( sd 03 (80)-2010 ) TAI CHiNH DOANH NGHIEP
TAI SAN CO DINH - NH0NG THAY DOI TRONG QUAN LY
PGS.TS Nguyin Dinh Kiem TS. Nguyin Thj Ha
•m "Tgdy 20/10/2009 Bd Tdi Chinh dd ban hdnh Thdng tff sd203/2009/TT-BTC Thdng tff ndy l \ J thay the Quye't dinh sd206/2003/QD-BTC ban hdnh ngdy 12/02/2003 ve die dp qudn ly 2^ ^ sff dung vd trich khdu hao TSCD. Sau ddy gpi tdm tdt Id Thdng tff 203 vd Quye't dinh 206
(TT 203 vd QD 206).
san phdt trien, nay sinh van dl mdi vl TSCD hffu hlnh va vd hlnh, nen TT 203 cd quy djnh them vl TSCD hffu hlnh la nha cffa, vat kie'n trdc gdn liln vdi quyIn sff dung da't ma trffdc day QD 206 chffa quy djnh cu the.
So vdi Quye't djnh 206 thi TT 203 cd gi mdi hdn, cd gl thay ddi trong quan 15' va trich kha'u hao TSCD.
bd dffdc hach toan vao trffdng hdp thanh ly TSCD.
- Xdc dinh
TSCD vd hlnh. nguyen gia Ve nhffng thay doi trong
quan ly TSCD
- Tieu chudn vd nhdn biet TSCD.
TT 203 dffa ra ba tieu chua'n cua TSCD la:
+ Chdc chdn thu dffdc ldi ich kinh te trong tffdng lai tff viec sff dung tdi san dd.
+ Cd thdi gian sff dung tren mpt ndm trd len.
+ Nguyen gid phai dffdc xdc djnh mpt cdch ddng tin cay vd cd gid trj tff 10 trieu ddng trd len.
Vay so vdi QD 206 tuy quy djnh 4 tieu chua'n, nhffng thffc chat cung bao gdm 3 tieu chua'n nhff tren.
- Xdc dinh nguyen gid tdi sdn cd'dinh hffu hinh.
Dd'i vdi TSCD hffu hinh mua sdm:
Do tlnh hlnh kinh te cd nhieu thay ddi bie'n chuyen tich cffc, thj trffdng bat ddng
- TSCD la nha cffa, vat kie'n true gdn lien vdi quyIn sff dung da't, ta bie't gid trj quy In sff dung da't Id TSCD vd hinh dac biet nen gid trj quyIn sff dung da't phai xdc djnh rieng;
cdn nhd cffa vd vat kie'n true Id TSCD hffu hlnh can xdc djnh nguyen gid de bach todn.
Nguyen gia la gia mua thffc te' phai tra cdng (-I-) chi phi lien quan trffc tiep de'n viec dffa TSCD hffu hinh dd vao sff dung.
- Neu nhd cffa vat kie'n trdc gdn liln vdi quyIn sff dung da't ma doanh nghiep thdo dd buy bd de xay dffng mdi thi gia trj quyIn sff dung da't vIn phai xdc djnh rieng. Id TSCD vd binh. Cdn nha cffa, vat kie'n trdc xay ddng mdi nguyen gid la gid quyet todn cdng trinh se ghi la TSCD hffu hlnh do xay dffng ma cd. TSCD thdo dd hodc huy
TSCD vd hinh la quyen sff dung da't. TT 203 cd quy djnh cu the hdn vl trffdng hdp doanh nghiep di thue da't dd la:
- Ne'u so' tien thue da't tra mot lan cho ca thdi gian thue thi dffdc phan bd dan vao chi pbi kinh doanh theo so' nam thue da't.
- Ne'u sd tiln thue da't phai tra hang ndm thi dffdc hach todn vao chi phi kinh doanh trong k>' tffdng ffng vdi so' tiln thue da't dffdc tra hang nam.
- Trudng hpp thay ddi nguyen gid TSCD.
TT 203 quy djnh cu the hdn v l trffdng hdp thay ddi nguyen gid TSCD, 15' do vl cdn cff vao tlnh hlnh ddi mdi, sdp xe'p lai doanh nghiep so vdi trffdc day cd ram rd vd manh me hdn, tlnh hlnh dd ddi hdi phai ddnh gid lai TSCD. cu the nhff sau:
- Ddnh gia lai gid tri
Tap chf nghien cdu Tdi chfnh ke todn <'47
TAI CHINH DOANH NGHIEP ( So 03 (80)-2010 )
TSCD trong trffdng hdp: Thffc hien td chffc lai doanh nghiep, chuyen ddi sd hffu doanh nghiep, chuyen ddi hinh thffc doanh nghiep; chia, tdch, sap nhap, hdp nha't. cd phan hda, bdn, khodn, cho thue, chuyen ddi cdng ty TNHH thdnh cdng ty cd phan va ngffdc lai.
