca sd sdn xudt
Bang 10 den 17 trinh bay ket qua udc lugng tac ddng cua khda dao tao tren Idp doi vdi cac bien phap kinh doanh. Vi viec tham gia vao khda dao tao la ndi sinh trong md hinh nen chiing tdi xu ly bing bien sd ngoai sinh la giay mdi di hgc dugc phat ngau nhien. Chiing tdi khdng trinh bay hdi quy budc 1 d day nhung chiing tdi muon ndi ring biln diing de xii ly van de ngi sinh cd y nghTa vl mat thong ke.
Chung tdi udc lugng md hinh RE-IV va md binh FE-IV cho cac bien phu thudc la cac bien phap kinh doanh. Ddi vdi md hinh FE-IV chung tdi chi trinh bay nhirng he sd quan trgng dd la bien tuang tac giira viec tham gia khda dao tao va bien gia vl thai gian sau khi tham gia khda dao tao ciing vdi cac bien khae ngoai trir bien gia sau khi tham du khda dao tao da bj loai ra khdi md hinh do khdng thay ddi theo thdi gian.
Tac dgng cua khda dao tao ddi vdi viec ghi chep
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Bang 10: Tac dpng ciia khoa dao tao t6i cac bifn phap ghi s 6 ' Tach chi phi kinh doanh va chi tieu
FE-rV Tham du x Sau RE-IV Tham du x Sau
Khi mua 0.123**
(2.05) 0.123**
0.044 (1.43) 0.044 (1.43)
Hang ton kho Tra luon"
0.056 (1-54) 0.056 (1S3)
0.019 (0.87) 0.018 (0.86)
"Phuang trinh bao gom cic bien dpc lap khic nhu tuli, gidi tinh, hpc vin... Gia trj tuyet dii thing ke z trong ngoac.
* c6 y nghTa d 10%; ** c6 y nghTa d 5%; *** co y nghTa d 1%.
trong kinh doanh dugc trinh bay trong Bang 10.
Bien tuang tac "tham dy khda dao tao x bien gia thdi gian sau khda dao tao" la bien the hien tac ddng cua khda dao tao la duong va cd y nghTa ve mat thdng ke d cdt I. Dieu nay cho thay tac ddng tich cyc cua khda dao tao lam cho ngudi chu ca sd san xuat tach biet giu'a chi tieu cua gia dinh va bach toan chi phi ciia ca sd san xuat. Bien sd nay cd y nghTa trong ca md hinh RE-IV va FE-IV. He sd cua bien sd nay cung duong trong cac md hinh kbac trong cac cdt tir 2 den 4. Tac ddng den cac bien phap tiep thi dugc trinh bay trong Bang 11. Bien sd tham gia khda dao tao x sau khi tham du khda dao tao la duang va cd y nghTa ve mat thdng ke trong cdt 4.
Dieu nay cho thiy khda dao tao cd tac ddng lam cho nhieu ca sd san xuat sir dyng hda don cd in ten cua CO sd. Kit qua nay la virng trong ca md hinh RE-IV va FE-IV.
Tac ddng tdi viec cai thien chit lugng dugc trinh bay trong Bang 12. Tac ddng ciia khda dao tao la duong va cd y nghTa v l mat thdng ke trong cdt 3 phan anh viec chu ca sd ndi vdi tit ca cdng nhan khi chat lugng san pham kem va trong cdt 4 phan anh viec chu ca sd cd ghi chep lai nhirng phan nan cua khach hang hay khdng. Nhung kit qua nay la virng trong md hinh RE-IV va FE-IV. Tac ddng tdi chiln luge marketing trong Bang 13 cho thiy sau khi tham du khda dao tao, chu ca sd thudng cd kha Bang 11: Tac dpng eda khoa dao tao tdi c^c bifn phap khuyen mai"
FE-IV Tham du x Sau RE-IV Tham du x Sau
Chi phi quang cio 0.327 -1.16 0.324 -1.13
Bien hieu trudc xuong -0.013
-0.29 -0.013
-0.29
So bien hieu lan can 0.018 -0.17 0.018 -0.17
Hoa don vdi ten ca sd 0.160**
-2.46 0.160**
-2.46
"Phuang trinh bao gom cac bien dpc lap khae nhu tuoi, gidi tinh, hpc van... Gia tri tuyet doi thong ke z trong ngoac.
* c6 y nghTa d 10%; ** c6 y nghia d 5%; *** cd y nghTa d 1%.
