G1li'-S3
| O t - I O X
Tam Igp sinh thai - giai phap nhieu tiem nang
Ngay nhan bai: 23/11/2014 Ngay sij-a bai: 5/12/2014 Ngay chap nhan dang: 8/12/2014
Pham Toan Du'c
T O M TAT:
l a m lop cong trinh xay dUng nham bao ve cong trinh khoi cac tac dong ciia moi tnfcing nhii nang, miia, gio, bao va cac yeu to xam thiic khac. Ngoai cac yen cau ca ban tren, trong mot so nhiing cong trinh cu the, jiu cau v^ each am, each nhiet va than thien vdi moi trildng 1^ bat buoc d6i vdi tam lop. Trong nhiing nam gan day tren thi triftJng Viet Nam xuat hien rat nhieu nhuing loai vat heu Icfp mai mdi, mac dii tren the gidi da duoc sii dung til rat lau. Dac diem chung la cac loai v^t lifu nay la dUOc chf tao td cac sai hiiu cO tong h ^ p CO day dii cac tinh nang liu "viet ma trong thanh phan khong co cac chat dgc hai gay anh hudng den moi trUcfng va con ngU6i. Do la nhiing tam Idp thong minh, tam ldp sinh thai Guttapral Acrylic nhap khau tit Ytalia hay Ondulme nhap khau til Malaysia,
ABSTRACT
Roofing construction works in order to protect from the effects ofthe environment such as sun, rain, wind, storms and other corrosive elements. In addition to the basic requirements above, in a number of specific projects, requirements for sound insulation, thermal insulation and environmentally friendly is mandatory for roofing. In recent years Vietnam market appears a lot of new roofing materials, although the world has been used for a long time. The common feature is that this material is made from synthetic organic fibers are full of advanced features which in component no toxic substances aiFect the environment and people. It's the smart roofing, roofing ecological Guttapral Acrylic imported from Ytalia or Onduline imported from Malaysia.
TS. Ph?m Toan Diic Dai hpc Hai PHong
l . D a t v ^ n d ^
Vat lieu m^i lop duoc ap dung rat rong rai trong thUc t e ddi s6ng ndi chung eung n h u l a trong xay dUng ndi tieng T i l t h d i xa xUa ngUdi ta da sCr d u n g vat lieu dja phuang n h u ram, la co lam nen mai nha eho minh, roi den nhCing mai lap bang giay dau. NhUng dac diem chung eda cac loai mai nay la khong ben, kha nang chong dot k^m va de bat Ida.
Tiep den, ngoi va tam fibro-ximang ra ddi da Ceii thien dang k^ nhCfng nhUOc diem cua nhom vht lieu cu. Uu diem nhi^u n h a n g nhUoc diem thay ro nhat cCia vat lieu nay la ddn, de vd, trong thanh phan chila nhieu chat co t i n h ddc hai cao, sir dung lau dai se ^ n h hudng true tiep den sdc khoe eua con ngadi. Nhiing den nay t ^ m Icrp fibro-ximang van chiem dUOc thi phan ldn bdi gih ch ti, thfch h d p cho nhiitig ho ngheo, viJng sau, viing xa
Sura ddi cua t d n la budc dot pha t r o n g cong nghe vat lieu lop m 3 i , n 6 da ehi^m phan ldn thl phan bdi nhCng Uu d i l m ndi troi sau:
- Ben, dep, mau sac phong phu.
-Trong tUong nhe, de van chuyen.
- D e l h i eong va thi cdng nhanh.
- G i a t h a n h ri.
Ben canh dd, su lUa chon vat lieu t d n doi khi cung bi han che bdi nhi/dc diem ciia t o n la on, nong, tdc la khh nang each am, each nh\it kem do vat lieu t o n thudng mong. Mot nhuoe diem nQa cua ton la do lam bSng kim loai va mac dii be mat da duoe p h i l 1 Idp son ma mau nhUng neu lam viec t r o n g moi t n / d n g xam thifc nude bien, hoa chat... co tac dgng an m o n idn thi tudi t h o cung khong dUgc cao.
