T A U H . 7 , ^ r i . T i ; L i g U T R O N G NUC3C
Tam quan chua Keo mpt goc nhin doi sanh
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I a , TRANG THANH HI^N
Huang iing mdt nin chudng rung/
Thip thoing chia
Thuyi'n td ciu ¥it gii diy sing [\].^i\
tho nhu goi lai ca mot qud ithu hdo
hung va truyen thuyet ve chua Keo, gdn iien vdi vj thien su danh tidng khdng Minh Khdng ddi Ly.
Vj Dai Phdp Thien su ddc dao than thdng quang dai ndy, tirng luyen ngdi thdnh vang, bien sdng thdnh ruou, thu bet
ddng cua phuong Bdc dem vd' due
WiMi An Nam tu dai
i(hi, chua bdnh hda
hd cho vua Ly Than Tdng, vd duoc vua phong id Thdi sU. Cd ie vi ly do dd m d ngdi Than Quang TU, tuc chua Keo ngdy nay, da chua dung
h-ong nd nhung dif lieu Ijch sur vd nhung ndt kidn UUc vd cung ddc ddo.
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hdng chi gie chudng chdng diem ba tang mudi hai mii; ldi kidn true "lidn Phat hau Thinh" vdi hai chri cdng trong cung mpt ket ciu ndi cdng ngoai qud'c; kidn trric tam quan chria Keo Thai Binh cring la mpt edng trinh dpc nhit vd nhj ghi dam nhung gii trj tam linh.Tam quan chria Keo, hay cdn gpi li tam quan npi (2), dupe dyng theo ldi kdt ciu vi keo ba hing chan ept, cd vich gd bit ddc hai diu. An mdng tri ept cii hai diu hdi, cic xa nich dupe dat theo loi chdng giudng, da'u ke sang diu nhung ept quan. De dyng gdc mii va dp cong cria diu dao bdn phia, ngudi ta da khdo leo tiio nhring biy gdc ngin, ke't hpp vdi bp vl ke chuyen tri diu ept cai hai vl giria ra ddn ept hien dd dd hp thd'ng tau dao mii li truydn thd'ng phia tren. Phia diu nhring rudng einh, li hp thd'ng cic eon eham hinh diu rdng cich dipu kidu hinh may Iria ed dudi, tiio nen mpt nhjp dipu lien tidp tri diu gdc len sudt thuang luong, cring li diu ept cii. Cdn hai bp vl giria tbi tao nen mpt khoang trd'ng thoing giria ke chuydn va xa nich. Giua cac hing ept eii cria cie bp vl keo nay, ngudi ta da tao ra nhung khung dd lip bp cua dang brie bin. Cie cria nay an tru xoay cinh vio lung con siu gd ke dudi thanh ngang bau cua.
Day li mpt ldi kidn trric rit dac trimg cho kieu dang nha ba gian hai ehai truydn thd'ng, nhung d mpt tim mric cao ban. Nd da dupe gian luac di mpt hang ept de tao nen mpt kdt ciu "phing" khi nhin tri hai phia npi vi ngoai cia cdng trinh. Nd cring khic xa vdi ldi dyng tam quan thdng thudng la bp cria dupe lip d hang chan ept cai thri hai tri ngoai vio dd hlnh thinh mpt kidu thric nha rdng ldng. Mae diu ldi dyng ba hang ept niy khdng tao nen mpt kie'n trric hoanh trang, nhung nd lai cho thiy tinh chit dpc lap cria mdt tam quan, dring vdi y nghia la ldi cria ra vao. Vi cring do khdng kidn tao nen mpi gian nao d kidn true tam quan nay, nen phia tren khung cria len den diu thuang luong da tao nen mpt khoang trong cin thie't cho vipc lip cae van xi dupe each dipu dd lim nen bp ba didm cria vdng. Tuy cac bp didm cia vdng niy khi dan gian nhung chring lai tao nen dp an nhjp vdi eac eham khic d diu rudng canh kd tren.