- Phdn logi TSCD cda doanh nghiep.
- Dd'i vdi TSCD vd hinh, nay TT 203/2009 quy djnh them nhilu loai so vdi trffdc day, do sff phat trien cua kinh te thj trffdng va sff phat trien cua Iffc Iffdng san xua't xa hdi, cu the: TSCD vd hinh, dd Id quyen sff dung da't, quyIn phdt hdnh, bang sdng che'phat minh, tdc pha'm vdn hpc, nghe thuat, khoa hpc, ket qua cua cuoc bieu diln nghe thuat, ban ghi am, ghi hinh, chffdng trinh phdt sdng, tin hieu ve tinh mang chffdng trinh dffdc ma hda, kieu ddng cdng nghiep, thie't ke bd' tri mach tich hdp bdn din, bi mat kinh doanh, nhan hieu, ten thffdng mai va chi din dja 15', gid'ng cay trdng va vat Ueu nhan gid'ng.
- Nguyen tdc tinh khdu hao TSCD.
TT 203 cd quy djnh them nhffng TSCD khdng phai tinh kha'u hao, dd Id:
- TSCD kha'u hao chffa he't da bj ma't
- Quy djnh cu the hdn v l TSCD phuc vu cdc boat ddng phdc ldi. Ne'u nhff trffdc day QD 206 chi quy dinh
chung chung la TSCD thupc sff nghiep phuc ldi nhff nha tre, nha dn, cau lac bp md khdng tham gia vao hoat ddng kinh doanh thi khdng kha'u hao.
- Nay TT 203 quy djnh cu the hdn dd la TSCD boat ddng trong Unh vffc phuc ldi ngffdi lao ddng lam viec tai doanh nghiep nhff: nha nghi, nhd dn giffa ca, nhd thay quan do, nha ve sinh, be chffa nffdc sach, nha de xe, tram y te' de kham chffa benh, xe dffa ddn ngffdi lao ddng, cd sd dao tao, day nghi, nha nghi cho ngffdi lao ddng do doanh nghiep dau tff xay dffng thi dIu phai kha'u hao.
- Ddi vdi doanh nghiep nhd nffdc cd phdn hoa.
TT 203 cdn quy djnh them: Dd'i vdi doanh nghiep 100% vd'n NN ma khi xdc djnh gid trj doanh nghiep theo phffdng phap ddng tiln chie't kha'u (DCF) phan chenh lech tang vd'n NN giffa gid trj thffc te' va gid trj tren sd sach ke' todn khdng dffdc ghi nhan la TSCD vd hinh va dffdc phan bd dan vao chi phi san xua't kinh doanh khdng qud 10 nam.
Thdi diem bdt dau phan bd vao chi phi la thdi diem doanh nghiep chinh thffc chuyen thdnh cdng ty cd phan (cd gia'y chffng nhan dang ki kinh doanh).
- Trich khdu hao theo dffdng thdng.
TT 203 cd quy djnh md rdng hdn vl trich kha'u
hao nhffng cd rang budc cu the. Vl du: Ne'u doanh nghiep trich kha'u hao nhanh nhffng khdng qua 2 lan so vdi kha'u hao theo dffdng thang. Cdn ne'u DN trich kha'u hao nhanh qud 2 lan mffc quy djnh theo khung thdi gian sff dung TSCD da quy djnh thi phan vffdt mffc kha'u hao nhanh (qud 2 lan), doanh nghiep khdng dffdc tinh vdo chi phi hdp \y khi xdc dinh thue' thu nhap DN trong kyf.
- Khung thdi gian sff dung TSCD.
Trong phu luc 1 cua TT 203 cd bd sung them trong danh muc mdy mdc, thie't bj cdng tdc cd them ca may mdc, thie^t bj dung trong nganh Ipc, hda dau (10, 20 nam), mdy mdc thiet bj dung trong thdm dd, khai thdc dau khi (7, 10 nam), may mdc thie't bj xay dffng, can cau (10, 20 nam).
Viec bd sung nay la can thiet vi nffdc ta dang phdt trien nganh Ipc hda dau va thdm dd, khai thac dau khi, phdt trien nganh xay dffng.
Mpt so' kie'n nghj trong quan ly TSCD
- Ve tieu chudn TSCD.
- Trong cdc tieu chua'n nhan bie't TSCD cd neu: neu TLLD cd gid trj tff 10 trieu ddng trd len thi dffdc coi la TSCD. Ca QD206/2003 va TT203/2009 dIu dffa ra mpt gid tri nhff vay.