Khae phuc nhugc diem nay cac nha san xuat dUa ta san pham t o n 3 ldp g d m cd l6pT6n + ldp PU (Polyurethane) + ldp mang PP/PVC. Nhd cong nghe tien hin vh dac tinh bam dieh dac biet ciia chat PU v6i be mat ton vh mang PP/PVC tao thanh mgt khoi thong nhat, chac chan va phling tuyet ddi ma khong m g t loai keo dan nao co dugc. Ldp t o n be mat vdi chat luong tieu chuan JIS (Nhat Ban), ASTIVl (My) hoac AS (Uc) CO tae dung ehe mUa nang va tao nen ket eau ben vifng cho t a m ldp. Ldp PU (Polyurethane) dem lai cho shn pham t i n h nang each nhiet va each am ly tUdng. Tif dau thap ky 60, PU da duac sir dung lam vat li&u csich nhiet cho cae toh nha va cac cong trlnh xay dUng va ngay cang the hien dUOc c^c dae t i n h ndi trdi hdn han so vdi eac chat lieu d i i n g de each am each nhiet t h o n g t h u d n g , Ldp mang PP/PVC dddc can ep phia dUdi tam Igp tao nen be mat sang, mang net t h a m my eho k h d n q qian ndi that, thay the tam tran duoc lam bSng eac vat lidu t h d n g t h u d n g khac
Trong nhflng nam gan day tren thj trUdng Viet Nam xuat hien rat nhieu nhifna loai vat lieu Igp mai mdi, mac du tren the gidi da dUOe sil dung tU rat lau Dae diem chung la c^c loai vat lieu nay la dugc che tao tCf c^c sgi hflu co tdng hoo ed rt' r f cae tinh nang flu vigt ma trong thanh phan khong ed eac chat doc h a i ^ a v Snh h rA den moi trudng va con ngUdi, D 6 Ici nhflng tam Igp t h o n g m.^ - • Guttapral Acrylic nhap khau tUYtalia hay Ondulme nhhp khau ~
2 . Cac g i ^ i p h ^ p Icrp m a i h i e n d a j t i r v a t l i e u tdp m d i sinK . Co the ndi, vat lieu l i ^ mh\ sinh thai \h nhflng vat li^u lap thac khdng gay 6 nhiem, dgc hai tdi moi trfldng trong sudt qua trint dung.VSt lieu lop mdi sinh thai cung r a td a dang t f l mdu sSchlnti nang chiu lUc,. ,de ddp Otig cdc yiu cdu, doi hdi khdc nhau eiia t u .
2 . 1 . Tam l d p t h o n g m i n h
Tam Igp thong minh hay con goi la t d m lop lay sang poly
ri lop sinh thdi ''laysia.
trudng, densCf
1 0 6 BTOIEdOll '
nhflng uu diem vugt trgi lam hhi Idng nhieu gia chCi khi CO nhu c^u Idm gieng trdi lay sdng cho can hg sdp xay cua minh. Vdi ddc tinh quang hoc va chiu duac su tdc dgng manh sdn pham niiy thflc sfl Id ung ciJt dich thUc cho hhng loat dp dung thay t h ^ cho Igp tfin, vach ngdn kfnh.
Nhdm sdn pham Polycarbonate duge sdn xuat vdi nhieu chCing loai cd the flng dung cho hdu het ede loai cong trinh.
Tdm lop polycarbonate ngoai cac flu ^ e m nhfl dugc phil ldp chdng tia t f l ngoai, de udn theo cdc hinh dang phflc tap, ehju lUe gap 200 - 250 lan so vdi kinh, nhe hon kfnh eo cflng dd ddy 12 lan, cdch am tdt hon sau Idn, each nhiet hcJn tam phdn quang 1,8 lan, khong bdt ehdy..., cdn chjU dflge t h d i tiet khae nghiet nang ndng, mfla nhieu cira vflng Trung bg ma khong anh hudng den chat lugng sau mot t h d i gian dai sfl dung bdi nd cd the ehiu dUOc nhi6t tfl4O0C den 13S0C,
Tren thj trfldng phd bien nhat van la loai hai Idp (twinlite), 6 gifla cd cac vach ngan, tao eho tam cd nhflng khoang rong tfla t d ong. San p h ^ m d a y 6 - 1 0 m m , khd 2,1x5,8 m vdi hai dang trOn hay cd hat lam t a m tren be mat, dung de ISy sang nhieu it t u y y . Sau 3-4 nam sfldung cac tarn (gp vdn giQ dfloc dd trong sudt, lay sang tdt vd rat it hap t h u nhiet (hinh 1).