Nhring mang eham rdng may d didm cria vi ming eham rdng tren toin bp canh cria gian giria mang dam phong cich cria nghp thuat eham khic diu TK XVII. Nd cring phri hpp vdi nien dai dupe ghi tren bia Thdn Quang Tu bi dyng nam Drie Long thri tu (1632) do eac vuang lin hoang tpc, va ei vua Le
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Thin Tdng, Hoang Thii hau Trjnh Thj Ngpc Trinh, Hau phi Trjnh Thj Ngpc Trric cring gia dinh cung tin Trjnh Thj Ngpc Tram bd cria ra xay dyng tidn dudng, hau dudng, hinh lang (3)... Cd the ndi cdng cupc dai trring tu niy da lam nen dipn mao kidn trric chria Keo ngay nay.
Trong ljch sri tdn tai, chria Keo Thii Binh da trai qua nhidu lin trring tu, tdn tao. Theo truyen thuydt ke lai, cd mpt ngdi chria tri thdi Ly, ten li Nghiem Quang Ty, dupe xay vio nam Tan Suu, nien hipu Chuong Thinh Gia Khanh thri ba (1061), ddi vua Ly Thinh Tdng, tren dit ling Keo (Giao Thuy). Sau tran lut ldn vio nam Nham Ty, ling Giao Thriy bj chia tich lam hai noi, ngdi chria cri tbi bj trdi dat, ngudi ta da dyng nen hai ngdi chria mdi d hai ben bd sdng cho dan d mdi nia ling. Do vay, ngiy nay d vring ddng bing Bic Bp tdn tai hai ngdi chria Keo, mpt thupc tinh Nam Djnh gpi li Keo Hinh Thipn hay cdn dupe gpi la Keo tren, mpt thupc dit Thii Binh gpi li Keo dudi. Hai ngdi chria nay cring cd nien dai TK XVII, vi cring thd drie Khdng Minh Khdng, cring nhu ed ldi kie'n trric gin nhu mpt cap song sinh.
Tuy nhien, kieu dang hlnh thric tam quan vdi bd vl ba hing ept vi bp cua eham rdng thi lai chi dae bipt cd d chria Keo Thii Binh. Cdn chria Keo Hanh Thipn mac diu cd tdi hai tam quan, tam quan ngoai vi tam quan npi nhung kidn trric eac tam quan nay chi dupe thidt ke theo dang thdng thudng, cdn cic hpa tidt eham rdng chi cd tren cie thanh phin kidn trric gd, bp ddi cinh cria tbi hoan loin dd Iron, khdng cd eham khic.
Cd the ndi, bd cria gd eham rdng cia chria Keo Thii Binh da ghi nhan mpt diu tich nghp thuat dac sic cria thdi Le trung hung. Mdi cinh cria cao 2m, rpng 2,6m, dii 1,2m vdi bd'n dia cinh khdng eham hoa van, coi nhu lam khung cho ca brie eham cdng phu. Trung tam cria brie eham niy li mpt ddi rdng, ma khi khep hai canh cua lai, thi chring cring chiu vio mpt mat trdi d giria. Hlnh tuong rdng vdi khudn mat du lpn, dang dip khde manh, uy nghiem khdng dupe bd eye tieh bipt ma lan dudi lin van may, quypn vdi cic hlnh may dao cich dipu tri rau va
bdm rdng, khidn con vat linh thieng nhu lric in lric hipn trong nhung nhjp sdng may ehuyen dpng. Dudi chan ddi rdng ldn ed ddi lan vi nhring hat ngpc iron; dd'i xring hai phia ben tren cria bd cria cdn cd ddi rdng nhd ban vdi the cudn minh khi phric tap, dupe eham tuong dd'i bipt lap, nhu thd chring dupe tiio ra de lip vao chd trd'ng. Nhung nhin ky, ddi rdng niy da khidn cho ddi rdng ldn cupn thinh mpt hmh li dd ldn chinh giria khudng cria, phri hpp vdi tinh thin Phat giio cia ngdi chria va ddng thdi brie eham nhu da dupe md ra nhring ting khdng gian xa gin, cao thap. Cd le do sy ddc dio duy nhit cria bd cua nay, nen trong lin trring tu trong nhung nam diu TK XX, bd cria chria Keo Thai Binh da dupe mang vd bao ling My thuat dd bao quin, cdn bp cria hipn tai dang dyng d chria li mdt bin sao gin dring.