Bang 12: Tac dpng ciia khoa dao tao toi cac bifn phap cai tien chat luong "
FE-IV Tham du x Sau RE-IV Tham du x Sau
Ngudi kilm soat chit lupng
0.049 -1.03 0.049 -1.03
Ghi chep chat lupng kem
0.031 -0.73 0.031 -0.73
Thong bao chat lupng kem tdi cong nhan
0.167**
-2.51 0.167**
-2.51
Ghi chep than phien ciia khach hang
0.191**
-2.55 0.189**
-2.51
Ghi chep ngay cong cua cong nhan
0.019 -0.87 0.019 -0.87
"Phuong trinh bao gom cac bien dpc lap khae nhu tuoi, gidi tinh, hpc van... Gia tri tuyet doi thong ke z trong ngoac.
' c6 y nghTa d 10%; ** cd y nghTa d 5%; *** cd y nghTa d 1%.
Bang
FE-IV Tham du x Sau RE-IV Tham du x Sau
13: Tac dpng ciia khoa Mo ta ro sire
manh DN 0.148***
-2.63 0.148***
-2.63
Mdtaro chien luoc gia
0.019 -0.87 0.019 -0.87
dao tao toi Cd muc tieu doanh thu 0.428***
-4.79 0.429***
-4.76
cac bifn phap Md ta ro muc tieu doanh thu
0.278**
-2.25 0.228*
-1.8
cai tien chat lu Cd kl hoach tang trudng cu the
0.148**
-2.35 0.148**
-2.35 j n g "
Mo ta ro ke hoach tang trudng
0.188*
-1.68 0176 -1.53
"Phuang trinh bao gom cic biln dpc lap khae nhu tuli, gidi tinh, hpc vin... Gia tri tuyet dii thing ke z trong ngoac.
' cd y nghTa d 10%; ** c6 y nghia d 5%; *** co y nghTa d 1%.
.Sd 184 llidng 10 2012
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PiflO DUC - DflO TflO
Bang 14: Tac dpng cua khoa dao tao t6i cic hoat dpng KAIZEN 1»
FE-IV Tham du x Sau RE-IV Tham du x Sau
C6 ban do nha xudng 0.019 -0.87 0.019 -0.87
D I cong cu chinh d nai CO dinh 0.500***
-6.31 0.500***
-6.31
De NVL a nai co dinh 0.142**
-2.26 0.142**
-2.26
Tich rieng NVL va phe lieu 0.407***
-4.65 0.407***
-4.65
"Phuang trinh bao gom cftc bien dpc lap kh4e nhu tuoi, gidi tinh, hpc van... Gia trj tuyet doi thing ke z trong ngoac.
* CO y nghTa d 10%; ** co y nghTa d 5%; *** co y nghTa d 1%.
Bang IS: Tac dpng eda khoa dao tao toi cac boat dpng KAIZEN II"
FE-IV Tham du x Sau RE-IV Tham du x Sau
Don dep vi lau chul nha xudng Hang ngay
0.056 -1.53 0.056 -1.53
Hang tuan 0.019 -0.87 0.019 -0.87
Khi can -0.074*
-1.79 -0.074*
-1.79
Bao duong ma-y moc Hang ngay
0.093**
-2.03 0.093**
-2.03
Hang tuin 0.056 -1.54 0.056 -1.54
Hang thang 0.037 -1.24 0.037 -1.24
"Phuang trinh bao gom cac bien dpc lap kbac nhu tuoi, gidi tinh, hpc van ' c6 y nghia d 10%; ** c6 y nghia d 5%; *** co y nghia d 1%.
Bang 16: Tic d$ng ciia khda dio tao tdi cic hoat dpng KAIZEN III"
. Gia trj tuyet doi thong ke z trong ngoac.
FE-IV Tham du x Sau RE-IV Tham du x Sau
Co ngudi chuyen bao duSng may
0.037 -1.24 0.037 -1.24
Hpp vdi cong nhan Khi can
0.222***
-3.37 0.222***
-3.37
Khong bao gid -0.222***
-3.37 -0.222***
•-3.37
"Phuang trinh bao gom cac bien dpc lap khae nhu tuoi, gidi tinh, hpc vSn... Gii trj tuyet doi thong ke z trong ngoje. * co y nghia d 10%; ** c6 y nghia d 5%; *** co y nghia d 1%.
nang md ta diem manh cua c a sd tdt hem, bat dau cd myc tieu kinh doanh va cd the md ta muc tieu nay mdt each rd rang, bat dau chuan bj ke hoach phat trien va cd the md ta dugc ke hoach nay cu the ban.
Nhirng ket qua nay ciing vCrng trong md hinh FE-IV va RE-IV.