Tiiy theo edng ndng, quy mo cfla cdng trinh mtl ngfldi ta sfl dung tam lap tcim ldp vdi mau sSc. kich cd vd do day khae nhau. Thong thfldng n^u de dflng lam tran vd vdeh ngan sfl dung t3m day 4 m m . Neu dung lam mh) cho cac cong trlnh nhd, khau do dfldi 12 m, mai hien. cfla sd, bien quang eao,..dung tam day 6 m m . Ttong trfldng hop dung eho eac eong trinh ddi hdi sU cdch am, each nhiet cao n h u mdi be bdi, nha luy^n tdp, nhd thi dau, san van ddng thl dung loai cd do day 11-16 m m .
2.2.Tlim l d p sinh t h a i O n d u l i n e Tam Igp sinh thai khdc vdi cac san pham thay the nd bdi nhflng tinh nang flu viet eua nd.
Thfl nhat, nguyen lieu dfloc lam tam Idp sinh thai thudng Id nhflng nguyen lieu vo hai vdi mdi trfldng, phd bien nhat la chat bitum nhfla du'dng, khong chfla amiang gay ung t h u n h u trong loai tam Igp da bi cam sfl dung hien nay.
Thfl hai, tam ldp sinh thai khong gay ra nhflng tieng on n h u yeu diem cua tdn kem khi trdi mua, nguge lai khi trdi nSng tam Igp sinh thai cung giup mdi cong trinh nha mat hdn vi khdng gifl nhi&t va ddc biet Id khdng b| ri set n h f l ton kem. Khong chi vay, tam ldp sinh thai con ed khd nang ehju duge gid bao len den cap 16. Tuy vay, tdm idp ndy lai rat nhe c h d khong nang n h u ngoi. Hau n h u cac loai tam lop sinh thdi dfldc ban tren thi trudng hien nay Id duge nhap kha'u tfl nfldc ngodi v^ n h u t d Malaysia hode eac nadc Chau Au. Dan cfl n h u tam ldp Onduline nhdp t d Malaysia la mdt dien hlnh.
Vdi chat li&u chinh la sgi hOu ca t d n g hgp, xim nhUa bitum bien t i n h va m d t so hda chat phu gia khac, duac n^n dudi dp sudt va nhiet dd cao, tam ldp Onduline khdng dge hai, thdn thien vdi mdi truemg, dugc goi |^ xam Idp smh thdi cua the k)/ 21- Nhfltig nguyen 1^ ve mat khoa hgc da tao nen nhung ^ 3 , 4 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^^^.
Giai phap phoi mau hieu qiiS l^ha hang Kien Giang ifinh 2. Motsocong trinh tieu bi^uaa siidung tam lap sinh thai Ondulinetai Viet fJam cho tam top Onduline: gidm dUdc 60% luang
nhiet, 80% tieng on, khdng rf set, chiu dUdc hda chat an mdn, trgng Iflong nhe (3,3kg/m=}, tudi tho cao, khdng ddc hai, khong bi gay v d khi va cham, CO the chju duoc tdi trgng 1 t d n / l m ^ . C d thd ndi tam Igp Onduline tdp hgp dflge tat cd flu diem phu hgp vdi dieu kien khi hau ciia Viet Nam vd tranh dUde nhflng nhflde diem cfla ede loai tam top khac, Ket qud thu dfloc khi nghien cdu thuc nghiem danh gid cac chi tieu co ly ciia sdn pha'm tam lap Onduline hoan todn ddp dng
dfldc ede tieu chi t r o n g tieu c h u i n Viet Nam hiin hanh
d Viet Nam, tam lop Onduline da dflOc sd dung tai nhieu cdng trinh xay dflng ddn d u n g , trfldng hgc, nha t h d , b^nh vidn, kho chfla hang, khdch san. Resort cao cap... Ti^u bieu nhat la Khu du ljeh Bd Na, Nhd hang Nam Hdi Vdn (Od Ning), khu du lich Bien Rang- Nui Thanh (Qudng Nam), Nha t h d Hoa My, trudng Trung hgc co s6 Hda Tien (Qudng Tri), Trung t d m Muc Vu Gido phdn Hud; nhd may sdn xudt t h e p Ngoc Chau
12.2014HWildlHl < " '
Bang 1: Cac chi tieu cd ly sdn pham Cdc chi t i e u
1 ,Do ben udn, Mpa ( W m m ' ) + Loai 1: khdng nhd hon + Loai 2: Idn hon 2.0d ben k^o rach N + Loai 1: Idn hon +Loai 2: Idn hdn
3.Tinh khdng tham nudc (thdi gian xuyen nUdc),h, khdng nhd hon 4. Hi sd truyen nhiet, Wm^K, nhd hon 5.T;^le chat hflu c o , % 6. Tinh ddng nhat san pham
7. Khdi lUdng sai lech cho 1 m ' san pham, %
MiJTc q u i d i n h ciia TCVN 8052-1:2009
14 7
200 150 48
7 70 Oat yeu cau
±10
Tdm l o ^ sinh t h a i O n d u l i n e
18
400
Ngam lien t y c t r o n g 500 g i d khdng tham nUdc 5 6 86
Sdn pham mdt Idp, dat y6u cau ve t i n h ddng nhat
±10
Cum thiet hi chuan hi nguyen lieu Cum Ihiet bixeo Hlnh 3 Day truyen cdng nghe san xuat lam lap khong doc hai tai cong ty Thuan Cuong (khu cdng nghiep Hda Khanh -Ben Tre), trai ga
Phu Dien (Ha Ngi), Cdng ty sao Thdi Duong (Ha Nam), Kho Thanh Tri eua Tdng Cong t y Cd khf Idp may COMA,. Trong do ed nhCfng cdng trinh da sfl dung hang van m'tcim Idp Onduline.