Sy xuit hipn cia hinh tupng rdng d bp ddi canh cria lam quan khdng don thuin li dd kidn tao mpt ve dep trong kien trric mi chring cdn mang mdt y nghia khic, dd li chring td dae an cria ngdi chria thd vj thinh ed on vdi vua. Bdi le chi cd nhung di tich lien quan ddn vua va hoang tpc thi hinh tupng rdng mdi dupe dat d mpt vj tri quan trpng nhu vay. Han nua, mang eham rdng tren bp cria chria Keo lai li mang chiim ldn nhit trong sd nhung di vat ljch sri cdn dd lai cho den ngay nay. Ndu so sinh vdi cic bp cria nhu d chria Phd Minh, ddn nhi Trin (cria cung Trring Hoa), thi tha'y rd hon ring, xet tri cic gdc dp kich thudc, qui md va mric dp chiim khic tinh xao, bp cria tam quan chria Keo cd the dupe xem li mpt kipt lie. Nd cring da cd nhring sy kd thria nhit djnh lri bd cua chria Phd Mriih nhu li ldi cupn hai hinh tupng eon rdng trung tam vio vdi dang thric li dd. Cho dri ke thria, nhung cii y mudn cria cac nghp nhan la tim ddn mpt sy hda hpp cho toan bd brie eham da khien hp Ihd'ng may dao mic trd thanh net chinh dd tang them cho linh chit sieu thyc va uy quydn cria cic eon vat linh dupe thd hipn d day.
Xet rieng vd hlnh tuong rdng, sy bidn chuyen cia cic cau trric hlnh sui kidu rdng thdi Ly - Trin sang ldi cau trric ty do ban thdi Le trung hung da tao nen eho bidu tucmg nay
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A Jh TLT Lieu TRONG NLTCfC nhring dang thric, y nghia khic. Bdm vi rau
rdng cring theo dd ma khdng cdn giri dipp khrie dang hlnh sin vdi muc dich tao nen sy chuyen dpng ihoan thoit, rna thay vao dd li sy hda may, hda dao mic, khidn con rdng TK XVII bpc lp ve tinh tai ban nhtmg eung diy tinh thi uy ban. Them nria, giai doiin nay cring la giai doiin phit tridn manh me cia eham khic dinh lang, vi hlnh tupng rdng xuat hipn d day cung rit phd bidn. Nd khidn cho bidu tupng nay khdng cdn cd nghia thuin triy la tupng trung cho vua nria, mi ed the tupng trung eho mpt the lye phong kidn ndi chung.
Trd liii vdi hlnh tupng rdng tren bp cia gd tam quan chria Keo, ta cung ed thd lam sy so sanh dd'i chidu vdi mpt dang thric tam quan khic cd cring nien dai TK XVII, nhu tam quan dinh So. Cung li rdng eham mang ldn d tam quan, nhung rd ring da cd sy "kinh nhi vidn chi" khi mang eham nay ehi dupe dat d khudng tren cia ddi eanh cria gd, ma khdng phai chinh canh cria gd dupe eham rdng. Didu nay da cho tha'y y nghia rit khae bipt, mpt ding li bidu tupng rdng - bidu tupng vua dupe thd hien ra ngay chinh dipn, cdn mpt ding cung cd the la bidu tupng rdng - vua - tridu dinh hoac bidu tupng eho ngudn cpi dupe dat cao hin len, nhu mpt sy tdn kinh cin thie't tuan theo cic the thric, nguyen tic Nho giao eua xa hpi phong kidn xua kia.
Khdng chi vay, bidu tupng rdng d thd chinh dipn niy cdn khing djnh mpt vj thd khic cia chria Keo Thii Binh. Dd la khi ta dd'i sinh ljch sri cria vipe dyng tam quan cia chinh hai ngdi chria Keo Thai Binh vi Hanh Thipn, cd thd thiy ngiiy ring neu chi li an sring eho ngdi chria thd vi thanh cd on vdi vua, dd din de'n ed dupe bd ddi eanh cria eham rdng nhu da ndi d tren, tbi le ra se cd hai tam quan ed cua eham rdng.
