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TAO MOI TRUONG AN TOAN THONG QUA THIET KE DO THI TRONG CAC Dir AN KHU 0 XAY M0I TAI THANH PHO HO CHJ MINH
PGS.TS. KTS Trin Van Khdi TntangDqi hoc Congnghe TPH6 ChiMinh
Nhilu nai tren the gidi dang cfl tinh hinh tfli phgm dien biln phdc tap dnh hudng den ddi song dfl thj.
Tinh hinh tfli phgm d TP HCM (theo bdo cdo td Cong an TP HCM), liv cuoi ndm 2013 din thdng 2/2014, da xay ra 1.155 vy phgm phdp hinh sy.
Tuy so vdi cung ky nam ngoai cfl giam rat nhieu... nhung nhung dilm
"nflng" lpi phgm d cae qudn 6. 11, 12, Thii Ode, Tdn Phu, Cin Gid vd Nhd Be eon gia tang. Cflng an TP HCM nhgn dinh: Dii dd day liii duac toi phgm, nhung hign nay d TP HCM nhung logi tfli phgm nhu: Giet ngudi, ma tiiy mgi ddm. . lai co nhung diln biln phdc tgp, kho ludng han.
"Ljch sd toi phgm hpc" cho thay: Ban dau ngudi xua cho rang nguyen nhdn eiia tfli phgm Id do ma qu;^ xui giyc, thien van lac dpng, hay ban chit ke pham lpi Id cfl tinh bIm sinh. Dan dan ngudi ta mdi nhdn ra rang chinh mfli trudng d co vai tna Idn trong viflc phat sinh tfli phgm.
Cdc khu nhd d mdi tgr TP HCM dupe trien khai xdy mdi gflm 2 dgng nhd chfnh: Nha d thap lang (Bidt thy, nhd lidn ke) vd chung cu cao tang.
Tuy nhidn, eflng ldc thilt k l do thj - Mfll npi dung quan trpng ciia thiet k l
moi trudng d tgi TP HCM qua nhieu thdi ky tdi nay van chua dgt trinh dp hodn chinh, chua quan ldm tdi van d l phflng chong ngdn ngua tfli phgm, thdm chi cfl KTS lai coi viec phong ching t0i pham Id vide chu yeu ciia cong an vd phdp lugt.
Ai cung biet viee phflng ngda tpi pham phdi dupe Ihyc hign mol cdch ea ban d cap dp vT'mfl nhu phdt trien kinh t l , hodn thien hg thing phdp lugt, tdng cudng vai trfl cua cflng an.... Nhung Phflng ngua tpi phgm theo lanh tho mfli trudng bang thiet ke dfl thi lai cfl hieu qud tryc tilp.
Chinh vi vdy, giai phap Phdng chong tgi pham thong qua thiit ki mdi trudng {Crime prevention through environmental design: CPTED) da dupe nhilu nude dp dyng trong thilt k l do thj. Dang tile, khdi niflm CPTED d nude ta cfln xa Ig, bo qua mflt khd ndng de tgo mflt mfli trudng song an loan.
Trudc tidn, de viflc hoach djnh ede ehinh sach phflng chong, ngan ngua mdi toan dien vd higu qud thi ca c h l phgm tpi c i n dupe nhdn dign tren cdc ly thuyet ve "Tpi phgm hpc" vd "Nan nhdn hpc".
rao vd cdng nhin xuyen thdu de cdng ddng phdt hien ke gtan cdy cua dot nhdp 26 TapchiKI^HTRUC
Gidi phap thiet ki gdp phdn phdng chong toi pham trong do thi
Tpi phgm hpc (Criminology) vd Ngn nhdn hpc (Victimology) cho ring:
- Ca hfli phgm tpi xuat hign trong moi trudng se tgo dilu kign cho tfli pham phdt sinh. CPTED chil tnj'ang gidi phdp thiel k l khong gian do th|, nhd cda gidm thilu ca hfli phgm tfli trong do Ihj.
- Vai trfl cila ngn nhdn cung rat quan trpng nhu: Phfl truang tai san. t y dua minh vdo t h i bj cfl lap, xa rdi su giiip dd eiia cflng dong. nhd cda hd hdnh, khflng co kha ndng ty bdo vg...
- "Thuylt sy lya chpn duy ly" cho rdng nhung ngudi CO y phgm tfli d i u phai cdn nhae kha ndng dupe lpi hay bat lpi trudc Wni gdy dn, nen CPTED chCi truang Idm nhyt chf kd c^nh phgm tfli bang each cho thiy khd nang can thigp eiia cflng ding va vide mfli trudng luon dupe ciing c l hidu qua.
Nam 1968, S. Angel da vilt quyIn sdch:
"Lam nan ehi tpi pham bang qui hogch dfl thj".
Nam 1971, mfl hinh CPTED dau lien dupe xdy dyng bdi R. Jeffery. Nam 1972, O. Newman, mpt KTS da vilt cuon sach: "Khflng gian phflng thiJ: Phong chong tpi phgm thdng qua thilt ke dfl thj" di cy t h i vdo gidi phdp thilt ke dfl thj,
nham lam eho mpi ngudi cam thay an todn, d l roi hp se hpp tac vdi nhau ngan can, to giae tpi pham. Phflng chflng tpi phgm thflng qua thill k l dfl thj phdt huy vai trfl can thiep ciia cflng dong, tgo sy tu lin eho dan cu do luon "nhin thay va dupe nhin thdy", khde vdi quan niem eu: Chi xay kfn c6ng cao tudng, ciing efl khoa cua, tu cfl lap minh.