3. Nhiimg t h a n h tUu d a t dUUc t r o n g cdng n g h e sdn x u a t t a m i d p k h o n g chat doc hai cr V i ^ t Nam
Dau mdc ddu tien trong nganh sdn xuat tam Igp dViet Nam la sU ra ddi eua nha may Tam Igp Bien Hda tinh Odng Nai va nhd mdy Tam Igp Thil O f l c - T p , H d Chi Minh nam 1966-1968.Trai qua nhifng ndm thang phdt trien, nghdnh cdng nghiep san xuat tam ldp sfl dung luong rat idn Amiang, dde biet d cdc tinh Nam Bd. TrUdc mdi de doa den mdi trudng va sflc khde do tam Icjp amiang gdy ra, t f l nhflng ndm 2001 Trung tam Cfing nghe mdi trfldng CET thude Cdng ty Phat tnen Odu t u Cdng nghe (FPT) da phdi hgp vdi C d n g t y Kawasaki Steel tnen khai dfl an "Nghien cdu hien trang sd dung amiang vd t h d nghiem vdt lieu thay the tai Viet Nam"
Cac loai soi thuc vat dfloc nghien euu va dng dung trong d u an rat sdn co tai Viet Nam n h f l hot giay, bdt tre, soi day Ve mat cong nghe, ddy la t h d nghiem dau tten ddi vdi viec ung dung sOi thue vat trong sdn xudt vdt lieu xay d^fng bdng edng nghe xeo cdn.
Do khdi IflOng neng eua soi thUe vat khd thap nen tam Igp sdn xuat ra nhe, Cac tam
Igp ed be mat nhan, hoi bdng, mdu ghi nhat va d ^ dang son phu mau de trang tri theo sd thfch ngUdi sfl dung. Chat luong sdn pham sai thuc vdt budc dau dd dap flng dfldc da sd tieu ehuan Viet Nam NhUng dieu quan trong hon ea la van tdn dung dfldc day chuyen sdn xual tam amiang - ximdng s i n eo md khdng can thay doi nhieu eong nghe cu. Ben canh do, ngudn nguyen lieu sgi thUe vat dViet Nam kha p h o n g phfl, gdm cac sgi xa gd sinh ra tU qud trinh ehe bien gd, cae phu pham ndng nghiep nhusoi cdy ngo, rom ra.
Nam 2006, nhdm thay the chat amiang dge hai trong san xuat tam Igp, Vien Cdng n g h ^ (Bd Cdng nghiep) da thiet ke va che tao day chuyen san xuat tam lap khdng sd dung amiang Cong nghe da dUdc ehuyen giao eho mdt cdng t y ed phan Thuan Cudng - Hdi DUOng vdi t d n g tri gia thiet bi len tdi 1,5 by ddng Nhdm nghien cdu, da chon bdt giay nghien mjn, sdi PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) - sdn pham eua nganh hod dau, va mdt sd chat phu gia lam vat lieu thay the amidng.