Nhung da cd didu khae bipt duy nhat giria hai noi nay dupe ghi chep liii tren cic bia dyng d cac chria la: mdt noi do chinh vua Le cung than quydn chria Trjnh bd tidn ra tu sua (4), cdn mpt ben li do quan dan cdng drie de lim (5). Cai vj thd khic nhau cia nhring ngudi trung tu khae nhau, it se dan de'n nhring hlnh thric khic nhau.
Do vay bp ddi einh cria chiim rdng niy vdn chi danh cho ngdi chria, di tich gin lien vdi tridu dinh, hoang tpc, nhung noi diii danh lam, da dupe xuit hipn d chdn dan gian, va danh cho mpt ngdi chria thd mpt vj thinh ed on vdi vua.
Va cring chi khi tridu dinh dring ra trring tu mdi ed uy quyen dd mang nhring hlnh tuong nhu vay dat vao vj tri trang trpng cia ngdi chria. ma khdng phii li quan hay dan dupe triy tipn quyet djnh. Ngoai ra ngudn dri hpu lich sri nay cdn girip khing djnh them ngudn tai lye, tri lye ddi dao cho viec dyng hang tram gian cria ngdi chria bing gd lim vi mpt kdt ciu vd cring dpc dao cia gae chudng chua Keo.
Cudi cring, vdi tit ea nhring ly do nay nen khdng chi bp ddi cinh cria tam quan ma mpt sd eham khic tren cic thinh phin kidn trric khic cria chria Keo, hlnh tupng rdng cung dupe si dung khi da dang. Tren va dudi cria con tien cria hau cung thd thanh Khdng Lp, nhring mang chiim khic rdng cung da kie'n tao nen ve dep cia khu thd. Tren hiu bet nhring con son, cot chdng cia cac tda gia roi, phuc qude, thieu huang, thupng dien, con rdng dupe the hien vdi nhring dang dip khae nhau: eon bay len. eon chrii diu xud'ng. cd nhring eon diing vdn may hay cud'n trdn minh... Ky thuat chiim thudng la eham ndng, nhin vio cic chi tidt. Cic con son, ept chdng niy mac diu vdn dupe dyng vdi muc
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dich gia cd sric chju lye cho cic diu biy, nhung nay ddng thai lai phye vy cho muc dich lim dep kie'n tao nen ve sinh dpng, khae bipt cho nhring cdng irlnh kidn trric d khu thd thinh, so vdi khu thd phat chria Keo. d chi tidt nay, thi ngudi ta cd the tha'y sy tuang ddng trong vipc trang tri giria hai ngdi chria Keo Thii Binh, vi Keo Hinh Thipn.
Vd mat y nghia mi ndi, bp ba cua tam quan, chi cd bp cinh giria dupe eham rdng cdn hai bp cinh hai ben dupe dd iron la cd ly do rieng. Bdi lam quan cd vi tri dyng theo true thing vio chinh dipn, nen phia ngoii tam quan, chria Keo cdn ed hai cua phu hai ben de ngay thudng, dan cd the vao, hoac ndu tam quan dupe md, cung chi md hai cdng hai ben chri khdng md cinh giria. Bdi theo phong thriy thi bp cinh cria eham rdng giua niy cdn li lim binh phong cria toin bp kdt ciu kidn trric chria. Chi khi nio Id hpi, te' ty thi nd mdi dupe md ra dd rude thin thinh vd mpt each trang trpng.