- Tff trffdc tdi nay gid trj td'i thieu de 1 TLLD Id C Xem tie'p trang 38)
(4^
Tap chf n g h i e n c d u Tdi chfnh ke'todnNGHIEN Cl/U - TRAO 0 6 l ( So 03 (80)-2010 )
tffdng tff tiep theo la ra't tha'p.
Dilu nay Id khdng ddng vi nhilu nghien cffu thffc nghiem chffng minh rang xdc sua't xay ra cua mdt sff kien trong qua khff khdng anh hffdng dl^n xdc sua't xay ra d lan tiep theo.
Vi du, nhilu nha dau tff cho rang hp nen ban cd phie'u sau khi cd phie'u nay tang gia trong mpt thdi gian ddi. Tam 15' suy diln khie^ii ho tin Id kha nang tdng gid trong tffdng lai la rat tha'p sau khi cd phie'u nay da tang trffdng trong mdt thdi gian ddi. Hodc sau mdt thdi ky ddi giam gid, khi tha'y cd mdt vai phien gid chffng lai
hodc cd tang nhe thi nhilu nhd dau tff vdi mua vao vi cho rang kha ndng giam gid tie'p trong tffdng lai la rat tha'p. Dilu quan trpng Id nhd dau tff can hieu rang ne^u cac sff kien la ddc lap thi xac sua't xay ra d mdi lan la nhff nhau. Ne'u nha dau tff mffa cd phie^u dffa tren nhffng suy dien v l xu hffdng tffdng lai la khdng hdp 15'. Thay vao dd bp nen dffa vao phan tich cd ban vd phan tich k)' thuat de ra quye't djnh dau tff.
Tai lieu tham khao
(1) Greygory Curtis
(2004), "Modem Portfolio Theory and Behavioral Finance", The fournal of wealth management
(2) Malena Johnsson, Henrick Lindhlom, Peter Platan, (2002), "Behavioural Finance", Masters thesis in Finance, Lund University
(3) Martin Sewell (2007),
"Behavioural Finance", University College London
(4) Michael Pompian (2006), "Behavioral Finance and Wealth Management", John Wiley & Sons Inc
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TAI SAN CO DINH...
TSCD d nffdc ta da nhilu Ian thay ddi (vi du tff 500.000d, 5 trieu ddng, 10 trieu ddng) tuy theo gid ca, tinh hlnh kinh te tffng thdi k>'. Dd'i vdi gia tri 10 trieu ddng hien nay thie't nghi Id khdng phd hdp vi tinh hlnh gia ca, chi so' lam phdt ngdy nay tang rat nhilu so vdi nam 2003. Ne'u cff duy tri gia trj nay se khd cho DN bach todn tbeo ddi TSCD. Hien nay nen quy djnh 20 trieu ddng trd len la vffa, nhff vay se phu hdp vdi thffc te va tao dilu kien cho bach todn, quan 15' d DN. Sau nay mud'n thay ddi gia trj nay nen lien he vdi gid vang tren thj trffdng lam can cff tham khao.
Ve xdc dinh gid tri TSCD
tdng, giam trong ndm.
- TSCD tdng hay giam trong ndm la viec thffdng xay ra do nhilu nguyen nhan.
Trong bach todn va trich kha'u hao can xdc djnh gid trj tang, giam trong nam. Trong TT203/2009 quy djnh viec trich va khdng trich kha'u hao TSCD tinh tff ngdy cua thang md TSCD dffdc tdng, giam.
Viec lam nay qud chi tie't vd gay khd khan trong bach toan vd xay dffng ke hoach kha'u hao cho DN, ma nen quy djnh trdn thdng, khdng tinh chi tie't theo tffng ngay.
VD: TSCD tang len d ngay nao dd trong thdng thi tinh kha'u hao tbi tff thdng sau trd di. Ngffdc lai, TSCD giam
(Tiep theo trang 48 )
di d ngay ndo dd trong thang thi thdi, khdng tinh kha'u hao tff thang dd trd di. Lam nhff vay cd tinh chat bu trff, stJ sai lech la khdng ddng ke va ddc biet tao thuan ldi cho viec theo ddi, lap ke hoach kha'u hao TSCD.
- Trong TT203/2009 cdn quy djnh TSCD chffa kha'u hao he't da bj mat thi khdng phai tinh kha'u hao. ThiJc ra quy djnh nay chffa day du, cd the phu hdp vdi doanh nghiep tff nhan, con dd'i vdi cdc loai hinh doanh nghiep khdc thi phai xem xet ve trdch nhiem bdi thffdng, khao sdt kj' do nguyen nhan chu quan hay khdch quan dffa lai de dam bao yeu cau bao toan vd'n cua DN.
< ( 3 ^ T a p chf n g h i e n c d u T d i chfnh k e ' t o d n