Nhieu thanh pho da hoach djnh CPTED theo 4 chien lupv:
Chien iugrc 1: "Giam sit tu nhien mdi trudng"
cy t h i t i i da hfla khd ndng "nhin thay vd dupe nhin thay", ddt cua s i , balcon nhin ra via he, dudng pho, trdnh tgo cdc gflc khudt, bj cfl lap...
ldm tang m l i e sp eho ke xau bang cdch gay nhan thdc rang tpi phgm, ngn nhan d i u d trong vong gidm sat, ngudi t l gidc cung yen tdm vi dupe bdo vd. Tranh quy hoach dudng xa khu d quanh co co goc khuat, diing hang rao cho phdp nhin xuyen d l nhilu ngudi phdt hidn vide dflt nhap cdy cua, diing rao thua ngdn vdi nhd lien ke d l co m i l quan hg Idng gieng. Bo tri camera, ddn chilu sdng d l nhdn dupe mat kd gian (trong ep ly 10m) nhung tranh bo tri den sdng qud ehoi gay ra dilm mii. Hanh lang khdch san khflng ndn cfl hoc ILII trude eda phflng de tam nhin duac thong suoL Da chdc nang hfla mfll Irudng vda co nhd d vda cfl sinh hogt eflng cflng de luon eo luu lupng nhieu ngudi di bfl, bo tri cdc sinh hoat cflng cflng, cua hdng, dat g h i ngii d via he de giam sat va can trd vifle Ifll phgm chgy thoat
Chiin luge 2: "Kiim soit tu nhien viec xim nhip mdi tnfdng". Nguyen tde Id phdn luong, kiem sodt ngudi di lai, bdng cdch bo tri cdc cong ra vdo, loi di, hdng rao d vj tri hpp 1;/, cfl biln bdo hudng din d l lam bfle Ifl hdnh vi co y xdm nhdp trdi phep. Khu vg sinh cong cpng dung ill vdo di be ngoat han Id di qua 2 Idp cua cdch ly. Sanh cao oc, buong chd thang mdy nen diing vach kfnh cho phdp nhin xuyen suit. Loai bfl cdc cau tnic tao khd ndng leo treo len cdc dp eao nhd, nhat Id d TP HCM cfl nhieu KTS ua thilt trf cdc lam ngang d mat tiln hay Idm cong, hdng rao eo song ngang
Chiin iiroc 3: "Cung c6 tu nhiin lanh tho mdi trudng" dupe thyc hign bang cdch day mgnh vigc kiem sodt eo tinh chat xa hpi thong qua viec phan dinh khflng gian rfl rang. C i n CO gidi phap quy hogch, kiln true d l phan djnh rfl rang khflng gian rieng t u , eflng eflng hay trung dung. Tao ra y thdc Idm chu hap phdp trdn bat dflng sdn eua minh t d do tao kha ndng cho ddn cu doi phfl vdi nhung ke xdm nhgp b i t hap phdp hodc bdo dflng cho canh sat. Chinh vigc phdp djnh khong gian khong rfl rdng, chung dyng qud nhilu dd gdy ra bat cap trong viec quan ly cae ehung eu cac l i n g .
Chiin lu(^ 4: "Bio tri mdi trudng" dya theo
"Ly thuyet Cua so vd ki'nh" cila J. Wilson vd G.
Kelling cho rang: "Niu mgt cCm so kinh bi va ma khdng si>a chO-a thi cic eda sfl khac rdi se vd''.
Bdo tri tot d l eho thay la nai dupe quan ly chat che. Mfli trudng quan \^ kem se d l bj tfli phgm chpn xdm nhdp, dong thdi nha cua cau tao kien CO se lam ndn chi hay ngdn ehgn dupe ke xam nhdp trdi phdp
Da d i n luc TP HCM vd cdc dfl thj khde d nude ta nghien cdu sogn thao, ban hdnh "Bdn hudng d i n Phflng chong Tpi pham thflng qua thiet ke mfli trudng CPTED" nhu Singapore vd cdc thdnh pho khde tren the gidi dd Idm.O
Cdc t&i lifu thao khda chfnh:
1. Duong TuySt Mien TQI phqm hoc, NXB Chinh tri qii6c gia, HN nam 2010.
2, Nguy&i Xuan Yem. Tdi pii/fm hoc hi^n di^i vd phdng ngira Igiphom, NXB CAND, 2001
J. Angel, SciUomo: (1968)' Discouraging Crime Through Ciiy Planning Berkeley, CA Center for Planning and Development Research, University of California at Berikeley.
4. Jacobs, Jane- (1961); The Death and Life of Great American Cities New York: Random House
5. Jeffery, C. Ray: (1971): Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
6 Newman, Oscar: (1972) Defensible Space: Crime Prevention Through £/r/wMZ)e«gn. New York: MacmiUan.
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