Tren binh dipn tridt ly Phat giio thi lam cd nghia la "tam gidi thodt mdn" trie ba cria giai thoat chring sinh gdm: Khdng gidi thodt mdn, Vd nguyen gidi thodt mdn, Vd tudng gidi thodt mdn. Khdng gidi thodt mdn la quin sit tit ca cic phip do nhan duyen ma sinh thinh, ty tinh vdn la khdng, khdng lam, khdng nhan, til ca mpi thri nhu hu huydn khdng ed that, thdng dat nhu the, thi mdi cd the ngp nhap vao cdi Nidt ban. Vd nguyen gidi thodt mdn cdn gpi la vd tac giai thoit mdn, chinh la tit ca cac phip sinh tu, nguypn xa rdi y nipm tao tic, dd ngp nhap vao Nidt ban dipu qua. Vd tudng gidi thodt mdn la quin sit tit ca phap the gian ddu li gia hop eua hlnh tudng, hidu dupe tri dai ngri uin giai khdng, rdi cic nhan nga chip tudng mi ngp nhap vio edi tjch tinh cia Nidt bin (6). Vd tudng giai thoit mdn cung ring vio cinh cria d giua, cip dp cao nhat cria vipc tu hinh. Nhu vay ndu ring nd vao bp cria eham rdng nay thi cd thd xem nhung ldp lang y nghia da dupe chdng len nhring gii trj khic nhau.
Cd thd ndi, kidn trric tam quan chria Keo Thii Binh li mpt trong nhring thric kidn trric dac sic cho loai hlnh nay vio TK XVII, vi nd
cung la lidn dd cho sy phit tridn vio cud'i TK XVIII. Kidu thric ba hing cdt niy da dupe giin lupc them, chi cdn mpt hang ept nhu kidn trric dac sic cua tam quan chria Kim Lien sau niy.
Ngoii ra, vdi bp ba didm cua vdng d phia tren khung cua, cd the xem nhu mpt tidn dd cho ldi trang tri kidu dang d bdc dupe phit tridn miinh me sau niy trong kidn trric cung dinh Hud.
Nhu vay lri nhung cii nhin ddi sinh, eac kidu thric kie'n trric tam quan, tudng chimg nhu don gian, da tao nen net dep dpc dio cho nghe thuat Vipt. Bude qua tam quan, vio vdi thdgidi cia dao Phat, chring sinh vd hlnh chung nhu dupe thoit khdi phidn nao, tidn nhap vio chdn thanh tjnh, an nhien ty tai, cd thd hidu them vd y nghia cria chdn bi ngan dd diit dao qui Nidt
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1. Tdm huang nhdi chu khdn thien chiuigi An udc Thdn Quang yen vii trung/ Phdp vu hanh id lien nguyel han I Til hdng hdo dp mdn giang phong.. .Bai iha ciia L^
Khae Nghi khae tren bia TTiiin Quang Tif cung ky.
2. Cach gpi nay khong chinh xac, bai cong trinh kien true ducrc goi la tam quan ngoai. Ihirc ch&'l khong phai la mpt tam quan. Ne'u xet theo dting chiic nang va kieu dang kien iruc ihi lam quan ngOiii do mil phiii gpi la phuong dinh. Bdi le. no khong phai la cdng vao ciia mdi ng6i chua. ma chi la mpi noi dirng chan truoc khi vao khu chiia chinh. Thiif niia, loi kien iriic a day chi co cac hang c6i ma khong hi bit vach. cung nhu khong lao cira giira hang cac cdt cai thir hai ciia loa nha. D6 vao chiia, ngudi la cdn phai di vdng qua mpi cai hd hlnh chii nhil Idn, sau dd biroc qua cira ciia hang muc cdng irinh ihii hai (quen gpi la lam quan ndi). Diy mdi dich ihirc lii ldi kien iriJc lam quan vdi Idi dung vi keo 3 hang cdi va 3 bd cira. Tuy nhien. ii dJ phan bidl. chiing ldi van ngu ra len gpi lam quan ndi cho cdng trinh ihii hai nay de ddc gia dt hinh dung.
3. 4. Bia Than Quang Tu, nien hieu Diic Long 4 (1632). chiia Keo Thai Binh. biin dap Vien NghiSn ciiu Han Ndm. ky hieu No 1355.^-56.
5. Than Quang Tir dai phap su bi. nien hieu Canh Tn 9 (1671). chiia Keo Hanh Thien. ban dap Vien Nghien ciiu Han Ndm. No 2317-18.
6. Pham Tuan. Tam quan trong kien trde chiia Viet Nam, Thdng bao Han Ndm hpc. 2(X)5.
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