Phan tich hoi quy v l tac ddng cua khda dao tao tdi cac boat dgng KAIZEN dugc trinh bay trong bang 14 den 16. Khda dao tao cd tac ddng tich cue
tdi nhieu boat ddng KAIZEN bao gdm de cac cdng cy chinh va nguyen vat lieu d mdt nai nhat djnh, de rieng nguyen vat lieu va phe lieu, lau dgn c a sd thudng xuyen, bao duong may mdc thudng xuyen, td chirc hpp vdi tat ca cdng nhan. Ve ban chat, cac boat ddng KAIZEN la tuong ddi dem gian, khdng tdn kem va de thyc hien. Chiing tdi tin rang day la ly do tai sao khda dao tao cd tac ddng tich cue tdi cac boat dgng KAIZEN ngay ca trong ngan ban.
Bang 17 tdng hgp cac tac ddng cua khda dao tao tren lap tdi cac bien phap kinh doanh khae nhau sir dyng diem sd. Tac dgng cua khda dao tao ludn la tac ddng tich cue va cd y nghTa ve mat thong ke d m i i c 1%. Dieu nay cho thay nhirng ngudi sau khi tham dy khda dao tao da thuc sy thay ddi cac bien phap kinh doanh. Diem sd cd quan he ty le thuan vdi ket qua kinh doanh trong dai ban ciia cac ca sd san xuat vi dy nhu doanh thu, gia tri gia tang, va Igi nhuan gdp. Vi vay, trong dai ban, chung tdi hy vgng rang nhCrng thay ddi trong cac bien phap kinh doanh cd the cd tac ddng tich cue tdi ket qua kinh Bang 17: Tac dong ciia khda dao tao tdi dilm s6 ciia cac bien phip kinh doanh)"
FE-IV Tham du x Sau RE-IV Tham du x Sau
Ghi chep kinh doanh 0.245***
-2.64 0.243***
-2.59
Cai tien chat luong 0.265***
-2.7 0.265***
-2.7
Chiln lupc marketing 0.749***
-6.13 0.749***
-6.07
Bien phap KAIZEN 1.587***
-8.51 1.587***
-8.51
Tdng con a 2.765***
-9.7 2.781***
-9.71
"Phuang trinh bao gim cac biln dpc lap khae nhu tudi, gidi tinh, hpc vin... Gia trj tuyet doi thong ke z trong ngoac.
' CO y nghia d 10%; ** cd y nghTa d 5%; *** cd y nghia d 1%.
5<5184 thdng 10/2012 72
kinli leiiiiit trir
GIflO DUC-DflO Tl
m
doanh ciia cac ca sd san xuat. doanh va thudng danh gia thip cac kiln thirc ve 5. Ket luan quan tri. T h i nhung, chuong trinh dao tao da cai tiln Bai vilt nay cho thiy viec tham gia khda dao tao ^^'^ ^'^." P'^^P ^"^^ '^°^"'^ "^ "'^f" * i i c cua chu co da thay ddi quan dilm cua cac chu c a sd san xult v l ^°' "^ '^"^ ' l " ^ " *''9"S '^"^ '^^'^ '''^" * i i c v l quan tri.
kiln thirc quan tri kinh doanh. Su thay ddi v l nhan ^ ' ' " " ^ *°' '^^ ""?"§ ''""''^ ''^P * ^ ° =° * ^ Ph^" f'ch thirc ddi vdi gia tri cua khda dao tao sau khi tham ^'f'^' ' ^ '"'''"''" P*"' ' " ^ ' ' ' ' ° ' ' ^^° '^° "^>- ^ ^ " '''•' gia cang lam thay ddi nhan thirc cua ho v l khda tu '",'' ""^ ^'^' ,""t "^7"^ '""^ ^^° *^° ''""^ ^"^ "^'^ P"^' vin true tilp cho dii chung tdi chua cung d p khda J f f ^ ^ f " ? P'^'" ':° " ^°"8 "S"^'^" ='^" * ^ = "^'^
- • .U--J-- .*' r^-i 1- • .- •. • , tiep theo de tong quat boa ket qua nghien ciru va tu van vao thai diem do. Dieu thu VI la sau khi tham • , - ..t ^ ^ • • i - , . , , . . . T
. - 1. . J- .. - , . . • . ; . , " ' ^ " °ifdc can phai ket hap cac khoa dao tao ve gia vao khoa dao tao, cac chu c a s a san xuat da thuc „ „ A , W , ; i.:„u j i -• '. . • - , - ',.•-
., j j . . . •- , , , . , , , • 1"3" tf! kinh doanh voi cac bien phap can thiep su thay doi cac bien phap kmh doanh. n , . „ - J i , » - i. . j - - .
•^ - '^"^^ VI du nhu chuong trinh cho vay uu dai, xay Cac chii ca sd trong rnau cua chung tdi d lang dyng cac khu cdng nghiep nhu thi nao d l cd thi nghe nay khdng bilt nhilu v l cac bien phap kinh thuc diy phat triln cdng nghiep.n
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