Sai PVA bam dfnh tdt vdi xi mang, tang cudng d d ben cua tam Idp, song khong the phan tach thanh cae hat cUc nhd. Cac nude cam amidng cung chap nhdn PVA la vat lieu an toan. Do khd ndng gifl cac hat xi mang cua PVA kem nhieu idn so vdi SOI amiang nen bdt giay vd phu gia dUdc bd sung Sdn pham nghien cdu la 2,000 tam Igp lam bdng hdn hgp xi mdng va cac vdt lieu ndi
tren dd dudc san xuat trong khudn kiio cua De tdi KC 06-15. K^t qud ki^m ra ei-- ->'iy <*? ben udn vd do tham nudc eda n h d i ' - • " " '9P "^V t u a n g dflong v d i c d c t a m sdng a -• ''9' "^ mang dat TCVN 4434:2000.
Tam Igp khdng sfl d y n g amiang dfldc sdn xuat tren hai cum thiet b i : ehuan bi nguydn vat lieu va xeo. Xeo dugc hieu Id cong doan tdeh nude khdi hdn hgp xi mang, b d t giay, PVA va phu gia d ^ tao thanh cae t a m lop thdnh p h ^ m .
Cum chuan bi nguyen vat lieu gdm cac thiet bi danh nhuyen bdt giay, thiet bj pha che phu gia, may xe tdi va dinh lucfng sdi PVA. Cum xeo la he thiet bl xeo tam Igp amiang - xi mang dflge cdi tien.
Cdng nghe tten rdt ed tnen vgng vl hien chau Au va Nhdt Bdn cung dang cd nhu cau nhdp khau tam lOp khdng amidng Ngoai ra, nhu cdu sdn pham se rat Idn khi Nha nUdc cam sd d u n g amiang trong sdn xuat t a m lop trong t u a n g lai, gidng n h u phdn Idn cdc nUdc chdu Au da lam.
4 . Ket l u a n
Cdc ca s6 sdn xuat t a m Igp tai Viet Nam duge phan b d deu tren cd nudc. Phdn Idn la nhflng ca sd lam dn bai ban, cfing nghe ngay edng ddi mdi, chdt lugng ngdy cang nang cao, moi trfldng khong ngifng dUdc xfl ly tdt, cd t h f l o n g hieu, dfldc cac co quan Nha nfldc cdp Giay ehflng nhdn.Tuy nhien cung con nhdng co sd vdn dau tU thap, san xuat ft, chat ludng san pham vd moi trfldng khdng duge kiem sodt, gid bdn t u y tien lam rdi loan thj t r u d n g tam Igp
Oe khac phuc tinh trang yeu kem neu tren, p h u o n g hudng thdnh lap cac Tap dodn sdn xuat vd tieu t h u t a m Igp la hudng di can thiet.Tren thuc te cung da hinh thanh nhflng n h d m nhd may mang ddng dap cua nhflng Tdp dodn nhU Ha Long, Odng Anh va dd mang lai nhuTig hidu qud kha quan ve chat luang sdn pham vd x d ly mdi trudng.
Xu hudng phdt trien tam lop khdng chat doe hai ndl chung va tdm lap sinh thai ndi rieng la tat yeu. 6 nfldc ta, du da ed n h d n g nha mdy san xuat tam Idp khong chdt dde hai tai Hdi Duong, Odng Anh, nhung sdn lUdng van edn d mdc khiem t d n . NhCmg san pham tam lOp sinh thai hien nay ehu yeu vdn la nhdp nen gid thdnh eao ban cdc loai tam lop thong d u n g sdn xuat t r o n g nUdc, NhUng vdi t i n h n a n g ' v u o t troi ve cdc mat, trong tUOng lai tam lap sinh thai se dugc sdn xuat bdi cac nhd may t r o n g nude vdi nhieu mau ma vd chung loai thfch h o p vdi eac Inai rnnn trinh ^yi m^l ^'Mnn rVM^n l o a i c o n g t r l n h v d m o i v
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
[2]Nguyen Kim Huan, Bactiflir,' san xuat vat lieu xay difng. NXB Ki , 1996
[3] Nguyen Hoa Thinh, Nguyen 'ji -aJhocvacongngh^, NXB khoa hoc k [4] Nguyen HhifOuy. Cong nghe v, dung Ha Noi 2002
(51 Pham Duy HOu, Ngo Xuan Qua giaatt)6TigvatliLHaN&i2IXI4.
Thie'lbinhiel trong
"1 ''V ihuat. Ha Noi '- • • ''"u composil